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Functional intersections between extracellular vesicles and oncolytic therapies. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:883-896. [PMID: 34598797 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Minimally invasive focal therapies for nonviral oncolysis are a cornerstone of cancer therapeutics. Our ability to optimally deploy oncolytic therapies and identify synergistic combination approaches requires a deeper understanding of elicited biological responses. Extracellular vesicles (EV), which orchestrate a variety of pathophysiological processes and have a critical role in the evolution of primary and disseminated tumors, are now known to be potently modulated by oncolytic focal therapies, such as radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and therapeutic ultrasound (TUS). In this review, we summarize the diverse impacts of the aforementioned therapeutic modalities on EV biology, and highlight the most recent advances in EV-based drug delivery systems leveraging these modalities.
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Exosomes as cell-derivative carriers in the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system diseases. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:1047-1079. [PMID: 34365576 PMCID: PMC8942947 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with the diameter ranging from 50 to 100 nm and are found in different body fluids such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine and saliva. Like in case of various diseases, based on the parent cells, the content of exosomes (protein, mRNA, miRNA, DNA, lipids and metabolites) varies and thus can be utilized as potential biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of the brain diseases. Furthermore, utilizing the natural potential exosomes to cross the blood–brain barrier and by specifically decorating it with the ligand as per the desired brain sites therapeutics can be delivered to brain parenchyma. This review article conveys the importance of exosomes and their use in the treatment and diagnosis of brain/central nervous system diseases.
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Martens‐Uzunova ES, Kusuma GD, Crucitta S, Lim HK, Cooper C, Riches JE, Azad A, Ochiya T, Boyle GM, Southey MC, Del Re M, Lim R, Ramm GA, Jenster GW, Soekmadji C. Androgens alter the heterogeneity of small extracellular vesicles and the small RNA cargo in prostate cancer. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12136. [PMID: 34434533 PMCID: PMC8374107 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferation and survival of prostate cancer cells are driven by the androgen receptor (AR) upon binding to androgen steroid hormones. Manipulating the AR signalling axis is the focus for prostate cancer therapy; thus, it is crucial to understand the role of androgens and AR on extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion and cargo. In this study, we report that plasma-derived circulating vesicles consisting of CD9 and double-positive for CD9 and Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) are increased in patients with advanced metastatic prostate cancer, whereas double positives for CD9 and CD63 small extracellular vesicles (S-EVs) are significantly higher in patients with localised prostate cancer. Androgen manipulation by dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and the clinical antagonist enzalutamide (ENZ) altered the heterogeneity and size of CD9 positive S-EVs in AR expressing prostate cancer cells, while assessment of the total number and protein cargo of total S-EVs was unaltered across different treatment groups. Furthermore, hormone stimulation caused strong and specific effects on the small RNA cargo of S-EVs. A total of 543 small RNAs were found to be regulated by androgens including miR-19-3p and miR-361-5p. Analysis of S-EVs heterogeneity and small RNA cargo may provide clinical utility for prostate cancer and be informative to understand further the mechanism of resistance to androgen targeted therapy in castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena S. Martens‐Uzunova
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, Cancer InstituteUniversity Medical Centre RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Gina D. Kusuma
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Stefania Crucitta
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity Hospital of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Hong Kiat Lim
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Crystal Cooper
- Central Analytical Research FacilityInstitute for Future EnvironmentsQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
| | - James E. Riches
- Central Analytical Research FacilityInstitute for Future EnvironmentsQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Arun Azad
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of OncologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Medical OncologyPeter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneAustralia
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Institute of Medical ScienceTokyo Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Glen M. Boyle
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Melissa C. Southey
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of PathologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Marzia Del Re
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity Hospital of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Rebecca Lim
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Grant A. Ramm
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Guido W. Jenster
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, Cancer InstituteUniversity Medical Centre RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Carolina Soekmadji
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
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Glioma stem cell-derived exosomal miR-944 reduces glioma growth and angiogenesis by inhibiting AKT/ERK signaling. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:19243-19259. [PMID: 34233294 PMCID: PMC8386563 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the regulatory role of exosomal microRNA-944 (miR-944) derived from glioma stem cells (GSCs) in glioma progression and angiogenesis. Bioinformatics analysis showed that miR-944 levels were significantly lower in high-grade gliomas (HGGs) than low-grade gliomas in the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas and The Cancer Genome Atlas datasets. The overall survival rates were significantly shorter for glioma patients expressing low miR-944 levels than high miR-944 levels. GSC-derived exosomal miR-944 significantly decreased in vitro proliferation, migration, and tube formation by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Targetscan and dual luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that miR-944 directly targets the 3’UTR of VEGFC. In vivo mouse studies demonstrated that injection of agomiR-944 directly into tumors 3 weeks after xenografting glioma cells significantly reduced tumor growth and angiogenesis. GSC-derived exosomal miR-944 significantly reduced VEGFC levels and suppressed activation of AKT/ERK signaling pathways in HUVECs and xenograft glioma cell tumors. These findings demonstrate that GSC-derived exosomal miR-944 inhibits glioma growth, progression, and angiogenesis by suppressing VEGFC expression and inhibiting the AKT/ERK signaling pathway.
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Lei QQ, Sui JD, Jin F, Luo HL, Shan JJ, Tang L, Wang Y, Wu YZ. Impact of high-dose rate radiotherapy on B and natural killer (NK) cell polarization in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) via inducing non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)-derived exosomes. Transl Cancer Res 2021; 10:3538-3547. [PMID: 35116657 PMCID: PMC8797491 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-21-536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most commonly diagnosed solid tumor. While it has been established that stereotactic body radiotherapy for NSCLC plays an important role in antitumor immune response, the possible effects of the dose rate on this response has not been fully clarified. METHODS In vitro, A549 cells were irradiated on a Varian TrueBeam® Linear Accelerator with dose and dose rate escalation using the flattening filter-free (FFF) technique, which was followed by coculturing with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The exosomes from irradiated A549 cells were isolated and then cocultured with PBMCs. Flow cytometry was performed to analyze the proportion of lymph cell clusters in PBMCs. RESULTS The proportion of CD3- immune cell clusters in PBMCs was significantly higher in the 10 Gy treatment group than in the nonirradiated group and other lower-dose (2, 6 Gy) treatment groups at the dose rate of 1,000 MU/min. However, no influence was observed on the proportion of CD3+ T cell subsets. Further results showed that both natural killer (NK) and B cell proportions reached peaks in the 14 Gy treatment group when a dose rate of 1,200 MU/min was used. Notably, the peak values of these two cell proportions were reached at a lower radiation dose of 10 Gy when a greater dose rate, ranging from 1,600 to 2,400 MU/min, was used. We further found that a single, high dose of irradiation (10 Gy), as compared with a single, low dose of irradiation (2 Gy), could markedly stimulate the A549-related exosome secretion in a radiation dose rate-dependent manner. The ultrahigh dose rate radiation-derived exosomes contributed to the polarization of B and NK cell subsets in PBMCs. CONCLUSIONS The optimized radiation regime, which depends on the appropriate radiation dose and dose rate, results in the production of exosomes derived from NSCLC cells and eventually the redistribution of immune cells in PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Lei
- Radiation Oncology Center, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiang-Dong Sui
- Radiation Oncology Center, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Fu Jin
- Radiation Oncology Center, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Huan-Li Luo
- Radiation Oncology Center, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan-Juan Shan
- Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Tang
- Radiation Oncology Center, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Radiation Oncology Center, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong-Zhong Wu
- Radiation Oncology Center, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
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Simionescu N, Zonda R, Petrovici AR, Georgescu A. The Multifaceted Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Glioblastoma: microRNA Nanocarriers for Disease Progression and Gene Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:988. [PMID: 34210109 PMCID: PMC8309075 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most aggressive form of brain cancer in adults, characterized by poor survival rates and lack of effective therapies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally through specific pairing with target messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a heterogeneous group of cell-derived vesicles, transport miRNAs, mRNAs and intracellular proteins, and have been shown to promote horizontal malignancy into adjacent tissue, as well as resistance to conventional therapies. Furthermore, GB-derived EVs have distinct miRNA contents and are able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Numerous studies have attempted to identify EV-associated miRNA biomarkers in serum/plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, but their collective findings fail to identify reliable biomarkers that can be applied in clinical settings. However, EVs carrying specific miRNAs or miRNA inhibitors have great potential as therapeutic nanotools in GB, and several studies have investigated this possibility on in vitro and in vivo models. In this review, we discuss the role of EVs and their miRNA content in GB progression and resistance to therapy, with emphasis on their potential as diagnostic, prognostic and disease monitoring biomarkers and as nanocarriers for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Simionescu
- Center of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (N.S.); (R.Z.); (A.R.P.)
- “Prof. Dr. Nicolae Oblu” Emergency Clinical Hospital, 2 Ateneului Street, 700309 Iasi, Romania
| | - Radu Zonda
- Center of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (N.S.); (R.Z.); (A.R.P.)
| | - Anca Roxana Petrovici
- Center of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (N.S.); (R.Z.); (A.R.P.)
