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Deng B, Carter RA, Cheng Y, Liu Y, Eddy L, Wyss KM, Ucak-Astarlioglu MG, Luong DX, Gao X, JeBailey K, Kittrell C, Xu S, Jana D, Torres MA, Braam J, Tour JM. High-temperature electrothermal remediation of multi-pollutants in soil. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6371. [PMID: 37821460 PMCID: PMC10567823 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41898-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil contamination is an environmental issue due to increasing anthropogenic activities. Existing processes for soil remediation suffer from long treatment time and lack generality because of different sources, occurrences, and properties of pollutants. Here, we report a high-temperature electrothermal process for rapid, water-free remediation of multiple pollutants in soil. The temperature of contaminated soil with carbon additives ramps up to 1000 to 3000 °C as needed within seconds via pulsed direct current input, enabling the vaporization of heavy metals like Cd, Hg, Pb, Co, Ni, and Cu, and graphitization of persistent organic pollutants like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The rapid treatment retains soil mineral constituents while increases infiltration rate and exchangeable nutrient supply, leading to soil fertilization and improved germination rates. We propose strategies for upscaling and field applications. Techno-economic analysis indicates the process holds the potential for being more energy-efficient and cost-effective compared to soil washing or thermal desorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
| | - Robert A Carter
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Lucas Eddy
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Applied Physics Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Kevin M Wyss
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Mine G Ucak-Astarlioglu
- Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Duy Xuan Luong
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Applied Physics Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Xiaodong Gao
- Department of Earth, Environmental, & Planetary Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Khalil JeBailey
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Carter Kittrell
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Shichen Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Debadrita Jana
- Department of Earth, Environmental, & Planetary Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Mark Albert Torres
- Department of Earth, Environmental, & Planetary Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Janet Braam
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - James M Tour
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
- NanoCarbon Center and the Rice Advanced Materials Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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2
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Deng B, Advincula PA, Luong DX, Zhou J, Zhang B, Wang Z, McHugh EA, Chen J, Carter RA, Kittrell C, Lou J, Zhao Y, Yakobson BI, Zhao Y, Tour JM. High-surface-area corundum nanoparticles by resistive hotspot-induced phase transformation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5027. [PMID: 36028480 PMCID: PMC9418197 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High-surface-area α-Al2O3 nanoparticles are used in high-strength ceramics and stable catalyst supports. The production of α-Al2O3 by phase transformation from γ-Al2O3 is hampered by a high activation energy barrier, which usually requires extended high-temperature annealing (~1500 K, > 10 h) and suffers from aggregation. Here, we report the synthesis of dehydrated α-Al2O3 nanoparticles (phase purity ~100%, particle size ~23 nm, surface area ~65 m2 g-1) by a pulsed direct current Joule heating of γ-Al2O3. The phase transformation is completed at a reduced bulk temperature and duration (~573 K, < 1 s) via an intermediate δ'-Al2O3 phase. Numerical simulations reveal the resistive hotspot-induced local heating in the pulsed current process enables the rapid transformation. Theoretical calculations show the topotactic transition (from γ- to δ'- to α-Al2O3) is driven by their surface energy differences. The α-Al2O3 nanoparticles are sintered to nanograined ceramics with hardness superior to commercial alumina and approaching that of sapphire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Paul A Advincula
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Duy Xuan Luong
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Jingan Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Boyu Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Emily A McHugh
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Jinhang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Robert A Carter
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Carter Kittrell
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Jun Lou
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.,Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Yuji Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Boris I Yakobson
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.,Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.,Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA. .,Corban University, 5000 Deer Park Drive SE, Salem, OR, 97317, USA.
| | - James M Tour
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA. .,Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA. .,NanoCarbon Center and the Welch Institute for Advanced Materials, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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3
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Chen W, Ge C, Li JT, Beckham JL, Yuan Z, Wyss KM, Advincula PA, Eddy L, Kittrell C, Chen J, Luong DX, Carter RA, Tour JM. Heteroatom-Doped Flash Graphene. ACS Nano 2022; 16:6646-6656. [PMID: 35320673 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Heteroatom doping can effectively tailor the local structures and electronic states of intrinsic two-dimensional materials, and endow them with modified optical, electrical, and mechanical properties. Recent studies have shown the feasibility of preparing doped graphene from graphene oxide and its derivatives via some post-treatments, including solid-state and solvothermal methods, but they require reactive and harsh reagents. However, direct synthesis of various heteroatom-doped graphene in larger quantities and high purity through bottom-up methods remains challenging. Here, we report catalyst-free and solvent-free direct synthesis of graphene doped with various heteroatoms in bulk via flash Joule heating (FJH). Seven types of heteroatom-doped flash graphene (FG) are synthesized through millisecond flashing, including single-element-doped FG (boron, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur), two-element-co-doped FG (boron and nitrogen), as well as three-element-co-doped FG (boron, nitrogen, and sulfur). A variety of low-cost dopants, such as elements, oxides, and organic compounds are used. The graphene quality of heteroatom-doped FG is high, and similar to intrinsic FG, the material exhibits turbostraticity, increased interlayer spacing, and superior dispersibility. Electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction of different heteroatom-doped FG is tested, and sulfur-doped FG shows the best performance. Lithium metal battery tests demonstrate that nitrogen-doped FG exhibits a smaller nucleation overpotential compared to Cu or undoped FG. The electrical energy cost for the synthesis of heteroatom-doped FG synthesis is only 1.2 to 10.7 kJ g-1, which could render the FJH method suitable for low-cost mass production of heteroatom-doped graphene.
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Abstract
Rare earth elements (REEs) are critical materials in electronics and clean technologies. With the diminishing of easily accessible minerals for mining, the REE recovery from waste is an alternative toward a circular economy. Present methods for REE recovery suffer from lengthy purifications, low extractability, and high wastewater streams. Here, we report an ultrafast electrothermal process (~3000°C, ~1 s) based on flash Joule heating (FJH) for activating wastes to improve REE extractability. FJH thermally degrades or reduces the hard-to-dissolve REE species to components with high thermodynamic solubility, leading to ~2× increase in leachability and high recovery yields using diluted acid (e.g., 0.1 M HCl). The activation strategy is feasible for various wastes including coal fly ash, bauxite residue, and electronic waste. The rapid FJH process is energy-efficient with a low electrical energy consumption of 600 kWh ton-1. The potential for this route to be rapidly scaled is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Duy Xuan Luong
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Robert A. Carter
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Mason B. Tomson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - James M. Tour
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute, NanoCarbon Center and the Welch Institute for Advanced Materials, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Corresponding author.
