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The significance of stromal collagen organization in cancer tissue: An in-depth discussion of literature. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 151:102907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.102907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Lin LT, Chen JT, Lu DW, Tai MC, Liang CM, Chen CL, Pao SI, Hsu CK, Chen YH. Antifibrotic role of low-dose mitomycin-c-induced cellular senescence in trabeculectomy models. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234706. [PMID: 32574191 PMCID: PMC7310836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We assessed whether mitomycin-C (MMC) has different antifibrotic mechanisms in trabeculectomy wound healing. Methods We identified 2 concentrations of MMC as “low-dose” by using WST-1 assay, Lactic dehydrogenase assay, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting flow cytometry. Senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) and fibrotic gene expression was examined through immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, zymography, and modified scratch assay in vitro. In vivo, 0.1 mL of MMC or normal saline was injected to Tenon’s capsule before trabeculectomy in a rabbit model. SA-β-gal expression, apoptotic cell death, and collagen deposition in sites treated and not treated with MMC were evaluated using terminal dUTP nick end labeling assay and histochemical staining. Bleb function and intraocular pressure (IOP) levels were examined 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after trabeculectomy. Results In vitro, human Tenon’s fibroblast (HTF) senescence was confirmed by observing cell morphologic change, SA-β-gal accumulation, formation of senescence-associated heterochromatin, increased p16INK4a and p21CIP1/WAF1 expression, lower percentage of Ki-67-positive cells, and decreased COL1A1 release. Increased expression of α-SMA, COL1A1, and Smad2 signaling in TGF-β1-induced stress fibers were passivated in senescent HTFs. In addition, cellular migration enhanced by TGF-β1was inactivated. In vivo, histological examination indicated increased SA-β-gal accumulation, lower apoptosis ratios, and looser collagen deposition in sites treated with 0.2 μM MMC. Low-dose MMC-induced cellular senescence prolonged trabeculectomy bleb survival and reduced IOP levels in a rabbit model. Conclusion Low-dose MMC-induced cellular senescence is involved in the antifibrotic mechanism of trabeculectomy wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Tien Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jiann-Torng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Da-Wen Lu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Cheng Tai
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chang-Min Liang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ching-Long Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shu-I Pao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Kang Hsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Hao Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Salazar G, Cullen A, Huang J, Zhao Y, Serino A, Hilenski L, Patrushev N, Forouzandeh F, Hwang HS. SQSTM1/p62 and PPARGC1A/PGC-1alpha at the interface of autophagy and vascular senescence. Autophagy 2020; 16:1092-1110. [PMID: 31441382 PMCID: PMC7469683 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1659612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective macroautophagy/autophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction are known to stimulate senescence. The mitochondrial regulator PPARGC1A (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 alpha) regulates mitochondrial biogenesis, reducing senescence of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs); however, it is unknown whether autophagy mediates PPARGC1A-protective effects on senescence. Using ppargc1a-/- VSMCs, we identified the autophagy receptor SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1) as a major regulator of autophagy and senescence of VSMCs. Abnormal autophagosomes were observed in VSMCs in aortas of ppargc1a-/- mice. ppargc1a-/- VSMCs in culture presented reductions in LC3-II levels; in autophagosome number; and in the expression of SQSTM1 (protein and mRNA), LAMP2 (lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2), CTSD (cathepsin D), and TFRC (transferrin receptor). Reduced SQSTM1 protein expression was also observed in aortas of ppargc1a-/- mice and was upregulated by PPARGC1A overexpression, suggesting that SQSTM1 is a direct target of PPARGC1A. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA (3 methyladenine), spautin-1 or Atg5 (autophagy related 5) siRNA stimulated senescence. Rapamycin rescued the effect of Atg5 siRNA in Ppargc1a+/+ , but not in ppargc1a-/- VSMCs, suggesting that other targets of MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase), in addition to autophagy, also contribute to senescence. Sqstm1 siRNA increased senescence basally and in response to AGT II (angiotensin II) and zinc overload, two known inducers of senescence. Furthermore, Sqstm1 gene deficiency mimicked the phenotype of Ppargc1a depletion by presenting reduced autophagy and increased senescence in vitro and in vivo. Thus, PPARGC1A upregulates autophagy reducing senescence by a SQSTM1-dependent mechanism. We propose SQSTM1 as a novel target in therapeutic interventions reducing senescence. ABBREVIATIONS 3-MA: 3 methyladenine; ACTA2/SM-actin: actin, alpha 2, smooth muscle, aorta; ACTB/β-actin: actin beta; AGT II: angiotensin II; ATG5: autophagy related 5; BECN1: beclin 1; CAT: catalase; CDKN1A: cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (P21); Chl: chloroquine; CTSD: cathepsin D; CYCS: cytochrome C, somatic; DHE: dihydroethidium; DPBS: Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline; EL: elastic lamina; EM: extracellular matrix; FDG: fluorescein-di-β-D-galactopyranoside; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; γH2AFX: phosphorylated H2A histone family, member X, H2DCFDA: 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; LAMP2: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2; MASMs: mouse vascular smooth muscle cells; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; NBR1: NBR1, autophagy cargo receptor; NFKB/NF-κB: nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NFE2L2: nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2; NOX1: NADPH oxidase 1; OPTN: optineurin; PFA: paraformaldehyde; PFU: plaque-forming units; PPARGC1A/PGC-1α: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha; Ptdln3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; RASMs: rat vascular smooth muscle cells; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SA-GLB1/β-gal: senescence-associated galactosidase, beta 1; SASP: senescence-associated secretory phenotype; SIRT1: sirtuin 1; Spautin 1: specific and potent autophagy inhibitor 1; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TFRC: transferrin receptor; TRP53/p53: transformation related protein 53; TUBG1: tubulin gamma 1; VSMCs: vascular smooth muscle cells; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Salazar
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- Center for Advancing Exercise and Nutrition Research on Aging (CAENRA), Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Abigail Cullen
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Jingwen Huang
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Yitong Zhao
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alexa Serino
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Lula Hilenski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nikolay Patrushev
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Farshad Forouzandeh
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hyun Seok Hwang
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Dourado MR, Miwa KYM, Hamada GB, Paranaíba LMR, Sawazaki-Calone Í, Domingueti CB, Ervolino de Oliveira C, Furlan ECB, Longo BC, Almangush A, Salo T, Coletta RD. Prognostication for oral squamous cell carcinoma patients based on the tumour-stroma ratio and tumour budding. Histopathology 2020; 76:906-918. [PMID: 31984527 DOI: 10.1111/his.14070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Previous studies have demonstrated that the tumour-stroma ratio (TSR) and tumour budding are of prognostic value for oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of those histological parameters, individually and in combination, for OSCC. METHODS AND RESULTS The TSR and tumour budding (the presence of five or more buds at the invasive front) were estimated in 254 patients with OSCC. The clinicopathological association was investigated with a chi-square test, and the prognostic significance (cancer-specific survival and disease-free survival) was verified with Kaplan-Meier analysis and the Cox proportional hazard model. The TSR (≥50%, stroma-rich) was significantly and independently associated with both shortened cancer-specific survival and poor disease-free survival, whereas tumour budding was significantly associated with reduced cancer-specific survival. The TSR/tumour budding model was independently associated with a high risk of cancer mortality and recurrence (disease-free survival). In patients with early-stage tumours (clinical stage I and II, n = 103), the TSR, tumour budding and the TSR/tumour budding model were significantly associated with both cancer-related death and recurrence, whereas, in advanced-stage tumours (clinical stage III and IV, n = 144), only the TSR and the TSR/tumour budding model were significantly associated with cancer-specific survival. CONCLUSIONS The TSR, tumour budding and their combination provide significant information on OSCC outcome, suggesting that their incorporation in the routine evaluation of histopathological specimens might be useful in prognostication for OSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício R Dourado