| | - Adriana Georgescu
- Department of Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 8 B.P. Hasdeu Street, 050568 Bucharest, Romania
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Feghhi M, Rezaie J, Mostafanezhad K, Jabbari N. Bystander effects induced by electron beam-irradiated MCF-7 cells: a potential mechanism of therapy resistance. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 187:657-671. [PMID: 34043123 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The distinct direct and non-targeting effects of electron beam radiation on MCF-7 cells remain obscure. We aimed to investigate the effect of electron beam irradiation (EBI) and conditioned media (CM) of the irradiated MCF-7 cells on MCF-7 cells. The cytotoxic effects of CM from irradiated MCF-7 cells on the mesenchymal stem cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were also examined. METHODS Cell viability and apoptosis were assayed via MTT and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. The production of ROS (reactive oxygen species) was evaluated by the chemical fluorometric method, while the amount of extracellular vesicles was detected via acetylcholinesterase activity assay. Expression of genes involved in apoptosis, including caspase-3, -8, -9, and stemness such as Sox-2 and Oct-4, were calculated through qPCR. The wound healing rate of cells was monitored via in vitro scratch assay. RESULTS Compared to the control group, EBI groups showed decreased cell viability but increased apoptosis and ROS as well as acetylcholinesterase activity dose-dependently (P < 0.05). Concurrently with increasing the dose of the electron beam, the transcript levels of apoptotic genes (caspase-3, -8, -9) and stemness-related genes (Sox-2 and Oct-4) were up-regulated following EBI. The wound healing rate of irradiated MCF-7 cells increased dose-dependently (P < 0.05). Similar results were observed after treatment with CM from irradiated MCF-7 cells. Additionally, CM from irradiated MCF-7 cells decreased the viability of MCF-7 cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and HUVECs (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION MCF-7 cells treated with an electron beam and CMs from irradiated MCF-7 cells exhibit an up-regulation in both genes involved in the apoptosis pathway and stemness. As a result, EBI can affect apoptosis and stemness in MCF-7 cells in direct and bystander manners. However, specific signaling pathways require careful evaluation to provide an understanding of the mechanisms involved in the EBI-induced alternation in tumor cell dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Feghhi
- Department of Medical Physics, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Nasrollah Jabbari
- Department of Medical Physics and Imaging, Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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Berzaghi R, Islam A, Hellevik T, Martinez-Zubiaurre I. Secretion rates and protein composition of extracellular vesicles released by cancer-associated fibroblasts after radiation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2021; 62:401-413. [PMID: 33899109 PMCID: PMC8127688 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Reciprocal communication between the malignant and non-malignant cellular elements in tumors is essential for cancer sustainability and plays an important role in the response of cancers to treatments. Some of this cellular crosstalk takes place via secretion of vesicles that are actively released into the extracellular space by most cell types in tumors. Recent studies have demonstrated radiation-induced changes in the secretion rate and composition of extracellular vesicles (EVs), with impact on radiation-related cellular communication. However, little is known about the effects of different radiation regimens on the release of EVs by cells of the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we provide a comprehensive molecular characterization of EVs released by cultured primary lung tumor fibroblasts. We explore the quantitative and morphological changes triggered by ionizing radiation (IR), delivered as a single dose of 18 Gy or three consecutive daily medium-doses of 6 Gy. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) secrete EVs with sizes ranging from 80 to 200 nm, expressing some of the classical exosome markers. Exposing CAFs to a single-high radiation dose (1 × 18 Gy) or fractionated medium-dose did not alter the release of CAF-EVs. The protein composition of CAF-EVs was analyzed by LC-MS/MS proteomics and revealed that CAF-EVs are enriched with heat shock proteins, integrins, tetraspanins, proteinases, collagens, growth factors and an array of molecules involved in the regulation of cell migration and the immune system. Quantitative proteomic analyses revealed minor changes in the protein composition of CAF-EVs after radiation exposure. Taken together, this study presents original data on lung tumor CAF-EV composition and reveals that release and protein cargo of CAF-EVs are largely unaltered after exposing CAFs to IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Berzaghi
- Corresponding author. Rodrigo Berzaghi, PhD, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway. E-mail:
| | - Ashraful Islam
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Turid Hellevik
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Inigo Martinez-Zubiaurre
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
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Nakaoka A, Nakahana M, Inubushi S, Akasaka H, Salah M, Fujita Y, Kubota H, Hassan M, Nishikawa R, Mukumoto N, Ishihara T, Miyawaki D, Sasayama T, Sasaki R. Exosome-mediated radiosensitizing effect on neighboring cancer cells via increase in intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species. Oncol Rep 2021; 45:13. [PMID: 33649776 PMCID: PMC7877005 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.7964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise mechanism of intercellular communication between cancer cells following radiation exposure is unclear. Exosomes are membrane‑enclosed small vesicles comprising lipid bilayers and are mediators of intercellular communication that transport a variety of intracellular components, including microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs). The present study aimed to identify novel roles of exosomes released from irradiated cells to neighboring cancer cells. In order to confirm the presence of exosomes in the human pancreatic cancer cell line MIAPaCa‑2, ultracentrifugation was performed followed by transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NanoSight) using the exosome‑specific surface markers CD9 and CD63. Subsequent endocytosis of exosomes was confirmed by fluorescent microscopy. Cell survival following irradiation and the addition of exosomes was evaluated by colony forming assay. Expression levels of miRNAs in exosomes were then quantified by microarray analysis, while protein expression levels of Cu/Zn‑ and Mn‑superoxide dismutase (SOD1 and 2, respectively) enzymes in MIAPaCa‑2 cells were evaluated by western blotting. Results showed that the uptake of irradiated exosomes was significantly higher than that of non‑irradiated exosomes. Notably, irradiated exosomes induced higher intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a higher frequency of DNA damage in MIAPaCa‑2 cells, as determined by fluorescent microscopy and immunocytochemistry, respectively. Moreover, six up‑ and five downregulated miRNAs were identified in 5 and 8 Gy‑irradiated cells using miRNA microarray analyses. Further analysis using miRNA mimics and reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR identified miR‑6823‑5p as a potential candidate to inhibit SOD1, leading to increased intracellular ROS levels and DNA damage. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to demonstrate that irradiated exosomes enhance the radiation effect via increasing intracellular ROS levels in cancer cells. This contributes to improved understanding of the bystander effect of neighboring cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Nakaoka
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Makiko Nakahana
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Sachiko Inubushi
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Akasaka
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Mohammed Salah
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Yoshiko Fujita
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hikaru Kubota
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Mennaallah Hassan
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Ryo Nishikawa
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Naritoshi Mukumoto
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Takeaki Ishihara
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Daisuke Miyawaki
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Takashi Sasayama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Ryohei Sasaki
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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Yin T, Xin H, Yu J, Teng F. The role of exosomes in tumour immunity under radiotherapy: eliciting abscopal effects? Biomark Res 2021; 9:22. [PMID: 33789758 PMCID: PMC8011088 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00277-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a curative treatment of localized tumours or as palliative control, radiotherapy (RT) has long been known to kill tumour cells and trigger the release of proinflammatory factors and immune cells to elicit an immunological response to cancer. As a crucial part of the tumour microenvironment (TME), exosomes, which are double-layered nanometre-sized vesicles, can convey molecules, present antigens, and mediate cell signalling to regulate tumour immunity via their contents. Different contents result in different effects of exosomes. The abscopal effect is a systemic antitumour effect that occurs outside of the irradiated field and is associated with tumour regression. This effect is mediated through the immune system, mainly via cell-mediated immunity, and results from a combination of inflammatory cytokine cascades and immune effector cell activation. Although the abscopal effect has been observed in various malignancies for many years, it is still a rarely identified clinical event. Researchers have indicated that exosomes can potentiate abscopal effects to enhance the effects of radiation, but the specific mechanisms are still unclear. In addition, radiation can affect exosome release and composition, and irradiated cells release exosomes with specific contents that change the cellular immune status. Hence, fully understanding how radiation affects tumour immunity and the interaction between specific exosomal contents and radiation may be a potential strategy to maximize the efficacy of cancer therapy. The optimal application of exosomes as novel immune stimulators is under active investigation and is described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwen Yin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Huixian Xin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jinming Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Feifei Teng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China.
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Wang Z, Ji X, Gao L, Guo X, Lian W, Deng K, Xing B. Comprehensive In Silico Analysis of a Novel Serum Exosome-Derived Competitive Endogenous RNA Network for Constructing a Prognostic Model for Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:553594. [PMID: 33747903 PMCID: PMC7973265 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.553594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive brain tumors with high mortality, and tumor-derived exosomes provide new insight into the mechanisms of GBM tumorigenesis, metastasis and therapeutic resistance. We aimed to establish an exosome-derived competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network for constructing a prognostic model for GBM. Methods We obtained the expression profiles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), miRNAs, and mRNAs from the GEO and TCGA databases and identified differentially expressed RNAs in GBM to construct a ceRNA network. By performing lasso and multivariate Cox regression analyses, we identified optimal prognosis-related differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) and generated a risk score model termed the exosomal lncRNA (exo-lncRNA) signature. The exo-lncRNA signature was subsequently validated in the CGGA GBM cohort. Finally, a novel prognostic nomogram was constructed based on the exo-lncRNA signature and clinicopathological parameters and validated in the CGGA external cohort. Based on the ceRNA hypothesis, oncocers were identified based on highly positive correlations between lncRNAs and mRNAs mediated by the same miRNAs. Furthermore, regression analyses were performed to assess correlations between the expression abundances of lncRNAs in tumors and exosomes. Results A total of 45 DElncRNAs, six DEmiRNAs, and 38 DEmRNAs were identified, and an exosome-derived ceRNA network was built. Three optimal prognostic-related DElncRNAs, HOTAIR (HR=0.341, P<0.001), SOX21-AS1 (HR=0.30, P<0.001), and STEAP3-AS1 (HR=2.47, P<0.001), were included to construct the exo-lncRNA signature, which was further proven to be an independent prognostic factor. The novel prognostic nomogram was constructed based on the exo-lncRNA signature, patient age, pharmacotherapy, radiotherapy, IDH mutation status, and MGMT promoter status, with a concordance index of 0.878. ROC and calibration plots both suggested that the nomogram had beneficial discrimination and predictive abilities. A total of 11 pairs of prognostic oncocers were identified. Regression analysis suggested excellent consistency of the expression abundance of the three exosomal lncRNAs between exosomes and tumor tissues. Conclusions Exosomal lncRNAs may serve as promising prognostic predictors and therapeutic targets. The prognostic nomogram based on the exo-lncRNA signature might provide an intuitive method for individualized survival prediction and facilitate better treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,China Pituitary Disease Registry Center, Chinese Pituitary Adenoma Cooperative Group, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Ji
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,China Pituitary Disease Registry Center, Chinese Pituitary Adenoma Cooperative Group, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,China Pituitary Disease Registry Center, Chinese Pituitary Adenoma Cooperative Group, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Lian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,China Pituitary Disease Registry Center, Chinese Pituitary Adenoma Cooperative Group, Beijing, China
| | - Kan Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,China Pituitary Disease Registry Center, Chinese Pituitary Adenoma Cooperative Group, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Xing
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,China Pituitary Disease Registry Center, Chinese Pituitary Adenoma Cooperative Group, Beijing, China
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He C, Li L, Wang L, Meng W, Hao Y, Zhu G. Exosome-mediated cellular crosstalk within the tumor microenvironment upon irradiation. Cancer Biol Med 2021; 18:21-33. [PMID: 33628582 PMCID: PMC7877182 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the most effective treatment methods for various solid tumors. Bidirectional signal transduction between cancer cells and stromal cells within the irradiated microenvironment is important in cancer development and treatment responsiveness. Exosomes, initially considered as “garbage bins” for unwanted from cells, are now understood to perform a variety of functions in interactions within the tumor microenvironment. Exosome-mediated regulation processes are rebuilt under the irradiation stimuli, because the exosome production, uptake, and contents are markedly modified by irradiation. In turn, irradiation-modified exosomes may modulate the cell response to irradiation through feedback regulation. Here, we review current knowledge and discuss the roles of exosome-mediated interactions between cells under radiotherapy conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanshi He
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
| | - Wanrong Meng
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
| | - Yaying Hao
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
| | - Guiquan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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63
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Fontana F, Carollo E, Melling GE, Carter DRF. Extracellular Vesicles: Emerging Modulators of Cancer Drug Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:749. [PMID: 33670185 PMCID: PMC7916933 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently emerged as crucial modulators of cancer drug resistance. Indeed, it has been shown that they can directly sequester anti-tumor drugs, decreasing their effective concentration at target sites. Moreover, they facilitate the horizontal transfer of specific bioactive cargoes able to regulate proliferative, apoptotic, and stemness programs in recipient cells, potentially conferring a resistant phenotype to drug-sensitive cancer cells. Finally, EVs can mediate the communication between the tumor and both stromal and immune cells within the microenvironment, promoting treatment escape. In this context, clarifying the EV-driven resistance mechanisms might improve not only tumor diagnosis and prognosis but also therapeutic outcomes. Detailed cellular and molecular events occurring during the development of EV-mediated cancer drug resistance are described in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Carollo
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (E.C.); (G.E.M.)
| | - Genevieve E. Melling
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (E.C.); (G.E.M.)
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - David R. F. Carter
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (E.C.); (G.E.M.)
