Measurement of the Positive Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment to 0.20 ppm

We present a new measurement of the positive muon magnetic anomaly, a_{μ}≡(g_{μ}-2)/2, from the Fermilab Muon g-2 Experiment using data collected in 2019 and 2020. We have analyzed more than 4 times the number of positrons from muon decay than in our previous result from 2018 data. The systematic error is reduced by more than a factor of 2 due to better running conditions, a more stable beam, and improved knowledge of the magnetic field weighted by the muon distribution, ω[over ˜]_{p}^{'}, and of the anomalous precession frequency corrected for beam dynamics effects, ω_{a}. From the ratio ω_{a}/ω[over ˜]_{p}^{'}, together with precisely determined external parameters, we determine a_{μ}=116 592 057(25)×10^{-11} (0.21 ppm). Combining this result with our previous result from the 2018 data, we obtain a_{μ}(FNAL)=116 592 055(24)×10^{-11} (0.20 ppm). The new experimental world average is a_{μ}(exp)=116 592 059(22)×10^{-11} (0.19 ppm), which represents a factor of 2 improvement in precision.

Measurement of the Positive Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment to 0.46 ppm

We present the first results of the Fermilab National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) Muon g-2 Experiment for the positive muon magnetic anomaly a_{μ}≡(g_{μ}-2)/2. The anomaly is determined from the precision measurements of two angular frequencies. Intensity variation of high-energy positrons from muon decays directly encodes the difference frequency ω_{a} between the spin-precession and cyclotron frequencies for polarized muons in a magnetic storage ring. The storage ring magnetic field is measured using nuclear magnetic resonance probes calibrated in terms of the equivalent proton spin precession frequency ω[over ˜]_{p}^{'} in a spherical water sample at 34.7 °C. The ratio ω_{a}/ω[over ˜]_{p}^{'}, together with known fundamental constants, determines a_{μ}(FNAL)=116 592 040(54)×10^{-11} (0.46 ppm). The result is 3.3 standard deviations greater than the standard model prediction and is in excellent agreement with the previous Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) E821 measurement. After combination with previous measurements of both μ^{+} and μ^{-}, the new experimental average of a_{μ}(Exp)=116 592 061(41)×10^{-11} (0.35 ppm) increases the tension between experiment and theory to 4.2 standard deviations.

Comments on "Antibiotic pollution in surface fresh waters: Occurrence and effects", Science of the Total Environment, 664, 793-804 (2019)

This article found mistakes and misunderstandings regarding the collection of occurrence data of antibiotics in surface freshwater from the previous literature. These mistakes and misunderstandings were corrected to avoid the propagation of inaccurate information in the scientific literature.

An electrically injected AlGaN nanowire defect-free photonic crystal ultraviolet laser

We report on the demonstration of an electrically injected AlGaN nanowire photonic crystal laser that can operate in the ultraviolet spectral range. The nanowire heterostructures were grown on sapphire substrate using a site-controlled selective area growth process. By exploiting the topological high-Q resonance of a defect-free nanowire photonic crystal, we have demonstrated electrically pumped lasers that can operate at 369.5 nm with a relatively low threshold current density of ~2.1 kA/cm² under continuous wave operation at room-temperature. This work provides a promising approach for achieving low threshold semiconductor laser diodes operating in the UV spectral range that were previously difficult.

Four-year safety follow-up of the tetravalent dengue vaccine efficacy randomized controlled trials in Asia and Latin America

OBJECTIVE

Our objective was to describe the risk of hospital admission for virologically confirmed dengue (VCD) and the risk of clinically severe hospitalized VCD occurring up to 4 years after the first dose (years 1 to 4) in three randomized clinical trials comparing tetravalent dengue vaccine with placebo.

METHODS

The relative risks (RR) for hospitalized VCD from first dose to year 4 were estimated by year and age-group in individual and combined studies.

