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Chaqour J, Lee S, Ravichandra A, Chaqour B. Abscisic acid - an anti-angiogenic phytohormone that modulates the phenotypical plasticity of endothelial cells and macrophages. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.210492. [PMID: 29361545 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.210492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) has shown anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties in preclinical models of diabetes and inflammation. Herein, we studied the effects of ABA on angiogenesis, a strictly controlled process that, when dysregulated, leads to severe angiogenic disorders including vascular overgrowth, exudation, cellular inflammation and organ dysfunction. By using a 3D sprouting assay, we show that ABA effectively inhibits migration, growth and expansion of endothelial tubes without affecting cell viability. Analyses of the retinal vasculature in developing normoxic and hyperoxic mice challenged by oxygen toxicity reveal that exogenously administered ABA stunts the development and regeneration of blood vessels. In these models, ABA downregulates endothelial cell (EC)-specific growth and migratory genes, interferes with tip and stalk cell specification, and hinders the function of filopodial protrusions required for precise guidance of vascular sprouts. In addition, ABA skews macrophage polarization towards the M1 phenotype characterized by anti-angiogenic marker expression. In accordance with this, ABA treatment accelerates macrophage-induced programmed regression of fetal blood vessels. These findings reveal protective functions of ABA against neovascular growth through modulation of EC and macrophage plasticity, suggesting the potential utility of ABA as a treatment in vasoproliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julienne Chaqour
- The Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Sangmi Lee
- The Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Aashreya Ravichandra
- The Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Brahim Chaqour
- The Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA .,The Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
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Kempton A, Justice C, Guo A, Cefalu M, Makara M, Janssen P, Ho TH, Smith SA. Pazopanib for renal cell carcinoma leads to elevated mean arterial pressures in a murine model. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 40:524-533. [PMID: 29172746 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2017.1403623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the setting of metastatic RCC (mRCC), pazopanib is approved as first line therapy. Unfortunately treatment may lead to cardiotoxicity such as hypertension, heart failure, and myocardial ischemia. OBJECTIVE Define the in vivo role of pazopanib in the development of cardiotoxicity. METHODS Wild type mice were dosed for 42 days via oral gavage, and separated into control and treatment (pazopanib) groups. Baseline ECG's, echocardiograms, and blood pressures were recorded. At the conclusion of the study functional parameters were again recorded, and animals were used for pathological, histological, and protein analysis. RESULTS After 2 weeks of dosing with pazopanib, the treatment group exhibited a statistically significant increase in mean arterial pressure compared to control mice (119 ± 11.7 mmHg versus 108 ± 8.2 mmHg, p = 0.049). Treatment with pazopanib led to a significant reduction in the cardiac output of mice. CONCLUSION Our findings in mice clearly demonstrate that treatment with pazopanib leads to a significant elevation in blood pressure after 2 weeks of dosing and this persists for the duration of dosing. The continued development of the cardio-oncology field will be paramount in providing optimal oncologic care while simultaneously improving cardiac outcomes through further investigation into the mechanisms of CV toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Kempton
- c Internal Medicine for Kempton, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Cody Justice
- c Internal Medicine for Kempton, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Aaron Guo
- c Internal Medicine for Kempton, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Matthew Cefalu
- c Internal Medicine for Kempton, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Michael Makara
- c Internal Medicine for Kempton, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA.,e Department of Medicine , Duke University School of Medicine , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Paul Janssen
- b Department of Physiology and Cell Biology , The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Thai H Ho
- d Internal Medicine (Oncology), Mayo Clinic Arizona , Phoenix , AZ , USA
| | - Sakima A Smith
- a Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Cardiology) , The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , OH , USA.,c Internal Medicine for Kempton, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
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Bartlett CS, Scott RP, Carota IA, Wnuk ML, Kanwar YS, Miner JH, Quaggin SE. Glomerular mesangial cell recruitment and function require the co-receptor neuropilin-1. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F1232-F1242. [PMID: 28835419 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00311.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinuria has been reported in cancer patients receiving agents that target the transmembrane receptor neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) suggesting potential adverse effects on glomerular function. Here we show that Nrp1 is highly expressed by mesangial cells and that genetic deletion of the Nrp1 gene from PDGF receptor-β+ mesangial cells results in proteinuric disease and glomerulosclerosis, leading to renal failure and death within 6 wk of age in mice. The major defect is a failure of mesangial cell migration that is required to establish the mature glomerular tuft. In vitro data show that the potent chemotactic effect of PDGFB is lost in Nrp1-deficient mesangial cells. Biochemical analyses reveal that Nrp1 is required for PDGFB-dependent phosphorylation of p130 Crk-associated substrate (p130Cas), a large-scaffold molecule that is involved in motility of other cell types. In stark contrast, matrix adhesion and activation of ERK and Akt, which mediate proliferation of mesangial cells in response to PDGFB, are unaffected by the absence of Nrp1. Taken together, these results identify a critical cell-autonomous role for Nrp1 in the migratory behavior of mesangial cells and may help explain the renal effects that occur in patients receiving Nrp1-inhibitory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Bartlett
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rizaldy P Scott
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Isabel Anna Carota
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Monika L Wnuk
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Yashpal S Kanwar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Susan E Quaggin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; .,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
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55
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Clinical dissection of thrombotic microangiopathy. Ann Hematol 2017; 96:1715-1726. [PMID: 28752391 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-017-3063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Differential treatment strategies are applied in thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) according to the sub-classifications. Hence, it is worthwhile to overview clinical manifestations and outcomes of overall TMA patients according to sub-classifications. We analyzed TMA patients whose serum lactate dehydrogenase levels >250 IU/L, with the presence of schistocytes in their peripheral blood smear, or with typical vascular pathologic abnormalities in their renal biopsy. We compared clinical manifestations including overall survival (OS) and renal survival according to TMA causes. A total of 117 TMA patients (57 primary and 60 secondary TMA) were analyzed. Renal symptom was the most common manifestation in whole patients, while renal function at diagnosis was worst in pregnancy-related TMA group. Primary TMA patients had more frequent CNS symptom and hematologic manifestation compared to secondary TMAs. Among secondary TMAs, pregnancy- and HSCT-related TMA patients showed prevalent hemolytic features. During 150.2 months of follow-up, 5-year OS rate was 64.8%. Poor prognostic factors included older age, combined hematologic and solid organ malignancies, lower hemoglobin levels, and lower serum albumin levels. There was no significant difference in OS between primary and secondary TMAs. Seventy-eight percent of patients experienced AKI during TMA. Five-year death-censored renal survival rate was poor with only 69.2%. However, excellent renal outcome was observed in pregnancy-associated TMA. TMA showed various clinical manifestations according to their etiology. Notably, both OS and renal survival were poor regardless of their etiologies except pregnancy-associated TMA. Physicians should differentiate a variety of TMA categories and properly manage this complex disease entity.
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56
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Tati R, Kristoffersson AC, Manea Hedström M, Mörgelin M, Wieslander J, van Kooten C, Karpman D. Neutrophil Protease Cleavage of Von Willebrand Factor in Glomeruli - An Anti-thrombotic Mechanism in the Kidney. EBioMedicine 2017; 16:302-311. [PMID: 28139439 PMCID: PMC5474509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Adequate cleavage of von Willebrand factor (VWF) prevents formation of thrombi. ADAMTS13 is the main VWF-cleaving protease and its deficiency results in development of thrombotic microangiopathy. Besides ADAMTS13 other proteases may also possess VWF-cleaving activity, but their physiological importance in preventing thrombus formation is unknown. This study investigated if, and which, proteases could cleave VWF in the glomerulus. The content of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) was studied as a reflection of processes occurring in the subendothelial glomerular space. VWF was incubated with human GBMs and VWF cleavage was assessed by multimer structure analysis, immunoblotting and mass spectrometry. VWF was cleaved into the smallest multimers by the GBM, which contained ADAMTS13 as well as neutrophil proteases, elastase, proteinase 3 (PR3), cathepsin-G and matrix-metalloproteinase 9. The most potent components of the GBM capable of VWF cleavage were in the serine protease or metalloprotease category, but not ADAMTS13. Neutralization of neutrophil serine proteases inhibited GBM-mediated VWF-cleaving activity, demonstrating a marked contribution of elastase and/or PR3. VWF-platelet strings formed on the surface of primary glomerular endothelial cells, in a perfusion system, were cleaved by both elastase and the GBM, a process blocked by elastase inhibitor. Ultramorphological studies of the human kidney demonstrated neutrophils releasing elastase into the GBM. Neutrophil proteases may contribute to VWF cleavage within the subendothelium, adjacent to the GBM, and thus regulate thrombus size. This anti-thrombotic mechanism would protect the normal kidney during inflammation and could also explain why most patients with ADAMTS13 deficiency do not develop severe kidney failure. Neutrophil proteases in the glomerular basement membrane cleave VWF and may protect the kidney from microthrombi. VWF cleavage would be activated by neutrophil influx and compensate for the prothrombotic mechanisms during inflammation. This mechanism may compensate for lack of ADAMTS13 and explain why TTP patients seldom develop end-stage renal failure.