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64
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Ma Y, Dong S, Li X, Kim BYS, Yang Z, Jiang W. Extracellular Vesicles: An Emerging Nanoplatform for Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 10:606906. [PMID: 33628730 PMCID: PMC7897670 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.606906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane particles that represent an endogenous mechanism for cell-to-cell communication. Since discovering that EVs have multiple advantages over currently available delivery platforms, such as their ability to overcome natural barriers, intrinsic cell targeting properties, and circulation stability, the potential use of EVs as therapeutic nanoplatforms for cancer studies has attracted considerable interest. To fully elucidate EVs' therapeutic function for treating cancer, all current knowledge about cellular uptake and trafficking of EVs will be initially reviewed. In order to further improve EVs as anticancer therapeutics, engineering strategies for cancer therapy have been widely explored in the last decade, along with other cancer therapies. However, therapeutic applications of EVs as drug delivery systems have been limited because of immunological concerns, lack of methods to scale EV production, and efficient drug loading. We will review and discuss recent progress and remaining challenges in developing EVs as a delivery nanoplatform for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shiyan Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Betty Y S Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Zhaogang Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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Li Z, Jella KK, Jaafar L, Moreno CS, Dynan WS. Characterization of exosome release and extracellular vesicle-associated miRNAs for human bronchial epithelial cells irradiated with high charge and energy ions. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2021; 28:11-17. [PMID: 33612174 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that mediate transport of nucleic acids, proteins, and other molecules. Prior work has implicated exosomes in the transmission of radiation nontargeted effects. Here we investigate the ability of energetic heavy ions, representative of species found in galactic cosmic rays, to stimulate exosome release from human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. Immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC3-KT F25F) were irradiated with 1.0 Gy of high linear energy transfer (LET) 48Ti, 28Si, or 16O ions, or with 10 Gy of low-LET reference γ-rays, and extracellular vesicles were collected from conditioned media. Preparations were characterized by single particle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and immunoblotting for the exosomal marker, TSG101. Based on TSG101 levels, irradiation with high-LET ions, but not γ-rays, stimulated exosome release by about 4-fold, relative to mock-irradiated controls. The exosome-enriched vesicle preparations contained pro-inflammatory damage-associated molecular patterns, including HSP70 and calreticulin. Additionally, miRNA profiling was performed for vesicular RNAs using NanoString technology. The miRNA profile was skewed toward a small number of species that have previously been shown to be involved in cancer initiation and progression, including miR-1246, miR-1290, miR-23a, and miR-205. Additionally, a set of 24 miRNAs was defined as modestly over-represented in preparations from HZE ion-irradiated versus other cells. Gene set enrichment analysis based on the over-represented miRNAs showed highly significant association with nonsmall cell lung and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentian Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kishore K Jella
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lahcen Jaafar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Carlos S Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - William S Dynan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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Swati, Chadha VD. Role of epigenetic mechanisms in propagating off-targeted effects following radiation based therapies - A review. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 787:108370. [PMID: 34083045 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite being an important diagnostic and treatment modality, ionizing radiation (IR) is also known to cause genotoxicity and multiple side effects leading to secondary carcinogenesis. While modern cancer radiation therapy has improved patient recovery and enhanced survival rates, the risk of radiation-related adverse effects has become a growing challenge. It is now well-accepted that IR-induced side effects are not exclusively restricted to exposed cells but also spread to distant 'bystander' cells and even to the unexposed progeny of the irradiated cells. These 'off-targeted' effects involve a plethora of molecular events depending on the type of radiation and tumor tissue background. While the mechanisms by which off-targeted effects arise remain obscure, emerging evidence based on the non-mendelian inheritance of various manifestations of them as well as their persistence for longer periods supports a contribution of epigenetic factors. This review focuses on the major epigenetic phenomena including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and small RNA mediated silencing and their versatile role in the manifestation of IR induced off-targeted effects. As short- and long-range communication vehicles respectively, the role of gap junctions and exosomes in spreading these epigenetic-alteration driven off-targeted effects is also discussed. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the possible therapeutic potentials of these epigenetic mechanisms and how beneficial outcomes could potentially be achieved by targeting various signaling molecules involved in these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati
- Centre for Nuclear Medicine (U.I.E.A.S.T), South Campus, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Vijayta D Chadha
- Centre for Nuclear Medicine (U.I.E.A.S.T), South Campus, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Gurunathan S, Kang MH, Jeyaraj M, Kim JH. Platinum Nanoparticles Enhance Exosome Release in Human Lung Epithelial Adenocarcinoma Cancer Cells (A549): Oxidative Stress and the Ceramide Pathway are Key Players. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:515-538. [PMID: 33519199 PMCID: PMC7837572 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s291138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have demonstrated various molecular mechanisms involved in the biogenesis and release of exosomes. However, how external stimuli, such as platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs), induces the biogenesis and release of exosomes remains unclear. To address this, PtNPs were synthesized using lutein to examine their effect on the biogenesis and release of exosomes in human lung epithelial adenocarcinoma cancer cells (A549). Methods The size and concentration of isolated exosomes were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and nanoparticle tracking analysis system (NTA). Morphology and structure of exosomes were examined using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. Quantification of exosomes were analyzed by EXOCETTM assay and fluorescence polarization (FP). The expression of typical markers of exosomes were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results A549 cells cultured with PtNPs enhance exosome secretion by altering various physiological processes. Interestingly, A549 cells treated with PtNPs increases total protein concentration, biogenesis and release of exosomes associated with PtNPs-induced oxidative stress. GW4869 inhibits PtNPs induced biogenesis and release of exosomes and also acetylcholinesterase (AChE), neutral sphingomyelinase activity (n-SMase), and exosome counts. A549 cells pre-treated with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) significantly inhibited PtNPs induced exosome biogenesis and release. These findings confirmed that PtNPs-induced exosome release was due to the induction of oxidative stress and the ceramide pathway. These factors enhanced exosome biogenesis and release and may be useful in understanding the mechanism of exosome formation, release, and function. Conclusion PtNPs provide a promising agent to increase exosome production in A549 cells. These findings offer novel strategies for enhancing exosome release, which can be applied in the treatment and prevention of cancer. Importantly, this is the first study, to our knowledge, showing that PtNPs stimulate exosome biogenesis by inducing oxidative stress and the ceramide pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Min-Hee Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Muniyandi Jeyaraj
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Yang X, Ma L, Ye Z, Shi W, Zhang L, Wang J, Yang H. Radiation-induced bystander effects may contribute to radiation-induced cognitive impairment. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:329-340. [PMID: 33332177 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1864498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite being a major treatment modality for brain cancer due to its efficiency in achieving cancer control, radiotherapy has long been known to cause long-term side effects, including radiation-induced cognitive impairment (RICI). Neurogenesis inhibition due to radiation-induced damage in neural stem cells (NSCs) has been demonstrated to be an important mechanism underlying RICI. Radiation-induced bystander effects (RIBEs) denote the biological responses in non-targeted cells after their neighboring cells are irradiated. We have previously demonstrated that RIBEs could play an important role in the skin wound healing process. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether RIBEs contribute to RICI in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS The transwell co-culture method was used to investigate bystander effects in mouse NSCs induced by irradiated GL261 mouse glioma cells in vitro. The proliferation, neurosphere-forming capacity and differentiation potential of NSCs were determined as the bystander endpoints. The exosomes were extracted from the media used to culture GL261 cells and were injected into the hippocampus of C57BL/6 mice. Two months later, the neurogenesis of mice was assessed using BrdU incorporation and immunofluorescence microscopy, and cognitive function was evaluated by the Morris Water Maze. RESULTS After co-culture with GL261 glioma cells, mouse NSCs displayed inhibited proliferation and reduced neurosphere-forming capacity and differentiation potential. The irradiated GL261 cells caused greater inhibition and reduction in NSCs than unirradiated GL261 cells. Moreover, adding the exosomes secreted by GL261 cells into the culture of NSCs inhibited NSC proliferation, suggesting that the cancer cell-derived exosomes may be critical intercellular signals. Furthermore, injection of the exosomes from GL261 cells into the hippocampus of mice caused significant neurogenesis inhibition and cognitive impairment two month later, and the exosomes from irradiated GL261 cells induced greater inhibitory effects. CONCLUSION RIBEs mediated by the exosomes from irradiated cancer cells could contribute to RICI and, therefore, could be a novel mechanism underlying RICI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Linlin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Zhujing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Wenyu Shi
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Liyuan Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China.,Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology of Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Jingdong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Hongying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, PR China.,Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology of Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
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Exosomes: Their Role in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010084. [PMID: 33396739 PMCID: PMC7795854 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current scientific evidence concerning the role played by exosomes in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The potential use of exosomes as delivery vectors for small-molecule therapeutic agents will be discussed. In addition, a special emphasis will be placed on the involvement of exosomes in oncological diseases, as well as to their potential therapeutic application as liquid biopsy tools mainly in cancer diagnosis. A better understanding of exosome biology could improve the results of clinical interventions using exosomes as therapeutic agents. Abstract Exosomes are lipid bilayer particles released from cells into their surrounding environment. These vesicles are mediators of near and long-distance intercellular communication and affect various aspects of cell biology. In addition to their biological function, they play an increasingly important role both in diagnosis and as therapeutic agents. In this paper, we review recent literature related to the molecular composition of exosomes, paying special attention to their role in pathogenesis, along with their application as biomarkers and as therapeutic tools. In this context, we analyze the potential use of exosomes in biomedicine, as well as the limitations that preclude their wider application.
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Caponnetto F, Dalla E, Mangoni D, Piazza S, Radovic S, Ius T, Skrap M, Di Loreto C, Beltrami AP, Manini I, Cesselli D. The miRNA Content of Exosomes Released from the Glioma Microenvironment Can Affect Malignant Progression. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120564. [PMID: 33287106 PMCID: PMC7761654 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-grade gliomas (LGG) are infiltrative primary brain tumors that in 70% of the cases undergo anaplastic transformation, deeply affecting prognosis. However, the timing of progression is heterogeneous. Recently, the tumor microenvironment (TME) has gained much attention either as prognostic factor or therapeutic target. Through the release of extracellular vesicles, the TME contributes to tumor progression by transferring bioactive molecules such as microRNA. The aim of the study was to take advantage of glioma-associated stem cells (GASC), an in vitro model of the glioma microenvironment endowed with a prognostic significance, and their released exosomes, to investigate the possible role of exosome miRNAs in favoring the anaplastic transformation of LGG. Therefore, by deep sequencing, we analyzed and compared the miRNA profile of GASC and exosomes obtained from LGG patients characterized by different prognosis. Results showed that exosomes presented a different signature, when compared to their cellular counterpart and that, although sharing several miRNAs, exosomes of patients with a bad prognosis, selectively expressed some miRNAs possibly responsible for the more aggressive phenotype. These findings get insights into the value of TME and exosomes as potential biomarkers for precision medicine approaches aimed at improving LGG prognostic stratification and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Caponnetto
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (E.D.); (C.D.L.); (A.P.B.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (I.M.); Tel.: +39-0432-559-412 (F.C. & I.M.)
| | - Emiliano Dalla
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (E.D.); (C.D.L.); (A.P.B.); (D.C.)
| | - Damiano Mangoni
- Central RNA Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 16163 Genova, Italy;
| | - Silvano Piazza
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | | | - Tamara Ius
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (T.I.); (M.S.)
| | - Miran Skrap
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (T.I.); (M.S.)
| | - Carla Di Loreto
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (E.D.); (C.D.L.); (A.P.B.); (D.C.)
