1
|
Aguillard DP, Albahri T, Allspach D, Anisenkov A, Badgley K, Baeßler S, Bailey I, Bailey L, Baranov VA, Barlas-Yucel E, Barrett T, Barzi E, Bedeschi F, Berz M, Bhattacharya M, Binney HP, Bloom P, Bono J, Bottalico E, Bowcock T, Braun S, Bressler M, Cantatore G, Carey RM, Casey BCK, Cauz D, Chakraborty R, Chapelain A, Chappa S, Charity S, Chen C, Cheng M, Chislett R, Chu Z, Chupp TE, Claessens C, Convery ME, Corrodi S, Cotrozzi L, Crnkovic JD, Dabagov S, Debevec PT, Di Falco S, Di Sciascio G, Drendel B, Driutti A, Duginov VN, Eads M, Edmonds A, Esquivel J, Farooq M, Fatemi R, Ferrari C, Fertl M, Fienberg AT, Fioretti A, Flay D, Foster SB, Friedsam H, Froemming NS, Gabbanini C, Gaines I, Galati MD, Ganguly S, Garcia A, George J, Gibbons LK, Gioiosa A, Giovanetti KL, Girotti P, Gohn W, Goodenough L, Gorringe T, Grange J, Grant S, Gray F, Haciomeroglu S, Halewood-Leagas T, Hampai D, Han F, Hempstead J, Hertzog DW, Hesketh G, Hess E, Hibbert A, Hodge Z, Hong KW, Hong R, Hu T, Hu Y, Iacovacci M, Incagli M, Kammel P, Kargiantoulakis M, Karuza M, Kaspar J, Kawall D, Kelton L, Keshavarzi A, Kessler DS, Khaw KS, Khechadoorian Z, Khomutov NV, Kiburg B, Kiburg M, Kim O, Kinnaird N, Kraegeloh E, Krylov VA, Kuchinskiy NA, Labe KR, LaBounty J, Lancaster M, Lee S, Li B, Li D, Li L, Logashenko I, Lorente Campos A, Lu Z, Lucà A, Lukicov G, Lusiani A, Lyon AL, MacCoy B, Madrak R, Makino K, Mastroianni S, Miller JP, Miozzi S, Mitra B, Morgan JP, Morse WM, Mott J, Nath A, Ng JK, Nguyen H, Oksuzian Y, Omarov Z, Osofsky R, Park S, Pauletta G, Piacentino GM, Pilato RN, Pitts KT, Plaster B, Počanić D, Pohlman N, Polly CC, Price J, Quinn B, Qureshi MUH, Ramachandran S, Ramberg E, Reimann R, Roberts BL, Rubin DL, Santi L, Schlesier C, Schreckenberger A, Semertzidis YK, Shemyakin D, Sorbara M, Stöckinger D, Stapleton J, Still D, Stoughton C, Stratakis D, Swanson HE, Sweetmore G, Sweigart DA, Syphers MJ, Tarazona DA, Teubner T, Tewsley-Booth AE, Tishchenko V, Tran NH, Turner W, Valetov E, Vasilkova D, Venanzoni G, Volnykh VP, Walton T, Weisskopf A, Welty-Rieger L, Winter P, Wu Y, Yu B, Yucel M, Zeng Y, Zhang C. Measurement of the Positive Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment to 0.20 ppm. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 131:161802. [PMID: 37925710 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.161802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a new measurement of the positive muon magnetic anomaly, a_{μ}≡(g_{μ}-2)/2, from the Fermilab Muon g-2 Experiment using data collected in 2019 and 2020. We have analyzed more than 4 times the number of positrons from muon decay than in our previous result from 2018 data. The systematic error is reduced by more than a factor of 2 due to better running conditions, a more stable beam, and improved knowledge of the magnetic field weighted by the muon distribution, ω[over ˜]_{p}^{'}, and of the anomalous precession frequency corrected for beam dynamics effects, ω_{a}. From the ratio ω_{a}/ω[over ˜]_{p}^{'}, together with precisely determined external parameters, we determine a_{μ}=116 592 057(25)×10^{-11} (0.21 ppm). Combining this result with our previous result from the 2018 data, we obtain a_{μ}(FNAL)=116 592 055(24)×10^{-11} (0.20 ppm). The new experimental world average is a_{μ}(exp)=116 592 059(22)×10^{-11} (0.19 ppm), which represents a factor of 2 improvement in precision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - T Albahri
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - D Allspach
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - A Anisenkov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - K Badgley
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - S Baeßler
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - I Bailey
- Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - L Bailey
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - V A Baranov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
| | - E Barlas-Yucel
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - T Barrett
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - E Barzi
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | | | - M Berz
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - M Bhattacharya
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - H P Binney
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - P Bloom
- North Central College, Naperville, Illinois, USA
| | - J Bono
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - E Bottalico
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - T Bowcock
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - S Braun
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M Bressler
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - R M Carey
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - B C K Casey
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - D Cauz
- Università di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | | | - S Chappa
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - S Charity
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - C Chen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - M Cheng
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - R Chislett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Z Chu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - T E Chupp
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - C Claessens
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M E Convery
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - S Corrodi
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
| | | | - J D Crnkovic
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - S Dabagov
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
| | - P T Debevec
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - B Drendel
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | | | - V N Duginov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
| | - M Eads
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - A Edmonds
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J Esquivel
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - M Farooq
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - R Fatemi
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - M Fertl
- Institute of Physics and Cluster of Excellence PRISMA+, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - A T Fienberg
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - D Flay
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - S B Foster
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - H Friedsam
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - I Gaines
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | | | - S Ganguly
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - A Garcia
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - J George
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - A Gioiosa
- Università del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - K L Giovanetti
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | - W Gohn
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - L Goodenough
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - T Gorringe
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - J Grange
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - S Grant
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - F Gray
- Regis University, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - S Haciomeroglu
- Center for Axion and Precision Physics (CAPP)/Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - D Hampai
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
| | - F Han
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - J Hempstead
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - D W Hertzog
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - G Hesketh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - E Hess
- INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Hibbert
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Z Hodge
