51
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Liu Y, Li F, Gao F, Xing L, Qin P, Liang X, Zhang J, Qiao X, Lin L, Zhao Q, Du L. Periostin promotes tumor angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer via Erk/VEGF signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 7:40148-40159. [PMID: 27223086 PMCID: PMC5129999 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PaC) consists of a bulk of stroma cells which contribute to tumor progression by releasing angiogenic factors. Recent studies have found that periostin (POSTN) is closely associate with the metastatic potential and prognosis of PaC. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of POSTN in tumor angiogenesis and explore the precise mechanisms. In this study, we used lentiviral shRNA and human recombinant POSTN protein (rPOSTN) to negatively and positively regulate POSTN expression in vitro. We found that increased POSTN expression promoted the tubule formation dependent on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Moreover, knockdown of POSTN in PaC cells reduced tumor growth and VEGF expression in vivo. In accordance with these observations, we found that Erk phosphorylation and its downstream VEGF expression were upregulated achieved in rPOSTN-treated groups, opposing results were obversed in POSTN-slienced group. Meanwhile, Erk inhibitor SCH772984 significantly decreased VEGF expression as well as tubule formation of HUVECs in rPOSTN-treated PaC cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that POSTN promotes tumor angiogenesis via Erk/VEGF signaling in PaC and POSTN may be a new target for cancer anti-vascular treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Lingxi Xing
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Peng Qin
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xingxin Liang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Jiajie Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Xiaohui Qiao
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Lizhou Lin
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis and National Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lianfang Du
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
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52
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Diana A, Wang LM, D'Costa Z, Allen P, Azad A, Silva MA, Soonawalla Z, Liu S, McKenna WG, Muschel RJ, Fokas E. Prognostic value, localization and correlation of PD-1/PD-L1, CD8 and FOXP3 with the desmoplastic stroma in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:40992-41004. [PMID: 27329602 PMCID: PMC5173037 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the prognostic value of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) together with CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and FOXP3+ Tregs in resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) samples treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Whole-mount FFPE tissue sections from 145 pancreatectomies were immunohistochemically stained for PD-1, PD-L1, CD8 and FOXP3. Their expression was correlated with clinicopathological characteristics, and overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), local progression-free survival (LPFS) and distant metastases free-survival (DMFS), in the context of stroma density (haematoxylin-eosin) and activity (alpha-smooth muscle actin) and in regard to intratumoral lymphoid aggregates. The median OS was 21 months after a mean follow-up of 20 months (range, 2-69 months). In multivariate analysis, high PD-1+ TILs expression was associated with better OS (p = 0.049), LPFS (p = 0.017) and DMFS (p = 0.021). Similar findings were observed for CD8+ TILs, whereas FOXP3 and PD-L1 lacked prognostic significance. Although TIL distribution was heterogeneous, tumors of high stroma density had higher infiltration of CD8+ TILs than loose density stroma and vice versa (p < 0.001), whereas no correlation was found with stromal activity. Sixty (41.4%) tumors contained lymphoid aggregates and the presence of PD-1+ TILs was associated with better OS (p = 0.030), LPFS (p = 0.025) and DMFS (p = 0.033), whereas CD8+ TILs only correlated with superior LPFS (p = 0.039). PD-1+ and CD8+ TILs constitute independent prognostic markers in patients with PDAC treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Our study provides important insight on the role of PD-1/PD-L1 in the context of desmoplastic stroma and could help guide future immunotherapies in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Diana
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lai Mun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Oxford University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Zenobia D'Costa
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Allen
- Department of Pathology, Oxford University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Abul Azad
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael A Silva
- Department of Surgery, Oxford University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Zahir Soonawalla
- Department of Surgery, Oxford University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Stanley Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - W Gillies McKenna
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruth J Muschel
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emmanouil Fokas
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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53
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Lian Y, Li Z, Fan Y, Huang Q, Chen J, Liu W, Xiao C, Xu H. The lncRNA-HOXA-AS2/EZH2/LSD1 oncogene complex promotes cell proliferation in pancreatic cancer. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:5496-5506. [PMID: 29312501 PMCID: PMC5752899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence have indicated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in cancer development and progression. Previous studies have suggested that lncRNA-HOXA cluster antisense RNA 2 (HOXA-AS2) is involved in tumorigenesis of several cancers. However, little is known about the alteration and biological functions of HOXA-AS2 in pancreatic cancer (PC). The purpose of this study is to identify the role of HOXA-AS2 in PC. Here, we provided evidence that lncRNA HOXA-AS2 was up-regulated in PC tissues. In addition, Loss-of-function experiments revealed that HOXA-AS2 knockdown effectively suppressed proliferation by blocking the cell cycle transition and caused apoptosis of PC cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we found that HOXA-AS2 directly interacted with enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), which promoted PC cell growth ability. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that lncRNA-HOXA-AS2/EZH2/LSD1 complex may function as an oncogene in PC cell proliferation, and also provides a potential therapy target for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Lian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaohua Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanyun Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingwen Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenming Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuanxing Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Institute for Microbial Ecology, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongzhi Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, People’s Republic of China
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54
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Pancreatic Cancer: Molecular Characterization, Clonal Evolution and Cancer Stem Cells. Biomedicines 2017; 5:biomedicines5040065. [PMID: 29156578 PMCID: PMC5744089 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5040065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death and is the most lethal of common malignancies with a five-year survival rate of <10%. PDAC arises from different types of non-invasive precursor lesions: intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, mucinous cystic neoplasms and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia. The genetic landscape of PDAC is characterized by the presence of four frequently-mutated genes: KRAS, CDKN2A, TP53 and SMAD4. The development of mouse models of PDAC has greatly contributed to the understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms through which driver genes contribute to pancreatic cancer development. Particularly, oncogenic KRAS-driven genetically-engineered mouse models that phenotypically and genetically recapitulate human pancreatic cancer have clarified the mechanisms through which various mutated genes act in neoplasia induction and progression and have led to identifying the possible cellular origin of these neoplasias. Patient-derived xenografts are increasingly used for preclinical studies and for the development of personalized medicine strategies. The studies of the purification and characterization of pancreatic cancer stem cells have suggested that a minority cell population is responsible for initiation and maintenance of pancreatic adenocarcinomas. The study of these cells could contribute to the identification and clinical development of more efficacious drug treatments.