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Antonio Paolo Beltrami
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (E.D.); (C.D.L.); (A.P.B.); (D.C.)
| | - Ivana Manini
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (I.M.); Tel.: +39-0432-559-412 (F.C. & I.M.)
| | - Daniela Cesselli
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (E.D.); (C.D.L.); (A.P.B.); (D.C.)
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Shi J, Zhang Y, Yao B, Sun P, Hao Y, Piao H, Zhao X. Role of Exosomes in the Progression, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Gliomas. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e924023. [PMID: 33245712 PMCID: PMC7706139 DOI: 10.12659/msm.924023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary malignant brain tumors associated with a low survival rate. Even after surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, gliomas still have a poor prognosis. Extracellular vesicles are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived membranous structures. Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles, their size ranges from 30 nm to 100 nm. Recent studies have proved that glioma cells could release numerous exosomes; therefore, exosomes have gained increasing attention in glioma-related research. Recent studies have confirmed the importance of extracellular vesicles, particularly exosomes, in the development of brain tumors, including gliomas. Exosomes mediate intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment by transporting biomolecules (proteins, lipids, deoxyribonucleic acid, and ribonucleic acid); thereby playing a prominent role in tumor proliferation, differentiation, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy or radiation. Given their nanoscale size, exosomes can traverse the blood-brain barrier and promote tumor progression by modifying the tumor microenvironment. Based on their structural and functional characteristics, exosomes are demonstrating their value not only as diagnostic and prognostic markers, but also as tools in therapies specifically targeting glioma cells. Therefore, exosomes are a promising therapeutic target for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of malignant gliomas. More research will be needed before exosomes can be used in clinical applications. Here, we describe the exosomes, their morphology, and their roles in the diagnosis and progression of gliomas. In addition, we discuss the potential of exosomes as a therapeutic target/drug delivery system for patients with gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Bing Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Peixin Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Yuanyuan Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Haozhe Piao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Xi Zhao
- Department of Anesthesia, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
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Liu Y, Ye G, Huang L, Zhang C, Sheng Y, Wu B, Han L, Wu C, Dong B, Qi Y. Single-cell transcriptome analysis demonstrates inter-patient and intra-tumor heterogeneity in primary and metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:21559-21581. [PMID: 33170151 PMCID: PMC7695431 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we performed single-cell transcriptome data analysis of fifty primary and metastatic lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) samples from the GSE123902 and GSE131907 datasets to determine the landscape of inter-patient and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. The gene expression profiles and copy number variations (CNV) showed significant heterogeneity in the primary and metastatic LUAD samples. We observed upregulation of pathways related to translational initiation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, exosomes, and unfolded protein response in the brain metastasis samples as compared to the primary tumor samples. Pathways related to exosomes, cell adhesion and metabolism were upregulated and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) pathway was downregulated in brain metastasis samples from chemotherapy-treated LUAD patients as compared to those from the untreated LUAD patients. Tumor cell subgroups in the brain metastasis samples showed differential expression of genes related to type II alveolar cells, chemoresistance, glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (metabolic reprogramming), and EMT. Thus, single-cell transcriptome analysis demonstrated intra-patient and intra-tumor heterogeneity in the regulation of pathways related to tumor progression, chemoresistance and metabolism in the primary and metastatic LUAD tissues. Moreover, our study demonstrates that single cell transcriptome analysis is a potentially useful tool for accurate diagnosis and personalized targeted treatment of LUAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Guanchao Ye
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yinliang Sheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Lu Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Chunli Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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73
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Phenotypic and Functional Characteristics of Exosomes Derived from Irradiated Mouse Organs and Their Role in the Mechanisms Driving Non-Targeted Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218389. [PMID: 33182277 PMCID: PMC7664902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular communication between irradiated and unirradiated neighbouring cells initiates radiation-induced bystander effects (RIBE) and out-of-field (abscopal) effects which are both an example of the non-targeted effects (NTE) of ionising radiation (IR). Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endosomal origin and newly identified mediators of NTE. Although exosome-mediated changes are well documented in radiation therapy and oncology, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the role of exosomes derived from inside and outside the radiation field in the early and delayed induction of NTE following IR. Therefore, here we investigated the changes in exosome profile and the role of exosomes as possible molecular signalling mediators of radiation damage. Exosomes derived from organs of whole body irradiated (WBI) or partial body irradiated (PBI) mice after 24 h and 15 days post-irradiation were transferred to recipient mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells and changes in cellular viability, DNA damage and calcium, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide signalling were evaluated compared to that of MEF cells treated with exosomes derived from unirradiated mice. Taken together, our results show that whole and partial-body irradiation increases the number of exosomes, instigating changes in exosome-treated MEF cells, depending on the source organ and time after exposure.
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Cancer-associated fibroblast-secreted exosomal miR-423-5p promotes chemotherapy resistance in prostate cancer by targeting GREM2 through the TGF-β signaling pathway. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1809-1822. [PMID: 33144675 PMCID: PMC8080786 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0431-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic failure in prostate cancer (PC) is believed to result from its unusually invasive and metastatic nature. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are essential in the tumor microenvironment. We intended to study the role of CAF-derived exosomes in the context of PC and the potential regulatory mechanism associated with miR-423-5p and GREM2. CAF-derived exosomes decreased the chemosensitivity of parental PC cells and enhanced the drug resistance of drug-resistant cells. PC-associated fibroblast-derived exosomes carrying miR-423-5p increased the resistance of PC to taxane by inhibiting GREM2 through the TGF-β pathway. Inhibition of the TGF-β pathway partially reversed the increased drug resistance in PC cells induced by CAF-derived exosomes. Inhibition of miR-423-5p enhanced the drug sensitivity of PC cells in vivo. We showed that CAF-secreted exosomal miR-423-5p promoted chemotherapy resistance in PC by targeting GREM2 through the TGF-β pathway. This study may allow the development of novel approaches for PC.
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75
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Exosomes and exosomal microRNA in non-targeted radiation bystander and abscopal effects in the central nervous system. Cancer Lett 2020; 499:73-84. [PMID: 33160002 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Localized cranial radiotherapy is a dominant treatment for brain cancers. After being subjected to radiation, the central nervous system (CNS) exhibits targeted effects as well as non-targeted radiation bystander effects (RIBE) and abscopal effects (RIAE). Radiation-induced targeted effects in the CNS include autophagy and various changes in tumor cells due to radiation sensitivity, which can be regulated by microRNAs. Non-targeted radiation effects are mainly induced by gap junctional communication between cells, exosomes containing microRNAs can be transduced by intracellular endocytosis to regulate RIBE and RIAE. In this review, we discuss the involvement of microRNAs in radiation-induced targeted effects, as well as exosomes and/or exosomal microRNAs in non-targeted radiation effects in the CNS. As a target pathway, we also discuss the Akt pathway which is regulated by microRNAs, exosomes, and/or exosomal microRNAs in radiation-induced targeted effects and RIBE in CNS tumor cells. As the CNS-derived exosomes can cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) into the bloodstream and be isolated from peripheral blood, exosomes and exosomal microRNAs can emerge as promising minimally invasive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for radiation-induced targeted and non-targeted effects in the CNS.
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76
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Torrisi F, Vicario N, Spitale FM, Cammarata FP, Minafra L, Salvatorelli L, Russo G, Cuttone G, Valable S, Gulino R, Magro G, Parenti R. The Role of Hypoxia and SRC Tyrosine Kinase in Glioblastoma Invasiveness and Radioresistance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2860. [PMID: 33020459 PMCID: PMC7599682 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in functional imaging are supporting neurosurgery and radiotherapy for glioblastoma, which still remains the most aggressive brain tumor with poor prognosis. The typical infiltration pattern of glioblastoma, which impedes a complete surgical resection, is coupled with a high rate of invasiveness and radioresistance, thus further limiting efficient therapy, leading to inevitable and fatal recurrences. Hypoxia is of crucial importance in gliomagenesis and, besides reducing radiotherapy efficacy, also induces cellular and molecular mediators that foster proliferation and invasion. In this review, we aimed at analyzing the biological mechanism of glioblastoma invasiveness and radioresistance in hypoxic niches of glioblastoma. We also discussed the link between hypoxia and radiation-induced radioresistance with activation of SRC proto-oncogene non-receptor tyrosine kinase, prospecting potential strategies to overcome the current limitation in glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Torrisi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), Section of Physiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.T.); (N.V.); (F.M.S.); (R.G.)
| | - Nunzio Vicario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), Section of Physiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.T.); (N.V.); (F.M.S.); (R.G.)
| | - Federica M. Spitale
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), Section of Physiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.T.); (N.V.); (F.M.S.); (R.G.)
| | - Francesco P. Cammarata
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, IBFM-CNR, 90015 Cefalù, Italy; (L.M.); (G.R.)
| | - Luigi Minafra
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, IBFM-CNR, 90015 Cefalù, Italy; (L.M.); (G.R.)
| | - Lucia Salvatorelli
- Department G.F. Ingrassia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele” Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Giorgio Russo
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, IBFM-CNR, 90015 Cefalù, Italy; (L.M.); (G.R.)
| | - Giacomo Cuttone
- National Laboratory of South, National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNS-INFN), 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Samuel Valable
- ISTCT/CERVOxy Group, GIP Cyceron, CEA, CNRS, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, 14074 Caen, France;
| | - Rosario Gulino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), Section of Physiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.T.); (N.V.); (F.M.S.); (R.G.)
| | - Gaetano Magro
- Department G.F. Ingrassia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele” Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), Section of Physiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.T.); (N.V.); (F.M.S.); (R.G.)
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77
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Kan LK, Drummond K, Hunn M, Williams D, O'Brien TJ, Monif M. Potential biomarkers and challenges in glioma diagnosis, therapy and prognosis. BMJ Neurol Open 2020; 2:e000069. [PMID: 33681797 PMCID: PMC7871709 DOI: 10.1136/bmjno-2020-000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common central nervous system malignancies and present with significant morbidity and mortality. Treatment modalities are currently limited to surgical resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Increases in survival rate over the previous decades are negligible, further pinpointing an unmet clinical need in this field. There is a continual struggle with the development of effective glioma diagnostics and therapeutics, largely due to a multitude of factors, including the presence of the blood–brain barrier and significant intertumoural and intratumoural heterogeneity. Importantly, there is a lack of reliable biomarkers for glioma, particularly in aiding tumour subtyping and measuring response to therapy. There is a need for biomarkers that would both overcome the complexity of the disease and allow for a minimally invasive means of detection and analysis. This is a comprehensive review evaluating the potential of current cellular, proteomic and molecular biomarker candidates for glioma. Significant hurdles faced in glioma diagnostics and therapy are also discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyen Katrina Kan
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate Drummond
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin Hunn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Williams
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mastura Monif
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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78
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Bălașa A, Șerban G, Chinezu R, Hurghiș C, Tămaș F, Manu D. The Involvement of Exosomes in Glioblastoma Development, Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10080553. [PMID: 32823792 PMCID: PMC7463943 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10080553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumours are a serious concern among both physicians and patients. The most feared brain tumour is glioblastoma (GBM) due to its heterogeneous histology, substantial invasive capacity, and rapid postsurgical recurrence. Even in cases of early management consisting of surgery, chemo-, and radiotherapy, the prognosis is still poor, with an extremely short survival period. Consequently, researchers are trying to better understand the underlying pathways involved in GBM development in order to establish a more personalised approach. The latest focus is on molecular characterisation of the tumour, including analysis of extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanostructures derived from both normal and pathological cells that have an important role in intercellular communication due to the various molecules they carry. There are two types of EV based on their biogenesis, but exosomes are of particular interest in GBM. Recent studies have demonstrated that GBM cells release numerous exosomes whose cargo provides them the capacity to facilitate tumour cell invasion and migration, to stimulate malignant transformation of previously normal cells, to increase immune tolerance towards the tumour, to induce resistance to chemotherapy, and to enhance the GBM vascular supply. As exosomes are specific to their parental cells, their isolation would allow a deeper perspective on GBM pathogenesis. A new era of molecular manipulation has emerged, and exosomes are rapidly proving their value not only as diagnostic and prognostic markers, but also as tools in therapies specifically targeting GBM cells. Nonetheless, further research will be required before exosomes could be used in clinical practice. This review aims to describe the structural and functional characteristics of exosomes and their involvement in GBM development, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Bălașa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.B.); (R.C.); (C.H.); (F.T.)