The study demonstrates a mechanism by which the kidney is protected from blood clotting during inflammation. In the inflammatory setting white blood cells infiltrate tissues. In this study we showed that enzymes released from white blood cells into the kidney decrease the size of blood clots. This is a general mechanism but could also explain why patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, who develop widespread blood clots in many organs, do not usually develop severe kidney failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Tati
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Matthias Mörgelin
- Department of Infection Medicine, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Wieslander
- Department of Nephrology, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cees van Kooten
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Karpman
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Takasato M, Little MH. A strategy for generating kidney organoids: Recapitulating the development in human pluripotent stem cells. Dev Biol 2016; 420:210-220. [PMID: 27565022 PMCID: PMC6186756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can provide us any required tissue/cell types by recapitulating the development in vitro. The kidney is one of the most challenging organs to generate from hPSCs as the kidney progenitors are composed of at least 4 different cell types, including nephron, collecting duct, endothelial and interstitium progenitors, that are developmentally distinguished populations. Although the actual developmental process of the kidney during human embryogenesis has not been clarified yet, studies using model animals accumulated knowledge about the origins of kidney progenitors. The implications of these findings for the directed differentiation of hPSCs into the kidney include the mechanism of the intermediate mesoderm specification and its patterning along with anteroposterior axis. Using this knowledge, we previously reported successful generation of hPSCs-derived kidney organoids that contained all renal components and modelled human kidney development in vitro. In this review, we explain the developmental basis of the strategy behind this differentiation protocol and compare strategies of studies that also recently reported the induction of kidney cells from hPSCs. We also discuss the characterization of such kidney organoids and limitations and future applications of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Takasato
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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58
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Paulini J, Higuti E, Bastos RMC, Gomes SA, Rangel ÉB. Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Therapeutic Candidates for Halting the Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:9521629. [PMID: 28058051 PMCID: PMC5187468 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9521629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess pleiotropic properties that include immunomodulation, inhibition of apoptosis, fibrosis and oxidative stress, secretion of trophic factors, and enhancement of angiogenesis. These properties provide a broad spectrum for their potential in a wide range of injuries and diseases, including diabetic nephropathy (DN). MSCs are characterized by adherence to plastic, expression of the surface molecules CD73, CD90, and CD105 in the absence of CD34, CD45, HLA-DR, and CD14 or CD11b and CD79a or CD19 surface molecules, and multidifferentiation capacity in vitro. MSCs can be derived from many tissue sources, consistent with their broad, possibly ubiquitous distribution. This article reviews the existing literature and knowledge of MSC therapy in DN, as well as the most appropriate rodent models to verify the therapeutic potential of MSCs in DN setting. Some preclinical relevant studies are highlighted and new perspectives of combined therapies for decreasing DN progression are discussed. Hence, improved comprehension and interpretation of experimental data will accelerate the progress towards clinical trials that should assess the feasibility and safety of this therapeutic approach in humans. Therefore, MSC-based therapies may bring substantial benefit for patients suffering from DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Paulini
- Sociedade Beneficente Albert Einstein, Albert Einstein Hospital, 05652 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliza Higuti
- Sociedade Beneficente Albert Einstein, Albert Einstein Hospital, 05652 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosana M. C. Bastos
- Sociedade Beneficente Albert Einstein, Albert Einstein Hospital, 05652 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Samirah A. Gomes
- Sociedade Beneficente Albert Einstein, Albert Einstein Hospital, 05652 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- University of São Paulo, 01246 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Érika B. Rangel
- Sociedade Beneficente Albert Einstein, Albert Einstein Hospital, 05652 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Federal University of São Paulo, 04023 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
The glomerulus is a highly specialized microvascular bed that filters blood to form primary urinary filtrate. It contains four cell types: fenestrated endothelial cells, specialized vascular support cells termed podocytes, perivascular mesangial cells, and parietal epithelial cells. Glomerular cell-cell communication is critical for the development and maintenance of the glomerular filtration barrier. VEGF, ANGPT, EGF, SEMA3A, TGF-β, and CXCL12 signal in paracrine fashions between the podocytes, endothelium, and mesangium associated with the glomerular capillary bed to maintain filtration barrier function. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of these signaling pathways in the development and maintenance of the glomerulus and the progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Bartlett
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; ,
| | - Marie Jeansson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden;
| | - Susan E Quaggin
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; ,
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60
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Abstract
Over a decade ago, it was proposed that the regulation of tubular repair in the kidney might involve the recapitulation of developmental pathways. Although the kidney cannot generate new nephrons after birth, suggesting a low level of regenerative competence, the tubular epithelial cells of the nephrons can proliferate to repair the damage after AKI. However, the debate continues over whether this repair involves a persistent progenitor population or any mature epithelial cell remaining after injury. Recent reports have highlighted the expression of Sox9, a transcription factor critical for normal kidney development, during postnatal epithelial repair in the kidney. Indeed, the proliferative response of the epithelium involves expression of several pathways previously described as being involved in kidney development. In some instances, these pathways are also apparently involved in the maladaptive responses observed after repeated injury. Whether development and repair in the kidney are the same processes or we are misinterpreting the similar expression of genes under different circumstances remains unknown. Here, we review the evidence for this link, concluding that such parallels in expression may more correctly represent the use of the same pathways in a distinct context, likely triggered by similar stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Helen Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; and .,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pamela Kairath
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; and.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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61
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Phua YL, Gilbert T, Combes A, Wilkinson L, Little MH. Neonatal vascularization and oxygen tension regulate appropriate perinatal renal medulla/papilla maturation. J Pathol 2016; 238:665-76. [PMID: 26800422 DOI: 10.1002/path.4690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Congenital medullary dysplasia with obstructive nephropathy is a common congenital disorder observed in paediatric patients and represents the foremost cause of renal failure. However, the molecular processes regulating normal papillary outgrowth during the postnatal period are unclear. In this study, transcriptional profiling of the renal medulla across postnatal development revealed enrichment of non-canonical Wnt signalling, vascular development, and planar cell polarity genes, all of which may contribute to perinatal medulla/papilla maturation. These pathways were investigated in a model of papillary hypoplasia with functional obstruction, the Crim1(KST264/KST264) transgenic mouse. Postnatal elongation of the renal papilla via convergent extension was unaffected in the Crim1(KST264/KST264) hypoplastic renal papilla. In contrast, these mice displayed a disorganized papillary vascular network, tissue hypoxia, and elevated Vegfa expression. In addition, we demonstrate the involvement of accompanying systemic hypoxia arising from placental insufficiency, in appropriate papillary maturation. In conclusion, this study highlights the requirement for normal vascular development in collecting duct patterning, development of appropriate nephron architecture, and perinatal papillary maturation, such that disturbances contribute to obstructive nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Leng Phua
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Rangos Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thierry Gilbert
- Centre for Developmental Biology, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexander Combes
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lorine Wilkinson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Melissa H Little
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Azizoglu DB, Cleaver O. Blood vessel crosstalk during organogenesis-focus on pancreas and endothelial cells. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 5:598-617. [PMID: 27328421 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Blood vessels form a highly branched, interconnected, and largely stereotyped network of tubes that sustains every organ and tissue in vertebrates. How vessels come to take on their particular architecture, or how they are 'patterned,' and in turn, how they influence surrounding tissues are fundamental questions of organogenesis. Decades of work have begun to elucidate how endothelial progenitors arise and home to precise locations within tissues, integrating attractive and repulsive cues to build vessels where they are needed. Conversely, more recent findings have revealed an exciting facet of blood vessel interaction with tissues, where vascular cells provide signals to developing organs and progenitors therein. Here, we discuss the exchange of reciprocal signals between endothelial cells and neighboring tissues during embryogenesis, with a special focus on the developing pancreas. Understanding the mechanisms driving both sides of these interactions will be crucial to the development of therapies, from improving organ regeneration to efficient production of cell based therapies. Specifically, elucidating the interface of the vasculature with pancreatic lineages, including endocrine cells, will instruct approaches such as generation of replacement beta cells for Type I diabetes. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:598-617. doi: 10.1002/wdev.240 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Berfin Azizoglu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ondine Cleaver
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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63