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55
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Molecular subtype specific efficacy of MEK inhibitors in pancreatic cancers. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185687. [PMID: 28957417 PMCID: PMC5619833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an increasing cause of cancer related death worldwide. KRAS is the dominant oncogene in this cancer type and molecular rationale would indicate, that inhibitors of the downstream target MEK could be appropriate targeted agents, but clinical trials have failed so far to achieve statistically significant benefit in unselected patients. We aimed to identify predictive molecular biomarkers that can help to define subgroups where MEK inhibitors might be beneficial alone or in combination. Next-generation sequencing data of 50 genes in three pancreatic cancer cell lines (MiaPaCa2, BxPC3 and Panc1) were analyzed and compared to the molecular profile of 138 clinical pancreatic cancer samples to identify the molecular subtypes of pancreatic cancer these cell lines represent. Luminescent cell viability assay was used to determine the sensitivity of cell lines to kinase inhibitors. Western blot was used to analyze the pathway activity of the examined cell lines. According to our cell viability and pathway activity data on these model cell lines only cells harboring the rare G12C KRAS mutation and low EGFR expression are sensitive to single MEK inhibitor (trametinib) treatment. The common G12D KRAS mutation leads to elevated baseline Akt activity, thus treatment with single MEK inhibitors fails. However, combination of MEK and Akt inhibitors are synergistic in this case. In case of wild-type KRAS and high EGFR expression MEK inhibitor induced Akt phosphorylation leads to trametinib resistance which necessitates for MEK and EGFR or Akt inhibitor combination treatment. In all we provide strong preclinical rational and possible molecular mechanism to revisit MEK inhibitor therapy in pancreatic cancer in both monotherapy and combination, based on molecular profile analysis of pancreatic cancer samples and cell lines. According to our most remarkable finding, a small subgroup of patients with G12C KRAS mutation may still benefit from MEK inhibitor monotherapy.
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56
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Guan Z, Lan H, Chen X, Jiang X, Wang X, Jin K. Individualized drug screening based on next generation sequencing and patient derived xenograft model for pancreatic cancer with bone metastasis. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:4784-4790. [PMID: 28849200 PMCID: PMC5647100 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of traditional chemoradiotherapies for pancreatic cancer remains limited, and no effective targeted therapies or screening tests are currently available. Therefore more individualized drug screening is warranted for the clinical treatment of pancreatic cancer. A patient‑derived xenograft (PDX) model of pancreatic cancer bone metastasis was established, and next‑generation sequencing (NGS) was used to investigate the molecular characteristics of the cancer and screen for potential drugs. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to validate that the PDX retained the molecular characteristics from the patient. Using NGS technology, 13 pancreatic‑cancer‑associated polymorphisms/mutations were identified out of 416 genes sequenced. Based on the sequencing results and associated literatures, AZD6244, a highly selective inhibitor against mitogen‑activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1), was chosen as a potential therapy. AZD6244, a highly selective MEK1 inhibitor, was evaluated as effective for the pancreatic cancer PDX model, and thus may provide potential efficacy in the clinical treatment of the patient with pancreatic cancer investigated in the present study. The feasibility of the novel NGS‑PDX based drug‑screening pattern was demonstrated, and has a potential to improve individua-lized treatment for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghai Guan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China
| | - Huanrong Lan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China
| | - Xiangheng Chen
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Chansha, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Jiang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xuanwei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The 1st Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Ketao Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China
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57
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Cheng H, Liu C, Jiang J, Luo G, Lu Y, Jin K, Guo M, Zhang Z, Xu J, Liu L, Ni Q, Yu X. Analysis of ctDNA to predict prognosis and monitor treatment responses in metastatic pancreatic cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2017; 140:2344-2350. [PMID: 28205231 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell-free circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in plasma has been used as a potential noninvasive biomarker for various tumors. Our study was performed to evaluate the clinical implications of ctDNA detection in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. First, we attempted to prospectively screen a panel of 60 genes in cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from ten metastatic pancreatic cancer patients via exome sequencing. Second, droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) was used to identify potential mutations in a cohort of 188 patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. Finally, to preliminary evaluate the potential role of ctDNA in monitoring tumor responses following chemotherapy, we detected the presence of ctDNA in serial plasma samples from 13 metastatic pancreatic cancer patients (Clinical trial: NCT02017015). The analysis revealed five somatic mutations at BRCA2, EGFR, KDR and ERBB2 gene loci. The frequencies of ctDNA mutation at BRCA2, KDR, EGFR, ERBB2 exon17 and ERBB2 exon27 were 11.7%, 13.8%, 13.3%, 13.3% and 6.4% respectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified the ERBB2 exon17 mutation (p = 0.035, HR = 1.61) as an independent factor associated with overall survival among metastatic pancreatic cancer patients. Furthermore, the rate of coincident detection of ctDNA and response to treatment as assessed by CT imaging was 76.9% (10 of 13 cases), and the presence of ctDNA provided the earliest measure of treatment in 6 of 10 patients (60%). ctDNA sequencing may have clinical value for determining metastatic pancreatic cancer treatment and monitoring the tumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Cheng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahao Jiang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Guopei Luo