RESULTS

Overall, from Year 1 to Year 4, 233 and 228 participants had at least one episode of hospitalized VCD in the vaccinated (n = 22 603) and placebo (n = 11 301) groups, respectively (RR = 0.511, 95% CI 0.42-0.62). Among these, 48 and 47 cases, respectively, were classified as clinically severe. In children aged ≥9 years, 88 and 136 participants had at least one episode of hospitalized VCD in the vaccinated (n = 17 629) and placebo (n = 8821) groups, respectively (RR = 0.324; 95% CI 0.24-0.43). In vaccinated participants aged <9 years, particularly in those aged 2-5 years, there were more hospitalized VCD cases compared with the control participants in Year 3 but not in Year 4. The overall RR in those aged <9 years for Year 1 to Year 4 was 0.786 (95% CI 0.60-1.03), with a higher protective effect in the 6-8 year olds than in the 2-5 year olds.

CONCLUSIONS

The overall benefit-risk remained positive in those aged ≥9 years up to year 4, although the protective effect was lower in years 3 and 4 than in years 1 and 2.

Three Decades of Dengue Surveillance in Five Highly Endemic South East Asian Countries

We described and quantified epidemiologic trends in dengue disease burden in 5 Asian countries (Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, and Vietnam) and identified and estimated outbreaks impact over the last 3 decades. Dengue surveillance data from 1980 to 2010 were retrieved from DengueNet and from World Health Organization sources. Trends in incidence, mortality, and case fatality rate (CFR) were systematically analyzed using annual average percent change (AAPC), and the contribution of epidemic years identified over the observation period was quantified. Over the 30-year period, incidence increased in all countries (AAPC 1980-2010: 6.7% in Thailand, 10.4% in Vietnam, 12.0% in Indonesia, 18.1% in Malaysia, 24.4% in Philippines). Mortality also increased in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Philippines (AAPC: 6.8%, 7.0%, and 29.2%, respectively), but slightly decreased in Thailand and Vietnam (AAPC: −1.3% and −2.5%), and CFR decreased in all countries (AAPC: −4.2% to −8.3%). Epidemic years, despite representing less than a third of the observation period, contributed from 1 to 3 times more cases versus nonepidemic years. Implementation of more sensitive surveillance methods over the study period may have contributed to a reporting or ascertainment bias in some countries. Nonetheless, these data support the urgent need for novel, integrated, or otherwise effective dengue prevention and control tools and approaches.

Exciton kinetics, quantum efficiency, and efficiency droop of monolayer MoS₂ light-emitting devices

We have investigated the quantum efficiency of monolayer MoS2 light-emitting devices through detailed temperature and power-dependent photoluminescence studies and rate equation analysis. The internal quantum efficiency can reach 45 and 8.3% at 83 and 300 K, respectively. However, efficiency droop is clearly measured with increasing carrier injection due to the unusually large Auger recombination coefficient, which is found to be ∼10(-24) cm(6)/s at room temperature, nearly 6 orders of magnitude higher than that of conventional bulk semiconductors. The significantly elevated Auger recombination in the emerging two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors is primarily an indirect process and is attributed to the abrupt bounding surfaces and the enhanced correlation, mediated by magnified Coulomb interactions, between electrons and holes confined in a 2D structure.

Role of nitrification in the biodegradation of selected artificial sweetening agents in biological wastewater treatment process

The biodegradation of the six artificial sweetening agents including acesulfame (ACE), aspartame (ASP), cyclamate (CYC), neohesperidindihydrochalcone (NHDC), saccharin (SAC), and sucralose (SUC) by nitrifying activated sludge was first examined. Experimental results showed that ASP and NHDC were the most easily degradable compounds even in the control tests. CYC and SAC were efficiently biodegraded by the nitrifying activated sludge, whereas ACE and SUC were poorly removed. However, the biodegradation efficiencies of the ASs were increased with the increase in initial ammonium concentrations in the bioreactors. The association between nitrification and co-metabolic degradation was investigated and a linear relationship between nitrification rate and co-metabolic biodegradation rate was observed for the target artificial sweeteners (ASs). The contribution of heterotrophic microorganisms and autotrophic ammonia oxidizers in biodegradation of the ASs was elucidated, of which autotrophic ammonia oxidizers played an important role in the biodegradation of the ASs, particularly with regards to ACE and SUC.