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen Y M Miwa
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme B Hamada
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia M R Paranaíba
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Íris Sawazaki-Calone
- Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Dentistry School, Western Paraná State University, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Catherine B Domingueti
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Biomedicine, University José do Rosário Vellano (UNIFENAS), Varginha, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carine Ervolino de Oliveira
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Emylle C B Furlan
- Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Dentistry School, Western Paraná State University, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Bruna C Longo
- Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Dentistry School, Western Paraná State University, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alhadi Almangush
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuula Salo
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Research Centre Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Institute of Oral and Maxillofacial Disease, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ricardo D Coletta
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ortiz-Otero N, Clinch AB, Hope J, Wang W, Reinhart-King CA, King MR. Cancer associated fibroblasts confer shear resistance to circulating tumor cells during prostate cancer metastatic progression. Oncotarget 2020; 11:1037-1050. [PMID: 32256977 PMCID: PMC7105166 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that CTCs do not travel in the bloodstream alone, but rather are accompanied by clusters of stromal cells such as cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Our laboratory has confirmed the presence of CAFs in the peripheral blood of prostate cancer (PC) patients. The observation that CAFs disseminate with CTCs prompts the examination of the role of CAFs in CTC survival under physiological shear stress during the dissemination process using a clinically relevant, three-dimensional (3D) co-culture model. In this study, we found that "reactive CAFs" induce shear resistance to prostate tumor cells via intercellular contact and soluble derived factors. In addition, these reactive CAFs conserve the proliferative capability of tumor cells in the presence of high magnitude fluid shear stress (FSS). This reactive CAF phenotype emerges from normal fibroblasts (NF), which take on the CAF phenotype when co-cultured with tumor cells. The reactive CAFs showed higher expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and fibroblast activation protein (FAP) compared to differentiated CAFs, when co-cultured with PC cells at the same experimental conditions. Together, we found that the activation mechanism of NF to CAF comprises different stages that progress from a reactive to quiescent cellular state in which these two states are differentiated by the fluctuation of intensity in CAF markers. Here we determined that a reactive state of CAFs proved to be important for supporting tumor cell survival and proliferation. These findings suggest the use of CAFs as a marker for cancer progression and a potential target for novel cancer therapeutics to treat metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerymar Ortiz-Otero
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Andrea B Clinch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37202, USA
| | - Jacob Hope
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37202, USA
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37202, USA
| | | | - Michael R King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37202, USA
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56
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COX-2 in liver fibrosis. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 506:196-203. [PMID: 32184095 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As a vital inducible sensor, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays an important role in the progress of hepatic fibrogenesis. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in the liver can significantly accelerate the onset and development of liver fibrosis. COX-2 overexpression triggers inflammation that is an important inducer in hepatic fibrosis. Increasing evidence indicates that COX-2 is involved in the main pathogenesis of liver fibrosis, such as inflammation, apoptosis, and cell senescence. Moreover, COX-2 expression is altered in patients and animal models with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or cirrhosis. These findings suggest that COX-2 has a broad and critical role in the development of liver fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in the regulation and signal transduction of COX-2 and its impact on liver fibrosis.
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57
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Sahai E, Astsaturov I, Cukierman E, DeNardo DG, Egeblad M, Evans RM, Fearon D, Greten FR, Hingorani SR, Hunter T, Hynes RO, Jain RK, Janowitz T, Jorgensen C, Kimmelman AC, Kolonin MG, Maki RG, Powers RS, Puré E, Ramirez DC, Scherz-Shouval R, Sherman MH, Stewart S, Tlsty TD, Tuveson DA, Watt FM, Weaver V, Weeraratna AT, Werb Z. A framework for advancing our understanding of cancer-associated fibroblasts. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:174-186. [PMID: 31980749 PMCID: PMC7046529 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-019-0238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1900] [Impact Index Per Article: 475.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a key component of the tumour microenvironment with diverse functions, including matrix deposition and remodelling, extensive reciprocal signalling interactions with cancer cells and crosstalk with infiltrating leukocytes. As such, they are a potential target for optimizing therapeutic strategies against cancer. However, many challenges are present in ongoing attempts to modulate CAFs for therapeutic benefit. These include limitations in our understanding of the origin of CAFs and heterogeneity in CAF function, with it being desirable to retain some antitumorigenic functions. On the basis of a meeting of experts in the field of CAF biology, we summarize in this Consensus Statement our current knowledge and present a framework for advancing our understanding of this critical cell type within the tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Sahai
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| | - Igor Astsaturov
- Marvin and Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edna Cukierman
- Cancer Biology Program, Marvin & Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David G DeNardo
- Division of Oncology, Washington University Medical School, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mikala Egeblad
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Douglas Fearon
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian R Greten
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Tony Hunter
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Richard O Hynes
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Edwin L Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tobias Janowitz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Northwell Health Cancer Institute, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
| | - Claus Jorgensen
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Nether Alderley, UK
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mikhail G Kolonin
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert G Maki
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Northwell Health Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R Scott Powers
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Ellen Puré
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel C Ramirez
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Health System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruth Scherz-Shouval
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mara H Sherman
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sheila Stewart
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Medicine, ICCE Institute, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Thea D Tlsty
- UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Fiona M Watt
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Valerie Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ashani T Weeraratna