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Ding F, Tan A, Ju W, Li X, Li S, Ding J. The Prediction of Key Cytoskeleton Components Involved in Glomerular Diseases Based on a Protein-Protein Interaction Network. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156024. [PMID: 27227331 PMCID: PMC4882061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of the physiological morphologies of different types of cells and tissues is essential for the normal functioning of each system in the human body. Dynamic variations in cell and tissue morphologies depend on accurate adjustments of the cytoskeletal system. The cytoskeletal system in the glomerulus plays a key role in the normal process of kidney filtration. To enhance the understanding of the possible roles of the cytoskeleton in glomerular diseases, we constructed the Glomerular Cytoskeleton Network (GCNet), which shows the protein-protein interaction network in the glomerulus, and identified several possible key cytoskeletal components involved in glomerular diseases. In this study, genes/proteins annotated to the cytoskeleton were detected by Gene Ontology analysis, and glomerulus-enriched genes were selected from nine available glomerular expression datasets. Then, the GCNet was generated by combining these two sets of information. To predict the possible key cytoskeleton components in glomerular diseases, we then examined the common regulation of the genes in GCNet in the context of five glomerular diseases based on their transcriptomic data. As a result, twenty-one cytoskeleton components as potential candidate were highlighted for consistently down- or up-regulating in all five glomerular diseases. And then, these candidates were examined in relation to existing known glomerular diseases and genes to determine their possible functions and interactions. In addition, the mRNA levels of these candidates were also validated in a puromycin aminonucleoside(PAN) induced rat nephropathy model and were also matched with existing Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) transcriptomic data. As a result, there are 15 of 21 candidates in PAN induced nephropathy model were consistent with our predication and also 12 of 21 candidates were matched with differentially expressed genes in the DN transcriptomic data. By providing a novel interaction network and prediction, GCNet contributes to improving the understanding of normal glomerular function and will be useful for detecting target cytoskeleton molecules of interest that may be involved in glomerular diseases in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangrui Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Aidi Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Bioinformatics Division, TNLIST, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Ju
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Xuejuan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Bioinformatics Division, TNLIST, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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64
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Shirali AC, Perazella MA, Gettinger S. Association of Acute Interstitial Nephritis With Programmed Cell Death 1 Inhibitor Therapy in Lung Cancer Patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2016; 68:287-291. [PMID: 27113507 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors that target the programmed death 1 (PD-1) signaling pathway have recently been approved for use in advanced pretreated non-small cell lung cancer and melanoma. Clinical trial data suggest that these drugs may have adverse effects on the kidney, but these effects have not been well described. We present 6 cases of acute kidney injury in patients with lung cancer who received anti-PD-1 antibodies, with each case displaying evidence of acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) on kidney biopsy. All patients were also treated with other drugs (proton pump inhibitors and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) linked to AIN, but in most cases, use of these drugs long preceded PD-1 inhibitor therapy. The association of AIN with these drugs in our patients raises the possibility that PD-1 inhibitor therapy may release suppression of T-cell immunity that normally permits renal tolerance of drugs known to be associated with AIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushree C Shirali
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
| | - Mark A Perazella
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Scott Gettinger
- Section of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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65
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Mallipattu SK, He JC. The podocyte as a direct target for treatment of glomerular disease? Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F46-51. [PMID: 27097894 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00184.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates more than 10% of adults in the United States, over 20 million Americans, have chronic kidney disease (CKD). A failure to maintain the glomerular filtration barrier directly contributes to the onset of CKD. The visceral epithelial cells, podocytes, are integral to the maintenance of this renal filtration barrier. Direct podocyte injury contributes to the onset and progression of glomerular diseases such as minimal change disease (MCD), focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS), diabetic nephropathy, and HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN). Since podocytes are terminally differentiated with minimal capacity to self-replicate, they are extremely sensitive to cellular injury. In the past two decades, our understanding of the mechanism(s) by which podocyte injury occurs has greatly expanded. With this newfound knowledge, therapeutic strategies have shifted to identifying targets directed specifically at the podocyte. Although the systemic effects of these agents are important, their direct effect on the podocyte proves to be essential in ameliorating glomerular disease. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms by which these agents directly target the podocyte independent of its systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Mallipattu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - John C He
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and Renal Section, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York
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66
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Nagata M. Podocyte injury and its consequences. Kidney Int 2016; 89:1221-30. [PMID: 27165817 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Podocytes maintain the glomerular filtration barrier, and the stability of this barrier depends on their highly differentiated postmitotic phenotype, which also defines the particular vulnerability of the glomerulus. Recent podocyte biology and gene disruption studies in vivo indicate a causal relationship between abnormalities of single podocyte molecules and proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. Podocytes live under various stresses and pathological stimuli. They adapt to maintain homeostasis, but excessive stress leads to maladaptation with complex biological changes including loss of integrity and dysregulation of cellular metabolism. Podocyte injury causes proteinuria and detachment from the glomerular basement membrane. In addition to "sick" podocytes and their detachment, our understanding of glomerular responses following podocyte loss needs to address the pathways from podocyte injury to sclerosis. Studies have found a variety of glomerular responses to podocyte dysfunction in vivo, such as disruption of podocyte-endothelial cross talk and activation of podocyte-parietal cell interactions, all of which help us to understand the complex scenario of podocyte injury and its consequences. This review focuses on the cellular aspects of podocyte dysfunction and the adaptive or maladaptive glomerular responses to podocyte injury that lead to its major consequence, glomerulosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Nagata
- Kidney and Vascular Pathology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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67
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is currently much interest in the numbers of both glomeruli and podocytes. This interest stems from a greater understanding of the effects of suboptimal fetal events on nephron endowment, the associations between low nephron number and chronic cardiovascular and kidney disease in adults, and the emergence of the podocyte depletion hypothesis. RECENT FINDINGS Obtaining accurate and precise estimates of glomerular and podocyte number has proven surprisingly difficult. When whole kidneys or large tissue samples are available, design-based stereological methods are considered gold standard because they are based on principles that negate systematic bias. However, these methods are often tedious and time consuming, and oftentimes inapplicable when dealing with small samples such as biopsies. Therefore, novel methods suitable for small tissue samples, and innovative approaches to facilitate high throughput measurements, such as MRI to estimate glomerular number and flow cytometry to estimate podocyte number, have recently been described. SUMMARY This review describes current gold-standard methods for estimating glomerular and podocyte number, as well as methods developed in the past 3 years. We are now better placed than ever before to accurately and precisely estimate glomerular and podocyte number, and examine relationships between these measurements and kidney health and disease.
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Abstract
Podocytes are highly specialized cells of the kidney glomerulus that wrap around capillaries and that neighbor cells of the Bowman’s capsule. When it comes to glomerular filtration, podocytes play an active role in preventing plasma proteins from entering the urinary ultrafiltrate by providing a barrier comprising filtration slits between foot processes, which in aggregate represent a dynamic network of cellular extensions. Foot processes interdigitate with foot processes from adjacent podocytes and form a network of narrow and rather uniform gaps. The fenestrated endothelial cells retain blood cells but permit passage of small solutes and an overlying basement membrane less permeable to macromolecules, in particular to albumin. The cytoskeletal dynamics and structural plasticity of podocytes as well as the signaling between each of these distinct layers are essential for an efficient glomerular filtration and thus for proper renal function. The genetic or acquired impairment of podocytes may lead to foot process effacement (podocyte fusion or retraction), a morphological hallmark of proteinuric renal diseases. Here, we briefly discuss aspects of a contemporary view of podocytes in glomerular filtration, the patterns of structural changes in podocytes associated with common glomerular diseases, and the current state of basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Reiser
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mehmet M Altintas
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Takashima Y, Keino-Masu K, Yashiro H, Hara S, Suzuki T, van Kuppevelt TH, Masu M, Nagata M. Heparan sulfate 6-O-endosulfatases, Sulf1 and Sulf2, regulate glomerular integrity by modulating growth factor signaling. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F395-408. [PMID: 26764203 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00445.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerular integrity and functions are maintained by growth factor signaling. Heparan sulfate, the major component of glomerular extracellular matrixes, modulates growth factor signaling, but its roles in glomerular homeostasis are unknown. We investigated the roles of heparan sulfate 6-O-endosulfatases, sulfatase (Sulf)1 and Sulf2, in glomerular homeostasis. Both Sulf1 and Sulf2 were expressed in the glomeruli of wild-type (WT) mice. Sulf1 and Sulf2 double-knockout (DKO) mice showed glomerular hypercellularity, matrix accumulation, mesangiolysis, and glomerular basement membrane irregularity. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B and PDGF receptor-β were upregulated in Sulf1 and Sulf2 DKO mice compared with WT mice. Glomeruli from Sulf1 and Sulf2 DKO mice in vitro stimulated by either PDGF-B, VEGF, or transforming growth factor-β similarly showed reduction of phospho-Akt, phospho-Erk1/2, and phospho-Smad2/3, respectively. Since glomerular lesions in Sulf1 and Sulf2 DKO mice were reminiscent of diabetic nephropathy, we examined the effects of Sulf1 and Sulf2 gene disruption in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Diabetic WT mice showed an upregulation of glomerular Sulf1 and Sulf2 mRNA by in situ hybridization. Diabetic DKO mice showed significant increases in albuminuria and serum creatinine and an acceleration of glomerular pathology without glomerular hypertrophy; those were associated with a reduction of glomerular phospho-Akt. In conclusion, Sulf1 and Sulf2 play indispensable roles to maintain glomerular integrity and protective roles in diabetic nephropathy, probably by growth factor modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutoshi Takashima
- Kidney and Vascular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuko Keino-Masu
- Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; and
| | - Hiroshi Yashiro
- Kidney and Vascular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hara
- Kidney and Vascular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomo Suzuki
- Kidney and Vascular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toin H van Kuppevelt
- Department of Matrix Biochemistry, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radbout University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Masayuki Masu
- Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; and
| | - Michio Nagata
- Kidney and Vascular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan;