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5
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Deng B, Wang Z, Chen W, Li JT, Luong DX, Carter RA, Gao G, Yakobson BI, Zhao Y, Tour JM. Phase controlled synthesis of transition metal carbide nanocrystals by ultrafast flash Joule heating. Nat Commun 2022; 13:262. [PMID: 35017518 PMCID: PMC8752793 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27878-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale carbides enhance ultra-strong ceramics and show activity as high-performance catalysts. Traditional lengthy carburization methods for carbide syntheses usually result in coked surface, large particle size, and uncontrolled phase. Here, a flash Joule heating process is developed for ultrafast synthesis of carbide nanocrystals within 1 s. Various interstitial transition metal carbides (TiC, ZrC, HfC, VC, NbC, TaC, Cr2C3, MoC, and W2C) and covalent carbides (B4C and SiC) are produced using low-cost precursors. By controlling pulse voltages, phase-pure molybdenum carbides including β-Mo2C and metastable α-MoC1-x and η-MoC1-x are selectively synthesized, demonstrating the excellent phase engineering ability of the flash Joule heating by broadly tunable energy input that can exceed 3000 K coupled with kinetically controlled ultrafast cooling (>104 K s-1). Theoretical calculation reveals carbon vacancies as the driving factor for topotactic transition of carbide phases. The phase-dependent hydrogen evolution capability of molybdenum carbides is investigated with β-Mo2C showing the best performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Weiyin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - John Tianci Li
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Duy Xuan Luong
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Robert A Carter
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Guanhui Gao
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Boris I Yakobson
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
- Corban University, Salem, Oregon, 97317, USA.
| | - James M Tour
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
- NanoCarbon Center and the Welch Institute for Advanced Materials, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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6
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Wang Z, Li QK, Zhang C, Cheng Z, Chen W, McHugh EA, Carter RA, Yakobson BI, Tour JM. Hydrogen Peroxide Generation with 100% Faradaic Efficiency on Metal-Free Carbon Black. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Zamora AE, Crawford JC, Allen EK, Guo XZJ, Bakke J, Carter RA, Abdelsamed HA, Moustaki A, Li Y, Chang TC, Awad W, Dallas MH, Mullighan CG, Downing JR, Geiger TL, Chen T, Green DR, Youngblood BA, Zhang J, Thomas PG. Pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia generate abundant and functional neoantigen-specific CD8 + T cell responses. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/498/eaat8549. [PMID: 31243155 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aat8549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer arises from the accumulation of genetic alterations, which can lead to the production of mutant proteins not expressed by normal cells. These mutant proteins can be processed and presented on the cell surface by major histocompatibility complex molecules as neoepitopes, allowing CD8+ T cells to mount responses against them. For solid tumors, only an average 2% of neoepitopes predicted by algorithms have detectable endogenous antitumor T cell responses. This suggests that low mutation burden tumors, which include many pediatric tumors, are poorly immunogenic. Here, we report that pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have tumor-associated neoepitope-specific CD8+ T cells, responding to 86% of tested neoantigens and recognizing 68% of the tested neoepitopes. These responses include a public neoantigen from the ETV6-RUNX1 fusion that is targeted in seven of nine tested patients. We characterized phenotypic and transcriptional profiles of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) at the single-cell level and found a heterogeneous population that included highly functional effectors. Moreover, we observed immunodominance hierarchies among the CD8+ TILs restricted to one or two putative neoepitopes. Our results indicate that robust antitumor immune responses are induced in pediatric ALL despite their low mutation burdens and emphasize the importance of immunodominance in shaping cellular immune responses. Furthermore, these data suggest that pediatric cancers may be amenable to immunotherapies aimed at enhancing immune recognition of tumor-specific neoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Zamora
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jeremy Chase Crawford
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - E Kaitlynn Allen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Xi-Zhi J Guo
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.,Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Jesse Bakke
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.,Department of Foundational Sciences, College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48858, USA
| | - Robert A Carter
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hossam A Abdelsamed
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ardiana Moustaki
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yongjin Li
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ti-Cheng Chang
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Walid Awad
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Mari H Dallas
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - James R Downing
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Terrence L Geiger
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Benjamin A Youngblood
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA. .,Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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8
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Carter RA, Pan K, Harville EW, McRitchie S, Sumner S. Metabolomics to reveal biomarkers and pathways of preterm birth: a systematic review and epidemiologic perspective. Metabolomics 2019; 15:124. [PMID: 31506796 PMCID: PMC7805080 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1587-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most known risk factors for preterm birth, a leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality, are not modifiable. Advanced molecular techniques are increasingly being applied to identify biomarkers and pathways important in disease development and progression. OBJECTIVES We review the state of the literature and assess it from an epidemiologic perspective. METHODS PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central were searched on January 31, 2019 for original articles published after 1998 that utilized an untargeted metabolomic approach to identify markers of preterm birth. Eligible manuscripts were peer-reviewed and included original data from untargeted metabolomics analyses of maternal tissue derived from human studies designed to determine mechanisms and predictors of preterm birth. RESULTS Of 2823 results, 14 articles met the inclusion requirements. There was little consistency in study design, outcome definition, type of biospecimen, or the inclusion of covariates and confounding factors, and few consistent associations with metabolites were identified in this review. CONCLUSION Studies to date on metabolomic predictors of preterm birth are highly heterogeneous in both methodology and resulting metabolite identification. There is an urgent need for larger studies in well-defined populations, to determine biomarkers predictive of preterm birth, and to reveal mechanisms and targets for development of intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Carter
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - K Pan
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - E W Harville
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - S McRitchie
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - S Sumner
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
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9