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - K W Hong
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - R Hong
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - T Hu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Hu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - P Kammel
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - M Karuza
- INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - J Kaspar
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - D Kawall
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - L Kelton
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - A Keshavarzi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - D S Kessler
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - K S Khaw
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - N V Khomutov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
| | - B Kiburg
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - M Kiburg
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
- North Central College, Naperville, Illinois, USA
| | - O Kim
- University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - N Kinnaird
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - E Kraegeloh
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - V A Krylov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
| | | | - K R Labe
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - J LaBounty
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M Lancaster
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - S Lee
- Center for Axion and Precision Physics (CAPP)/Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - B Li
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - D Li
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - L Li
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - I Logashenko
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Z Lu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - A Lucà
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - G Lukicov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - A L Lyon
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - B MacCoy
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - R Madrak
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - K Makino
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - J P Miller
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - S Miozzi
- INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - B Mitra
- University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - J P Morgan
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - W M Morse
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - J Mott
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - A Nath
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - J K Ng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - H Nguyen
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - Y Oksuzian
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
| | - Z Omarov
- Center for Axion and Precision Physics (CAPP)/Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - R Osofsky
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - S Park
- Center for Axion and Precision Physics (CAPP)/Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - R N Pilato
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - K T Pitts
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - B Plaster
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - D Počanić
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - N Pohlman
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - C C Polly
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - J Price
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - B Quinn
- University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - M U H Qureshi
- Institute of Physics and Cluster of Excellence PRISMA+, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - E Ramberg
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - R Reimann
- Institute of Physics and Cluster of Excellence PRISMA+, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - B L Roberts
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D L Rubin
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - L Santi
- Università di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - C Schlesier
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Y K Semertzidis
- Center for Axion and Precision Physics (CAPP)/Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - D Shemyakin
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - M Sorbara
- INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - D Stöckinger
- Institut für Kern- und Teilchenphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - J Stapleton
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - D Still
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - C Stoughton
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - D Stratakis
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - H E Swanson
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - G Sweetmore
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - M J Syphers
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - D A Tarazona
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - T Teubner
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - A E Tewsley-Booth
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - V Tishchenko
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - N H Tran
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - W Turner
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - E Valetov
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - D Vasilkova
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - G Venanzoni
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - V P Volnykh
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
| | - T Walton
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - A Weisskopf
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - L Welty-Rieger
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - P Winter
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
| | - Y Wu
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
| | - B Yu
- University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - M Yucel
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - Y Zeng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - C Zhang
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abi B, Albahri T, Al-Kilani S, Allspach D, Alonzi LP, Anastasi A, Anisenkov A, Azfar F, Badgley K, Baeßler S, Bailey I, Baranov VA, Barlas-Yucel E, Barrett T, Barzi E, Basti A, Bedeschi F, Behnke A, Berz M, Bhattacharya M, Binney HP, Bjorkquist R, Bloom P, Bono J, Bottalico E, Bowcock T, Boyden D, Cantatore G, Carey RM, Carroll J, Casey BCK, Cauz D, Ceravolo S, Chakraborty R, Chang SP, Chapelain A, Chappa S, Charity S, Chislett R, Choi J, Chu Z, Chupp TE, Convery ME, Conway A, Corradi G, Corrodi S, Cotrozzi L, Crnkovic JD, Dabagov S, De Lurgio PM, Debevec PT, Di Falco S, Di Meo P, Di Sciascio G, Di Stefano R, Drendel B, Driutti A, Duginov VN, Eads M, Eggert N, Epps A, Esquivel J, Farooq M, Fatemi R, Ferrari C, Fertl M, Fiedler A, Fienberg AT, Fioretti A, Flay D, Foster SB, Friedsam H, Frlež E, Froemming NS, Fry J, Fu C, Gabbanini C, Galati MD, Ganguly S, Garcia A, Gastler DE, George J, Gibbons LK, Gioiosa A, Giovanetti KL, Girotti P, Gohn W, Gorringe T, Grange J, Grant S, Gray F, Haciomeroglu S, Hahn D, Halewood-Leagas T, Hampai D, Han F, Hazen E, Hempstead J, Henry S, Herrod AT, Hertzog DW, Hesketh G, Hibbert A, Hodge Z, Holzbauer JL, Hong KW, Hong R, Iacovacci M, Incagli M, Johnstone C, Johnstone JA, Kammel P, Kargiantoulakis M, Karuza M, Kaspar J, Kawall D, Kelton L, Keshavarzi A, Kessler D, Khaw KS, Khechadoorian Z, Khomutov NV, Kiburg B, Kiburg M, Kim O, Kim SC, Kim YI, King B, Kinnaird N, Korostelev M, Kourbanis I, Kraegeloh E, Krylov VA, Kuchibhotla A, Kuchinskiy NA, Labe KR, LaBounty J, Lancaster M, Lee MJ, Lee S, Leo S, Li B, Li D, Li L, Logashenko I, Lorente Campos A, Lucà A, Lukicov G, Luo G, Lusiani A, Lyon AL, MacCoy B, Madrak R, Makino K, Marignetti F, Mastroianni S, Maxfield S, McEvoy M, Merritt W, Mikhailichenko AA, Miller JP, Miozzi S, Morgan JP, Morse WM, Mott J, Motuk E, Nath A, Newton D, Nguyen H, Oberling M, Osofsky R, Ostiguy JF, Park S, Pauletta G, Piacentino GM, Pilato RN, Pitts KT, Plaster B, Počanić D, Pohlman N, Polly CC, Popovic M, Price J, Quinn B, Raha N, Ramachandran S, Ramberg E, Rider NT, Ritchie JL, Roberts BL, Rubin DL, Santi L, Sathyan D, Schellman H, Schlesier C, Schreckenberger A, Semertzidis YK, Shatunov YM, Shemyakin D, Shenk M, Sim D, Smith MW, Smith A, Soha AK, Sorbara M, Stöckinger D, Stapleton J, Still D, Stoughton C, Stratakis D, Strohman C, Stuttard T, Swanson HE, Sweetmore G, Sweigart DA, Syphers MJ, Tarazona DA, Teubner T, Tewsley-Booth AE, Thomson K, Tishchenko V, Tran NH, Turner W, Valetov E, Vasilkova D, Venanzoni G, Volnykh VP, Walton T, Warren M, Weisskopf A, Welty-Rieger L, Whitley M, Winter P, Wolski A, Wormald M, Wu W, Yoshikawa C. Measurement of the Positive Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment to 0.46 ppm. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:141801. [PMID: 33891447 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.141801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present the first results of the Fermilab National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) Muon g-2 Experiment for the positive muon magnetic anomaly a_{μ}≡(g_{μ}-2)/2. The anomaly is determined from the precision measurements of two angular frequencies. Intensity variation of high-energy positrons from muon decays directly encodes the difference frequency ω_{a} between the spin-precession and cyclotron frequencies for polarized muons in a magnetic storage ring. The storage ring magnetic field is measured using nuclear magnetic resonance probes calibrated in terms of the equivalent proton spin precession frequency ω[over ˜]_{p}^{'} in a spherical water sample at 34.7 °C. The ratio ω_{a}/ω[over ˜]_{p}^{'}, together with known fundamental constants, determines a_{μ}(FNAL)=116 592 040(54)×10^{-11} (0.46 ppm). The result is 3.3 standard deviations greater than the standard model prediction and is in excellent agreement with the previous Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) E821 measurement. After combination with previous measurements of both μ^{+} and μ^{-}, the new experimental average of a_{μ}(Exp)=116 592 061(41)×10^{-11} (0.35 ppm) increases the tension between experiment and theory to 4.2 standard deviations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Abi
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - T Albahri
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - S Al-Kilani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - D Allspach
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - L P Alonzi
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - A Anisenkov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - F Azfar
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - K Badgley
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - S Baeßler
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - I Bailey
- Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - V A Baranov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
| | - E Barlas-Yucel
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - T Barrett
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - E Barzi
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - A Basti
- INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - A Behnke
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - M Berz
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - H P Binney
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - P Bloom
- North Central College, Naperville, Illinois, USA
| | - J Bono
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - E Bottalico
- INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - T Bowcock
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - D Boyden
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - G Cantatore
- INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - R M Carey
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J Carroll
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - B C K Casey
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - D Cauz
- INFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine, Sezione di Trieste, Udine, Italy
- Università di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - S Ceravolo
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
| | | | - S P Chang
- Center for Axion and Precision Physics (CAPP)/Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - S Chappa
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - S Charity
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - R Chislett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - J Choi
- Center for Axion and Precision Physics (CAPP)/Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Z Chu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - T E Chupp
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - M E Convery
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - A Conway
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - G Corradi
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
| | - S Corrodi
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
| | - L Cotrozzi
- INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - J D Crnkovic
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - S Dabagov
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
| | | | - P T Debevec
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | | | - P Di Meo
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - R Di Stefano
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
- Università di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale, Cassino, Italy
| | - B Drendel
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - A Driutti
- INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Università di Udine, Udine, Italy
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - V N Duginov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
| | - M Eads
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - N Eggert
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - A Epps
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - J Esquivel
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - M Farooq
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - R Fatemi
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - C Ferrari
- INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Fertl
- Institute of Physics and Cluster of Excellence PRISMA+, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - A Fiedler
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - A T Fienberg
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - A Fioretti
- INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy
| | - D Flay
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - S B Foster
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - H Friedsam
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - E Frlež
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - N S Froemming
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - J Fry
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - C Fu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - C Gabbanini
- INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy
| | - M D Galati
- INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Ganguly
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - A Garcia
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - D E Gastler
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J George
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - A Gioiosa
- INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Università del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - K L Giovanetti
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
| | - P Girotti
- INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - W Gohn