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De Miguel C, Speed JS, Kasztan M, Gohar EY, Pollock DM. Endothelin-1 and the kidney: new perspectives and recent findings. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2016; 25:35-41. [PMID: 26625864 PMCID: PMC4698004 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the kidney has been under study for many years; however, the complex mechanisms by which endothelin controls the physiology/pathophysiology of this organ are not fully resolved. This review aims to summarize recent findings in the field, especially regarding glomerular and tubular damage, Na/water homeostasis and sex differences in ET-1 function. RECENT FINDINGS Podocytes have been recently identified as a target of ET-1 in the glomerular filtration barrier via ETA receptor activation. Activation of the ETA receptor by ET-1 leads to renal tubular damage by promoting endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in these cells. In addition, high flow rates in the nephron in response to high salt intake induce ET-1 production by the collecting ducts and promote nitric oxide-dependent natriuresis through epithelial sodium channel inhibition. Recent evidence also indicates that sex hormones regulate the renal ET-1 system differently in men and women, with estrogen suppressing renal ET-1 production and testosterone upregulating that production. SUMMARY Based on the reports reviewed in here, targeting of the renal endothelin system is a possible therapeutic approach against the development of glomerular injury. More animal and clinical studies are needed to better understand the dimorphic control of this system by sex hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen De Miguel
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Joshua S. Speed
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Malgorzata Kasztan
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Eman Y. Gohar
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - David M. Pollock
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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71
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Nagasu H, Satoh M, Kiyokage E, Kidokoro K, Toida K, Channon KM, Kanwar YS, Sasaki T, Kashihara N. Activation of endothelial NAD(P)H oxidase accelerates early glomerular injury in diabetic mice. J Transl Med 2016; 96:25-36. [PMID: 26552047 PMCID: PMC4874489 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a common denominative pathogenic mechanism underlying vascular and renal complications in diabetes mellitus. Endothelial NAD(P)H oxidase is a major source of vascular ROS, and it has an important role in endothelial dysfunction. We hypothesized that activation of endothelial NAD(P)H oxidase initiates and worsens the progression of diabetic nephropathy, particularly in the development of albuminuria. We used transgenic mice with endothelial-targeted overexpression of the catalytic subunit of NAD(P)H oxidase, Nox2 (NOX2TG). NOX2TG mice were crossed with Akita insulin-dependent diabetic (Akita) mice that develop progressive hyperglycemia. We compared the progression of diabetic nephropathy in Akita versus NOX2TG-Akita mice. NOX2TG-Akita mice and Akita mice developed significant albuminuria above the baseline at 6 and 10 weeks of age, respectively. Compared with Akita mice, NOX2TG-Akita mice exhibited higher levels of NAD(P)H oxidase activity in glomeruli, developed glomerular endothelial perturbations, and attenuated expression of glomerular glycocalyx. Moreover, in contrast to Akita mice, the NOX2TG-Akita mice had numerous endothelial microparticles (blebs), as detected by scanning electron microscopy, and increased glomerular permeability. Furthermore, NOX2TG-Akita mice exhibited distinct phenotypic changes in glomerular mesangial cells expressing α-smooth muscle actin, and in podocytes expressing increased levels of desmin, whereas the glomeruli generated increased levels of ROS. In conclusion, activation of endothelial NAD(P)H oxidase in the presence of hyperglycemia initiated and exacerbated diabetic nephropathy characterized by the development of albuminuria. Moreover, ROS generated in the endothelium compounded glomerular dysfunctions by altering the phenotypes of mesangial cells and compromising the integrity of the podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Nagasu
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Minoru Satoh
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Emi Kiyokage
- Department of Anatomy, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kengo Kidokoro
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazunori Toida
- Department of Anatomy, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keith M Channon
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yashpal S Kanwar
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tamaki Sasaki
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoki Kashihara
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
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72
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Li W, Croce K, Steensma DP, McDermott DF, Ben-Yehuda O, Moslehi J. Vascular and Metabolic Implications of Novel Targeted Cancer Therapies: Focus on Kinase Inhibitors. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 66:1160-78. [PMID: 26337996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel targeted cancer therapies, especially kinase inhibitors, have revolutionized the treatment of many cancers and have dramatically improved the survival of several types of malignancies. Because kinases not only are important in cancer development and progression, but also play a critical role in the cardiovascular (CV) system and metabolic homeostasis, important CV and metabolic sequelae have been associated with several types of kinase inhibitors. This paper reviews the incidences and highlights potential mechanisms of vascular and metabolic perturbations associated with 3 classes of commonly used kinase inhibitors that target the vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway, the ABL kinase, and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. We propose preventive, screening, monitoring, and management strategies for CV care of patients treated with these novel agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijuan Li
- Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Kevin Croce
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David P Steensma
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David F McDermott
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ori Ben-Yehuda
- Cardiovascular Research Foundation and Columbia University, New York, New York.
| | - Javid Moslehi
- Cardiovascular Division, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, and Cardio-Oncology Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
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73
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Ueda S, Ozawa S, Mori K, Asanuma K, Yanagita M, Uchida S, Nakagawa T. ENOS deficiency causes podocyte injury with mitochondrial abnormality. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 87:181-92. [PMID: 26119782 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to podocyte integrity remains unclear. This study therefore examined podocytes and mitochondrial abnormalities in eNOS deficient mice. Absence of eNOS caused glomerular hypertrophy, along with occasional glomerular sclerosis and mesangiolysis. While many glomeruli did not have such advanced lesions, ultrastructural analysis showed cellular hypertrophy, vacuolization, lysosomal enlargement, and microvillus formation in podocytes of eNOS knockout (KO) mice. Increased oxidative stress was associated with mitochondrial abnormalities, including an increase in number, coupled with a reduction in size, of mitochondria in podocytes of eNOS-KO mice. While the levels of expression of several mitochondrial proteins were not altered, the d-17 mutation in mitochondrial DNA was significantly associated with the eNOS deficiency. Renal ATP level in the renal cortex and mitochondrial respiration in the primary podocytes were significantly lower in eNOS-KO mice, suggesting that renal mitochondria may be functionally impaired. Podocytes cultured with endothelial conditioned medium lacking NO consistently showed a greater degree of mitochondrial fragmentation and an increase in mitochondrial oxidative stress, with these mitochondrial alterations rescued by an NO donor. In conclusion, eNOS may be necessary to maintain podocyte integrity, especially mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuko Ueda
- TMK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shota Ozawa
- TMK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Pharmacology Research Laboratories II, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Mori
- TMK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Asanuma
- TMK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Motoko Yanagita
- TMK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Nephrology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shunya Uchida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiko Nakagawa
- TMK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Abstract
The function of the kidney, filtering blood and concentrating metabolic waste into urine, takes place in an intricate and functionally elegant structure called the renal glomerulus. Normal glomerular function retains circulating cells and valuable macromolecular components of plasma in blood, resulting in urine with just trace amounts of proteins. Endothelial cells of glomerular capillaries, the podocytes wrapped around them, and the fused extracellular matrix these cells form altogether comprise the glomerular filtration barrier, a dynamic and highly selective filter that sieves on the basis of molecular size and electrical charge. Current understanding of the structural organization and the cellular and molecular basis of renal filtration draws from studies of human glomerular diseases and animal models of glomerular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizaldy P Scott
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Susan E Quaggin
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
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75
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Markowitz GS, Bomback AS, Perazella MA. Drug-induced glomerular disease: direct cellular injury. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 10:1291-9. [PMID: 25862776 PMCID: PMC4491280 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.00860115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The potential of medications to cause kidney injury is well known. Although nephrotoxicity is most commonly associated with injury in the tubulointerstitial compartment as either acute tubular necrosis or acute interstitial nephritis, a growing body of literature has also highlighted the potential for drug-induced glomerular lesions. This review surveys the three primary patterns of drug-induced glomerular diseases stratified by the cell type at which the glomerular lesion is focused: visceral epithelial cell (or podoctye) injury, endothelial cell injury, and mesangial cell injury. A number of commonly prescribed medications, including IFNs, bisphosphonates, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antiplatelet agents, and antiangiogenesis drugs, that are both prescribed and available over the counter, have been implicated in these iatrogenic forms of glomerular disease. Recognition of these drug-induced etiologies of glomerular disease and rapid discontinuation of the offending agent are critical to maximizing the likelihood of renal function recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew S Bomback
- Division of Nephrology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Mark A Perazella
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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76
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Erpenbeck L, Demers M, Zsengellér ZK, Gallant M, Cifuni SM, Stillman IE, Karumanchi SA, Wagner DD. ADAMTS13 Endopeptidase Protects against Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibitor-Induced Thrombotic Microangiopathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:120-31. [PMID: 26038528 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014121165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a life-threatening condition that affects some, but not all, recipients of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors given as part of chemotherapy. TMA is also a complication of preeclampsia, a disease characterized by excess production of the VEGF-scavenging soluble VEGF receptor 1 (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1; sFlt-1). Risk factors for VEGF inhibitor-related TMA remain unknown. We hypothesized that deficiency of the VWF-cleaving ADAMTS13 endopeptidase contributes to the development of VEGF inhibitor-related TMA. ADAMTS13(-/-) mice overexpressing sFlt-1 presented all hallmarks of TMA, including thrombocytopenia, schistocytosis, anemia, and VWF-positive microthrombi in multiple organs. Similar to VEGF inhibitor-related TMA in humans, these mice exhibited severely impaired kidney function and hypertension. In contrast, wild-type mice overexpressing sFlt-1 developed modest hypertension but no other features of TMA. Recombinant ADAMTS13 therapy ameliorated all symptoms of TMA in ADAMTS13(-/-) mice overexpressing sFlt-1 and normalized BP in wild-type mice. ADAMTS13 activity may thus be a critical determinant for the development of TMA secondary to VEGF inhibition. Administration of recombinant ADAMTS13 may serve as a therapeutic approach to treat or prevent thrombotic complications of VEGF inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Erpenbeck