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Carter RA, Bihannic L, Rosencrance C, Hadley JL, Tong Y, Phoenix TN, Natarajan S, Easton J, Northcott PA, Gawad C. A Single-Cell Transcriptional Atlas of the Developing Murine Cerebellum. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2910-2920.e2. [PMID: 30220501 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum develops from a restricted number of cell types that precisely organize to form the circuitry that controls sensory-motor coordination and some higher-order cognitive processes. To acquire an enhanced understanding of the molecular processes that mediate cerebellar development, we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing of 39,245 murine cerebellar cells at twelve critical developmental time points. Using recognized lineage markers, we confirmed that the single-cell data accurately recapitulate cerebellar development. We then followed distinct populations from emergence through migration and differentiation, and determined the associated transcriptional cascades. After identifying key lineage commitment decisions, focused analyses uncovered waves of transcription factor expression at those branching points. Finally, we created Cell Seek, a flexible online interface that facilitates exploration of the dataset. Our study provides a transcriptional summarization of cerebellar development at single-cell resolution that will serve as a valuable resource for future investigations of cerebellar development, neurobiology, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Carter
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Laure Bihannic
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Celeste Rosencrance
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jennifer L Hadley
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yiai Tong
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Timothy N Phoenix
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sivaraman Natarajan
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Paul A Northcott
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Charles Gawad
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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10
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Chang TC, Carter RA, Li Y, Li Y, Wang H, Edmonson MN, Chen X, Arnold P, Geiger TL, Wu G, Peng J, Dyer M, Downing JR, Green DR, Thomas PG, Zhang J. The neoepitope landscape in pediatric cancers. Genome Med 2017; 9:78. [PMID: 28854978 PMCID: PMC5577668 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-017-0468-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neoepitopes derived from tumor-specific somatic mutations are promising targets for immunotherapy in childhood cancers. However, the potential for such therapies in targeting these epitopes remains uncertain due to a lack of knowledge of the neoepitope landscape in childhood cancer. Studies to date have focused primarily on missense mutations without exploring gene fusions, which are a major class of oncogenic drivers in pediatric cancer. METHODS We developed an analytical workflow for identification of putative neoepitopes based on somatic missense mutations and gene fusions using whole-genome sequencing data. Transcriptome sequencing data were incorporated to interrogate the expression status of the neoepitopes. RESULTS We present the neoepitope landscape of somatic alterations including missense mutations and oncogenic gene fusions identified in 540 childhood cancer genomes and transcriptomes representing 23 cancer subtypes. We found that 88% of leukemias, 78% of central nervous system tumors, and 90% of solid tumors had at least one predicted neoepitope. Mutation hotspots in KRAS and histone H3 genes encode potential epitopes in multiple patients. Additionally, the ETV6-RUNX1 fusion was found to encode putative neoepitopes in a high proportion (69.6%) of the pediatric leukemia harboring this fusion. CONCLUSIONS Our study presents a comprehensive repertoire of potential neoepitopes in childhood cancers, and will facilitate the development of immunotherapeutic approaches designed to exploit them. The source code of the workflow is available at GitHub ( https://github.com/zhanglabstjude/neoepitope ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti-Cheng Chang
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Robert A Carter
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Yongjin Li
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Yuxin Li
- Department of Structural Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA.,St Jude Proteomics Facility, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Structural Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Michael N Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Paula Arnold
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Terrence L Geiger
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Junmin Peng
- Department of Structural Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA.,St Jude Proteomics Facility, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Michael Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - James R Downing
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA.
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11
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Morris PP, Lachman N, Black DF, Carter RA, Port J, Campeau N. Increased Curvature of the Tentorium Cerebelli in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017; 38:1789-1793. [PMID: 28663268 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Transverse sinus effacement is detectable on MRV examinations in almost all patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. This effacement of the transverse sinus is presumed to be mediated by elevation of intracranial pressure, resulting in compression and inward collapse of the dural margins of the sinus. We sought to establish whether supratentorial broad-based downward deformity of the tentorium might explain transverse sinus effacement in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS MRV examinations of 53 adult patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension were reviewed retrospectively and compared with 58 contemporaneously acquired controls. The curvature of the tentorium with reference to a line connecting the transverse sinus laterally with the confluence of the tentorial leaves medially was calculated as a segment of a circle. The height and area of the segment and the angle subtended by the midpoint of the tentorium from the falx were calculated. RESULTS The height and area of the segment described by the chord connecting the transverse sinus with the apex of the tentorial confluence and subtended midtentorial angle were greater in the idiopathic intracranial hypertension group; this finding supports the hypothesis that increased tentorial bowing is present in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Increased bowing of the tentorium in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension compared with controls is a new observation, lending itself to new hypotheses on the nature and localization of elevated intracranial pressure in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Bowing of the tentorium may play a part in distorting the contour of the transverse sinuses, resulting, at least in part, in the effacement of the transverse sinuses in idiopathic intracranial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Morris
- From the Departments of Radiology (P.P.M., D.F.B., R.A.C., J.P., N.C.)
| | - N Lachman
- Anatomy (N.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - D F Black
- From the Departments of Radiology (P.P.M., D.F.B., R.A.C., J.P., N.C.)
| | - R A Carter
- From the Departments of Radiology (P.P.M., D.F.B., R.A.C., J.P., N.C.)
| | - J Port
- From the Departments of Radiology (P.P.M., D.F.B., R.A.C., J.P., N.C.)
| | - N Campeau
- From the Departments of Radiology (P.P.M., D.F.B., R.A.C., J.P., N.C.)
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12
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Man SM, Zhu Q, Zhu L, Liu Z, Karki R, Malik A, Sharma D, Li L, Malireddi RKS, Gurung P, Neale G, Olsen SR, Carter RA, McGoldrick DJ, Wu G, Finkelstein D, Vogel P, Gilbertson RJ, Kanneganti TD. Critical Role for the DNA Sensor AIM2 in Stem Cell Proliferation and Cancer. Cell 2015; 162:45-58. [PMID: 26095253 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Mutations in the innate immune sensor AIM2 are frequently identified in patients with colorectal cancer, but how AIM2 modulates colonic tumorigenesis is unknown. Here, we found that Aim2-deficient mice were hypersusceptible to colonic tumor development. Production of inflammasome-associated cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was largely intact in Aim2-deficient mice; however, intestinal stem cells were prone to uncontrolled proliferation. Aberrant Wnt signaling expanded a population of tumor-initiating stem cells in the absence of AIM2. Susceptibility of Aim2-deficient mice to colorectal tumorigenesis was enhanced by a dysbiotic gut microbiota, which was reduced by reciprocal exchange of gut microbiota with healthy wild-type mice. These findings uncover a synergy between a specific host genetic factor and gut microbiota in determining the susceptibility to colorectal cancer. Therapeutic modulation of AIM2 expression and microbiota has the potential to prevent colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Ming Man