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaizhou Jin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Guo
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Zhangjiang Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanxing Ni
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, No. 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
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58
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Liu L, Xu HX, Wang WQ, Wu CT, Xiang JF, Liu C, Long J, Xu J, Fu DL, Ni QX, Houchen CW, Postier RG, Li M, Yu XJ. Serum CA125 is a novel predictive marker for pancreatic cancer metastasis and correlates with the metastasis-associated burden. Oncotarget 2017; 7:5943-56. [PMID: 26745601 PMCID: PMC4868732 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated potential of serum tumor markers to predict the incidence and intensity of pancreatic cancer metastasis as well as patient survival. Retrospective records from 905 patients and prospective data from 142 patients were collected from two high-volume institutions. The levels of eight serum tumor markers (CA19-9, CEA, CA242, CA72-4, CA50, CA125, CA153, and AFP) commonly used in gastroenterological cancer were analyzed in all stages of pancreatic cancer. Serum CA125 levels were the most strongly associated with pancreatic cancer metastasis and were higher in patients with metastatic disease than those without. CA125 levels increased with increasing metastasis to lymph nodes and distant organs, especially the liver. High baseline CA125 levels predicted early distant metastasis after pancreatectomy and were associated with the presence of occult metastasis before surgery. An optimal CA125 cut-off value of 18.4 U/mL was identified; patients with baseline CA125 levels of 18.4 U/mL or higher had poor surgical outcomes. In addition, high serum CA125 levels coincided with the expression of a metastasis-associated gene signature and with alterations in “driver” gene expression involved in pancreatic cancer metastasis. CA125 may therefore be a promising, noninvasive, metastasis-associated biomarker for monitoring pancreatic cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 20032, P.R. China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Xiang Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 20032, P.R. China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Quan Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 20032, P.R. China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Tao Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 20032, P.R. China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Feng Xiang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 20032, P.R. China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 20032, P.R. China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Long
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 20032, P.R. China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 20032, P.R. China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - De Liang Fu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Quan-Xing Ni
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 20032, P.R. China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Courtney W Houchen
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Russell G Postier
- Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.,Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Xian-Jun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 20032, P.R. China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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59
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Aboukameel A, Muqbil I, Senapedis W, Baloglu E, Landesman Y, Shacham S, Kauffman M, Philip PA, Mohammad RM, Azmi AS. Novel p21-Activated Kinase 4 (PAK4) Allosteric Modulators Overcome Drug Resistance and Stemness in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:76-87. [PMID: 28062705 PMCID: PMC5221563 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) is a key downstream effector of the Rho family GTPases and is found to be overexpressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells but not in normal human pancreatic ductal epithelia (HPDE). Gene copy number amplification studies in PDAC patient cohorts confirmed PAK4 amplification making it an attractive therapeutic target in PDAC. We investigated the antitumor activity of novel PAK4 allosteric modulators (PAM) on a panel of PDAC cell lines and chemotherapy-resistant flow-sorted PDAC cancer stem cells (CSC). The toxicity and efficacy of PAMs were evaluated in multiple subcutaneous mouse models of PDAC. PAMs (KPT-7523, KPT-7189, KPT-8752, KPT-9307, and KPT-9274) show antiproliferative activity in vitro against different PDAC cell lines while sparing normal HPDE. Cell growth inhibition was concurrent with apoptosis induction and suppression of colony formation in PDAC. PAMs inhibited proliferation and antiapoptotic signals downstream of PAK4. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed disruption of PAK4 complexes containing vimentin. PAMs disrupted CSC spheroid formation through suppression of PAK4. Moreover, PAMs synergize with gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in vitro KPT-9274, currently in a phase I clinical trial (clinicaltrials.gov; NCT02702492), possesses desirable pharmacokinetic properties and is well tolerated in mice with the absence of any signs of toxicity when 200 mg/kg daily is administered either intravenously or orally. KPT-9274 as a single agent showed remarkable antitumor activity in subcutaneous xenograft models of PDAC cell lines and CSCs. These proof-of-concept studies demonstrated the antiproliferative effects of novel PAMs in PDAC and warrant further clinical investigations. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(1); 76-87. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro Aboukameel
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Irfana Muqbil
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Philip A Philip
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ramzi M Mohammad
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan.