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Melanie Demers
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zsuzsanna K Zsengellér
- Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maureen Gallant
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen M Cifuni
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Isaac E Stillman
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - S Ananth Karumanchi
- Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Denisa D Wagner
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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77
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Grahammer F, Benzing T, Huber TB. New insights into mechanisms of glomerular injury and repair from the 10th International Podocyte Conference 2014. Kidney Int 2015; 87:885-93. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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78
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Boor P, Floege J. Renal allograft fibrosis: biology and therapeutic targets. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:863-86. [PMID: 25691290 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis is the final common pathway of progressive renal diseases. In allografts, it is assessed with tubular atrophy as interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (IF/TA). IF/TA occurs in about 40% of kidney allografts at 3-6 months after transplantation, increasing to 65% at 2 years. The origin of renal fibrosis in the allograft is complex and includes donor-related factors, in particular in case of expanded criteria donors, ischemia-reperfusion injury, immune-mediated damage, recurrence of underlying diseases, hypertensive damage, nephrotoxicity of immunosuppressants, recurrent graft infections, postrenal obstruction, etc. Based largely on studies in the non-transplant setting, there is a large body of literature on the role of different cell types, be it intrinsic to the kidney or bone marrow derived, in mediating renal fibrosis, and the number of mediator systems contributing to fibrotic changes is growing steadily. Here we review the most important cellular processes and mediators involved in the progress of renal fibrosis, with a focus on the allograft situation, and discuss some of the challenges in translating experimental insights into clinical trials, in particular fibrosis biomarkers or imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Boor
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Pathology, RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Bratislava, Slovakia
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79
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Putting the glomerulus back together: per aspera ad astra ("a rough road leads to the stars"). Kidney Int 2015; 85:991-8. [PMID: 24786868 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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80
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Falke LL, Gholizadeh S, Goldschmeding R, Kok RJ, Nguyen TQ. Diverse origins of the myofibroblast—implications for kidney fibrosis. Nat Rev Nephrol 2015; 11:233-44. [PMID: 25584804 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2014.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is the common end point of chronic kidney disease. The persistent production of inflammatory cytokines and growth factors leads to an ongoing process of extracellular matrix production that eventually disrupts the normal functioning of the organ. During fibrosis, the myofibroblast is commonly regarded as the predominant effector cell. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated a diverse origin of myofibroblasts in kidney fibrosis. Proposed major contributors of myofibroblasts include bone marrow-derived fibroblasts, tubular epithelial cells, endothelial cells, pericytes and interstitial fibroblasts; the published data, however, have not yet clearly defined the relative contribution of these different cellular sources. Myofibroblasts have been reported to originate from various sources, irrespective of the nature of the initial damage responsible for the induction of kidney fibrosis. Here, we review the possible relevance of the diversity of myofibroblast progenitors in kidney fibrosis and the implications for the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Specifically, we discuss the current status of preclinical and clinical antifibrotic therapy and describe targeting strategies that might help support resident and circulating cells to maintain or regain their original functional differentiation state. Such strategies might help these cells resist their transition to a myofibroblast phenotype to prevent, or even reverse, the fibrotic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas L Falke
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, H04.312, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Shima Gholizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Roel Goldschmeding
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, H04.312, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Robbert J Kok
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tri Q Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, H04.312, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, Netherlands
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81
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Caralt M, Uzarski JS, Iacob S, Obergfell KP, Berg N, Bijonowski BM, Kiefer KM, Ward HH, Wandinger-Ness A, Miller WM, Zhang ZJ, Abecassis MM, Wertheim JA. Optimization and critical evaluation of decellularization strategies to develop renal extracellular matrix scaffolds as biological templates for organ engineering and transplantation. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:64-75. [PMID: 25403742 PMCID: PMC4276475 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The ability to generate patient-specific cells through induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has encouraged development of three-dimensional extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds as bioactive substrates for cell differentiation with the long-range goal of bioengineering organs for transplantation. Perfusion decellularization uses the vasculature to remove resident cells, leaving an intact ECM template wherein new cells grow; however, a rigorous evaluative framework assessing ECM structural and biochemical quality is lacking. To address this, we developed histologic scoring systems to quantify fundamental characteristics of decellularized rodent kidneys: ECM structure (tubules, vessels, glomeruli) and cell removal. We also assessed growth factor retention--indicating matrix biofunctionality. These scoring systems evaluated three strategies developed to decellularize kidneys (1% Triton X-100, 1% Triton X-100/0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 0.02% Trypsin-0.05% EGTA/1% Triton X-100). Triton and Triton/SDS preserved renal microarchitecture and retained matrix-bound basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor. Trypsin caused structural deterioration and growth factor loss. Triton/SDS-decellularized scaffolds maintained 3 h of leak-free blood flow in a rodent transplantation model and supported repopulation with human iPSC-derived endothelial cells and tubular epithelial cells ex vivo. Taken together, we identify an optimal Triton/SDS-based decellularization strategy that produces a biomatrix that may ultimately serve as a rodent model for kidney bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Caralt
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611,Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611,Servei Cirurgia HepatoBilioPancreatica i Trasplantaments. Hospital Universitari Vall Hebron. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. Spain
| | - Joseph S. Uzarski
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611,Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Stanca Iacob
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611,Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Kyle P. Obergfell
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Natasha Berg
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Brent M. Bijonowski
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611,Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Kathryn M. Kiefer
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Heather H. Ward
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131
| | | | - William M. Miller
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60201,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60201
| | - Zheng J. Zhang
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611,Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Michael M. Abecassis
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611,Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Jason A. Wertheim
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611,Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60201,Department of Surgery, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612,Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60201,Address for correspondence: Jason A. Wertheim, M.D., Ph.D., 676 St. Clair St. Suite 1900, Chicago, Illinois 60611, Telephone: (312) 695-0257, Fax: (312) 503-3366,
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82
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Michael IP, Westenskow PD, Hacibekiroglu S, Greenwald AC, Ballios BG, Kurihara T, Li Z, Warren CM, Zhang P, Aguilar E, Donaldson L, Marchetti V, Baba T, Hussein SM, Sung HK, Iruela-Arispe ML, Rini JM, van der Kooy D, Friedlander M, Nagy A. Local acting Sticky-trap inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor dependent pathological angiogenesis in the eye. EMBO Mol Med 2014; 6:604-23. [PMID: 24705878 PMCID: PMC4023884 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201303708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapeutic antiangiogenic biologics used for the treatment of pathological ocular angiogenesis could have serious side effects due to their interference with normal blood vessel physiology. Here, we report the generation of novel antivascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF) biologics, termed VEGF “Sticky-traps,” with unique properties that allow for local inhibition of angiogenesis without detectable systemic side effects. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we demonstrated that Sticky-traps could locally inhibit angiogenesis to at least the same extent as the original VEGF-trap that also gains whole-body access. Sticky-traps did not cause systemic effects, as shown by uncompromised wound healing and normal tracheal vessel density. Moreover, if injected intravitreally, recombinant Sticky-trap remained localized to various regions of the eye, such as the inner-limiting membrane and ciliary body, for prolonged time periods, without gaining access either to the photoreceptors/choriocapillaris area or the circulation. These unique pharmacological characteristics of Sticky-trap could allow for safe treatment of pathological angiogenesis in patients with diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of pre-maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iacovos P Michael
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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83
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Ramasamy SK, Kusumbe AP, Adams RH. Regulation of tissue morphogenesis by endothelial cell-derived signals. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 25:148-57. [PMID: 25529933 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) form an extensive network of blood vessels that has numerous essential functions in the vertebrate body. In addition to their well-established role as a versatile transport network, blood vessels can induce organ formation or direct growth and differentiation processes by providing signals in a paracrine (angiocrine) fashion. Tissue repair also requires the local restoration of vasculature. ECs are emerging as important signaling centers that coordinate regeneration and help to prevent deregulated, disease-promoting processes. Vascular cells are also part of stem cell niches and have key roles in hematopoiesis, bone formation, and neurogenesis. Here, we review these newly identified roles of ECs in the regulation of organ morphogenesis, maintenance, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravana K Ramasamy