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Qifan Zhu
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Liqin Zhu
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Zhiping Liu
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicines, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Rajendra Karki
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ankit Malik
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Deepika Sharma
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Liyuan Li
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | - Prajwal Gurung
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Geoffrey Neale
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Scott R Olsen
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Robert A Carter
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Daniel J McGoldrick
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David Finkelstein
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Animal Resources Center and the Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Richard J Gilbertson
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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13
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Lukens JR, Gurung P, Vogel P, Johnson GR, Carter RA, McGoldrick DJ, Bandi SR, Calabrese CR, Vande Walle L, Lamkanfi M, Kanneganti TD. Dietary modulation of the microbiome affects autoinflammatory disease. Nature 2014; 516:246-9. [PMID: 25274309 PMCID: PMC4268032 DOI: 10.1038/nature13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The incidences of chronic inflammatory disorders have increased significantly over the past three decades1. Recent shifts in dietary consumption are believed to have contributed importantly to this surge, but how dietary consumption modulates inflammatory disease is poorly defined. Pstpip2cmo mice that express a homozygous L98P missense mutation in the Pombe Cdc15 homology (PCH) family proline-serine-threonine phosphatase interacting protein 2 (PSTPIP2) phosphatase spontaneously develop osteomyelitis that resembles chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) in humans2-4. Recent reports demonstrated osteomyelitis to critically rely on IL-1β, but deletion of the inflammasome components caspase-1 and NLRP3 failed to rescue Pstpip2cmo mice from inflammatory bone disease5,6. Thus, the upstream mechanisms controlling IL-1β production in Pstpip2cmo mice remain to be identified. In addition, the environmental factors driving IL-1β-dependent inflammatory bone erosion are unknown. Here, we show that the intestinal microbiota of diseased Pstpip2cmo mice was characterized by an outgrowth of Prevotella. Notably, Pstpip2cmo mice that were fed a diet rich in fat and cholesterol maintained a normal body weight, but were markedly protected against inflammatory bone disease and bone erosion. Diet-induced protection against osteomyelitis was accompanied by marked reductions in intestinal Prevotella levels and significantly reduced proIL-1β expression in distant neutrophils. Furthermore, proIL-1β expression was also decreased in antibiotics-treated Pstpip2cmo mice, and in wildtype mice that were kept under germfree conditions. We further demonstrated that combined deletion of caspases 1 and 8 was required for protection against IL-1β-dependent inflammatory bone disease, whereas deletion of each caspase alone, elastase or neutrophil proteinase-3 failed to prevent inflammatory disease. Collectively, this work reveals diet-associated changes in the intestinal microbiome as a critical factor regulating inflammasome- and caspase-8-mediated maturation of IL-1β and osteomyelitis in Pstpip2cmo mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Lukens
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Prajwal Gurung
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Animal Resources Center and the Veterinary Pathology Core, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Gordon R Johnson
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Robert A Carter
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Daniel J McGoldrick
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Srinivasa Rao Bandi
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Christopher R Calabrese
- Small Animal Imaging Core, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Lieselotte Vande Walle
- 1] Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Lamkanfi
- 1] Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Abstract
The purpose of this review is to clarify the definition of "natural" as it pertains to commercial pet food and to summarize the scientific findings related to natural ingredients in pet foods and natural diets on the impact of pet health and physiology. The term "natural," when used to market commercial pet foods or pet food ingredients in the United States, has been defined by the Association of American Feed Control Officials and requires, at minimum, that the pet food be preserved with natural preservatives. However, pet owners may consider natural as something different than the regulatory definition. The natural pet food trend has focused on the inclusion of whole ingredients, including meats, fruits, and vegetables; avoiding ingredients perceived as heavily processed, including refined grains, fiber sources, and byproducts; and feeding according to ancestral or instinctual nutritional philosophies. Current scientific evidence supporting nutritional benefits of natural pet food products is limited to evaluations of dietary macronutrient profiles, fractionation of ingredients, and the processing of ingredients and final product. Domestic cats select a macronutrient profile (52% of ME from protein) similar to the diet of wild cats. Dogs have evolved much differently in their ability to metabolize carbohydrates and select a diet lower in protein (30% of ME from protein) than the diet of wild wolves. The inclusion of whole food ingredients in natural pet foods as opposed to fractionated ingredients may result in higher nutrient concentrations, including phytonutrients. Additionally, the processing of commercial pet food can impact digestibility, nutrient bioavailability, and safety, which are particularly important considerations with new product formats in the natural pet food category. Future opportunities exist to better understand the effect of natural diets on health and nutrition outcomes and to better integrate sustainable practices in the production of natural pet foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Buff
- The Nutro Company, Franklin, TN 37067
| | | | - J E Bauer
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1620
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15
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Carter RA, Shekk V, de Laat MA, Pollitt CC, Galantino-Homer HL. Novel keratins identified by quantitative proteomic analysis as the major cytoskeletal proteins of equine (Equus caballus) hoof lamellar tissue. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:3843-55. [PMID: 20622188 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-2964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dermo-epidermal interface that connects the equine distal phalanx to the cornified hoof wall withstands great biomechanical demands, but is also a region where structural failure often ensues as a result of laminitis. The cytoskeleton in this region maintains cell structure and facilitates intercellular adhesion, making it likely to be involved in laminitis pathogenesis, although it is poorly characterized in the equine hoof lamellae. The objective of the present study was to identify and quantify the cytoskeletal proteins present in the epidermal and dermal lamellae of the equine hoof by proteomic techniques. Protein was extracted from the mid-dorsal epidermal and dermal lamellae from the front feet of 5 Standardbred geldings and 1 Thoroughbred stallion. Mass spectrometry-based spectral counting techniques, PAGE, and immunoblotting were used to identify and quantify cytoskeletal proteins, and indirect immunofluorescence was used for cellular localization of K14 and K124 (where K refers to keratin). Proteins identified by spectral counting analysis included 3 actin microfilament proteins; 30 keratin proteins along with vimentin, desmin, peripherin, internexin, and 2 lamin intermediate filament proteins; and 6 tubulin microtubule proteins. Two novel keratins, K42 and K124, were identified as the most abundant cytoskeletal proteins (22.0 ± 3.2% and 23.3 ± 4.2% of cytoskeletal proteins, respectively) in equine hoof lamellae. Immunoreactivity to K14 was localized to the basal cell layer, and that to K124 was localized to basal and suprabasal cells in the secondary epidermal lamellae. Abundant proteins K124, K42, K14, K5, and α(1)-actin were identified on 1- and 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gels and aligned with the results of previous studies. Results of the present study provide the first comprehensive analysis of cytoskeletal proteins present in the equine lamellae by using mass spectrometry-based techniques for protein quantification and identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Carter