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Iguchi E, Safgren SL, Marks DL, Olson RL, Fernandez-Zapico ME. Pancreatic Cancer, A Mis-interpreter of the Epigenetic Language. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 89:575-590. [PMID: 28018146 PMCID: PMC5168833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the third leading cause of cancer mortality in the U.S. with close to 40,000 deaths per year. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents approximately 90 percent of all pancreatic cancer cases and is the most lethal form of the disease. Current therapies for PDAC are ineffective and most patients cannot be treated by surgical resection. Most research efforts have primarily focused on how genetic alterations cause, alter progression, contribute to diagnosis, and influence PDAC management. Over the past two decades, a model has been advanced of PDAC initiation and progression as a multi-step process driven by the acquisition of mutations leading to loss of tumor suppressors and activation of oncogenes. The recognition of the essential roles of these genetic alterations in the development of PDAC has revolutionized our knowledge of this disease. However, none of these findings have turned into effective treatment for this dismal malignancy. In recent years, studies in the areas of chromatin modifications, and non-coding RNAs have uncovered mechanisms for regulating gene expression which occur independently of genetic alterations. Chromatin-based mechanisms are interwoven with microRNA-driven regulation of protein translation to create an integrated epigenetic language, which is grossly dysregulated in PDAC. Thus in PDAC, key tumor suppressors that are well established to play a role in PDAC may be repressed, and oncogenes can be upregulated secondary to epigenetic alterations. Unlike mutations, epigenetic changes are potentially reversible. Given this feature of epigenetic mechanisms, it is conceivable that targeting epigenetic-based events promoting and maintaining PDAC could serve as foundation for the development of new therapeutic and diagnostic approaches for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Iguchi
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - David L. Marks
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rachel L. Olson
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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61
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Diana A, Wang LM, D'Costa Z, Azad A, Silva MA, Soonawalla Z, Allen P, Liu S, McKenna WG, Muschel RJ, Fokas E. Prognostic role and correlation of CA9, CD31, CD68 and CD20 with the desmoplastic stroma in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:72819-72832. [PMID: 27637082 PMCID: PMC5341946 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the prognostic value of hypoxia (carbonic anhydrase 9; CA9), vessel density (CD31), with macrophages (CD68) and B cells (CD20) that can interact and lead to immune suppression and disease progression using scanning and histological mapping of whole-mount FFPE pancreatectomy tissue sections from 141 primarily resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) samples treated with surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. Their expression was correlated with clinicopathological characteristics, and overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), local progression-free survival (LPFS) and distant metastases free-survival (DMFS), also in the context of stroma density (haematoxylin-eosin) and activity (alpha-smooth muscle actin). The median OS was 21 months after a mean follow-up of 20 months (range, 2-69 months). The median tumor surface area positive for CA9 and CD31 was 7.8% and 8.1%, respectively. Although total expression of these markers lacked prognostic value in the entire cohort, nevertheless, high tumor compartment CD68 expression correlated with worse PFS (p = 0.033) and DMFS (p = 0.047). Also, high CD31 expression predicted for worse OS (p = 0.004), PFS (p = 0.008), LPFS (p = 0.014) and DMFS (p = 0.004) in patients with moderate density stroma. High stromal and peripheral compartment CD68 expression predicted for significantly worse outcome in patients with loose and moderate stroma density, respectively. Altogether, in contrast to the current notion, hypoxia levels in PDAC appear to be comparable to other malignancies. CD31 and CD68 constitute prognostic markers in patient subgroups that vary according to tumor compartment and stromal density. Our study provides important insight on the pathophysiology of PDAC and should be exploited for future treatments.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD20/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Carbonic Anhydrase IX/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/mortality
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/therapy
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Female
- Humans
- Hypoxia/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Grading
- Neoplasm Staging
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/mortality
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/therapy
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- Survival Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Diana
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lai Mun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Oxford University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Zenobia D'Costa
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Abul Azad
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael A. Silva
- Department of Surgery, Oxford University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Zahir Soonawalla
- Department of Surgery, Oxford University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Allen
- Department of Pathology, Oxford University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Stanley Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - W. Gillies McKenna
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruth J. Muschel
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emmanouil Fokas