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Anjali P Kusumbe
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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84
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Usui J, Glezerman IG, Salvatore SP, Chandran CB, Flombaum CD, Seshan SV. Clinicopathological spectrum of kidney diseases in cancer patients treated with vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors: a report of 5 cases and review of literature. Hum Pathol 2014; 45:1918-27. [PMID: 25087655 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, cancer therapies have been supplemented by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors as anti-angiogenic agents. However, kidney-related adverse reactions associated with these agents clinically manifest as hypertension and proteinuria, the most severe form being thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). We present the spectrum of pathological features in VEGF inhibitor-associated kidney disease. Clinicopathological findings of kidney disease were retrospectively studied in 5 cancer patients treated with anti-VEGF agents. Although 4 cases received bevacizumab (anti-VEGF-A), one was given sorafenib (small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor affecting VEGF-R2). All patients presented with acute kidney injury, hypertension, and/or proteinuria. All kidney biopsies showed recent and chronic endothelial injury of varying severity and vascular sclerosis, including 2 with typical active features of TMA. Furthermore, acute tubular injury with focal necrosis was seen in all cases. While administration of VEGF inhibitor was discontinued in 4 cases, it was resumed for 5 more doses, following steroid therapy in 1 case. Cessation of VEGF inhibitor therapy was successful in reversing anemia and led to improvement of hypertension and proteinuria in 4 of the 5 cases. One case with TMA progressed to end-stage renal disease. A range of renal pathologic lesions secondary to endothelial injury are noted often accompanied by acute tubular damage following anti-VEGF therapy, the most severe being TMA. While most of the clinical manifestations are reversible with discontinuation of therapy, the role of other nephrotoxic chemotherapeutic agents in enhancing renal injury including severe TMA and other host factors with possible poor outcome should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joichi Usui
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, 10065; Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Ilya G Glezerman
- Renal Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10065
| | - Steven P Salvatore
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, 10065
| | - Chandra B Chandran
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, St. Joseph's Regional Medical Center, Paterson, New Jersey, 07503
| | - Carlos D Flombaum
- Renal Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10065
| | - Surya V Seshan
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, 10065.
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85
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Pollak MR, Quaggin SE, Hoenig MP, Dworkin LD. The glomerulus: the sphere of influence. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 9:1461-9. [PMID: 24875196 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.09400913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The glomerulus, the filtering unit of the kidney, is a unique bundle of capillaries lined by delicate fenestrated endothelia, a complex mesh of proteins that serve as the glomerular basement membrane and specialized visceral epithelial cells that form the slit diaphragms between interdigitating foot processes. Taken together, this arrangement allows continuous filtration of the plasma volume. The dynamic physical forces that determine the single nephron glomerular filtration are considered. In addition, new insights into the cellular and molecular components of the glomerular tuft and their contribution to glomerular disorders are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Pollak
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Susan E Quaggin
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | | | - Lance D Dworkin
- Brown Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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86
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Kim SI, Lee SY, Wang Z, Ding Y, Haque N, Zhang J, Zhou J, Choi ME. TGF-β-activated kinase 1 is crucial in podocyte differentiation and glomerular capillary formation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:1966-78. [PMID: 24652804 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013030252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is a key intermediate in signal transduction induced by TGF-β or inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-1, which are potent inducers of podocyte injury responses that lead to proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. Nevertheless, little is known about the physiologic and pathologic roles of TAK1 in podocytes. To examine the in vivo role of TAK1, we generated podocyte-specific Tak1 knockout mice (Nphs2-Cre(+):Tak1(fx/fx); Tak1(∆/∆)). Targeted deletion of Tak1 in podocytes resulted in perinatal lethality, with approximately 50% of animals dying soon after birth and 90% of animals dying within 1 week of birth. Tak1(∆/∆) mice developed proteinuria from P1 and exhibited delayed glomerulogenesis and reduced expression of Wilms' tumor suppressor 1 and nephrin in podocytes. Compared with Tak1(fx/fx) mice, Tak1(∆/∆) mice exhibited impaired formation of podocyte foot processes that caused disruption of the podocyte architecture with prominent foot process effacement. Intriguingly, Tak1(∆/∆) mice displayed increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor within the glomerulus and abnormally enlarged glomerular capillaries. Furthermore, 4- and 7-week-old Tak1(∆/∆) mice with proteinuria had increased collagen deposition in the mesangium and the adjacent tubulointerstitial area. Thus, loss of Tak1 in podocytes is associated with the development of proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. Taken together, our data show that TAK1 regulates the expression of Wilms' tumor suppressor 1, nephrin, and vascular endothelial growth factor and that TAK1 signaling has a crucial role in podocyte differentiation and attainment of normal glomerular microvasculature during kidney development and glomerular filtration barrier homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Il Kim
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York;
| | - So-Young Lee
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Internal Medicine, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea; and
| | - Zhibo Wang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yan Ding
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Nadeem Haque
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jiwang Zhang
- Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Jing Zhou
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mary E Choi
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York;
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87
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Peritubular capillary rarefaction: a new therapeutic target in chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2014; 29:333-42. [PMID: 23475077 PMCID: PMC3726573 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-013-2430-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has reached worldwide epidemic proportions and desperately needs new therapies. Peritubular capillary (PTC) rarefaction, together with interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy, is one of the major hallmarks of CKD and predicts renal outcome in patients with CKD. PTC endothelial cells (ECs) undergo apoptosis during CKD, leading to capillary loss, tissue hypoxia, and oxidative stress. Although the mechanisms of PTC rarefaction are not well understood, the process of PTC rarefaction depends on multiple events that occur during CKD. These events, which lead to an antiangiogenic environment, include deprivation of EC survival factors, increased production of vascular growth inhibitors, malfunction of ECs, dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells, and loss of EC integrity via pericyte detachment from the vasculature. In this review, we focus on major factors regulating angiogenesis and EC survival and describe the roles of these factors in PTC rarefaction during CKD and possible therapeutic applications.
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88
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Boyle SC, Liu Z, Kopan R. Notch signaling is required for the formation of mesangial cells from a stromal mesenchyme precursor during kidney development. Development 2013; 141:346-54. [PMID: 24353058 DOI: 10.1242/dev.100271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mesangial cells are specialized pericyte/smooth muscle cells that surround and constrain the vascular network within the glomerulus of the kidney. They are derived from the stromal mesenchyme, a progenitor population distinct from nephron stem cells. Whether mesangial cells have a distinct origin from vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and the pathways that govern their specification are unknown. Here we show that Notch signaling in stromal progenitors is essential for mesangial cell formation but is dispensable for the smooth muscle and interstitial cell lineages. Deletion of RBPjk, the common DNA-binding partner of all active Notch receptors, with Foxd1(tgCre) results in glomerular aneurysm and perinatal death from kidney failure. This defect occurs early in glomerular development as stromal-derived, desmin-positive cells fail to coalesce near forming nephrons and thus do not invade the vascular cleft of the S-shaped body. This is in contrast to other mutants in which the loss of the mesangium was due to migration defects, and suggests that loss of Notch signaling results in a failure to specify this population from the stroma. Interestingly, Pdgfrb-positive VSMCs do not enter the vascular cleft and cannot rescue the mesangial deficiency. Notch1 and Notch2 act redundantly through γ-secretase and RBPjk in this process, as individual mutants have mesangial cells at birth. Together, these data demonstrate a unique origin of mesangial cells and demonstrate a novel, redundant function for Notch receptors in mesangial cell specification, proliferation or survival during kidney development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Boyle
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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89
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Vigneau C, Lorcy N, Dolley-Hitze T, Jouan F, Arlot-Bonnemains Y, Laguerre B, Verhoest G, Goujon JM, Belaud-Rotureau MA, Rioux-Leclercq N. All anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs can induce 'pre-eclampsia-like syndrome': a RARe study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 29:325-32. [PMID: 24302609 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specific therapies that target vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors have improved the survival of patients with metastatic cancers, but can induce side effects. Renal side effects (proteinuria, hypertension and renal failure) are underestimated. METHODS The French RARe (Reins sous traitement Anti-VEGF Registre) study collects data on patients with cancer who had a renal biopsy because of major renal side effects during treatment with anti-VEGF drugs. RESULTS We collected 22 renal biopsies performed 16.2±10.6 months after the beginning of treatment; of which 21 had hypertension, mean proteinuria was 2.97±2.00 g/day and mean serum creatinine, 134±117 µmol/L. Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) was observed in 21 biopsy specimens, sometimes associated with acute tubular necrosis (ATN; n=4). TMA histological lesions were more important than the biological signs of TMA could suggest. Patients with ATN of >20% had higher serum creatinine levels than those with only TMA (231 versus 95 µmol/L). Nephrin, podocin and synaptopodin were variably down-regulated in all renal biopsies. VEGF was down-regulated in all glomeruli. CONCLUSION This study underlines the importance of regular clinical and biological cardiovascular and renal checking during all anti-VEGF therapies for cancer for early detection of renal dysfunction. Collaboration between oncologists and nephrologists is essential. In such cases, renal biopsy might help in appreciating the severity of the renal lesions and after multidisciplinary discussion whether or not it is safe to continue the treatment.