- The Laminitis Institute, Department of Clinical Studies/New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square 19348, USA
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16
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Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Electrolyte mixtures given to counter sweat loss usually contain abundant potassium. However, increases in plasma [K+] occur with exercise and supplementation may further increase plasma levels, potentially increasing the risk of neuromuscular hyperexcitability and development of adverse clinical sequellae. This proposition requires study. OBJECTIVES To compare effects of a K-rich electrolyte supplement (EM+K) to a K-free one (EM-K) on plasma [K+], [Ca++] and acid-base status during an endurance incremental exercise test on the treadmill. METHODS The test consisted of 3 bouts (simulating loops in an endurance race) of 12 km performed at 6, then 7, then 8 m/sec with 25 min rest stops (S1, S2) between loops on 13 endurance trained Arabian horses (7 EM-K, 6 EM+K). Electrolytes were supplied orally 60 mins before exercise (Pre) and at each stop. Blood samples were taken before exercise and during exercise, each S and 120 mins of recovery (R). Blood was analysed for pH, PCO2, packed cell volume (PCV), plasma [Na+], [K+], [Cl-], [Ca++], glucose, and lactate [La-]; plasma [H+] and osmolality (osm) were calculated. The dietary cation anion difference (DCAD) was calculated to be -27 meq/dose EM-K and 109 meq in EM+K, respectively. RESULTS Plasma [H+] decreased during the 6 and 7 m/sec loops, increased during the 8 m/sec loop, and returned to Pre at S1, S2 and R. Plasma [K+] was higher at 8 m/sec and plasma [Ca++] was overall lower in the EM+K group compared to EM-K. Other findings included higher overall PCV, overall glucose, and [La-] during the 8 m/sec loop (P<0.040) in EM+K compared to EM-K horses. CONCLUSIONS EM+K supplementation leads to higher plasma [K+] increasing the risk of neuromuscular hyperexcitability during exercise. Acute effects of a lower DCAD in EM-K may have led to higher plasma [Ca++]. Potassium-rich electrolytes may have triggered the release of epinephrine, contributing to higher PCV, glucose release and increased lactate production. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Lower plasma [K+] and higher plasma [Ca++] with EM-K supplementation may help reduce the risk of conditions associated with neuromuscular hyperexcitability occurring especially during higher speeds in endurance races.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Hess
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0306, USA
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Carter RA, Worsley PS, Sawers G, Challis GL, Dilworth MJ, Carson KC, Lawrence JA, Wexler M, Johnston AWB, Yeoman KH. The vbs genes that direct synthesis of the siderophore vicibactin in Rhizobium leguminosarum: their expression in other genera requires ECF sigma factor RpoI. Mol Microbiol 2002; 44:1153-66. [PMID: 12028377 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A cluster of eight genes, vbsGSO, vbsADL, vbsC and vbsP, are involved in the synthesis of vicibactin, a cyclic, trihydroxamate siderophore made by the symbiotic bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum. None of these vbs genes was required for symbiotic N2 fixation on peas or Vicia. Transcription of vbsC, vbsGSO and vbsADL (but not vbsP) was enhanced by growth in low levels of Fe. Transcription of vbsGSO and vbsADL, but not vbsP or vbsC, required the closely linked gene rpoI, which encodes an ECF sigma factor of RNA polymerase. Transfer of the cloned vbs genes, plus rpoI, to Rhodobacter, Paracoccus and Sinorhizobium conferred the ability to make vicibactin on these other genera. We present a biochemical genetic model of vicibactin synthesis, which accommodates the phenotypes of different vbs mutants and the homologies of the vbs gene products. In this model, VbsS, which is similar to many non-ribosomal peptide synthetase multienzymes, has a central role. It is proposed that VbsS activates L-N5-hydroxyornithine via covalent attachment as an acyl thioester to a peptidyl carrier protein domain. Subsequent VbsA-catalysed acylation of the hydroxyornithine, followed by VbsL-mediated epimerization and acetylation catalysed by VbsC, yields the vicibactin subunit, which is then trimerized and cyclized by the thioesterase domain of VbsS to give the completed siderophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Carter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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18
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Carter RA, Campbell IK, O'Donnel KL, Wicks IP. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) blockade in collagen-induced arthritis reduces joint involvement and alters B cell trafficking. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 128:44-51. [PMID: 11982589 PMCID: PMC1906373 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01794.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1 or CD106) is important in leucocyte trafficking and its increased expression is associated with a number of chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We used a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (M/K-2.7) to investigate the role of VCAM-1 in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), an autoimmune model of RA. A single injection of M/K-2.7 (0.5 mg) into naive mice caused leucocytosis within 20 h, due to increased numbers of circulating B cells and macrophages, as well as neutrophils. The most marked effect was on the numbers of immature B cells (B220loIgM+) which were increased approximately fourfold. CIA was elicited in DBA/1 mice by immunization with chick type II collagen (CII) in Freund's complete adjuvant, followed by a repeat injection 21 days later. Repeated M/K-2.7 administration from the time of primary CII immunization reduced the clinical severity, but not the incidence, of CIA compared to isotype-control monoclonal antibody-treated mice. Histological assessment showed fewer arthritic joints in M/K-2.7-treated mice; however, affected joints showed the same range of severity as those of control mice. Anti-CII IgG1 levels were reduced in anti-VCAM-1-treated mice but the cellular immune response to CII was unaffected. In contrast, VCAM-1 blockade from the onset of clinical features of CIA did not prevent disease progression. These results establish a role for VCAM-1 in promoting polyarticular involvement in CIA, most probably via an effect on B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Carter
- Reid Rheumatology Laboratory, Autoimmunity and Transplantation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Carter RA, Yeoman KH, Klein A, Hosie AHF, Sawers G, Poole PS, Johnston AWB. dpp genes of Rhizobium leguminosarum specify uptake of delta-aminolevulinic acid. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2002; 15:69-74. [PMID: 11858173 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An operon with homology to the dppABCDF genes required to transport dipeptides in bacteria was identified in the N2-fixing symbiont, Rhizobium leguminosarum. As in other bacteria, dpp mutants were severely affected in the import of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a heme precursor. ALA uptake was antagonized by adding dipeptides, indicating that these two classes of molecule share the same transporter. Mutations in dppABCDF did not affect symbiotic N2 fixation on peas, suggesting that the ALA needed for heme synthesis is not supplied by the plant or that another uptake system functions in the bacteroids. The dppABCDF operon of R. leguminosarum resembles that in other bacteria, with a gap between dppA and dppB containing inverted repeats that may stabilize mRNA and may explain why transcription of dppA alone was higher than that of dppBCDF. The dppABCDF promoter was mapped and is most likely recognized by sigma70.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Carter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Carter RA, O'Donnell K, Sachthep S, Cicuttini F, Boyd AW, Wicks IP. Characterization of a human synovial cell antigen: VCAM-1 and inflammatory arthritis. Immunol Cell Biol 2001; 79:419-28. [PMID: 11564149 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2001.01019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of synovial cells to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is only partly understood. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) 1D5 is one of very few mAb ever raised against RA synovial cells in order to study the biology of these cells. Studies on the expression pattern and structural features of the 1D5 Ag suggest that 1D5 recognizes human vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), which is an intercellular adhesion molecule. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 may be involved in a number of crucial intercellular interactions in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Carter