- ‘George Emil Palade’ University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Georgiana Șerban
- Department of Neurology, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-724-051-516
| | - Rareş Chinezu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.B.); (R.C.); (C.H.); (F.T.)
- ‘George Emil Palade’ University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Corina Hurghiș
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.B.); (R.C.); (C.H.); (F.T.)
| | - Flaviu Tămaș
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 540136 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.B.); (R.C.); (C.H.); (F.T.)
| | - Doina Manu
- Center for Advanced Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
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79
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Ghaemmaghami AB, Mahjoubin-Tehran M, Movahedpour A, Morshedi K, Sheida A, Taghavi SP, Mirzaei H, Hamblin MR. Role of exosomes in malignant glioma: microRNAs and proteins in pathogenesis and diagnosis. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:120. [PMID: 32746854 PMCID: PMC7397575 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00623-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common and deadly type of central nervous system tumors. Despite some advances in treatment, the mean survival time remains only about 1.25 years. Even after surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, gliomas still have a poor prognosis. Exosomes are the most common type of extracellular vesicles with a size range of 30 to 100 nm, and can act as carriers of proteins, RNAs, and other bioactive molecules. Exosomes play a key role in tumorigenesis and resistance to chemotherapy or radiation. Recent evidence has shown that exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) can be detected in the extracellular microenvironment, and can also be transferred from cell to cell via exosome secretion and uptake. Therefore, many recent studies have focused on exosomal miRNAs as important cellular regulators in various physiological and pathological conditions. A variety of exosomal miRNAs have been implicated in the initiation and progression of gliomas, by activating and/or inhibiting different signaling pathways. Exosomal miRNAs could be used as therapeutic agents to modulate different biological processes in gliomas. Exosomal miRNAs derived from mesenchymal stem cells could also be used for glioma treatment. The present review summarizes the exosomal miRNAs that have been implicated in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of gliomas. Moreover, exosomal proteins could also be involved in glioma pathogenesis. Exosomal miRNAs and proteins could also serve as non-invasive biomarkers for prognosis and disease monitoring. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir B. Ghaemmaghami
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychology, Behaviour, Genetics and Neurobiology Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maryam Mahjoubin-Tehran
- grid.411583.a0000 0001 2198 6209Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ,grid.411583.a0000 0001 2198 6209Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Movahedpour
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ,grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Student research committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Korosh Morshedi
- grid.444768.d0000 0004 0612 1049School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sheida
- grid.444768.d0000 0004 0612 1049School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Seyed Pouya Taghavi
- grid.444768.d0000 0004 0612 1049School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- grid.444768.d0000 0004 0612 1049Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XWellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA ,grid.412988.e0000 0001 0109 131XLaser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028 South Africa
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80
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Knox MC, Ni J, Bece A, Bucci J, Chin Y, Graham PH, Li Y. A Clinician's Guide to Cancer-Derived Exosomes: Immune Interactions and Therapeutic Implications. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1612. [PMID: 32793238 PMCID: PMC7387430 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of the role of immunity in the regulation of cancer growth continues to rapidly increase. This is fuelled by the impressive results yielded in recent years by immune checkpoint inhibitors, which block regulatory pathways to increase immune-mediated cancer destruction. Exosomes are cell-secreted membranous nanoscale vesicles that play important roles in regulating physiological and pathophysiological processes. Cancer-derived exosomes (CDEXs) and their biologically-active cargos have been proven to have varied effects in malignant progression, including the promotion of angiogenesis, metastasis, and favorable microenvironment modification. More recently, there is an increasing appreciation of their role in immune evasion. In addition to CDEXs, there are immune-derived exosomes that facilitate communication between immune cells in the non-malignant setting. Investigation of cancer-mediated mechanisms behind interruption or modification of these normal exosomal pathways may provide further understanding of how malignant immune evasion is accomplished. Accumulating evidence indicates that immune-active CDEXs also have the potential to impact clinical oncological management. Whilst immune checkpoint inhibitors have well-established pharmacologically-targeted pathways involving the immune system, other widely used treatments such as radiation and cytotoxic chemotherapies do not. Thus, investigating exosomes in immunotherapy is important for the development of next-generation combination therapies. In this article, we review the ways in which CDEXs impact individual immune cell types and how this contributes to the development of immune evasion. We discuss the relevance of lymphocytes and myeloid-lineage cells in the control of malignancy. In addition, we highlight the ways that CDEXs and their immune effects can impact current cancer therapies and the resulting clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Knox
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Jie Ni
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrej Bece
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Joseph Bucci
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Yaw Chin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter H Graham
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
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81
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Sharma KD, Schaal D, Kore RA, Hamzah RN, Pandanaboina SC, Hayar A, Griffin RJ, Srivatsan M, Reyna NS, Xie JY. Glioma-derived exosomes drive the differentiation of neural stem cells to astrocytes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234614. [PMID: 32649728 PMCID: PMC7351166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes appear to be effective inter-cellular communicators delivering several types of molecules, such as proteins and RNAs, suggesting that they could influence neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation. Our RNA sequencing studies demonstrated that the RNAs related to cell proliferation and astrocyte differentiation were upregulated in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) when co-cultured with exosomes obtained from the culture medium of human glioma cells (U87). Metallothionein 3 and elastin genes, which are related to cell proliferation, increased 10 and 7.2 fold, respectively. Expression of genes for astrocyte differentiation, such as tumor growth factor alpha, induced protein 3 of the NOTCH1 family, colony stimulating factor and interleukin 6 of the STAT3 family and Hes family bHLH transcription factor 1 also increased by 2.3, 10, 4.7 and 2.9 fold, respectively. We further examined the effects of these exosomes on rat fetal neural stem cell (rNSC) differentiation using the secreted exosomes from U87 glioma cells or exosomes from U87 cells that were stimulated with interleukin 1β (IL-1β). The rNSCs, extracted from rat brains at embryonic day 14 (E14), underwent a culture protocol that normally leads to predominant (~90%) differentiation to ODCs. However, in the presence of the exosomes from untreated or IL-1β-treated U87 cells, significantly more cells differentiated into astrocytes, especially in the presence of exosomes obtained from the IL-1β-challenged glioma cells. Moreover, glioma-derived exosomes appeared to inhibit rNSC differentiation into ODCs or astrocytes as indicated by a significantly increased population of unlabeled cells. A portion of the resulting astrocytes co-expressed both CD133 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) suggesting that exosomes from U87 cells could promote astrocytic differentiation of NSCs with features expected from a transformed cell. Our data clearly demonstrated that exosomes secreted by human glioma cells provide a strong driving force for rat neural stem cells to differentiate into astrocytes, uncovering potential pathways and therapeutic targets that might control this aggressive tumor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna D. Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences and Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Danielle Schaal
- Department of Biology, Ouachita Baptist University, Arkadelphia, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Rajshekhar A. Kore
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Rabab N. Hamzah
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Sahitya Chetan Pandanaboina
- Department of Biological Sciences and Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Abdallah Hayar
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Griffin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Malathi Srivatsan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Nathan S. Reyna
- Department of Biology, Ouachita Baptist University, Arkadelphia, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Yanhua Xie
- Department of Basic Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, United States of America
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82
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Jella KK, Nasti TH, Li Z, Lawson DH, Switchenko JM, Ahmed R, Dynan WS, Khan MK. Exosome-Containing Preparations From Postirradiated Mouse Melanoma Cells Delay Melanoma Growth In Vivo by a Natural Killer Cell-Dependent Mechanism. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020; 108:104-114. [PMID: 32561502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the ability of radiation to stimulate exosome release from melanoma cells and to characterize the resulting exosome-containing vesicle preparations for their ability to promote a host antitumor immune response. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cultured B16F10 murine melanoma cells or tumors were irradiated, and secreted extracellular vesicles were isolated and characterized. The exosome-containing vesicle preparations were injected into fresh tumors in syngeneic mice, and tumor growth and infiltrating T cells and natural killer (NK) cells were characterized. RESULTS Irradiation stimulated exosome release from B16F10 murine melanoma cells. Exosome preparations from irradiated cell culture supernatants were biologically active, as demonstrated by uptake into recipient cells and by the ability to induce dendritic cell maturation and activation in vitro. Intratumoral injection significantly delayed tumor growth in vivo, whereas injection of similar preparations from non irradiated cells had no effect. The antitumor effect was correlated to an increase in interferon gamma-producing tumor-infiltrating NK cells. Pretreatment of the host mice with anti-NK cell antibodies abolished the effect, whereas pretreatment with anti-CD8+ T-cell antibodies did not. CONCLUSION Exosomes from irradiated cells, or synthetic mimics, might provide an effective strategy for potentiation of NK cell-mediated host antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Kumar Jella
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tahseen H Nasti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zhentian Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David H Lawson
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jeffrey M Switchenko
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - William S Dynan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mohammad K Khan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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83
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Zhang Y, Liu J, Zhou L, Hao S, Ding Z, Xiao L, Zhou M. Exosomal Small RNA Sequencing Uncovers Dose-Specific MiRNA Markers for Ionizing Radiation Exposure. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820926735. [PMID: 32528236 PMCID: PMC7263154 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820926735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Acute exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) is hazardous or even lethal. Accurate estimation of the doses of IR exposure is critical to wisely determining the following treatments. Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles harboring biomolecules and mediate the communications among cells and tissues to influence biological processes. Screening out the microRNAs (miRNAs) contained in exosomes as biomarkers can be useful for estimating the IR exposure doses and exploring the correlation between these miRNAs and the occurrence of disease. Methods: We treated mice with 2.0, 6.5, and 8.0 Gy doses of IR and collected the mice sera at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours after exposure. Then, the serum exosomes were isolated by ultracentrifuge and the small RNA portion was extracted for sequencing and the following bioinformatics analysis. Qualitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to validate the potential dose-specific markers. Results: Fifty-six miRNAs (31 upregulated, 25 downregulated) were differentially expressed after exposure of the above 3 IR doses and may act as common IR exposure miRNA markers. Bioinformatic analysis also identified several dosage-specific responsive miRNAs. Importantly, IR-induced miR-151-3p and miR-128-3p were significantly and stably increased at 24 hours in different mouse strains with distinct genetic background after exposed to 8.0 Gy of IR. Conclusion: Our study shows that miR-151-3p and miR-128-3p can be used as dose-specific biomarkers of 8.0 Gy IR exposure, which can be used to determine the exposure dose by detecting the amount of the 2 miRNAs in serum exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China.,Department of Radiation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiabin Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Hao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhua Ding
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Meijuan Zhou
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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84
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Synergies in exosomes and autophagy pathways for cellular homeostasis and metastasis of tumor cells. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:64. [PMID: 32426106 PMCID: PMC7218515 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eukaryotic cells demonstrate two tightly linked vesicular transport systems, comprising intracellular vesicle transport and extracellular vesicle transport system. Intracellular transport vesicles can translocate biomolecules between compartments inside the cell, for example, proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. Whereas, the secreted vesicles so-called extracellular vesicles facilitate the transport of biomolecules, for example, nucleic acids, proteins and lipids between cells. Vesicles can be formed during the process of endocytosis or/and autophagy and not only act as mediators of intra- and inter-cellular communication but also represent pathological conditions of cells or tissues. Methods In this review, we searched articles in PubMed, published between 2000 and 2020, with following terms: autophagy, autophagocytosis, transport vesicles, lysosomes, endosomes, exocytosis, exosomes, alone or in different combinations. The biological functions that were selected based on relevancy to our topic include cellular homeostasis and tumorigenesis. Results The searched literature shows that there is a high degree of synergies between exosome biogenesis and autophagy, which encompass endocytosis and endosomes, lysosomes, exocytosis and exosomes, autophagocytosis, autophagosomes and amphisomes. These transport systems not only maintain cellular homeostasis but also operate synergically against fluctuations in the external and internal environment such as during tumorigenesis and metastasis. Additionally, exosomal and autophagic proteins may serve as cancer diagnosis approaches. Conclusion Exosomal and autophagy pathways play pivotal roles in homeostasis and metastasis of tumor cells. Understanding the crosstalk between endomembrane organelles and vesicular trafficking may expand our insight into cooperative functions of exosomal and autophagy pathways during disease progression and may help to develop effective therapies against lysosomal diseases including cancers and beyond.