Structural-chemical evolution within exfoliated clays

The exfoliated (delaminated) structures of lamellar clays offer potential as precursors for the formation of various nanostructured materials. In this article, Lucentite and Laponite phyllosilicate clays, which both have empirical formulas of Na(0.33)[Mg(2.67)Li(0.33)Si4O10(OH)2] but differ in nanodimensions, have been exfoliated. Experiments were carried out for mixtures containing approximately 1 wt % phyllosilicate in a 5% aqueous solution of poly(acrylic acid) at different temperatures. X-ray diffraction and photoemission spectroscopy measurements for the solid products recovered after stirring the mixtures at 20 degrees C showed that the fully extended chains of poly(acrylic acid) were intercalated within the interlayer spaces between the silicate plates of the clays. At 85 degrees C, however, the clays were exfoliated and/or partially exfoliated. Photoemission spectroscopy also indicated that the exfoliated structures primarily consisted of silica nanoplates. 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance and oxygen K-edge near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure indicated that the surfaces of the plates were terminated by high concentrations of the silanol (-SiOH) groups, which created structural branches during intercalation. A model was developed in which intercalation and the removal of ions from the clays after the poly(acrylic acid) interactions reduced the electrostatic van der Waals forces between the plates. It was also shown that the formation of branches created a steric effect that inhibited the stacking of the plates. Together these resulted in exfoliation.

Dispersion of organically modified clays within n-alcohols

A method for formation of polymer-clay nanocomposites involves dispersion of the nanometer silicate layers of clays into a solvent, followed by dispersion into polymers. The dispersion of layered silicates within solvents affects the structure and properties of the nanocomposites. We report the dispersion of organically modified clays, used for formation of nanocomposites with organic polymers, within a range of alcohol solvents. Experiments involved stirring a mixture containing approximately 1 wt% of alkylammonium-modified clays in n-alcohols with general molecular structure RnOH, where n represents the number of carbons of alkyl chains, varying from 2 to 8. The clays precipitated from the dispersion when RnOH solvents with n<5 were used, however, they formed gels for solvents with n5. The increased dispersion was related to the decrease of polarity and hydrogen bonding force within solvents. X-ray diffraction for the dispersed clays indicated that the interlayer spaces (1.8 nm), formed by regular stacking of the silicate layers, expanded to a maximum of 3.0 nm after treatment with RnOH with n5. The interlayer expansion was due to the intercalation of n-alcohol molecules within the interlayer spaces. It is suggested that the alkyl chains of n-alcohols remain parallel to the silicate surface in the intercalate. Preliminary experiments on the influence of these alcohol solvents on the intercalation of polyol (polyether) are also reported.

Thermal effects on reverse transcription: improvement of accuracy and processivity in cDNA synthesis

Reverse transcription, coupled with DNA amplification, has been widely used for molecular analysis of RNAs. Reverse transcriptases are retroviral DNA polymerases that can synthesize DNA from both RNA and DNA. In general, because of the lack of 3'-->5' exonuclease activity in retroviral reverse transcriptases, the reverse transcription step is error prone. Mutations created during the reverse transcription step of cDNA synthesis or RT-PCR are delivered to the final products to be analyzed, interfering with accurate analysis of the RNAs. In addition, because reverse transcription uses RNA as a template, processive DNA synthesis by reverse transcriptase is frequently interrupted by secondary structures of the RNA templates, causing difficulties in full-length cDNA synthesis. Here, we report that an increase in reaction temperature greatly enhances both the accuracy and the processivity of reverse transcription catalyzed by murine leukemia virus (MuLV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptases.