- Reid Rheumatology Laboratory, Autoimmunity and Transplantation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Carter
- Autoimmunity and Transplantation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Valanis BG, Bowen DJ, Bassford T, Whitlock E, Charney P, Carter RA. Sexual orientation and health: comparisons in the women's health initiative sample. Arch Fam Med 2000; 9:843-53. [PMID: 11031391 DOI: 10.1001/archfami.9.9.843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Little is known about older lesbian and bisexual women. Existing research rarely compares characteristics of these women with comparable heterosexual women. OBJECTIVE To compare heterosexual and nonheterosexual women 50 to 79 years on specific demographic characteristics, psychosocial risk factors, screening practices, and other health-related behaviors associated with increased risk for developing particular diseases or disease outcomes. DESIGN Analysis of data from 93,311 participants in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) study of health in postmenopausal women, comparing characteristics of 5 groups: heterosexuals, bisexuals, lifetime lesbians, adult lesbians, and those who never had sex as an adult. SETTING Subjects were recruited at 40 WHI study centers nationwide representing a range of geographic and ethnic diversity. PARTICIPANTS Postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 years who met WHI eligibility criteria, signed an informed consent to participate in the WHI clinical trial(s) or observational study, and responded to the baseline questions on sexual orientation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Demographic characteristics, psychosocial risk factors, recency of screening tests, and other health-related behaviors as assessed on the WHI baseline questionnaire. RESULTS Although of higher socioeconomic status than the heterosexuals, the lesbian and bisexual women more often used alcohol and cigarettes, exhibited other risk factors for reproductive cancers and cardiovascular disease, and scored lower on measures of mental health and social support. Notable is the 35% of lesbians and 81% of bisexual women who have been pregnant. Women reporting that they never had sex as an adult had lower rates of Papanicolaou screening and hormone replacement therapy use than other groups. CONCLUSIONS This sample of older lesbian and bisexual women from WHI shows many of the same health behaviors, demographic, and psychosocial risk factors reported in the literature for their younger counterparts, despite their higher socioeconomic status and access to health care. The lower rates of recommended screening services and higher prevalence of obesity, smoking, alcohol use, and lower intake of fruit and vegetables among these women compared with heterosexual women indicate unmet needs that require effective interactions between care providers and nonheterosexual women.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Valanis
- Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, 3800 N Interstate Ave, Portland, OR 97227, USA.
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Harker LA, Roskos LK, Marzec UM, Carter RA, Cherry JK, Sundell B, Cheung EN, Terry D, Sheridan W. Effects of megakaryocyte growth and development factor on platelet production, platelet life span, and platelet function in healthy human volunteers. Blood 2000; 95:2514-22. [PMID: 10753829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of thrombopoietic stimulation on megakaryocytopoiesis, platelet production, and platelet viability and function were examined in normal volunteers randomized to receive single bolus subcutaneous injections of 3 microg/kg pegylated recombinant megakaryocyte growth and development factor (PEG-rHuMGDF) or placebo in a 3:1 ratio. PEG-rHuMGDF transiently doubled circulating platelet counts, from 237 +/- 41 x 10(3)/microL to 522 +/- 90 x 10(3)/microL (P <.0001), peaking on day 12. Baseline and day-12 samples showed no differences in responsiveness of platelets to adenosine diphosphate or thrombin receptor agonist peptide (P >.4 in all cases); expression of platelet ligand-induced binding sites or annexin V binding sites (P >.6 in both cases); or density of platelet TPO-receptors (P >.5). Platelet counts normalized by day 28. The life span of autologous (111)In-labeled platelets increased from 205 +/- 18 hours (baseline) to 226 +/- 22 hours (P <.01) on day 8. Platelet life span decreased from 226 +/- 22 hours (day 8) to 178 +/- 53 hours (P <.05) on day 18. The theoretical basis for senescent changes in mean platelet life span was illustrated by biomathematical modeling. Platelet turnover increased from 43.9 +/- 11.9 x 10(3) platelets/microL/d (baseline) to 101 +/- 27.6 x 10(3) platelets/microL/d (P =.0009), and marrow megakaryocyte mass expanded from 37.4 +/- 18.5 fL/kg to 62 +/- 17 x 10(10) fL/kg (P =. 015). Although PEG-rHuMGDF initially increased megakaryocyte volume and ploidy, subsequently ploidy showed a transient reciprocal decrease when the platelet counts exceeded placebo values. In healthy human volunteers PEG-rHuMGDF transiently increases megakaryocytopoiesis 2-fold. Additionally, peripheral platelets expand correspondingly and exhibit normal function and viability during the ensuing 10 days. The induced perturbation in steady state thrombopoiesis resolves by 4 weeks. (Blood. 2000;95:2514-2522)
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Harker
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Patterson RE, Kristal AR, Tinker LF, Carter RA, Bolton MP, Agurs-Collins T. Measurement characteristics of the Women's Health Initiative food frequency questionnaire. Ann Epidemiol 1999; 9:178-87. [PMID: 10192650 DOI: 10.1016/s1047-2797(98)00055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 831] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) is the largest research program ever initiated in the United States with a focus on diet and health. Therefore, it is important to understand and document the measurement characteristics of the key dietary assessment instrument: the WHI food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). METHODS Data are from 113 women screened for participation in the WHI in 1995. We assessed bias and precision of the FFQ by comparing the intake of 30 nutrients estimated from the FFQ with means from four 24-hour dietary recalls and a 4-day food record. RESULTS For most nutrients, means estimated by the FFQ were within 10% of the records or recalls. Precision, defined as the correlation between the FFQ and the records and recalls, was similar to other FFQs. Energy adjusted correlation coefficients ranged from 0.2 (vitamin B12) to 0.7 (magnesium) with a mean of 0.5. The correlation for percentage energy from fat (a key measure in WHI) was 0.6. Vitamin supplement use was common. For example, almost half of total vitamin E intake was obtained from supplements. Including supplemental vitamins and minerals increased micronutrient correlation coefficients, which ranged from 0.2 (thiamin) to 0.8 (vitamin E) with a mean of 0.6. CONCLUSIONS The WHI FFQ produced nutrient estimate, that were similar to those obtained from short-term dietary recall and recording methods. Comparison of WHI FFQ nutrient intake measures to independent and unbiased measures, such as doubly labeled water estimates of energy expenditure, are needed to help address the validity of the FFQ in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Patterson
- Cancer Prevention Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
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25
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Stevens JB, Carter RA, Hussain H, Carson KC, Dilworth MJ, Johnston AWB. The fhu genes of Rhizobium leguminosarum, specifying siderophore uptake proteins: fhuDCB are adjacent to a pseudogene version of fhuA. Microbiology (Reading) 1999; 145 ( Pt 3):593-601. [PMID: 10217493 DOI: 10.1099/13500872-145-3-593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A mutant of Rhizobium leguminosarum was isolated which fails to take up the siderophore vicibactin. The mutation is in a homologue of fhuB, which in Escherichia coli specifies an inner-membrane protein of the ferric hydroxamate uptake system. In Rhizobium, fhuB is in an operon fhuDCB, which specifies the cytoplasmic membrane and periplasmic proteins involved in siderophore uptake. fhuDCB mutants make vicibactin when grown in Fe concentrations that inhibit its production in the wild-type. Nodules on peas induced by fhuDCB mutants were apparently normal in N2 fixation. Transcription of an fhuDCB-lacZ fusion was Fe-regulated, being approximately 10-fold higher in Fe-depleted cells. Downstream of fhuB, in the opposite orientation, is a version of fhuA whose homologues in other bacteria specify hydroxamate outer-membrane receptors. This fhuA gene appears to be a pseudogene with stop codons and undetectable expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Stevens