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85
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Chen X, Liu J, Zhang Q, Liu B, Cheng Y, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Ge H, Liu Y. Exosome-mediated transfer of miR-93-5p from cancer-associated fibroblasts confer radioresistance in colorectal cancer cells by downregulating FOXA1 and upregulating TGFB3. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2020; 39:65. [PMID: 32293494 PMCID: PMC7158087 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1507-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have been intensively studied in recent studies with aims of finding more concrete evidence on their mechanism of involvement in tumor progression, which is currently unknown. CAFs can secrete exosomes which are loaded with proteins, lipids and RNAs, all of which affect tumor microenvironment. The present study identified microRNA-93-5p (miR-93-5p) as a novel exosomal cargo responsible for the pro-tumorigenic effects of CAFs on colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS CAFs and normal fibroblasts (NFs) were isolated from cancerous tissues and matched with paracancerous tissues that had been surgically resected from CRC patients. The interaction among miR-93-5p, forkhead box A1 (FOXA1) and TGFB3 was identified through ChIP and dual luciferase reporter assays. The proliferation and apoptosis of SW480 cells co-cultured with CAFs-derived exosomes under irradiation were evaluated by CCK-8, colony formation, and flow cytometric assays. Tumorigenesis of SW480 cells in nude mice was assessed under the irradiation. RESULTS FOXA1 was found to be associated with reduced radioresistance in CRC cells and was verified as a target of miR-93-5p. CAFs-derived exosomes contained higher miR-93-5p than those from NFs, which augmented SW480 cell proliferation and rescued them from radiation-induced apoptosis. miR-93-5p was identified as a mediator of the exosomal effects of CAFs on SW480 cells, possibly through downregulating FOXA1 and upregulating TGFB3. FOXA1 could bind to the promoter of TGFB3, thereby inhibiting nuclear accumulation of TGFB3. Also, CAFs-derived exosomes containing miR-93-5p increased the tumor growth of SW480 cells in irradiated nude mice. CONCLUSION The present study identifies miR-93-5p as a specific exosomal cargo that rescues CRC cells against radiation-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijuan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450008 Henan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Junqi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinglan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008 People’s Republic of China
| | - Baoxing Liu
- Department of Chest Surgery, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonglei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450008 Henan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450008 Henan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Ge
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450008 Henan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingqiang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450008 Henan Province People’s Republic of China
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86
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Briand J, Garnier D, Nadaradjane A, Clément-Colmou K, Potiron V, Supiot S, Bougras-Cartron G, Frenel JS, Heymann D, Vallette FM, Cartron PF. Radiotherapy-induced overexpression of exosomal miRNA-378a-3p in cancer cells limits natural killer cells cytotoxicity. Epigenomics 2020; 12:397-408. [PMID: 32267172 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2019-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: We here hypothesized that tumor-derived exosomal miRNA (TexomiR) released from irradiated tumors may play a role in the tumor cells escape to natural killer (NK) cells. Materials & methods: Our study included the use of different cancer cell lines, blood biopsies of xenograph mice model and patients treated with radiotherapy. Results: The irradiation of cancer cells promotes the TET2-mediated demethylation of miR-378 promoter, miR-378a-3p overexpression and its loading in exosomes, inducing the decrease of granzyme-B (GZMB) secretion by NK cells. An inverse correlation between TexomiR-378a-3p and GZMB was observed in murine and human blood samples. Conclusion: Our work identifies TexomiR-378a-3p as a molecular signature associated with the loss of NK cells cytotoxicity via the decrease of GZMB expression upon radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joséphine Briand
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes 44000, France.,LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain 44800, France.,Cancéropole Grand-Ouest, réseau NET, Nantes 44000, France.,EpiSAVMEN Consortium (Région Pays de la Loire), Nantes 44000, France
| | - Delphine Garnier
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes 44000, France.,LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain 44800, France
| | - Arulraj Nadaradjane
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes 44000, France.,LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain 44800, France.,Cancéropole Grand-Ouest, réseau NET, Nantes 44000, France.,EpiSAVMEN Consortium (Région Pays de la Loire), Nantes 44000, France
| | - Karen Clément-Colmou
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes 44000, France.,LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain 44800, France
| | - Vincent Potiron
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes 44000, France.,LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain 44800, France.,EpiSAVMEN Consortium (Région Pays de la Loire), Nantes 44000, France
| | - Stéphane Supiot
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes 44000, France.,LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain 44800, France
| | - Gwenola Bougras-Cartron
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes 44000, France.,LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain 44800, France.,Cancéropole Grand-Ouest, réseau NET, Nantes 44000, France.,EpiSAVMEN Consortium (Région Pays de la Loire), Nantes 44000, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Frenel
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes 44000, France.,LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain 44800, France
| | - Dominique Heymann
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes 44000, France.,LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain 44800, France
| | - François M Vallette
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes 44000, France.,LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain 44800, France.,LabEX IGO, Université de Nantes 44000, France
| | - Pierre-François Cartron
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes 44000, France.,LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain 44800, France.,Cancéropole Grand-Ouest, réseau NET, Nantes 44000, France.,EpiSAVMEN Consortium (Région Pays de la Loire), Nantes 44000, France.,LabEX IGO, Université de Nantes 44000, France
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87
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Moertl S, Buschmann D, Azimzadeh O, Schneider M, Kell R, Winkler K, Tapio S, Hornhardt S, Merl-Pham J, Pfaffl MW, Atkinson MJ. Radiation Exposure of Peripheral Mononuclear Blood Cells Alters the Composition and Function of Secreted Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072336. [PMID: 32230970 PMCID: PMC7178185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal tissue toxicity is a dose-limiting factor in radiation therapy. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the normal tissue response to radiation is necessary to predict the risk of normal tissue toxicity and to development strategies for tissue protection. One component of normal tissue that is continuously exposed during therapeutic irradiation is the circulating population of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). PBMCs are highly sensitive to ionizing radiation (IR); however, little is known about how IR affects the PBMC response on a systemic level. It was the aim of this study to investigate whether IR was capable to induce changes in the composition and function of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted from PBMCs after radiation exposure to different doses. Therefore, whole blood samples from healthy donors were exposed to X-ray radiation in the clinically relevant doses of 0, 0.1, 2 or 6 Gy and PBMC-secreted EVs were isolated 72 h later. Proteome and miRNome analysis of EVs as well as functional studies were performed. Secreted EVs showed a dose-dependent increase in the number of significantly deregulated proteins and microRNAs. For both, proteome and microRNA data, principal component analysis showed a dose-dependent separation of control and exposed groups. Integrated pathway analysis of the radiation-regulated EV proteins and microRNAs consistently predicted an association of deregulated molecules with apoptosis, cell death and survival. Functional studies identified endothelial cells as an efficient EV recipient system, in which irradiation of recipient cells further increased the uptake. Furthermore an apoptosis suppressive effect of EVs from irradiated PBMCs in endothelial recipient cells was detected. In summary, this study demonstrates that IR modifies the communication between PBMCs and endothelial cells. EVs from irradiated PBMC donors were identified as transmitters of protective signals to irradiated endothelial cells. Thus, these data may lead to the discovery of biomarker candidates for radiation dosimetry and even more importantly, they suggest EVs as a novel systemic communication pathway between irradiated normal, non-cancer tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Moertl
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (O.A.); (M.S.); (R.K.); (K.W.); (S.T.); (M.J.A.)
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (S.H.); (M.W.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dominik Buschmann
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Omid Azimzadeh
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (O.A.); (M.S.); (R.K.); (K.W.); (S.T.); (M.J.A.)
| | - Michael Schneider
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (O.A.); (M.S.); (R.K.); (K.W.); (S.T.); (M.J.A.)
| | - Rosemarie Kell
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (O.A.); (M.S.); (R.K.); (K.W.); (S.T.); (M.J.A.)
| | - Klaudia Winkler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (O.A.); (M.S.); (R.K.); (K.W.); (S.T.); (M.J.A.)
| | - Soile Tapio
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (O.A.); (M.S.); (R.K.); (K.W.); (S.T.); (M.J.A.)
| | - Sabine Hornhardt
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (S.H.); (M.W.P.)
| | - Juliane Merl-Pham
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Protein Science, 80939 München, Germany;
| | - Michael W. Pfaffl
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (S.H.); (M.W.P.)
| | - Michael J. Atkinson
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (O.A.); (M.S.); (R.K.); (K.W.); (S.T.); (M.J.A.)