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Waters DW, Blokland KEC, Pathinayake PS, Wei L, Schuliga M, Jaffar J, Westall GP, Hansbro PM, Prele CM, Mutsaers SE, Bartlett NW, Burgess JK, Grainge CL, Knight DA. STAT3 Regulates the Onset of Oxidant-induced Senescence in Lung Fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 61:61-73. [PMID: 30608861 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0328oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic lung disease of unknown cause with a median survival of only 3 years. Other investigators and we have shown that fibroblasts derived from IPF lungs display characteristics of senescent cells, and that dysregulated activation of the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) correlates with IPF progression. The question of whether STAT3 activation is involved in fibroblast senescence remains unanswered. We hypothesized that inhibiting STAT3 activation after oxidant-induced senescence would attenuate characteristics of the senescent phenotype. We aimed to characterize a model of oxidant-induced senescence in human lung fibroblasts and to determine the effect of inhibiting STAT3 activity on the development of senescence. Exposing human lung fibroblasts to 150 μM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) resulted in increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase content and expression of p21 and IL-6, all of which are features of senescence. The shift into senescence was accompanied by an increase of STAT3 translocation to the nucleus and mitochondria. Additionally, Seahorse analysis provided evidence of increased mitochondrial respiration characterized by increased basal respiration, proton leak, and an associated increase in superoxide (O2-) production in senescent fibroblasts. Targeting STAT3 activity using the small-molecule inhibitor STA-21 attenuated IL-6 production, reduced p21 levels, decreased senescence-associated β-galactosidase accumulation, and restored normal mitochondrial function. The results of this study illustrate that stress-induced senescence in lung fibroblasts involves the activation of STAT3, which can be pharmacologically modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Waters
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and.,2 National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Kaj E C Blokland
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and.,2 National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Camperdown, Australia.,3 Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, and.,4 Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lan Wei
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and
| | | | - Jade Jaffar
- 6 Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Australia; and
| | - Glen P Westall
- 5 School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | | | - Cecilia M Prele
- 7 Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, and.,8 Institute for Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Steven E Mutsaers
- 7 Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, and.,8 Institute for Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | | | | | - Christopher L Grainge
- 5 School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and.,2 National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Camperdown, Australia
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The life cycle of cancer-associated fibroblasts within the tumour stroma and its importance in disease outcome. Br J Cancer 2020; 122:931-942. [PMID: 31992854 PMCID: PMC7109057 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0705-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment (TME) determines vital aspects of tumour development, such as tumour growth, metastases and response to therapy. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are abundant and extremely influential in this process and interact with cellular and matrix TME constituents such as endothelial and immune cells and collagens, fibronectin and elastin, respectively. However, CAFs are also the recipients of signals—both chemical and physical—that are generated by the TME, and their phenotype effectively evolves alongside the tumour mass during tumour progression. Amid a rising clinical interest in CAFs as a crucial force for disease progression, this review aims to contextualise the CAF phenotype using the chronological framework of the CAF life cycle within the evolving tumour stroma, ranging from quiescent fibroblasts to highly proliferative and secretory CAFs. The emergence, properties and clinical implications of CAF activation are discussed, as well as research strategies used to characterise CAFs and current clinical efforts to alter CAF function as a therapeutic strategy.
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60
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Waise S, Parker R, Rose-Zerilli MJJ, Layfield DM, Wood O, West J, Ottensmeier CH, Thomas GJ, Hanley CJ. An Optimized Method to Isolate Human Fibroblasts from Tissue for ex vivo Analysis. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3440. [PMID: 33654935 PMCID: PMC7853986 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their involvement in many physiological and pathological processes, fibroblasts remain a poorly-characterized cell type. Analysis of primary fibroblasts while maintaining their in vivo phenotype is challenging: standard methods for fibroblast isolation require cell culture in vitro, which is known to alter phenotypes. Previously-described protocols for the dissociation of primary tissues fail to extract sufficient numbers of fibroblasts, instead largely yielding immune cells. Here, we describe an optimized method for generating a fibroblast-enriched single-cell suspension from human tissues using combined mechanical and enzymatic dissociation. This allows analysis of ex vivo fibroblasts without the need for culture in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Waise
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, UK
| | | | | | | | - Oliver Wood
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Jonathan West
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Christian H. Ottensmeier
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, UK
- Cancer Research UK and NIHR Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, UK
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61
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Lai SL, Tan ML, Hollows RJ, Robinson M, Ibrahim M, Margielewska S, Parkinson EK, Ramanathan A, Zain RB, Mehanna H, Spruce RJ, Wei W, Chung I, Murray PG, Yap LF, Paterson IC. Collagen Induces a More Proliferative, Migratory and Chemoresistant Phenotype in Head and Neck Cancer via DDR1. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1766. [PMID: 31717573 PMCID: PMC6896141 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and includes squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx and oral cavity. Patient prognosis has remained poor for decades and molecular targeted therapies are not in routine use. Here we showed that the overall expression of collagen subunit genes was higher in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) than normal fibroblasts. Focusing on collagen8A1 and collagen11A1, we showed that collagen is produced by both CAFs and tumour cells, indicating that HNSCCs are collagen-rich environments. We then focused on discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), a collagen-activated receptor tyrosine kinase, and showed that it is over-expressed in HNSCC tissues. Further, we demonstrated that collagen promoted the proliferation and migration of HNSCC cells and attenuated the apoptotic response to cisplatin. Knockdown of DDR1 in HNSCC cells demonstrated that these tumour-promoting effects of collagen are mediated by DDR1. Our data suggest that specific inhibitors of DDR1 might provide novel therapeutic opportunities to treat HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook Ling Lai
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (S.L.L.); (M.L.T.); (L.F.Y.)
| | - May Leng Tan
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (S.L.L.); (M.L.T.); (L.F.Y.)
| | - Robert J. Hollows
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.J.H.); (M.I.); (S.M.); (W.W.); (P.G.M.)
| | - Max Robinson
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4BW, UK;
| | - Maha Ibrahim
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.J.H.); (M.I.); (S.M.); (W.W.); (P.G.M.)
- South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Sandra Margielewska
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.J.H.); (M.I.); (S.M.); (W.W.); (P.G.M.)
| | - E. Kenneth Parkinson
- Centre for Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK;
| | - Anand Ramanathan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
- Oral Cancer Research & Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Rosnah Binti Zain
- Oral Cancer Research & Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
- Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra 42610, Malaysia
| | - Hisham Mehanna
- Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education (InHANSE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (H.M.); (R.J.S.)
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Rachel J. Spruce
- Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education (InHANSE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (H.M.); (R.J.S.)
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Wenbin Wei
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.J.H.); (M.I.); (S.M.); (W.W.); (P.G.M.)
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Ivy Chung
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Paul G. Murray
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.J.H.); (M.I.); (S.M.); (W.W.); (P.G.M.)
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Lee Fah Yap
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (S.L.L.); (M.L.T.); (L.F.Y.)
| | - Ian C. Paterson
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (S.L.L.); (M.L.T.); (L.F.Y.)