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90
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Drapeau N, Lizotte F, Denhez B, Guay A, Kennedy CR, Geraldes P. Expression of SHP-1 induced by hyperglycemia prevents insulin actions in podocytes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E1188-98. [PMID: 23531619 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00560.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Renal podocyte apoptosis is an early event of diabetic nephropathy progression. Insulin action is critical for podocyte survival. Previous studies demonstrated that Src homology-2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) is elevated in renal cortex of type 1 diabetic mice; we hypothesized that hyperglycemia-induced SHP-1 expression may affect insulin actions in podocytes. Type 1 diabetic Akita mice (Ins2(+/C96Y)) developed elevated foot process effacement and podocyte apoptosis compared with control littermate mice (Ins2(+/+)). In contrast to Ins2(+/+) mice, insulin-stimulated protein kinase B (Akt) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation were remarkably reduced in renal podocytes of Akita mice. This renal insulin resistance was associated with elevated SHP-1 expression in the glomeruli. Cultured podocytes exposed to high glucose concentration (HG; 25 mM) for 96 h exhibited high levels of apoptotic markers and caspase-3/7 enzymatic activity. HG exposure raised mRNA and protein levels of SHP-1 and reduced the insulin-signaling pathway in podocytes. Overexpression of dominant-negative SHP-1 in podocytes prevented HG effects and restored insulin actions. Elevated SHP-1 expression induced by high glucose levels was directly associated with insulin receptor-β in vitro and in vivo to prevent insulin-stimulated Akt and ERK phosphorylation. In conclusion, our results showed that high levels of SHP-1 expression in glomeruli cause insulin resistance and podocyte loss, thereby contributing to diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Drapeau
- Clinical Research Center Étienne Le-Bel and Division of Endocrinology, Departments of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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91
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Hookham MB, O'Donovan HC, Church RH, Mercier-Zuber A, Luzi L, Curran SP, Carew RM, Droguett A, Mezzano S, Schubert M, White MF, Crean JK, Brazil DP. Insulin receptor substrate-2 is expressed in kidney epithelium and up-regulated in diabetic nephropathy. FEBS J 2013; 280:3232-43. [PMID: 23617393 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a progressive fibrotic condition that may lead to end-stage renal disease and kidney failure. Transforming growth factor-β1 and bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP7) have been shown to induce DN-like changes in the kidney and protect the kidney from such changes, respectively. Recent data identified insulin action at the level of the nephron as a crucial factor in the development and progression of DN. Insulin requires a family of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins for its physiological effects, and many reports have highlighted the role of insulin and IRS proteins in kidney physiology and disease. Here, we observed IRS2 expression predominantly in the developing and adult kidney epithelium in mouse and human. BMP7 treatment of human kidney proximal tubule epithelial cells (HK-2 cells) increases IRS2 transcription. In addition, BMP7 treatment of HK-2 cells induces an electrophoretic shift in IRS2 migration on SDS/PAGE, and increased association with phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, probably due to increased tyrosine/serine phosphorylation. In a cohort of DN patients with a range of chronic kidney disease severity, IRS2 mRNA levels were elevated approximately ninefold, with the majority of IRS2 staining evident in the kidney tubules in DN patients. These data show that IRS2 is expressed in the kidney epithelium and may play a role in the downstream protective events triggered by BMP7 in the kidney. The specific up-regulation of IRS2 in the kidney tubules of DN patients also indicates a novel role for IRS2 as a marker and/or mediator of human DN progression.
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92
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Pichaiwong W, Hudkins KL, Wietecha T, Nguyen TQ, Tachaudomdach C, Li W, Askari B, Kobayashi T, O'Brien KD, Pippin JW, Shankland SJ, Alpers CE. Reversibility of structural and functional damage in a model of advanced diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:1088-102. [PMID: 23641056 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012050445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The reversibility of diabetic nephropathy remains controversial. Here, we tested whether replacing leptin could reverse the advanced diabetic nephropathy modeled by the leptin-deficient BTBR ob/ob mouse. Leptin replacement, but not inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), resulted in near-complete reversal of both structural (mesangial matrix expansion, mesangiolysis, basement membrane thickening, podocyte loss) and functional (proteinuria, accumulation of reactive oxygen species) measures of advanced diabetic nephropathy. Immunohistochemical labeling with the podocyte markers Wilms tumor 1 and p57 identified parietal epithelial cells as a possible source of regenerating podocytes. Thus, the leptin-deficient BTBR ob/ob mouse provides a model of advanced but reversible diabetic nephropathy for further study. These results also suggest that restoration of lost podocytes is possible but is not induced by RAAS inhibition, possibly explaining the limited efficacy of RAAS inhibitors in promoting repair of diabetic nephropathy.
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93
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Hale LJ, Welsh GI, Perks CM, Hurcombe JA, Moore S, Hers I, Saleem MA, Mathieson PW, Murphy AJ, Jeansson M, Holly JM, Hardouin SN, Coward RJ. Insulin-like growth factor-II is produced by, signals to and is an important survival factor for the mature podocyte in man and mouse. J Pathol 2013; 230:95-106. [PMID: 23299523 DOI: 10.1002/path.4165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Podocytes are crucial for preventing the passage of albumin into the urine and, when lost, are associated with the development of albuminuria, renal failure and cardiovascular disease. Podocytes have limited capacity to regenerate, therefore pro-survival mechanisms are critically important. Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) is a potent survival and growth factor; however, its major function is thought to be in prenatal development, when circulating levels are high. IGF-II has only previously been reported to continue to be expressed in discrete regions of the brain into adulthood in rodents, with systemic levels being undetectable. Using conditionally immortalized human and ex vivo adult mouse cells of the glomerulus, we demonstrated the podocyte to be the major glomerular source and target of IGF-II; it signals to this cell via the IGF-I receptor via the PI3 kinase and MAPK pathways. Functionally, a reduction in IGF signalling causes podocyte cell death in vitro and glomerular disease in vivo in an aged IGF-II transgenic mouse that produces approximately 60% of IGF-II due to a lack of the P2 promoter of this gene. Collectively, this work reveals the fundamental importance of IGF-II in the mature podocyte for glomerular health across mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Hale
- Academic and Children's Renal Unit, University of Bristol, Learning and Research, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
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Abstract
In the past decade, our understanding of the role of podocytes in the function of the glomerular filtration barrier, and of the role of podocyte injury in the pathogenesis of proteinuric kidney disease, has substantially increased. Landmark genetic studies identified mutations in genes expressed by podocytes as a cause of albuminuria and nephrotic syndrome, leading to breakthrough discoveries from many laboratories. These discoveries contributed to a dramatic change in our view of the glomerular filtration barrier of the kidney and of the role of podocyte injury in the development of albuminuria and progressive kidney disease. In the past several years, studies have demonstrated that podocyte injury is a major cause of marked albuminuria and nephrotic syndrome, and have confirmed that podocytes are important for the maintenance of an intact glomerular filtration barrier. An essential role of loss of these cells in the pathogenesis of glomerulosclerosis and progressive proteinuric kidney disease has also been identified. In this Review, we discuss the importance of podocytes for the maintenance of an intact glomerular filtration barrier and their role in albumin handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Thomas Brinkkoetter
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
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95
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Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is a protein secreted by podocytes that is necessary for survival of endothelial cells, podocytes, and mesangial cells. VEGF-A regulates slit-diaphragm signaling and podocyte shape via VEGF-receptor 2-nephrin-nck-actin interactions. Chronic hyperglycemia-induced excess podocyte VEGF-A and low endothelial nitric oxide drive the development and the progression of diabetic nephropathy. The abnormal cross-talk between VEGF-A and nitric oxide pathways is fueled by the diabetic milieu, resulting in increased oxidative stress. Recent findings on these pathogenic molecular mechanisms provide new potential targets for therapy for diabetic renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alda Tufro
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8064, USA.