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Robert A Carter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Haitham Hussain
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Kerry C Carson
- Centre for Rhizobium Studies, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Division of Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Michael J Dilworth
- Centre for Rhizobium Studies, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Division of Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Andrew W B Johnston
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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Carter RA, Ericsson SA, Corn CD, Weyerts PR, Dart MG, Escue SG, Mesta J. Assessing the fertility potential of equine semen samples using the reducible dyes methylene green and resazurin. Arch Androl 1998; 40:59-66. [PMID: 9466003 DOI: 10.3109/01485019808987928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if spermatozoal reduction of the dyes methylene green to colorless and resazurin to pink or colorless was associated with the fertility potential of an equine semen sample. Fifty samples from 38 stallions were evaluated for the number of spermatozoa per milliliter and number of motile sperm per milliliter. Methylene green (20 micrograms/mL of semen) or resazurin (85 micrograms/mL of semen) was added to 3-mL aliquots of semen. Semen samples were identified as having low fertility potential (< 200 x 10(6) total cells/mL and < 140 x 10(6) motile cells/mL) or high fertility potential (> or = 200 x 10(6) total cells/mL and > or = 140 x 10(6) motile cells/mL). The sensitivities were 80% for the methylene green, 68% for the resazurin to pink, and 60% for the resazurin to colorless tests. The specificities were 80% for the methylene green, 79% for the resazurin to pink, and 92% for the resazurin to colorless tests. The overall accuracies were 80% for the methylene green test, 74% for the resazurin to pink test, and 76% for the resazurin to colorless tests. The methylene green and resazurin reduction tests can provide valuable information on the fertility potential of an equine semen sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Carter
- Division of Range Animal Science, Sul Ross State University, Alpine, Texas 79832, USA
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27
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Abstract
Much of the work which has led to a widely held view that the income elasticity of health care spending exceeds one has been based on international cross-section data, or on pooled cross-sections and time series. In this paper we re-examine this view in the context of long-run equilibrium relationships between non-stationary time series, possibly including autonomous trends. Our results cast doubt upon the usefulness of pooling and upon the notion of an elasticity above one.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Blomqvist
- Department of Economics, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
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Eskander GS, Jahan MS, Carter RA. AIDS: knowledge and attitudes among different ethnic groups. J Natl Med Assoc 1990; 82:281, 284-6. [PMID: 2332911 PMCID: PMC2626118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To study the ethnic differences in knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about AIDS, we surveyed 161 US residents from 31 different countries. An anonymous self-administered questionnaire was developed to compile these data. The results of this survey suggest that AIDS-related knowledge is generally incomplete and there are still misconceptions about AIDS regardless of ethnicity or national origin. However, Americans and Europeans were more aware of some of the modes of contracting AIDS than were people from Asia, the Middle East, or Africa. We conclude that some ethnic and national groups are more likely to have misconceptions about AIDS than others. Therefore, additional public educational programs and activities with special outreach programs for ethnic groups in the United States must be accomplished through methods that are culturally sensitive if they are to be effective.
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Voelker SL, Carter RA, Sprague DJ, Gdowski CL, Lachar D. Developmental trends in memory and metamemory in children with attention deficit disorder. J Pediatr Psychol 1989; 14:75-88. [PMID: 2723956 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/14.1.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Examined the development of memory strategy knowledge and spontaneous use of strategy by 6- to 12-year-old boys with ADD-H. Metamemory knowledge of 12 ADD-H boys, unmedicated for study participation, and 12 matched control Ss was compared using a structured interview. Use of categorization was assessed using free recall of word lists differing in category composition (acoustic vs semantic categories) and list organization (clustered by category vs unclustered). Interview data indicated no difference between groups in development of metamemory knowledge. Analysis of free recall performance showed that ADD-H Ss were less likely than controls to benefit from that knowledge when strategy was less salient and involved effortful reorganization of stimuli (p less than .05). The results were consistent with a production deficiency. Developmental trends and implications for remediation are discussed.
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Ryley HC, Deam SM, Williams J, Alfaham M, Weller PH, Goodchild MC, Carter RA, Bradley D, Dodge JA. Neonatal screening for cystic fibrosis in Wales and the West Midlands: 1. Evaluation of immunoreactive trypsin test. J Clin Pathol 1988; 41:726-9. [PMID: 3410967 PMCID: PMC1141577 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.41.7.726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A study programme was set up in Wales and the West Midlands to evaluate serum immunoreactive trypsin screening for cystic fibrosis in neonates using blood spots collected for metabolic screening. By screening half the blood spots from each area, it was hoped to generate two comparable groups of fibrocystic children; those detected by screening and those not screened who would be diagnosed clinically. Over almost three years, more than 120,000 specimens were screened and 37 infants detected with cystic fibrosis. Four additional fibrocystic patients were missed on screening: two had negative immunoreactive trypsin values, of which one had meconium ileus, and two, although giving initial positive tests, were negative on follow up. Excluding infants known to be at risk, comparison of the numbers of children detected in the screened and unscreened groups showed more than a two-fold difference in favour of the screened group. There may be a large number of undiagnosed fibrocystic patients in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Ryley
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff
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31
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Mayer PR, Brown CH, Carter RA, Welty TE, Millikan MD, Eberhard NK. Intramuscular tobramycin pharmacokinetics in geriatric patients. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1986; 20:611-5. [PMID: 3743420 DOI: 10.1177/106002808602000727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Twelve elderly institutionalized patients (mean age of 81 years) received intramuscular injections of tobramycin for infections at regular dosage intervals. The subjects had stable renal function but had limited mobility. Periodic blood specimens were collected for eight hours and analyzed for tobramycin by an immunofluorescence technique. The procedure was repeated in each patient one day later to detect day-to-day variability in the absorption kinetics. The absorption of tobramycin occurred primarily within two hours, although peak concentrations in some patients were indicative of a sustained plateau and exhibited intrapatient variability from one dose to the next. The time to peak and slowly declining concentrations suggest that the absorption process is extended in this population as compared to younger adults. Our data suggest that peak tobramycin concentrations following intramuscular injections to geriatric patients may be slightly delayed, though the extent of absorption appears to be consistent.