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Current Address: Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Su J, Wang L, Yin X, Zhao Z, Hou Y, Ye X, Zhou X, Wang Z. Rottlerin exhibits anti-cancer effect through inactivation of S phase kinase-associated protein 2 in pancreatic cancer cells. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:2178-2191. [PMID: 27822410 PMCID: PMC5088284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rottlerin, a natural product isolated from Mallotus philippinensis, has been characterized as an effective chemoprevention agent in inhibiting tumor cell growth. Although multiple studies have revealed the role of rottlerin in tumorigenesis, the molecular mechanism of rottlerin-mediated anti-tumor activity has not been fully elucidated. It has been reported that Skp2 (S-phase kinase associated protein 2) plays an oncogenic role in human malignancies, indicating that inactivation of Skp2 could be a promising approach for the treatment of cancers. Therefore, in this study, we aim to investigate whether rottlerin exhibits its anti-tumor activities via targeting Skp2 pathway in pancreatic cancer. We found that rottlerin inhibited cell growth, induced apoptosis, arrested cell cycle, and retarded cell invasion and migration. Notably, we observed that the expression of Skp2 was significantly decreased in rottlerin-treated pancreatic cancer cells. Importantly, overexpression of Skp2 abrogated the anti-tumor function induced by rottlerin in pancreatic cancer cells. Consistently, depletion of Skp2 promoted rottlerin-mediated inhibition of cell growth and invasion. Collectively, our study demonstrated that rottlerin could suppress Skp2 expression and subsequently exert its tumor suppressive function in pancreatic cancer cells, suggesting that rottlerin might be a potential therapeutic compound for treating pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingna Su
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215123, China
| | - Lixia Wang
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215123, China
| | - Xuyuan Yin
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215123, China
| | - Yingying Hou
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiantao Ye
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiuxia Zhou
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215123, China
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolMA 02215, USA
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63
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Jung J, Lee CH, Seol HS, Choi YS, Kim E, Lee EJ, Rhee JK, Singh SR, Jun ES, Han B, Hong SM, Kim SC, Chang S. Generation and molecular characterization of pancreatic cancer patient-derived xenografts reveals their heterologous nature. Oncotarget 2016; 7:62533-62546. [PMID: 27613834 PMCID: PMC5308744 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most challenging type of cancer to treat, with a 5-year survival rate of <10%. Furthermore, because of the large portion of the inoperable cases, it is difficult to obtain specimens to study the biology of the tumors. Therefore, a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model is an attractive option for preserving and expanding these tumors for translational research. Here we report the generation and characterization of 20 PDX models of PDAC. The success rate of the initial graft was 74% and most tumors were re-transplantable. Histological analysis of the PDXs and primary tumors revealed a conserved expression pattern of p53 and SMAD4; an exome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and Comprehensive Cancer Panel showed that PDXs retained over 94% of cancer-associated variants. In addition, Polyphen2 and the Sorting Intolerant from Tolerant (SIFT) prediction identified 623 variants among the functional SNPs, highlighting the heterologous nature of pancreatic PDXs; an analysis of 409 tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes in Comprehensive Cancer Panel revealed heterologous cancer gene mutation profiles for each PDX-primary tumor pair. Altogether, we expect these PDX models are a promising platform for screening novel therapeutic agents and diagnostic markers for the detection and eradication of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyun Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cue Hyunkyu Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyang Sook Seol
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon Sook Choi
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Ji Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je-Keun Rhee
- Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shree Ram Singh
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Eun Sung Jun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Buhm Han
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Mo Hong
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Song Cheol Kim
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suhwan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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64
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Gleeson FC, Kerr SE, Kipp BR, Voss JS, Minot DM, Tu ZJ, Henry MR, Graham RP, Vasmatzis G, Cheville JC, Lazaridis KN, Levy MJ. Targeted next generation sequencing of endoscopic ultrasound acquired cytology from ampullary and pancreatic adenocarcinoma has the potential to aid patient stratification for optimal therapy selection. Oncotarget 2016; 7:54526-54536. [PMID: 27203738 PMCID: PMC5342360 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Less than 10% of registered drug intervention trials for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) include a biomarker stratification strategy. The ability to identify distinct mutation subsets via endoscopic ultrasound fine needle aspiration (EUS FNA) molecular cytology could greatly aid clinical trial patient stratification and offer predictive markers. We identified chemotherapy treatment naïve ampullary adenocarcinoma and PDAC patients who underwent EUS FNA to assess multigene mutational frequency and diversity with a surgical resection concordance assessment, where available. METHODS Following strict cytology smear screening criteria, targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) using a 160 cancer gene panel was performed. RESULTS Complete sequencing was achieved in 29 patients, whereby 83 pathogenic alterations were identified in 21 genes. Cytology genotyping revealed that the majority of mutations were identified in KRAS (93%), TP53 (72%), SMAD4 (31%), and GNAS (10%). There was 100% concordance for the following pathogenic alterations: KRAS, TP53, SMAD4, KMT2D, NOTCH2, MSH2, RB1, SMARCA4, PPP2R1A, PIK3R1, SCL7A8, ATM, and FANCD2. Absolute multigene mutational concordance was 83%. Incremental cytology smear mutations in GRIN2A, GATA3 and KDM6A were identified despite re-examination of raw sequence reads in the corresponding resection specimens. CONCLUSIONS EUS FNA cytology genotyping using a 160 cancer gene NGS panel revealed a broad spectrum of pathogenic alterations. The fidelity of cytology genotyping to that of paired surgical resection specimens suggests that EUS FNA represents a suitable surrogate and may complement the conventional stratification criteria in decision making for therapies and may guide future biomarker driven therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferga C. Gleeson
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sarah E. Kerr