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96
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Abstract
For a few years, new targeted therapies have been used for metastatic cancers, targeting VEGF and its receptors and improving patients' survival for metastatic carcinoma (kidney, GIST, breast, colorectal). The objective of these treatments is to block either circulating VEGF (bevacizumab; VEGF-Trap), or tyrosine kinase receptors (especially the VEGF receptor) (sorafenib, sunitinib, brivanib, imatinib, etc.). Indeed, VEGF stimulates endothelial cell proliferation and then tumour growth and metastasis. However, all these antiangiogenic drugs share similar side effects, most frequently gastrointestinal disturbance, skin toxicity and hypertension. Hypertension seems to be especially frequent in case of good response. Renal side effects have probably been underestimated in the first place and their exact frequency is not known, needing some specific trials and registries. Proteinuria, thrombotic microangiopathies and acute renal failures have been reported: renal biopsies might be necessary for precise evaluation of renal damages. Physiopathology seems very close to preeclampsia. Good collaboration between oncologists, nephrologists and cardiologists is therefore crucial in order to continue these targeted therapies safely for the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Vigneau
- Service de Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pontchaillou, 2, rue Henri-Le-Guilloux, 35033 Rennes cedex 9, France.
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97
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van Roeyen CRC, Zok S, Pruessmeyer J, Boor P, Nagayama Y, Fleckenstein S, Cohen CD, Eitner F, Gröne HJ, Ostendorf T, Ludwig A, Floege J. Growth arrest-specific protein 1 is a novel endogenous inhibitor of glomerular cell activation and proliferation. Kidney Int 2012; 83:251-63. [PMID: 23254899 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Growth arrest-specific protein-1 (GAS1) is a GPI-anchored protein which is highly expressed in embryonic mouse fibroblasts and inhibits their proliferation. Glomerular mesangial cells release soluble GAS1 protein into the supernatant in vitro. Growth arrest led to GAS1 overexpression and increased release. Secretion involved disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 and 17 as signified by inhibition experiments. Recombinant soluble GAS1 protein inhibited the proliferation of mesangial cells. Conversely, the induction of mesangial cell proliferation by PDGF-BB or -DD led to downregulation of GAS1 mRNA. Specific ligands of the PDGF α-receptor, PDGF-AA and -CC, had no effect. The GAS1 protein was localized in podocytes in kidneys from healthy rats. During the time course of mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis in anti-Thy1.1-treated rats, glomerular GAS1 expression decreased prior to the onset of mesangial cell proliferation and increased at later stages during glomerular recovery. Finally, a plasmid expressing soluble GAS1 fused to an Fc fragment was systemically overexpressed in rats with mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis. This ameliorated renal damage was indicated by decreased albuminuria and serum creatinine. Gas1/Fc-transfected rats also exhibited a reduction of the glomerular mesangial cell activation and proliferation. Thus, GAS1 is a novel endogenous inhibitor of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation and may be a novel therapeutic target in mesangioproliferative glomerular diseases.
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98
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Sivaskandarajah GA, Jeansson M, Maezawa Y, Eremina V, Baelde HJ, Quaggin SE. Vegfa protects the glomerular microvasculature in diabetes. Diabetes 2012; 61:2958-66. [PMID: 23093658 PMCID: PMC3478549 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) expression is increased in glomeruli in the context of diabetes. Here, we tested the hypothesis that this upregulation of VEGFA protects the glomerular microvasculature in diabetes and that therefore inhibition of VEGFA will accelerate nephropathy. To determine the role of glomerular Vegfa in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy, we used an inducible Cre-loxP gene-targeting system that enabled genetic deletion of Vegfa selectively from glomerular podocytes of wild-type or diabetic mice. Type 1 diabetes was induced in mice using streptozotocin (STZ). We then assessed the extent of glomerular dysfunction by measuring proteinuria, glomerular pathology, and glomerular cell apoptosis. Vegfa expression increased in podocytes in the STZ model of diabetes. After 7 weeks of diabetes, diabetic mice lacking Vegfa in podocytes exhibited significantly greater proteinuria with profound glomerular scarring and increased apoptosis compared with control mice with diabetes or Vegfa deletion without diabetes. Reduced local production of glomerular Vegfa in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes promotes endothelial injury accelerating the progression of glomerular injury. These results suggest that upregulation of VEGFA in diabetic kidneys protects the microvasculature from injury and that reduction of VEGFA in diabetes may be harmful.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Jeansson
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yoshiro Maezawa
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vera Eremina
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hans J. Baelde
- Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Susan E. Quaggin
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Corresponding author: Susan E. Quaggin,
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99
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Kelder TP, Penning ME, Uh HW, Cohen D, Bloemenkamp KWM, Bruijn JA, Scherjon SA, Baelde HJ. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based analysis of podocyturia is a feasible diagnostic tool in preeclampsia. Hypertension 2012; 60:1538-44. [PMID: 23090771 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.201681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a significant cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality worldwide. A clinically useful screening test that can predict development of preeclampsia at an early stage is urgently needed. The detection of podocyturia by immunohistochemistry after cell culture has been noted as a reliable marker for preeclampsia. However, this method is laborious and carries the risk of cell culture contamination. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic value of quantitative polymerase chain reaction as a rapid method to detect preeclampsia. Clean-catch urine samples were collected from preeclamptic (n=35), healthy pregnant (n=34), and healthy nonpregnant (n=12) women. Furthermore, a control group of women with gestational hypertension (n=5) was included. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed for podocyte-specific markers. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were performed. Significantly elevated mRNA levels of nephrin, podocin, and vascular endothelial growth factor were detected in preeclamptic women compared with healthy pregnant and healthy nonpregnant controls. In addition, significantly elevated levels of nephrin mRNA were detected in urine of preeclamptic women compared with women with gestational hypertension. A positive correlation (ρ=0.82; P<0.0001) was observed between nephrin and vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA levels in preeclamptic women. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses demonstrated a strong ability of this method to discriminate between the different study groups. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of podocyte-specific molecules in urine samples is a rapid and reliable method to quantify podocyturia. We demonstrate that this method distinguishes preeclamptic patients from healthy controls and women with gestational hypertension. This method may be a tool for the detection of preeclampsia at an earlier stage, thereby preventing maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim P Kelder
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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100
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Zoja C, Garcia PB, Rota C, Conti S, Gagliardini E, Corna D, Zanchi C, Bigini P, Benigni A, Remuzzi G, Morigi M. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy promotes renal repair by limiting glomerular podocyte and progenitor cell dysfunction in adriamycin-induced nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 303:F1370-81. [PMID: 22952284 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00057.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that in a model of spontaneously progressive glomerular injury with early podocyte loss, abnormal migration, and proliferation of glomerular parietal epithelial progenitor cells contributed to the formation of synechiae and crescentic lesions. Here we first investigated whether a similar sequence of events could be extended to rats with adriamycin (ADR)-induced nephropathy. As a second aim, the regenerative potential of therapy with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on glomerular resident cells was evaluated. In ADR-treated rats, decrease of WT1(+) podocyte number due to apoptosis was associated with reduced glomerular expression of nephrin and CD2AP. As a consequence of podocyte injury, glomerular adhesions of the capillary tuft to the Bowman's capsule were observed, followed by crescent-like lesions and glomerulosclerosis. Cellular components of synechiae were either NCAM(+) parietal progenitor cells or nestin(+) podocytes. In ADR rats, repeated injections of MSCs limited podocyte loss and apoptosis and partially preserved nephrin and CD2AP. MSCs attenuated the formation of glomerular podocyte-parietal epithelial cell bridges and normalized the distribution of NCAM(+) progenitor cells along the Bowman's capsule, thereby reducing glomerulosclerosis. Finding that MSCs increased glomerular VEGF expression and limited microvascular rarefaction may explain the prosurvival effect by stem cell therapy. MSCs also displayed anti-inflammatory activity. Coculture of MSCs with ADR-damaged podocytes showed a functional role of stem cell-derived VEGF on prosurvival pathways. These data suggest that MSCs by virtue of their tropism for damaged kidney and ability to provide a local prosurvival environment may represent a useful strategy to preserve podocyte viability and reduce glomerular inflammation and sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Zoja
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Km Rosso, Via Stezzano, 87-24126 Bergamo, Italy.
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