Molecular architecture of the mutagenic active site of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase: roles of the beta 8-alpha E loop in fidelity, processivity, and substrate interactions

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) is a putative source of the genomic hypermutation that promotes rapid evolution of HIV-1. To understand the molecular strategies that create a highly mutagenic DNA polymerase active site in HIV-1 RT, we investigated the roles of four residues in the beta 8-alpha E loop. Gln151, which interacts with the sugar of the incoming dNTP, and Lys154, which interacts with the template, yielded site-directed mutants with increased fidelity, suggesting that these residues are directly involved in the mutagenic architecture of the active site. Mutations at Gln151 and Lys154 also reduced processivity. Q151N RT showed enhanced ability to discriminate between TTP and AZT triphosphate, consistent with the observation that the Q151M mutation confers AZT resistance in vivo. Mutations at Gly152 greatly decreased RT activity; molecular modeling suggests that Gly152 is critical for the proper geometric alignment that permits base-pairing of the incoming dNTP with the template. Mutations at Trp153 reduced the expression level, and presumably the stability, of RT proteins in bacteria. These observations support the conclusion that interactions of active site residues in the beta 8-alpha E loop with incoming dNTPs and the template are determinants of the accuracy, processivity, and substrate selectivity of HIV-1 RT.

New human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) mutants with increased fidelity of DNA synthesis. Accuracy, template binding, and processivity

Infidelity of DNA synthesis by human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) is a presumptive determinant of HIV-1 hypervariability and is incompletely understood at the mechanistic and structural levels. Amino acid substitution at only three residues, including Asp-76 (Kim, B., Hathaway, T. R., and Loeb, L. A. (1996) Biochemistry 37, 5831-5839), is known to increase fidelity. We report here that substitution at Arg-78 can also increase accuracy. Mutant R78A RT showed reduced primer extension in misincorporation assays lacking a complementary dNTP and exhibited a 9-fold decrease in mutation frequency in the M13mp2 lacZ forward mutation assay. Previous structural studies indicate that Arg-78 and Asp-76 lie in a region that interacts with template nucleotides. Interestingly, R78A RT exhibited 6- to 8-fold decreases in binding affinity (K(d)) for RNA and DNA templates relative to wild type RT. In contrast, D76V RT, which also increases fidelity (Kim et al., 1996), showed a 6- to 7-fold increased affinity. The processivity of R78A RT on both RNA and DNA templates was substantially reduced relative to wild type RT, whereas the processivity of D76V RT was increased. We discuss relationships of fidelity, template binding, and processivity in these and other HIV RT mutants.

Single dose artemisinin-mefloquine versus mefloquine alone for uncomplicated falciparum malaria

The efficacy of the combination of a single oral dose of 500 mg artemisinin with a single 500 mg oral dose of mefloquine (AM) in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria was compared to mefloquine therapy alone (M) in a double-'blind' randomized study in an endemic area in the south of Viet Nam where single low dose treatment was employed and where mefloquine had been recently introduced. 231 patients, 117 AM and 114 M, were studied. Failure of therapy occurred in 1 AM patient and in 3 M patients. The radical cure rate was 84% for the AM regimen and 65% for the M regimen (P = 0.002). Recrudescence (including an unknown percentage of reinfections) occurred in 15% of AM patients and in 30% of M patients (P = 0.01). The mean parasite clearance time was 40 h (SD = 16) for AM and 60 h (SD = 27) for the M regimen (P = 0.0001). No effect of artemisinin was noted on gametocytes present on admission, but new gametocytes developed less frequently in the AM group. The addition of a single dose of 500 mg artemisinin to 500 mg mefloquine increased the efficacy and reduced the rate of recrudescence, but this regimen was not adequate and, for short course regimens, more doses of artemisinin as well as higher, doses of mefloquine should be studied.