- Chair of Radiation Biology, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
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88
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Labbé M, Hoey C, Ray J, Potiron V, Supiot S, Liu SK, Fradin D. microRNAs identified in prostate cancer: Correlative studies on response to ionizing radiation. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:63. [PMID: 32293453 PMCID: PMC7087366 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01186-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most frequently diagnosed non-skin cancer in men and a leading cause of cancer-related death, understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive treatment resistance in prostate cancer poses a significant clinical need. Radiotherapy is one of the most widely used treatments for prostate cancer, along with surgery, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy. However, inherent radioresistance of tumor cells can reduce local control and ultimately lead to poor patient outcomes, such as recurrence, metastasis and death. The underlying mechanisms of radioresistance have not been fully elucidated, but it has been suggested that miRNAs play a critical role. miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression in every signaling pathway of the cell, with one miRNA often having multiple targets. By fine-tuning gene expression, miRNAs are important players in modulating DNA damage response, cell death, tumor aggression and the tumor microenvironment, and can ultimately affect a tumor's response to radiotherapy. Furthermore, much interest has focused on miRNAs found in biofluids and their potential utility in various clinical applications. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on miRNA deregulation after irradiation and the associated functional outcomes, with a focus on prostate cancer. In addition, we discuss the utility of circulating miRNAs as non-invasive biomarkers to diagnose, predict response to treatment, and prognosticate patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Labbé
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Christianne Hoey
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Ray
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vincent Potiron
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Institut de Cancérologie de L'Ouest René Gauducheau, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Stéphane Supiot
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Institut de Cancérologie de L'Ouest René Gauducheau, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Stanley K Liu
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto and Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Delphine Fradin
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.
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89
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Hallal S, Russell BP, Wei H, Lee MYT, Toon CW, Sy J, Shivalingam B, Buckland ME, Kaufman KL. Extracellular Vesicles from Neurosurgical Aspirates Identifies Chaperonin Containing TCP1 Subunit 6A as a Potential Glioblastoma Biomarker with Prognostic Significance. Proteomics 2020; 19:e1800157. [PMID: 30451371 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma, WHO-grade IV glioma, carries a dismal prognosis owing to its infiltrative growth and limited treatment options. Glioblastoma-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs; 30-1000 nm membranous particles) influence the microenvironment to mediate tumor aggressiveness and carry oncogenic cargo across the blood-brain barrier into the circulation. As such, EVs are biomarker reservoirs with enormous potential for assessing glioblastoma tumors in situ. Neurosurgical aspirates are rich sources of EVs, isolated directly from glioma microenvironments. EV proteomes enriched from glioblastoma (n = 15) and glioma grade II-III (n = 7) aspirates are compared and 298 differentially-abundant proteins (p-value < 0.00496) are identified using quantitative LC-MS/MS. Along with previously reported glioblastoma-associated biomarkers, levels of all eight subunits of the key molecular chaperone, T-complex protein 1 Ring complex (TRiC), are higher in glioblastoma-EVs, including CCT2, CCT3, CCT5, CCT6A, CCT7, and TCP1 (p < 0.00496). Analogous increases in TRiC transcript levels and DNA copy numbers are detected in silico; CCT6A has the greatest induction of expression and amplification in glioblastoma and shows a negative association with survival (p = 0.006). CCT6A is co-localized with EGFR at 7p11.2, with a strong tendency for co-amplification (p < 0.001). Immunohistochemistry corroborates the CCT6A proteomics measurements and indicated a potential link between EGFR and CCT6A tissue expression. Putative EV-biomarkers described here should be further assessed in peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah Hallal
- Brainstorm Brain Cancer Research, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Heng Wei
- Brainstorm Brain Cancer Research, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neuropathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Maggie Yuk T Lee
- Brainstorm Brain Cancer Research, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neuropathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Joanne Sy
- Brainstorm Brain Cancer Research, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neuropathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Brindha Shivalingam
- Brainstorm Brain Cancer Research, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael E Buckland
- Brainstorm Brain Cancer Research, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neuropathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Kimberley L Kaufman
- Brainstorm Brain Cancer Research, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neuropathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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90
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Wang S, Luan J, Lv X. Inhibition of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Attenuated Ethanol-Induced Exosomal miR-122 and Acute Liver Injury in Mice. Alcohol Alcohol 2020; 54:465-471. [PMID: 31361816 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agz058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS In acute alcoholic liver injury, alcohol can directly or indirectly induce endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) to participate in liver injury, and it is found that the expression of serum exosomal miR-122 is significantly affected. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibition on the expression of serum exosomal miR-122 and acute liver injury. METHODS The acute alcoholic liver injury models were established by the intragastric administration of ethanol (5 g/kg) in ICR mice. Intervention group received 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA, endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitor; 75 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) 12 and 24 hours before intragastric administration. Mice treated with saline were used as controls. RESULTS The ethanol treated mice exhibited significantly elevated hepatosomatic index (liver weight/body weight) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), compared with those in the control group (P < 0.05). The ERS inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid protected against ethanol induced acute liver injury and hepatocyte necrosis, and PBA 150 mg/kg significantly attenuated ethanol induced hepatic ER stress-related proteins (GRP78, pIRE1α and pIF2α) (P < 0.05). Moreover, PBA 150 mg/kg markedly alleviated ethanol induced elevation of hepatic and serum exosomal miR-122 and pri-miR-122 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that ER stress inhibitor PBA attenuated ethanol induced acute liver injury and serum exosomal miR-122, and provides a potential therapy strategy for acute alcoholic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune medicines, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jiajie Luan
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiongwen Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune medicines, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
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91
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Kluiver TA, Alieva M, van Vuurden DG, Wehrens EJ, Rios AC. Invaders Exposed: Understanding and Targeting Tumor Cell Invasion in Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:92. [PMID: 32117746 PMCID: PMC7020612 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) is a rare, highly aggressive pediatric brain tumor that originates in the pons. DIPG is untreatable and universally fatal, with a median life expectancy of less than a year. Resection is not an option, due to the anatomical location of the tumor, radiotherapy has limited effect and no chemotherapeutic or targeted treatment approach has proven to be successful. This poor prognosis is partly attributed to the tumor's highly infiltrative diffuse and invasive spread. Thus, targeting the invasive behavior of DIPG has the potential to be of therapeutic value. In order to target DIPG invasion successfully, detailed mechanistic knowledge on the underlying drivers is required. Here, we review both DIPG tumor cell's intrinsic molecular processes and extrinsic environmental factors contributing to DIPG invasion. Importantly, DIPG represents a heterogenous disease and through advances in whole-genome sequencing, different subtypes of disease based on underlying driver mutations are now being recognized. Recent evidence also demonstrates intra-tumor heterogeneity in terms of invasiveness and implies that highly infiltrative tumor subclones can enhance the migratory behavior of neighboring cells. This might partially be mediated by “tumor microtubes,” long membranous extensions through which tumor cells connect and communicate, as well as through the secretion of extracellular vesicles. Some of the described processes involved in invasion are already being targeted in clinical trials. However, more research into the mechanisms of DIPG invasion is urgently needed and might result in the development of an effective therapy for children suffering from this devastating disease. We discuss the implications of newly discovered invasive mechanisms for therapeutic targeting and the challenges therapy development face in light of disease in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Kluiver
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Cancer Research, Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, KNAW Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - M Alieva
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Cancer Research, Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, KNAW Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - D G van Vuurden
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ellen J Wehrens
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Cancer Research, Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, KNAW Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anne C Rios
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Cancer Research, Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, KNAW Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
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92
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Colangelo NW, Azzam EI. Extracellular vesicles originating from glioblastoma cells increase metalloproteinase release by astrocytes: the role of CD147 (EMMPRIN) and ionizing radiation. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:21. [PMID: 32033611 PMCID: PMC7006136 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0494-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme is an aggressive primary brain tumor that is characterized by local invasive growth and resistance to therapy. The role of the microenvironment in glioblastoma invasiveness remains unclear. While carcinomas release CD147, a protein that signals for increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) release by fibroblasts, glioblastoma does not have a significant fibroblast component. We hypothesized that astrocytes release MMPs in response to CD147 contained in glioblastoma-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and that ionizing radiation, part of the standard treatment for glioblastoma, enhances this release. METHODS Astrocytes were incubated with EVs released by irradiated or non-irradiated human glioblastoma cells wild-type, knockdown, or knockout for CD147. Levels of CD147 in glioblastoma EVs and MMPs secreted by astrocytes were quantified. Levels of proteins in the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which can be regulated by CD147, were measured in astrocytes incubated with EVs from glioblastoma cells wild-type or knockdown for CD147. Immunofluorescence was performed on the glioblastoma cells to identify changes in CD147 localization in response to irradiation, and to confirm uptake of the EVs by astrocytes. RESULTS Immunoblotting and mass spectrometry analyses showed that CD147 levels in EVs were transiently increased when the EVs were from glioblastoma cells that were irradiated with γ rays. Specifically, the highly-glycosylated 45 kDa form of CD147 was preferentially present in the EVs relative to the cells themselves. Immunofluorescence demonstrated that astrocytes incorporate glioblastoma EVs and subsequently increase their secretion of active MMP9. The increase was greater if the EVs were from irradiated glioblastoma cells. Testing MAPK pathway activation, which also regulates MMP expression, showed that JNK signaling, but not ERK1/2 or p38, was increased in astrocytes incubated with EVs from irradiated compared to non-irradiated glioblastoma cells. Knockout of CD147 in glioblastoma cells blocked the increased JNK signaling and the rise in secreted active MMP9 levels. CONCLUSIONS The results support a tumor microenvironment-mediated role of CD147 in glioblastoma invasiveness, and reveal a prominent role for ionizing radiation in enhancing the effect. They provide an improved understanding of glioblastoma intercellular signaling in the context of radiotherapy, and identify pathways that can be targeted to reduce tumor invasiveness. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W. Colangelo
- Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Radiology, 205 South Orange Avenue - Room, Newark, NJ 07103 USA
| | - Edouard I. Azzam
- Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Radiology, 205 South Orange Avenue - Room, Newark, NJ 07103 USA
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93
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Dietz MS, Beach CZ, Barajas R, Parappilly MS, Sengupta SK, Baird LC, Ciporen JN, Han SJ, Loret de Mola R, Cho YJ, Nazemi KJ, McClelland S, Wong MH, Jaboin JJ. Measure Twice: Promise of Liquid Biopsy in Pediatric High-Grade Gliomas. Adv Radiat Oncol 2020; 5:152-162. [PMID: 32280814 PMCID: PMC7136635 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To review and critique the current state of liquid biopsy in pHGG. Materials and Methods Published literature was reviewed for articles related to liquid biopsy in pediatric glioma and adult glioma with a focus on high-grade gliomas. Results This review discusses the current state of liquid biomarkers of pHGG and their potential applications for liquid biopsy development. Conclusions While nascent, the progress toward identifying circulating analytes of pHGG primes the field of neuro-oncoogy for liquid biopsy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Dietz
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Catherine Z Beach
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Ramon Barajas
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Michael S Parappilly
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sidharth K Sengupta
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Lissa C Baird
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jeremy N Ciporen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Seunggu J Han
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Yoon Jae Cho
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,The Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kellie J Nazemi
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Shearwood McClelland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Melissa H Wong
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,The Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jerry J Jaboin
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,The Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Does Direct and Indirect Exposure to Ionising Radiation Influence the Metastatic Potential of Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010236. [PMID: 31963587 PMCID: PMC7016586 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionising radiation (IR) is commonly used for cancer therapy; however, its potential influence on the metastatic ability of surviving cancer cells exposed directly or indirectly to IR remains controversial. Metastasis is a multistep process by which the cancer cells dissociate from the initial site, invade, travel through the blood stream or lymphatic system, and colonise distant sites. This complex process has been reported to require cancer cells to undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by which the cancer cells convert from an adhesive, epithelial to motile, mesenchymal form and is also associated with changes in glycosylation of cell surface proteins, which may be functionally involved in metastasis. In this paper, we give an overview of metastatic mechanisms and of the fundamentals of cancer-associated glycosylation changes. While not attempting a comprehensive review of this wide and fast moving field, we highlight some of the accumulating evidence from in vitro and in vivo models for increased metastatic potential in cancer cells that survive IR, focusing on angiogenesis, cancer cell motility, invasion, and EMT and glycosylation. We also explore the indirect effects in cells exposed to exosomes released from irradiated cells. The results of such studies need to be interpreted with caution and there remains limited evidence that radiotherapy enhances the metastatic capacity of cancers in a clinical setting and undoubtedly has a very positive clinical benefit. However, there is potential that this therapeutic benefit may ultimately be enhanced through a better understanding of the direct and indirect effects of IR on cancer cell behaviour.