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62
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Dias HB, de Oliveira JR, Donadio MVF, Kimura S. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate prevents pulmonary fibrosis by regulating extracellular matrix deposition and inducing phenotype reversal of lung myofibroblasts. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222202. [PMID: 31509566 PMCID: PMC6738633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is the result of chronic injury where fibroblasts become activated and secrete large amounts of extracellular matrix (ECM), leading to impaired fibroblasts degradation followed by stiffness and loss of lung function. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP), an intermediate of glycolytic pathway, decreases PF development, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. To address this issue, PF was induced in vivo using a mouse model, and pulmonary fibroblasts were isolated from healthy and fibrotic animals. In PF model mice, lung function was improved by FBP as revealed by reduced collagen deposition and downregulation of ECM gene expression such as collagens and fibronectin. Fibrotic lung fibroblasts (FLF) treated with FBP for 3 days in vitro showed decreased proliferation, contraction, and migration, which are characteristic of myofibroblast to fibroblast phenotype reversal. ECM-related genes and proteins such as collagens, fibronectin and α-smooth muscle actin, were also downregulated in FBP-treated FLF. Moreover, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1, responsible for ECM degradation, was produced only in fibroblasts obtained from healthy lungs (HLF) and FBP did not alter its expression. On the other hand, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, a MMP1 inhibitor, and MMP2, related to fibroblast tissue-invasion, were predominantly produced by FLF and FBP was able to downregulate its expression. These results demonstrate that FBP may prevent bleomycin-induced PF development through reduced expression of collagen and other ECM components mediated by a reduced TIMP-1 and MMP2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Bregolin Dias
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics and Inflammation, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | | | | | - Shioko Kimura
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
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63
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Clarke J, Panwar B, Madrigal A, Singh D, Gujar R, Wood O, Chee SJ, Eschweiler S, King EV, Awad AS, Hanley CJ, McCann KJ, Bhattacharyya S, Woo E, Alzetani A, Seumois G, Thomas GJ, Ganesan AP, Friedmann PS, Sanchez-Elsner T, Ay F, Ottensmeier CH, Vijayanand P. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of tissue-resident memory T cells in human lung cancer. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2128-2149. [PMID: 31227543 PMCID: PMC6719422 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High numbers of tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells are associated with better clinical outcomes in cancer patients. However, the molecular characteristics that drive their efficient immune response to tumors are poorly understood. Here, single-cell and bulk transcriptomic analysis of TRM and non-TRM cells present in tumor and normal lung tissue from patients with lung cancer revealed that PD-1-expressing TRM cells in tumors were clonally expanded and enriched for transcripts linked to cell proliferation and cytotoxicity when compared with PD-1-expressing non-TRM cells. This feature was more prominent in the TRM cell subset coexpressing PD-1 and TIM-3, and it was validated by functional assays ex vivo and also reflected in their chromatin accessibility profile. This PD-1+TIM-3+ TRM cell subset was enriched in responders to PD-1 inhibitors and in tumors with a greater magnitude of CTL responses. These data highlight that not all CTLs expressing PD-1 are dysfunctional; on the contrary, TRM cells with PD-1 expression were enriched for features suggestive of superior functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Clarke
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
- National Institute for Health Research and Cancer Research UK Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Center, National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Divya Singh
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Oliver Wood
- National Institute for Health Research and Cancer Research UK Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Center, National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Serena J Chee
- National Institute for Health Research and Cancer Research UK Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Center, National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Southampton University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Emma V King
- National Institute for Health Research and Cancer Research UK Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Center, National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Department of Otolaryngology, Poole Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Poole, Dorset, UK
| | - Amiera S Awad
- Southampton University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, National Institute for Health Research Southampton, Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Christopher J Hanley
- National Institute for Health Research and Cancer Research UK Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Center, National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Katy J McCann
- National Institute for Health Research and Cancer Research UK Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Center, National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Edwin Woo
- Southampton University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Aiman Alzetani
- Southampton University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Gareth J Thomas
- National Institute for Health Research and Cancer Research UK Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Center, National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Peter S Friedmann
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, National Institute for Health Research Southampton, Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Tilman Sanchez-Elsner
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, National Institute for Health Research Southampton, Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Ferhat Ay
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Christian H Ottensmeier
- National Institute for Health Research and Cancer Research UK Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Center, National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Pandurangan Vijayanand
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, National Institute for Health Research Southampton, Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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64
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Wang X, Qu M, Li J, Danielson P, Yang L, Zhou Q. Induction of Fibroblast Senescence During Mouse Corneal Wound Healing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 60:3669-3679. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-26983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wang
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingli Qu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Patrik Danielson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology and Department of Clinical Sciences, Ophthalmology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lingling Yang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingjun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
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65
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Waise S, Parker R, Rose-Zerilli MJJ, Layfield DM, Wood O, West J, Ottensmeier CH, Thomas GJ, Hanley CJ. An optimised tissue disaggregation and data processing pipeline for characterising fibroblast phenotypes using single-cell RNA sequencing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9580. [PMID: 31270426 PMCID: PMC6610623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45842-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) provides a valuable platform for characterising multicellular ecosystems. Fibroblasts are a heterogeneous cell type involved in many physiological and pathological processes, but remain poorly-characterised. Analysis of fibroblasts is challenging: these cells are difficult to isolate from tissues, and are therefore commonly under-represented in scRNA-seq datasets. Here, we describe an optimised approach for fibroblast isolation from human lung tissues. We demonstrate the potential for this procedure in characterising stromal cell phenotypes using scRNA-Seq, analyse the effect of tissue disaggregation on gene expression, and optimise data processing to improve clustering quality. We also assess the impact of in vitro culture conditions on stromal cell gene expression and proliferation, showing that altering these conditions can skew phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Waise
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Rachel Parker
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew J J Rose-Zerilli
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - David M Layfield
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Oliver Wood
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jonathan West
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Christian H Ottensmeier
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Cancer Research UK and NIHR Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Southampton, UK
| | - Gareth J Thomas
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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66
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Walters K, Sarsenov R, Too WS, Hare RK, Paterson IC, Lambert DW, Brown S, Bradford JR. Comprehensive functional profiling of long non-coding RNAs through a novel pan-cancer integration approach and modular analysis of their protein-coding gene association networks. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:454. [PMID: 31159744 PMCID: PMC6547491 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5850-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as crucial regulators of cellular processes in diseases such as cancer, although the functions of most remain poorly understood. To address this, here we apply a novel strategy to integrate gene expression profiles across 32 cancer types, and cluster human lncRNAs based on their pan-cancer protein-coding gene associations. By doing so, we derive 16 lncRNA modules whose unique properties allow simultaneous inference of function, disease specificity and regulation for over 800 lncRNAs. Results Remarkably, modules could be grouped into just four functional themes: transcription regulation, immunological, extracellular, and neurological, with module generation frequently driven by lncRNA tissue specificity. Notably, three modules associated with the extracellular matrix represented potential networks of lncRNAs regulating key events in tumour progression. These included a tumour-specific signature of 33 lncRNAs that may play a role in inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition through modulation of TGFβ signalling, and two stromal-specific modules comprising 26 lncRNAs linked to a tumour suppressive microenvironment and 12 lncRNAs related to cancer-associated fibroblasts. One member of the 12-lncRNA signature was experimentally supported by siRNA knockdown, which resulted in attenuated differentiation of quiescent fibroblasts to a cancer-associated phenotype. Conclusions Overall, the study provides a unique pan-cancer perspective on the lncRNA functional landscape, acting as a global source of novel hypotheses on lncRNA contribution to tumour progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5850-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Walters
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Radmir Sarsenov
- Sheffield RNAi Screening Facility (SRSF), Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Wen Siong Too
- Sheffield RNAi Screening Facility (SRSF), Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Roseanna K Hare
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Ian C Paterson
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Daniel W Lambert
- Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Integrated Biosciences, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Stephen Brown
- Sheffield RNAi Screening Facility (SRSF), Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - James R Bradford
- Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK. .,Almac Diagnostic Services, Craigavon, Northern Ireland, UK.