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Benjamin R. Kipp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jesse S. Voss
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Douglas M. Minot
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Zheng Jin Tu
- Division of Biomedical Statics & Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael R. Henry
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rondell P. Graham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - George Vasmatzis
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - John C. Cheville
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Konstantinos N. Lazaridis
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael J. Levy
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
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65
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Stewart DJ, Batist G, Kantarjian HM, Bradford JP, Schiller JH, Kurzrock R. The Urgent Need for Clinical Research Reform to Permit Faster, Less Expensive Access to New Therapies for Lethal Diseases. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 21:4561-8. [PMID: 26473192 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High costs of complying with drug development regulations slow progress and contribute to high drug prices and, hence, mounting health care costs. If it is exorbitantly expensive to bring new therapies to approval, fewer agents can be developed with available resources, impeding the emergence of urgently needed treatments and escalating prices by limiting competition. Excessive regulation produces numerous speed bumps on the road to drug authorization. Although an explosion of knowledge could fuel rapid advances, progress has been slowed worldwide by inefficient regulatory and clinical research systems that limit access to therapies that prolong life and relieve suffering. We must replace current compliance-centered regulation (appropriate for nonlethal diseases like acne) with "progress-centered regulation" in lethal diseases, where the overarching objective must be rapid, inexpensive development of effective new therapies. We need to (i) reduce expensive, time-consuming preclinical toxicology and pharmacology assessments, which add little value; (ii) revamp the clinical trial approval process to make it fast and efficient; (iii) permit immediate multiple-site trial activation when an eligible patient is identified ("just-in-time" activation); (iv) reduce the requirement for excessive, low-value documentation; (v) replace this excessive documentation with sensible postmarketing surveillance; (vi) develop pragmatic investigator accreditation; (vii) where it is to the benefit of the patient, permit investigators latitude in deviating from protocols, without requiring approved amendments; (viii) confirm the value of predictive biomarkers before requiring the high costs of IDE/CLIA compliance; and (ix) approve agents based on high phase I-II response rates in defined subpopulations, rather than mandating expensive, time-consuming phase III trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Stewart
- The University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Gerald Batist
- Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - John-Peter Bradford
- Bradford Bachinski Limited and the Life Saving Therapies Network, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joan H Schiller
- The University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX and Free to Breathe
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, California
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66
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Egeli U, Ak S, Cecener G, Tunca B, Tezcan G, Sevinc ED, Kaya E, Dundar HZ, Sarkut P, Ozen Y, Balcin O, Evrensel T, Yerci O, Ugras N. Impact of 3'UTR variation patterns of the KRAS gene on the aggressiveness of pancreatobiliary tumors with the KRAS G13D mutation in a Turkish population. Pancreatology 2016; 16:677-86. [PMID: 27256640 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several studies have demonstrated the importance of mutations in codons 12, 13 and 61 and variations in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of the KRAS gene, frequently observed genetic events in the progression of pancreatobiliary tumors (PBT). However, limited data exist on the clinical effect of these alterations. The aim of the current study was to clarify the frequency of relevant alterations of the 3'UTR regions of the KRAS gene and the effect of KRAS 3'UTR polymorphisms on the prognosis of patients with codon 12, 13 and 61 mutations in a Turkish population with PBT. METHODS Codons 12, 13, and 61 and 3'UTRs of the KRAS gene were screened by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and DNA sequencing in 43 patients and 10 controls. Chi-squared and independent sample T tests were used to evaluate the results of the mutation analysis and clinical features of the patients. RESULTS We defined the c.38G > A (rs112445441, p.G13D) (39.54%) mutation and two 3'UTR variations, c.*4066delA (rs560890523) (23.26%) and c.*4065_*4066delAA (rs57698689) (6.98%), in the KRAS gene of Turkish patients. There was a statistically significant relationship between the c.*4066delA (rs560890523) and c.*4065_*4066delAA (rs57698689) variations and invasion and lymph node metastasis status of the patients (p < 0.001). Compared to patients with c.38G > A (rs112445441, p.G13D), patients with c.*4066delA (rs560890523) and c.38G > A (rs112445441, p.G13D) presented more aggressive tumors with highly invasive features. The present study contributes findings regarding the clinical effects of KRAS alterations in PBT. Based on our study, further investigations are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unal Egeli
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Secil Ak
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Gulsah Cecener
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Berrin Tunca
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Gulcin Tezcan
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | | | - Ekrem Kaya
- Department of General Surgery, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Halit Ziya Dundar
- Department of General Surgery, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Pinar Sarkut
- Department of General Surgery, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Yilmaz Ozen
- Department of General Surgery, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ozkan Balcin
- Department of General Surgery, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Turkkan Evrensel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Omer Yerci
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Ugras
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