Angular Goos-Hänchen effect in curved dielectric microstructures

A macroscopic angular Goos-Hänchen effect at total reflection on curved interfaces is studied experimentally. The results are compared with the complex-angular-momentum model of quasi-critical scattering. An extremum in angular deflection, which has not yet been predicted by any theory other than exact Mie scattering computations, is identified at low size parameters.

New Oxygenated Sesquiterpenes From a Southern Australian Marine Sponge, Dictyodendrilla sp

Chemical investigation of a Dictyodendrilla sp. from Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, yielded three new oxygenated sesquiterpenes, dictyodendrillin -A (6), -B (7) and -C (8), together with the known sesquiterpene dendrolasin (9). Structures for all these metabolites were established by spectroscopic analysis.

Ring-laser gyro with spatially resolved eigenstates

The spatial resolution of laser eigenstates is applied to ring geometry. A bidirectional optical diode based on the Faraday effect and nonreciprocal intracavity losses is theoretically and experimentally investigated. This novel optical diode combined with spatial separation provides a biased gyro with no lock-in band.

Differential absorption measurement of methane with two spatially resolved laser lines

Simultaneous and independent lasing on two different atomic lines is achieved with spatial resolution of laser eigenstates in conjunction with intracavity frequency selection. A sensitivity of 0.3 part in 10(6) meter in the differential detection of methane in 1 atm of air is experimentally demonstrated with this novel dual-wavelength laser. Monitoring the output intensities of the two orthogonally polarized eigenstates permits absolute measurement of methane concentration.

Lung pressures and gas transport during high-frequency airway and chest wall oscillation

The major goal of this study was to compare gas exchange, tidal volume (VT), and dynamic lung pressures resulting from high-frequency airway oscillation (HFAO) with the corresponding effects in high-frequency chest wall oscillation (HFCWO). Eight anesthetized paralyzed dogs were maintained eucapnic with HFAO and HFCWO at frequencies ranging from 1 to 16 Hz in the former and 0.5 to 8 Hz in the latter. Tracheal (delta Ptr) and esophageal (delta Pes) pressure swings, VT, and arterial blood gases were measured in addition to respiratory impedance and static pressure-volume curves. Mean positive pressure (25-30 cmH2O) in the chest cuff associated with HFCWO generation decreased lung volume by approximately 200 ml and increased pulmonary impedance significantly. Aside from this decrease in functional residual capacity (FRC), no change in lung volume occurred as a result of dynamic factors during the course of HFCWO application. With HFAO, a small degree of hyperinflation occurred only at 16 Hz. Arterial PO2 decreased by 5 Torr on average during HFCWO. VT decreased with increasing frequency in both cases, but VT during HFCWO was smaller over the range of frequencies compared with HFAO. delta Pes and delta Ptr between 1 and 8 Hz were lower than the corresponding pressure swings obtained with conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) applied at 0.25 Hz. delta Pes was minimized at 1 Hz during HFCWO; however, delta Ptr decreased continuously with decreasing frequency and, below 2 Hz, became progressively smaller than the corresponding values obtained with HFAO and CMV.

Generation of microwaves by mixing two optical frequencies in a nonlinear crystal: a novel approach to high-bandwidth optical mixers

Optical mixing of waves separated in frequency by many gigahertz can be accomplished by allowing the waves to mix in a nonlinear medium to generate microwave difference frequencies. This basis for high-bandwidth optical mixers is demonstrated by mixing optical frequencies approximately 4 GHz apart of a pulsed dye-laser beam at approximately 660 nm in a LiTaO(3) crystal to produce readily detectable microwave power at approximately 4 GHz.

Pulsed frequency-modulation spectroscopy at 3302 A

We report the first known demonstration of frequency-modulation spectroscopy outside the visible spectral region. Specifically, we report the use of second-harmonic generation on a frequency-modulated visible dye-laser beam to produce a frequency-modulated ultraviolet beam that is used to observe the Na 3S ? 4P absorption at 3302 A.