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67
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Awaji M, Singh RK. Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts' Functional Heterogeneity in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030290. [PMID: 30832219 PMCID: PMC6468677 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the USA. Desmoplasia and inflammation are two major hallmarks of PDAC. Desmoplasia, composed of extracellular matrix (ECM), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and infiltrating immune and endothelial cells, acts as a biophysical barrier to hinder chemotherapy and actively contributes to tumor progression and metastasis. CAFs represent a multifunctional subset of PDAC microenvironment and contribute to tumor initiation and progression through ECM deposition and remodeling, as well as the secretion of paracrine factors. Attempts to resolve desmoplasia by targeting CAFs can render an adverse outcome, which is likely due to CAFs heterogeneity. Recent reports describe subsets of CAFs that assume more secretory functions, in addition to the typical myofibroblast phenotype. Here, we review the literature and describe the relationship between CAFs and inflammation and the role of the secretory-CAFs in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Awaji
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985845 UNMC, Omaha, NE 68198-5845, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam, Dammam 31444, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985845 UNMC, Omaha, NE 68198-5845, USA.
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68
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Razdan N, Vasilopoulos T, Herbig U. Telomere dysfunction promotes transdifferentiation of human fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12838. [PMID: 30244523 PMCID: PMC6260909 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells that had undergone telomere dysfunction-induced senescence secrete numerous cytokines and other molecules, collectively called the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Although certain SASP factors have been demonstrated to promote cellular senescence in neighboring cells in a paracrine manner, the mechanisms leading to bystander senescence and the functional significance of these effects are currently unclear. Here, we demonstrate that TGF-β1, a component of the SASP, causes telomere dysfunction in normal somatic human fibroblasts in a Smad3/NOX4/ROS-dependent manner. Surprisingly, instead of activating cellular senescence, TGF-β1-induced telomere dysfunction caused fibroblasts to transdifferentiate into α-SMA-expressing myofibroblasts, a mesenchymal and contractile cell type that is critical for wound healing and tissue repair. Despite the presence of dysfunctional telomeres, transdifferentiated cells acquired the ability to contract collagen lattices and displayed a gene expression signature characteristic of functional myofibroblasts. Significantly, the formation of dysfunctional telomeres and downstream p53 signaling was necessary for myofibroblast transdifferentiation, as suppressing telomere dysfunction by expression of hTERT, inhibiting the signaling pathways that lead to stochastic telomere dysfunction, and suppressing p53 function prevented the generation of myofibroblasts in response to TGF-β1 signaling. Furthermore, inducing telomere dysfunction using shRNA against TRF2 also caused cells to develop features that are characteristic of myofibroblasts, even in the absence of exogenous TGF-β1. Overall, our data demonstrate that telomere dysfunction is not only compatible with cell functionality, but they also demonstrate that the generation of dysfunctional telomeres is an essential step for transdifferentiation of human fibroblasts into myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Razdan
- New Jersey Medical School, Cancer Institute of New Jersey-Newark; Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences; Newark New Jersey
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics; Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences; Newark New Jersey
| | - Themistoklis Vasilopoulos
- New Jersey Medical School, Cancer Institute of New Jersey-Newark; Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences; Newark New Jersey
| | - Utz Herbig
- New Jersey Medical School, Cancer Institute of New Jersey-Newark; Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences; Newark New Jersey
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics; Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences; Newark New Jersey
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69
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Bolt R, Foran B, Murdoch C, Lambert DW, Thomas S, Hunter KD. HPV-negative, but not HPV-positive, oropharyngeal carcinomas induce fibroblasts to support tumour invasion through micro-environmental release of HGF and IL-6. Carcinogenesis 2018; 39:170-179. [PMID: 29140428 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is causally related to a subset of oropharyngeal carcinomas (OPC) and is linked to a more favourable prognosis compared to HPV-negative OPC. The mechanisms underlying this effect on prognosis are not fully understood, but interactions with the tumour microenvironment may be pivotal. Here, we investigated the role of the tumour microenvironment in HPV-positive compared to HPV-negative cancer using 2D and 3D modelling of OPC interactions with stromal fibroblasts. HPV-negative, but not HPV-positive, OPC-derived cell lines induced a rapid fibroblast secretory response that supported 2D cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro. Array profiling of this HPV-negative induced fibroblast secretome identified hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) as the principal secreted factor that promoted cancer cell migration. The interaction between HPV-negative cell lines and fibroblasts in 2D was prevented using c-Met (HGF receptor) inhibitors, which further restricted both HPV-negative and positive cell invasion in 3D co-culture models. Furthermore, we discovered a synergistic relationship between HGF and IL-6 in the support of migration that relates JAK activation to HGF responsiveness in HPV-negative lines. In summary, our data show significant differences in the interactions between HPV-positive and HPV-negative OPC cells and stromal fibroblasts. In addition, we, provide in vitro evidence to support the clinical application of c-MET inhibitors in the control of early HPV-negative OPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Bolt
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Bernadette Foran
- Department of Oncology, Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Craig Murdoch
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Daniel W Lambert
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Sally Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Keith D Hunter
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
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70
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Patel AK, Vipparthi K, Thatikonda V, Arun I, Bhattacharjee S, Sharan R, Arun P, Singh S. A subtype of cancer-associated fibroblasts with lower expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin suppresses stemness through BMP4 in oral carcinoma. Oncogenesis 2018; 7:78. [PMID: 30287850 PMCID: PMC6172238 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-018-0087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) demonstrate the characteristics of myofibroblast differentiation by often expressing the ultrastructure of alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA). However, heterogeneity among cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), with respect to αSMA expression, has been demonstrated in several clinical studies of oral cancer. Like normal stem cells, stem-like cancer cells (SLCCs) are also regulated extrinsically by its microenvironment; therefore, we postulated that the heterogeneous oral-CAFs would differently regulate oral-SLCCs. Using transcriptomics, we clearly demonstrated that the gene expression differences between oral tumor-derived CAFs were indeed the molecular basis of heterogeneity. This also grouped these CAFs in two distinct clusters, which were named as C1 and C2. Interestingly, the oral-CAFs belonging to C1 or C2 clusters showed low or high αSMA-score, respectively. Our data with tumor tissues and in vitro co-culture experiments interestingly demonstrated a negative correlation between αSMA-score and cell proliferation, whereas, the frequency of oral-SLCCs was significantly positively correlated with αSMA-score. The oral-CAF-subtype with lower score for αSMA (C1-type CAFs) was more supportive for cell proliferation but suppressive for the self-renewal growth of oral-SLCCs. Further, we found the determining role of BMP4 in C1-type CAFs-mediated suppression of self-renewal of oral-SLCCs. Overall, we have discovered an unexplored interaction between CAFs with lower-αSMA expression and SLCCs in oral tumors and provided the first evidence about the involvement of CAF-expressed BMP4 in regulation of self-renewal of oral-SLCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Venu Thatikonda
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Sandeep Singh
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India.