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Johnson B, Vanderwalde A, Javadi N, Feldman R, Reddy SB. Molecular profiling of a case of advanced pancreatic cancer identifies an active and tolerable combination of targeted therapy with backbone chemotherapy. J Gastrointest Oncol 2016; 7:E6-E12. [PMID: 27034805 PMCID: PMC4783749 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2015.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Typical survival with common 1(st)-line regimens for pancreatic cancer range from 6-11 months. We report a case of a patient with stage IVB pancreatic adenocarcinoma treated with gemcitabine and erlotinib who stopped therapy after 3 months without achieving a response due to intolerance. To decide upon additional treatment options, molecular analysis was performed on liver metastasis which revealed KRAS, FBXW7, APC, and ATM mutations, with thymidylate synthase (TS) negativity and PD-1 positivity. Based on this profile of TS negativity and ATM mutation, a combination strategy was devised consisting of capecitabine, oxaliplatin, bevacizumab and vorinostat. The patient had a near complete response to therapy with this regimen. In refractory metastatic pancreatic cancer, responses of this magnitude are rarely seen. To our knowledge, this represents the first demonstrated activity of this combination in the metastatic setting which could prompt further investigation of its use in large scale clinical trials.
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Nussinov R, Muratcioglu S, Tsai CJ, Jang H, Gursoy A, Keskin O. K-Ras4B/calmodulin/PI3Kα: A promising new adenocarcinoma-specific drug target? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:831-42. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1135131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Serena Muratcioglu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Chung-Jung Tsai
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Attila Gursoy
- Department of Computer Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Keskin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
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69
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Bournet B, Buscail C, Muscari F, Cordelier P, Buscail L. Targeting KRAS for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of pancreatic cancer: Hopes and realities. Eur J Cancer 2016; 54:75-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wang LM, Silva MA, D'Costa Z, Bockelmann R, Soonawalla Z, Liu S, O'Neill E, Mukherjee S, McKenna WG, Muschel R, Fokas E. The prognostic role of desmoplastic stroma in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:4183-94. [PMID: 26716653 PMCID: PMC4826198 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by an abundant desmoplastic stroma. We examined the prognostic value of stroma density and activity in patients with resectable PDAC treated with surgery and adjuvant gemcitabine-based chemotherapy. FFPE-tissue from the pancreatectomy of 145 patients was immunohistochemically stained for haematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome to assess stroma density, and alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression for activated pancreatic stellate cells. Their expression was correlated with clinicopathological characteristics as well as overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), local progression-free survival (LPFS) and distant metastases free-survival (DMFS). After a mean follow-up of 20 months (range, 2-69 months), the median OS was 21 months and the 3-year OS was 35.7%. In multivariate analysis, highly-dense stroma was an independent prognostic parameter for OS (p = 0.001), PFS (p = 0.007), LPFS (p = 0.001) and DMFS (p = 0.002), while αSMA expression lacked significance. Interestingly, highly-dense stroma retained significance for the four clinical endpoints only in early (pT1-2) but not late (pT3-4) stage tumors. Additionally, late pT-stage (pT3-4), the presence of lymph node metastases (pN+ vs pN0), perineural/neural invasion and administration of adjuvant chemotherapy also correlated with prognosis in multivariate analysis. Altogether, stroma density constitutes an independent prognostic marker in PDAC patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Our findings highlight the dynamic complexity of desmoplasia and indicate that highly-dense stroma is correlated with better outcome. Further validation of the prognostic value of stroma as a biomarker and its role in PDAC patients after adjuvant chemotherapy is warranted and will be performed in a prospective study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Mun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Oxford University Hospital NHS Trust, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael A. Silva
- Department of Surgery, Oxford University Hospital NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Zenobia D'Costa
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robin Bockelmann
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zahir Soonawalla
- Department of Surgery, Oxford University Hospital NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Stanley Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eric O'Neill
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Somnath Mukherjee
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - W. Gillies McKenna
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruth Muschel
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emmanouil Fokas
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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71
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Lee H, Wang K, Johnson A, Jones DM, Ali SM, Elvin JA, Yelensky R, Lipson D, Miller VA, Stephens PJ, Javle M, Ross JS. Comprehensive genomic profiling of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma reveals a long tail of therapeutic targets. J Clin Pathol 2015; 69:403-8. [PMID: 26500333 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2015-203394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM We queried whether extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma featured clinically relevant genomic alterations that could lead to targeted therapy. METHODS Comprehensive genomic profiling by hybridisation capture of up to 315 genes was performed on 99 clinically advanced extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. RESULTS There were 60 male and 39 female patients with a median age of 60.5 years. A total of 400 alterations were identified (mean 4.0; range 0-13) in 84 genes. Eighty-two (83%) of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients featured at least one clinically relevant genomic alterations including KRAS (43%); ERBB2 (9%), PTEN (7%); ATM and NF1 (6%) and CCND1, FBXW7, GNAS, MDM2 and NRAS (all at 5%). BRAF, BRCA2, CDK4, CDK6, FGFR1, FGFR3, PTCH1, RAF1 and STK11 were each altered in a single patient. No IDH1/2 mutations or FGFR2 gene fusions were identified. CONCLUSIONS Comprehensive genomic profiling of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma differs significantly from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and reveals diverse opportunities for the use of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwajeong Lee