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32
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Myers DH, Carter RA, Burns BH, Armond A, Hussain SB, Chengapa VK. A prospective study of the effects of lithium on thyroid function and on the prevalence of antithyroid antibodies. Psychol Med 1985; 15:55-61. [PMID: 3922008 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291700020924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tests of thyroid function and pathology were carried out on 133 patients before they were treated with lithium (Li+). Of the 12 patients who subsequently became hypothyroid during treatment with lithium 9 had, before the commencement of treatment, thyroid autoantibodies and/or an exaggerated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) response to thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), whereas 3 patients had neither of these indicators. Lithium administration was accompanied by a rise in thyroid antibody titre in 20 patients but a fall in only 5, a statistically significant difference. Evidence that it may be an immunostimulant is discussed. Li+-induced thyroid failure cannot be accurately predicted, and may occur suddenly. The best minimum safeguard, therefore, is serial thyroxine (T4) (or free T4) estimation, supplemented if equivocal by a free thyroxine index (FTI), a basal TSH and, if doubt remains, by a TRH test.
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33
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Carter RA, Johnson P, Read M. A minimal injury restraining device for swine. Lab Anim Sci 1980; 30:716-8. [PMID: 7421122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A device consisting of a sling and hoist was developed to restrain bleeder swine. The design enabled repeated restraint of animals without causing injury to the animals or operator. The restrainer was inexpensive, mobile and adaptable to small or large animals.
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34
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Abstract
Estimation of alpha 1-antitrypsin in random faecal samples has been suggested as a reliable index of intestinal protein loss. There was a poor correlation between faecal alpha 1-antitrypsin concentrations and simultaneously measured faecal loss of 51Cr-albumin in twenty adults with suspected protein-losing enteropathy. This indicates that faecal alpha 1-antitrypsin estimation may not be a valid screening test for protein-losing enteropathy.
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Johnson PT, Griggs TR, Carter RA. Gastric trichobezoars in swine with von Willebrand's disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1978; 173:1238-40. [PMID: 310814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
Serum total androgens were estimated by radioimmunoassay on blood samples of treatment-seeking homosexuals and heterosexual controls. There was no significant difference in androgen levels between the homosexual and control group, nor was there any relationship between androgen levels and response to treatment. These results suggest that androgen levels have no aetiological significance in treatment-seeking homosexuals and have no relevance as indicators of treatment outcome.
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37
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Carter RA. The value of screening in paediatrics. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1976; 10:153-60. [PMID: 54421 PMCID: PMC5366413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Engelberg J, Mitchell N, Carter RA. Community preparation for the development of a health maintenance organization network. J Ky Med Assoc 1973; 71:182-7. [PMID: 4688938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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39
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Carter RA. The role of the medical center in practice models for experimentation in the delivery of medical care. J Ky Med Assoc 1971; 69:447-9. [PMID: 5090109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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40
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Carter RA, Hawkins JB, Robinson BH. Iron metabolism in the anaemia of chronic renal failure. Effects of dialysis and of parenteral iron. Br Med J 1969; 3:206-10. [PMID: 5792610 PMCID: PMC1983988 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.3.5664.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Serial studies of iron transport in patients on maintenance dialysis showed normal or raised values in almost all subjects and a transient increase soon after the start of dialysis in three. These patients, who were seldom or never transfused, had low serum iron levels and normal iron-binding capacity with low saturation. Iron transport was substantially increased by parenteral iron-dextran treatment. Tracer studies showed good iron utilization, with transport to the marrow rather than to the liver. In these circumstances iron therapy is safe and beneficial, and a useful rise in red cell mass was shown to result from it. The packed cell volume was found to be a valid index of red cell mass in these patients. Red cell loss in the dialysers was insufficient to account for the observed reduction in red cell survival.
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Feizi T, Taylor-Robinson D, Shields MD, Carter RA. Production of cold agglutinins in rabbits immunized with human erythrocytes treated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Nature 1969; 222:1253-6. [PMID: 5789660 DOI: 10.1038/2221253a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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42
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Peters RM, Carter RA. Alterations in cardiac output with portal vein and inferior vena caval occlusion. Effect of histamine on circulatory response. Ann Surg 1966; 164:197-202. [PMID: 5915930 PMCID: PMC1477247 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-196608000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Carter RA. Assessment of the combined usefulness in thyroid function testing of the triiodothyronine resin-sponge and 24-hour iodine uptakes. J Clin Pathol 1966; 19:128-32. [PMID: 4160094 PMCID: PMC473203 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.19.2.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Iodine and resin sponge uptake tests have been performed upon 124 consecutive patients referred for thyroid studies. Neither test alone could correctly identify all cases of thyrotoxicosis or myxoedema, but when considered in combination diagnostic efficiency was much improved. This combination of tests is shown to be especially useful in the investigation of patients with changes in body iodine pools or thyroxine-binding globulin levels. Reasons are given for regarding this pair of tests as being more generally useful than any of the other possible combinations at present available. The resin sponge test kit was found to be satisfactory both technically and in respect of cost.
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Carter RA, Vickers JE. CERTAIN ROENTGEN MANIFESTATIONS OF GASTRIC LESIONS. Calif Med 1947; 67:363-367. [PMID: 18731336 PMCID: PMC1643089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Carter RA. Miliary Lesions of the Lung, Roentgenographically Considered. Cal West Med 1939; 50:94-98. [PMID: 18745050 PMCID: PMC1659831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Bailey W, Carter RA. Anomalies of the Spine: A Correlation of Anatomical, Roentgenological, and Clinical Findings. Cal West Med 1938; 49:46-52. [PMID: 18744626 PMCID: PMC1659564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Rabwin MH, Carter RA. ACUTE INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION-ITS DIAGNOSIS BY THE FLAT X-RAY FILM. Cal West Med 1930; 33:483-486. [PMID: 18741442 PMCID: PMC1657484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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