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71
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Targeting cancer stem cells and their niche: perspectives for future therapeutic targets and strategies. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 53:139-155. [PMID: 30081228 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A small subpopulation of cells within the bulk of tumors share features with somatic stem cells, in that, they are capable of self-renewal, they differentiate, and are highly resistant to conventional therapy. These cells have been referred to as cancer stem cells (CSCs). Recent reports support the central importance of a cancer stem cell-like niche that appears to help foster the generation and maintenance of CSCs. In response to signals provided by this microenvironment, CSCs express the tumorigenic characteristics that can drive tumor metastasis by the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) that in turn fosters the migration and recolonization of the cells as secondary tumors within metastatic niches. We summarize here recent advances in cancer stem cell research including the characterization of their genetic and epigenetic features, metabolic specialities, and crosstalk with aging-associated processes. Potential strategies for targeting CSCs, and their niche, by regulating CSCs plasticity, or therapeutic sensitivity is discussed. Finally, it is hoped that new strategies and related therapeutic approaches as outlined here may help prevent the formation of the metastatic niche, as well as counter tumor progression and metastatic growth.
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72
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Cha YJ, Jung WH, Koo JS. Site-specific expression of amine oxidases in breast cancer metastases. Tumour Biol 2018; 40:1010428318776822. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428318776822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the expression of amine oxidase-related proteins in metastatic breast cancer tissue and determine its clinical implication. A tissue microarray was constructed from a total of 126 metastatic breast tumors (31 bone metastases (24.6%), 36 brain metastases (28.6%), 11 liver metastases (8.7%), and 48 lung metastases (38.1%)). Immunohistochemical staining for amine oxidase-related proteins (lysyl oxidase, diamine oxidase, and monoamine oxidase A and B) was performed. In metastatic breast cancer tissue, lysyl oxidase ( p = 0.001), tumoral diamine oxidase ( p = 0.003), stromal diamine oxidase ( p = 0.047), and stromal monoamine oxidase B ( p = 0.002) were differentially expressed in different metastatic sites. Bone metastases showed low expression of lysyl oxidase, tumoral diamine oxidase, and stromal diamine oxidase. We observed high expression of lysyl oxidase in brain metastases, tumoral diamine oxidase in liver metastases, stromal diamine oxidase in lung metastases, and stromal monoamine oxidase B in bone metastases. Lysyl oxidase positivity was associated with progesterone receptor negativity ( p = 0.001), and monoamine oxidase A positivity was associated with human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 negativity ( p = 0.003) and the luminal A subtype ( p = 0.003). On univariate analysis shorter overall survival was associated with stromal diamine oxidase negativity ( p = 0.008), especially in lung metastases ( p = 0.025), and stromal monoamine oxidase B positivity ( p < 0.001). Stromal monoamine oxidase B positivity was an independent prognostic factor for shorter overall survival in multivariate Cox analysis (hazard ratio, 4.069; 95% confidence interval, 1.649–10.04; p = 0.002). Finally, in metastatic breast cancer, amine oxidase-related proteins were differentially expressed in a manner specific to metastatic site, and stromal monoamine oxidase B expression was correlated with prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jin Cha
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo Hee Jung
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ja Seung Koo
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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73
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McCarthy JB, El-Ashry D, Turley EA. Hyaluronan, Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and the Tumor Microenvironment in Malignant Progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:48. [PMID: 29868579 PMCID: PMC5951929 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the roles of CAFs in forming a “cancerized” fibrotic stroma favorable to tumor initiation and dissemination, in particular highlighting the functions of the extracellular matrix component hyaluronan (HA) in these processes. The structural complexity of the tumor and its host microenvironment is now well appreciated to be an important contributing factor to malignant progression and resistance-to-therapy. There are multiple components of this complexity, which include an extensive remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and associated biomechanical changes in tumor stroma. Tumor stroma is often fibrotic and rich in fibrillar type I collagen and hyaluronan (HA). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major source of this fibrotic ECM. CAFs organize collagen fibrils and these biomechanical alterations provide highways for invading carcinoma cells either under the guidance of CAFs or following their epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). The increased HA metabolism of a tumor microenvironment instructs carcinoma initiation and dissemination by performing multiple functions. The key effects of HA reviewed here are its role in activating CAFs in pre-malignant and malignant stroma, and facilitating invasion by promoting motility of both CAFs and tumor cells, thus facilitating their invasion. Circulating CAFs (cCAFs) also form heterotypic clusters with circulating tumor cells (CTC), which are considered to be pre-cursors of metastatic colonies. cCAFs are likely required for extravasation of tumors cells and to form a metastatic niche suitable for new tumor colony growth. Therapeutic interventions designed to target both HA and CAFs in order to limit tumor spread and increase response to current therapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B McCarthy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Dorraya El-Ashry
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Eva A Turley
- London Regional Cancer Program, Department of Oncology, Biochemistry and Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Lawson Health Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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74
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Waters DW, Blokland KEC, Pathinayake PS, Burgess JK, Mutsaers SE, Prele CM, Schuliga M, Grainge CL, Knight DA. Fibroblast senescence in the pathology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 315:L162-L172. [PMID: 29696986 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00037.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic fibrosing interstitial pneumonia of unknown cause with a median survival of only three years. Little is known about the mechanisms that precede the excessive collagen deposition seen in IPF, but cellular senescence has been strongly implicated in disease pathology. Senescence is a state of irreversible cell-cycle arrest accompanied by an abnormal secretory profile and is thought to play a critical role in both development and wound repair. Normally, once a senescent cell has contributed to wound repair, it is promptly removed from the environment via infiltrating immune cells. However, if immune clearance fails, the persistence of senescent cells is thought to drive disease pathology through their altered secretory profile. One of the major cell types involved in wound healing is fibroblasts, and senescent fibroblasts have been identified in the lungs of patients with IPF and in fibroblast cultures from IPF lungs. The question of what is driving abnormally high numbers of fibroblasts into senescence remains unanswered. The transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) plays a role in a myriad of processes, including cell-cycle progression, gene transcription, as well as mitochondrial respiration, all of which are dysregulated during senescence. Activation of STAT3 has previously been shown to correlate with IPF progression and therefore is a potential molecular target to modify early-stage senescence and restore normal fibroblast function. This review summarizes what is presently known about fibroblast senescence in IPF and how STAT3 may contribute to this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Waters
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle , Callaghan , Australia
| | - Kaj E C Blokland
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD , Groningen , The Netherlands.,Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle , Callaghan , Australia
| | - Prabuddha S Pathinayake