- Department of Pathology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - David M Jones
- Department of Pathology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Siraj M Ali
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julia A Elvin
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roman Yelensky
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Doron Lipson
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Milind Javle
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Ross
- Department of Pathology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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72
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Payne SN, Maher ME, Tran NH, Van De Hey DR, Foley TM, Yueh AE, Leystra AA, Pasch CA, Jeffrey JJ, Clipson L, Matkowskyj KA, Deming DA. PIK3CA mutations can initiate pancreatic tumorigenesis and are targetable with PI3K inhibitors. Oncogenesis 2015; 4:e169. [PMID: 26436951 PMCID: PMC4632089 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2015.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrations in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway have a key role in the pathogenesis of numerous cancers by altering cell growth, metabolism, proliferation and apoptosis. Interest in targeting the PI3K signaling cascade continues, as new agents are being clinically evaluated. PIK3CA mutations result in a constitutively active PI3K and are present in a subset of pancreatic cancers. Here we examine mutant PIK3CA-mediated pancreatic tumorigenesis and the response of PIK3CA mutant pancreatic cancers to dual PI3K/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition. Two murine models were generated expressing a constitutively active PI3K within the pancreas. An increase in acinar-to-ductal metaplasia and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasms (PanINs) was identified. In one model these lesions were detected as early as 10 days of age. Invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma developed in these mice as early as 20 days of age. These cancers were highly sensitive to treatment with dual PI3K/mTOR inhibition. In the second model, PanINs and invasive cancer develop with a greater latency owing to a lesser degree of PI3K pathway activation in this murine model. In addition to PI3K pathway activation, increased ERK1/2 signaling is common in human pancreatic cancers. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was also investigated in these models. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 is demonstrated in the pre-neoplastic lesions and invasive cancers. This activation of ERK1/2 is diminished with dual PI3K/mTOR inhibition. In summary, PIK3CA mutations can initiate pancreatic tumorigenesis and these cancers are particularly sensitive to dual PI3K/mTOR inhibition. Future studies of PI3K pathway inhibitors for patients with PIK3CA mutant pancreatic cancers are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Payne
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - M E Maher
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - N H Tran
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - D R Van De Hey
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - T M Foley
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - A E Yueh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - A A Leystra
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - C A Pasch
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J J Jeffrey
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - L Clipson
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - K A Matkowskyj
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- William S Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - D A Deming
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- William S Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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73
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Wang H, Maitra A, Wang H. The emerging roles of F-box proteins in pancreatic tumorigenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 36:88-94. [PMID: 26384530 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The role of F-box proteins in pancreatic tumorigenesis is emerging owing to their pivotal and indispensable roles in cell differentiation, cell cycle regulation and proliferation. In this review, we will focus on β-TrCP (β-transducin repeat-containing protein) and two other prototypical mammalian F-box proteins, Fbxw7 and Fbxw8, in pancreatic tumorigenesis and progression. We will highlight the functions and regulation of these F-box proteins, their respective substrates and cross-talks with other key signaling pathways, such as the Ras-Raf-Mek-Erk, Hedgehog, NFκB, TGF-β, Myc and HPK1 signaling pathways in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, United States; Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Huamin Wang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, United States; Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, United States.
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Obeid J, Hu Y, Slingluff CL. Vaccines, Adjuvants, and Dendritic Cell Activators--Current Status and Future Challenges. Semin Oncol 2015; 42:549-61. [PMID: 26320060 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines offer a low-toxicity approach to induce anticancer immune responses. They have shown promise for clinical benefit with one cancer vaccine approved in the United States for advanced prostate cancer. As other immune therapies are now clearly effective for treatment of advanced cancers of many histologies, there is renewed enthusiasm for optimizing cancer vaccines for use to prevent recurrence in early-stage cancers and/or to combine with other immune therapies for therapy of advanced cancers. Future advancements in vaccine therapy will involve the identification and selection of effective antigen formulations, optimization of adjuvants, dendritic cell (DC) activation, and combination therapies. In this summary we present the current practice, the broad collection of challenges, and the promising future directions of vaccine therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Obeid
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Yinin Hu
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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