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95
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Whitehead CA, Kaye AH, Drummond KJ, Widodo SS, Mantamadiotis T, Vella LJ, Stylli SS. Extracellular vesicles and their role in glioblastoma. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2019:1-26. [PMID: 31865806 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1700208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Research on the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in disease pathogenesis has been rapidly growing over the last two decades. As EVs can mediate intercellular communication, they can ultimately facilitate both normal and pathological processes through the delivery of their bioactive cargo, which may include nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. EVs have emerged as important regulators of brain tumors, capable of transferring oncogenic proteins, receptors, and small RNAs that may support brain tumor progression, including in the most common type of brain cancer, glioma. Investigating the role of EVs in glioma is crucial, as the most malignant glioma, glioblastoma (GBM), is incurable with a dismal median survival of 12-15 months. EV research in GBM has primarily focused on circulating brain tumor-derived vesicles in biofluids, such as blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), investigating their potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Gaining a greater understanding of the role of EVs and their cargo in brain tumor progression may contribute to the discovery of novel diagnostics and therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the known and emerging functions of EVs in glioma biology and pathogenesis, as well as their emerging biomarker potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa A Whitehead
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Andrew H Kaye
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Katharine J Drummond
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Samuel S Widodo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Theo Mantamadiotis
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Laura J Vella
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Stanley S Stylli
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
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96
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Wang J, Ni J, Beretov J, Thompson J, Graham P, Li Y. Exosomal microRNAs as liquid biopsy biomarkers in prostate cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 145:102860. [PMID: 31874447 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.102860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed solid-organ cancer in males. The PSA testing may cause overdiagnosis and overtreatment for PCa patients. There is an urgent need for new biomarkers with greater discriminative precision for diagnosis and risk-stratification, to select for prostate biopsy and treatment of PCa. Liquid biopsy is a promising field with the potential to provide comprehensive information on the genetic landscape at diagnosis and to track genomic evolution over time in order to tailor the therapeutic choices at all stages of PCa. Exosomes, containing RNAs, DNAs and proteins, have been shown to be involved in tumour progression and a rich potential source of tumour biomarkers, especially for profiling analysis of their miRNAs content. In this review, we summarise the exosomal miRNAs in PCa diagnosis, prognosis and management, and further discuss their possible technical challenges associated with isolating PCa-specific exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingpu Wang
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
| | - Jie Ni
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
| | - Julia Beretov
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia; Anatomical Pathology, NSW Health Pathology, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
| | - James Thompson
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Urology, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia; Prostate Clinical Research Group, Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Graham
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
| | - Yong Li
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia; Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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97
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Jiang S, Mo C, Guo S, Zhuang J, Huang B, Mao X. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived microRNA-205-containing exosomes impede the progression of prostate cancer through suppression of RHPN2. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:495. [PMID: 31847864 PMCID: PMC6918609 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) are implicated in cancer initiation and metastasis, sometimes by releasing exosomes that mediate cell communication by delivering microRNAs (miRNAs). This study aimed to investigate the physiological mechanisms by which exosomal miR-205 derived from hBMSCs may modulate the growth of prostate cancer cells. METHODS Microarray-based gene expression profiling of prostate cancer was adopted to identify differentially expressed genes and regulatory miRNAs, which identified the candidates RHPN2 and miR-205 as the study focus. Then the binding affinity between miR-205 and RHPN2 was identified using in silico analysis and luciferase activity detection. Prostate cancer cells were co-cultured with exosomes derived from hBMSCs treated with either miR-205 mimic or miR-205 inhibitor. Subsequently, prostate cancer cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis were detected in vitro. The effects of hBMSCs-miR-205 on tumor growth were investigated in vivo. RESULTS miR-205 was downregulated, while RHPN2 was upregulated in prostate cancer cells. RHPN2 was a target of miR-205, and upregulated miR-205 inhibited prostate cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration and promoted apoptosis by targeting RHPN2. Next, experiments demonstrated that hBMSCs-derived exosomes carrying miR-205 contributed to repressed prostate cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration and enhanced apoptosis. Furthermore, in vivo assays confirmed the inhibitory effects of hBMSCs-derived exosomal miR-205 on prostate cancer. CONCLUSION The hBMSCs-derived exosomal miR-205 retards prostate cancer progression by inhibiting RHPN2, suggesting that miR-205 may present a predictor and potential therapeutic target for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjian Jiang
- Department of Urology Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengqiang Mo
- Department of Urology Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjie Guo
- Department of Urology Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jintao Zhuang
- Department of Urology Surgery, the Eastern Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510700, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Urology Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaopeng Mao
- Department of Urology Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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98
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Jabbari N, Nawaz M, Rezaie J. Bystander effects of ionizing radiation: conditioned media from X-ray irradiated MCF-7 cells increases the angiogenic ability of endothelial cells. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:165. [PMID: 31842899 PMCID: PMC6912994 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-targeting effects of radiotherapy have become as clinical concern due to secondary tumorigenesis in the patients receiving radiotherapy. Radiotherapy also affects non-tumoral cells present in the tumor microenvironment and surrounding tissues. As such, the irradiated cells are thought to communicate the signals that promote secondary tumorigenesis by affecting the function and fate of non-irradiated cells in the vicinity including endothelial cells. This may include up-regulation of genes in irradiated cells, secretion of paracrine factors and induction of gene expression in surrounding non-irradiated cells, which favor cell survival and secondary tumorigenesis. In the current study, we aimed to investigate whether the conditioned media from X-ray irradiated MCF-7 cells contribute to induction of gene expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro and modulate their angiogenic capability and migration. METHODS Following the co-culturing of X-ray irradiated MCF-7 media with HUVECs, the migration and wound healing rate of HUVECs was monitored using Transwell plate and scratch wound healing assay, respectively. The levels of angiogenic protein i.e. vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) in the conditioned media of MCF-7 cells was measured using ELISA. Additionally, we quantified mRNA levels of VEGFR-2, HSP-70, Ang-2, and Ang-1 genes in HUVECs by real time-PCR. Tubulogenesis capacity of endothelial cells was measured by growth factor reduced Matrigel matrix, whereas expression of CD34 (a marker of angiogenic tip cells) was detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS Data showed that VEGF-A protein content of conditioned media of irradiated MCF-7 cells was increased (P < 0.05) with increase in dose. Data showed that irradiated conditioned media from MCF-7 cells, when incubated with HUVECs, significantly enhanced the cell migration and wound healing rate of HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The mRNA levels of VEGFR-2, HSP-70, Ang-2, and Ang-1 were dose-dependently enhanced in HUVECs incubated with irradiated conditioned media (P < 0.05). Importantly, HUVECs treated with irradiated conditioned media showed a marked increase in the tube formation capability as well as in expression of CD34 marker (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that conditioned media from irradiated MCF-7 cells induce angiogenic responses in endothelial cells in vitro, which could be due to transfer of overexpressed VEGF-A and possibly other factors secreted from irradiated MCF-7 cells to endothelial cells, and induction of intrinsic genes (VEGFR-2, HSP-70, Ang-2, and Ang-1) in endothelial cells. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrollah Jabbari
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Muhammad Nawaz
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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99
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Xu H, Zhao G, Zhang Y, Jiang H, Wang W, Zhao D, Hong J, Yu H, Qi L. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal microRNA-133b suppresses glioma progression via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by targeting EZH2. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:381. [PMID: 31842978 PMCID: PMC6915914 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1446-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play a significant role in cancer initiation and metastasis, sometimes by releasing exosomes that mediate cell communication by delivering microRNAs (miRNAs). This study aimed to investigate the effects of exosomal miR-133b derived from MSCs on glioma cell behaviors. Methods Microarray-based analysis identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in glioma. The expression patterns of EZH2 and miR-133b along with interaction between them were clarified in glioma. The expression of miR-133b and EZH2 in glioma cells was altered to examine their functions on cell activities. Furthermore, glioma cells were co-cultured with MSC-derived exosomes treated with miR-133b mimic or inhibitor, and EZH2-over-expressing vectors or shRNA against EZH2 to characterize their effect on proliferation, invasion, and migration of glioma cells in vitro. In vivo assays were also performed to validate the in vitro findings. Results miR-133b was downregulated while EZH2 was upregulated in glioma tissues and cells. miR-133b was found to target and negatively regulate EZH2 expression. Moreover, EZH2 silencing resulted in inhibited glioma cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Additionally, MSC-derived exosomes containing miR-133b repressed glioma cell proliferation, invasion, and migration by inhibiting EZH2 and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Furthermore, in vivo experiments confirmed the tumor-suppressive effects of MSC-derived exosomal miR-133b on glioma development. Conclusion Collectively, the obtained results suggested that MSC-derived exosomes carrying miR-133b could attenuate glioma development via disrupting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by inhibiting EZH2, which provides a potential treatment biomarker for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Xu
- Department of Oncological Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guifang Zhao
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, B24, Yinquan South Road, Qingyuan, 511518, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Jilin Medical University, No. 5, Jilin Street, Jilin, 132013, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Neurovascular, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyao Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jilin Medical University, No. 5, Jilin Street, Jilin, 132013, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghai Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jilin Medical University, No. 5, Jilin Street, Jilin, 132013, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Hong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jilin Medical University, No. 5, Jilin Street, Jilin, 132013, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongquan Yu
- Department of Oncological Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ling Qi
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, B24, Yinquan South Road, Qingyuan, 511518, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pathophysiology, Jilin Medical University, No. 5, Jilin Street, Jilin, 132013, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.
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100
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Extracellular Vesicles in Modifying the Effects of Ionizing Radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225527. [PMID: 31698689 PMCID: PMC6888126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-coated nanovesicles actively secreted by almost all cell types. EVs can travel long distances within the body, being finally taken up by the target cells, transferring information from one cell to another, thus influencing their behavior. The cargo of EVs comprises of nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins derived from the cell of origin, thereby it is cell-type specific; moreover, it differs between diseased and normal cells. Several studies have shown that EVs have a role in tumor formation and prognosis. It was also demonstrated that ionizing radiation can alter the cargo of EVs. EVs, in turn can modulate radiation responses and they play a role in radiation-induced bystander effects. Due to their biocompatibility and selective targeting, EVs are suitable nanocarrier candidates of drugs in various diseases, including cancer. Furthermore, the cargo of EVs can be engineered, and in this way they can be designed to carry certain genes or even drugs, similar to synthetic nanoparticles. In this review, we describe the biological characteristics of EVs, focusing on the recent efforts to use EVs as nanocarriers in oncology, the effects of EVs in radiation therapy, highlighting the possibilities to use EVs as nanocarriers to modulate radiation effects in clinical applications.
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