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Janette K Burgess
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Steven E Mutsaers
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia , Nedlands, Western Australia , Australia.,Institute for Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia , Nedlands, Western Australia , Australia
| | - Cecilia M Prele
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia , Nedlands, Western Australia , Australia.,Institute for Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia , Nedlands, Western Australia , Australia
| | - Michael Schuliga
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Christopher L Grainge
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle , Callaghan , Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle , Callaghan , Australia
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75
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Hanley CJ, Mellone M, Ford K, Thirdborough SM, Mellows T, Frampton SJ, Smith DM, Harden E, Szyndralewiez C, Bullock M, Noble F, Moutasim KA, King EV, Vijayanand P, Mirnezami AH, Underwood TJ, Ottensmeier CH, Thomas GJ. Targeting the Myofibroblastic Cancer-Associated Fibroblast Phenotype Through Inhibition of NOX4. J Natl Cancer Inst 2018; 110:4060751. [PMID: 28922779 PMCID: PMC5903651 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djx121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are tumor-promoting and correlate with poor survival in many cancers, which has led to their emergence as potential therapeutic targets. However, effective methods to manipulate these cells clinically have yet to be developed. Methods CAF accumulation and prognostic significance in head and neck cancer (oral, n = 260; oropharyngeal, n = 271), and colorectal cancer (n = 56) was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Mechanisms regulating fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation were investigated in vitro using RNA interference/pharmacological inhibitors followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, and functional assays. RNA sequencing/bioinformatics and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze NAD(P)H Oxidase-4 (NOX4) expression in different human tumors. NOX4's role in CAF-mediated tumor progression was assessed in vitro, using CAFs from multiple tissues in Transwell and organotypic culture assays, and in vivo, using xenograft (n = 9-15 per group) and isograft (n = 6 per group) tumor models. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results Patients with moderate/high levels of myofibroblastic-CAF had a statistically significant decrease in cancer-specific survival rates in each cancer type analyzed (hazard ratios [HRs] = 1.69-7.25, 95% confidence intervals [CIs] = 1.11 to 31.30, log-rank P ≤ .01). Fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation was dependent on a delayed phase of intracellular reactive oxygen species, generated by NOX4, across different anatomical sites and differentiation stimuli. A statistically significant upregulation of NOX4 expression was found in multiple human cancers (P < .001), strongly correlating with myofibroblastic-CAFs (r = 0.65-0.91, adjusted P < .001). Genetic/pharmacological inhibition of NOX4 was found to revert the myofibroblastic-CAF phenotype ex vivo (54.3% decrease in α-smooth muscle actin [α-SMA], 95% CI = 10.6% to 80.9%, P = .009), prevent myofibroblastic-CAF accumulation in vivo (53.2%-79.0% decrease in α-SMA across different models, P ≤ .02) and slow tumor growth (30.6%-64.0% decrease across different models, P ≤ .04). Conclusions These data suggest that pharmacological inhibition of NOX4 may have broad applicability for stromal targeting across cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Hanley
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Massimiliano Mellone
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Kirsty Ford
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Steve M Thirdborough
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Toby Mellows
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Steven J Frampton
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - David M Smith
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Elena Harden
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Marc Bullock
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Fergus Noble
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Karwan A Moutasim
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Emma V King
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Alex H Mirnezami
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Timothy J Underwood
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Gareth J Thomas
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
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76
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Abstract
Tumor endothelial cells (TEC) play an indispensible role in tumor growth and metastasis although much of the detailed mechanism still remains elusive. In this study we characterized and compared the global gene expression profiles of TECs and control ECs isolated from human breast cancerous tissues and reduction mammoplasty tissues respectively by single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Based on the qualified scRNA-seq libraries that we made, we found that 1302 genes were differentially expressed between these two EC phenotypes. Both principal component analysis (PCA) and heat map-based hierarchical clustering separated the cancerous versus control ECs as two distinctive clusters, and MetaCore disease biomarker analysis indicated that these differentially expressed genes are highly correlated with breast neoplasm diseases. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis software (GSEA) enriched these genes to extracellular matrix (ECM) signal pathways and highlighted 127 ECM-associated genes. External validation verified some of these ECM-associated genes are not only generally overexpressed in various cancer tissues but also specifically overexpressed in colorectal cancer ECs and lymphoma ECs. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that ECM-associated genes play pivotal roles in breast cancer EC biology and some of them could serve as potential TEC biomarkers for various cancers.
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77
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Sun WY, Choi J, Cha YJ, Koo JS. Evaluation of the Expression of Amine Oxidase Proteins in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122775. [PMID: 29261141 PMCID: PMC5751373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the expression of amine oxidase proteins in breast cancer and their clinical implications. We performed immunohistochemical staining of amine oxidase proteins (LOX, lysyl oxidase, AOC3, amine oxidase, MAOA, monoamine oxidase A, MAOB, monoamine oxidase B). Based on their hormone receptors, such as estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), and Ki-67 immunohistochemical staining, breast cancer was divided into four molecular subtypes: luminal A, luminal B, HER-2 type, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Luminal A was observed in 380 cases (49.4%), luminal B in 224 (29.1%), HER-2 type in 68 (8.8%), and TNBC in 98 (12.7%). Stromal AOC3, MAO-A, and MAO-B expression varied according to molecular subtypes. Stromal AOC3 expression was high in luminal B and HER-2 type and MAO-A expression was high in luminal A and luminal B (p < 0.001). MAO-B expression was higher in TNBC than in other subtypes (p = 0.020). LOX positivity was associated with high histological grade (p < 0.001) and high Ki-67 labeling index (LI) (p = 0.009), and stromal AOC3 positivity was associated with high histological grade (p = 0.001), high Ki-67 LI (p < 0.001), and HER-2 positivity (p = 0.002). MAO-A positivity was related to low histological grade (p < 0.001), ER positivity, PR positivity (p < 0.001), and low Ki-67 LI (p < 0.001). In univariate analysis, MAO-A positivity was related to short disease-free survival in HER-2 type (p = 0.013), AOC3 negativity was related to short disease-free survival and overall survival in ER-positive breast cancer, PR-positive breast cancer, HER-2-negative breast cancer, and lymph node metastasis. In conclusion, the expression of amine oxidase proteins varies depending on the molecular subtype of breast cancer. Stromal AOC3 expression was high in luminal B and HER-2 type, and MAO-A expression was high in luminal A and luminal B.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/enzymology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Monoamine Oxidase/genetics
- Monoamine Oxidase/metabolism
- Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase/genetics
- Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Young Sun
- Department of Surgery, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Cathololic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
| | - Junjeong Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon 21988, Korea.
| | - Yoon Jin Cha
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Ja Seung Koo
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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78
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Schosserer M, Grillari J, Breitenbach M. The Dual Role of Cellular Senescence in Developing Tumors and Their Response to Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2017; 7:278. [PMID: 29218300 PMCID: PMC5703792 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence describes an irreversible growth arrest characterized by distinct morphology, gene expression pattern, and secretory phenotype. The final or intermediate stages of senescence can be reached by different genetic mechanisms and in answer to different external and internal stresses. It has been maintained in the literature but never proven by clearcut experiments that the induction of senescence serves the evolutionary purpose of protecting the individual from development and growth of cancers. This hypothesis was recently scrutinized by new experiments and found to be partly true, but part of the gene activities now known to happen in senescence are also needed for cancer growth, leading to the view that senescence is a double-edged sword in cancer development. In current cancer therapy, cellular senescence is, on the one hand, intended to occur in tumor cells, as thereby the therapeutic outcome is improved, but might, on the other hand, also be induced unintentionally in non-tumor cells, causing inflammation, secondary tumors, and cancer relapse. Importantly, organismic aging leads to accumulation of senescent cells in tissues and organs of aged individuals. Senescent cells can occur transiently, e.g., during embryogenesis or during wound healing, with beneficial effects on tissue homeostasis and regeneration or accumulate chronically in tissues, which detrimentally affects the microenvironment by de- or transdifferentiation of senescent cells and their neighboring stromal cells, loss of tissue specific functionality, and induction of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, an increased secretory profile consisting of pro-inflammatory and tissue remodeling factors. These factors shape their surroundings toward a pro-carcinogenic microenvironment, which fuels the development of aging-associated cancers together with the accumulation of mutations over time. We are presenting an overview of well-documented stress situations and signals, which induce senescence. Among them, oncogene-induced senescence and stress-induced premature senescence are prominent. New findings about the role of senescence in tumor biology are critically reviewed with respect to new suggestions for cancer therapy leveraging genetic and pharmacological methods to prevent senescence or to selectively kill senescent cells in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schosserer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria.,Evercyte GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Breitenbach
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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79
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Modulation of the Senescence-Associated Inflammatory Phenotype in Human Fibroblasts by Olive Phenols. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112275. [PMID: 29084133 PMCID: PMC5713245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescent cells display an increase in the secretion of growth factors, inflammatory cytokines and proteolytic enzymes, termed the "senescence-associated-secretory-phenotype" (SASP), playing a major role in many age-related diseases. The phenolic compounds present in extra-virgin olive oil are inhibitors of oxidative damage and have been reported to play a protective role in inflammation-related diseases. Particularly, hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein are the most abundant and more extensively studied. Pre-senescent human lung (MRC5) and neonatal human dermal (NHDF) fibroblasts were used as cellular model to evaluate the effect of chronic (4-6 weeks) treatment with 1 μM hydroxytyrosol (HT) or 10 μM oleuropein aglycone (OLE) on senescence/inflammation markers. Both phenols were effective in reducing β-galactosidase-positive cell number and p16 protein expression. In addition, senescence/inflammation markers such as IL-6 and metalloprotease secretion, and Ciclooxigenase type 2 (COX-2) and α-smooth-actin levels were reduced by phenol treatments. In NHDF, COX-2 expression, Nuclear Factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) protein level and nuclear localization were augmented with culture senescence and decreased by OLE and HT treatment. Furthermore, the inflammatory effect of Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNFα) exposure was almost completely abolished in OLE- and HT-pre-treated NHDF. Thus, the modulation of the senescence-associated inflammatory phenotype might be an important mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of olive oil phenols.
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80
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Dourado MR, Guerra ENS, Salo T, Lambert DW, Coletta RD. Prognostic value of the immunohistochemical detection of cancer-associated fibroblasts in oral cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Pathol Med 2017; 47:443-453. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Rocha Dourado
- Department of Oral Diagnosis; School of Dentistry; University of Campinas; Piracicaba-SP Brazil
- Unit of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Medical Research Center Oulu; Oulu University Hospital; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | - Eliete N. S. Guerra
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology; Health Sciences Faculty; University of Brasília; Brasília Brazil
| | - Tuula Salo
- Department of Oral Diagnosis; School of Dentistry; University of Campinas; Piracicaba-SP Brazil
- Unit of Cancer Research and Translational Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; Medical Research Center Oulu; Oulu University Hospital; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Department of Pathology; Institute of Oral and Maxillofacial Disease; HUSLAB; Helsinki University Hospital; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Daniel W. Lambert
- Integrated Biosciences; School of Clinical Dentistry and Sheffield Cancer Centre; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Ricardo D. Coletta
- Department of Oral Diagnosis; School of Dentistry; University of Campinas; Piracicaba-SP Brazil
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81
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The Role of Tumor Microenvironment in Chemoresistance: To Survive, Keep Your Enemies Closer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071586. [PMID: 28754000 PMCID: PMC5536073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer and it continues to be a challenge in cancer treatment. Chemoresistance is influenced by genetic and epigenetic alterations which affect drug uptake, metabolism and export of drugs at the cellular levels. While most research has focused on tumor cell autonomous mechanisms of chemoresistance, the tumor microenvironment has emerged as a key player in the development of chemoresistance and in malignant progression, thereby influencing the development of novel therapies in clinical oncology. It is not surprising that the study of the tumor microenvironment is now considered to be as important as the study of tumor cells. Recent advances in technological and analytical methods, especially ‘omics’ technologies, has made it possible to identify specific targets in tumor cells and within the tumor microenvironment to eradicate cancer. Tumors need constant support from previously ‘unsupportive’ microenvironments. Novel therapeutic strategies that inhibit such microenvironmental support to tumor cells would reduce chemoresistance and tumor relapse. Such strategies can target stromal cells, proteins released by stromal cells and non-cellular components such as the extracellular matrix (ECM) within the tumor microenvironment. Novel in vitro tumor biology models that recapitulate the in vivo tumor microenvironment such as multicellular tumor spheroids, biomimetic scaffolds and tumor organoids are being developed and are increasing our understanding of cancer cell-microenvironment interactions. This review offers an analysis of recent developments on the role of the tumor microenvironment in the development of chemoresistance and the strategies to overcome microenvironment-mediated chemoresistance. We propose a systematic analysis of the relationship between tumor cells and their respective tumor microenvironments and our data show that, to survive, cancer cells interact closely with tumor microenvironment components such as mesenchymal stem cells and the extracellular matrix.
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Bryant D, Johnson A. Meeting report - Intercellular interactions in context: towards a mechanistic understanding of cells in organs. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2083-2085. [PMID: 28738319 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.205740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Company of Biologists held the workshop 'Intercellular interactions in context: towards a mechanistic understanding of cells in organs' at historic Wiston House in West Sussex, UK, 5-8 February 2017. The meeting brought together around 30 scientists from disparate backgrounds - yet with a common interest of how tissue morphogenesis occurs and its dysregulation leads to pathologies - to intensively discuss their latest research, the current state of the field, as well as any challenges for the future. This report summarises the concepts and challenges that arose as key questions for the fields of cell, cancer and developmental biology. By design of the organizers - Andrew Ewald (John Hopkins University, MA), John Wallingford (University of Texas at Austin, TX) and Peter Friedl (Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands) - the attendee makeup was cross-sectional: both in terms of career stage and scientific background. This intermingling was mirrored in the workshop format; all participants - irrespective of career stage - were given equal speaking and question time, and all early-career researchers also chaired a session, which promoted an atmosphere for discussions that were open, egalitarian and supportive. This was particularly evident in the scheduled 'out-of-the-box' sessions, which provided an avenue for participants to raise ideas and concepts or to discuss specific problems they wanted feedback or clarification on. In the following, rather than act as court reporters and convey chronological accounting of presentations, we present the questions that arose from the workshop and should be posed to the field at large, by discussing the presentations as they relate to these concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bryant
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute and Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Aaron Johnson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217, USA
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