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - T Gorringe
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - J Grange
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - S Grant
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - F Gray
- Regis University, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - S Haciomeroglu
- Center for Axion and Precision Physics (CAPP)/Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - D Hahn
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | | | - D Hampai
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
| | - F Han
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - E Hazen
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J Hempstead
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - S Henry
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - A T Herrod
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - D W Hertzog
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - G Hesketh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Hibbert
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Z Hodge
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - J L Holzbauer
- University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - K W Hong
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - R Hong
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - M Iacovacci
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
- Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - C Johnstone
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - J A Johnstone
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - P Kammel
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - M Karuza
- INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - J Kaspar
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - D Kawall
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - L Kelton
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - A Keshavarzi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - D Kessler
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - K S Khaw
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - N V Khomutov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
| | - B Kiburg
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - M Kiburg
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
- North Central College, Naperville, Illinois, USA
| | - O Kim
- Center for Axion and Precision Physics (CAPP)/Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - S C Kim
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Y I Kim
- Center for Axion and Precision Physics (CAPP)/Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - B King
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - N Kinnaird
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - I Kourbanis
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - E Kraegeloh
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - V A Krylov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
| | - A Kuchibhotla
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | | | - K R Labe
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - J LaBounty
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M Lancaster
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - M J Lee
- Center for Axion and Precision Physics (CAPP)/Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - S Lee
- Center for Axion and Precision Physics (CAPP)/Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - S Leo
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - B Li
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - D Li
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - L Li
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - I Logashenko
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - A Lucà
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - G Lukicov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - G Luo
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - A Lusiani
- INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - A L Lyon
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - B MacCoy
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - R Madrak
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - K Makino
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - F Marignetti
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
- Università di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale, Cassino, Italy
| | | | - S Maxfield
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - M McEvoy
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - W Merritt
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | | | - J P Miller
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - S Miozzi
- INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - J P Morgan
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - W M Morse
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - J Mott
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - E Motuk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Nath
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
- Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - D Newton
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - H Nguyen
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - M Oberling
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
| | - R Osofsky
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - J-F Ostiguy
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - S Park
- Center for Axion and Precision Physics (CAPP)/Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - G Pauletta
- INFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine, Sezione di Trieste, Udine, Italy
- Università di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - G M Piacentino
- INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
- Università del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - R N Pilato
- INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - K T Pitts
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - B Plaster
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - D Počanić
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - N Pohlman
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - C C Polly
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - M Popovic
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - J Price
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - B Quinn
- University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - N Raha
- INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - E Ramberg
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - N T Rider
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - J L Ritchie
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - B L Roberts
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D L Rubin
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - L Santi
- INFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine, Sezione di Trieste, Udine, Italy
- Università di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - D Sathyan
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - H Schellman
- Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - C Schlesier
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - A Schreckenberger
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Y K Semertzidis
- Center for Axion and Precision Physics (CAPP)/Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Y M Shatunov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - D Shemyakin
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - M Shenk
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - D Sim
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - M W Smith
- INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - A Smith
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - A K Soha
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - M Sorbara
- INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
- Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - D Stöckinger
- Institut für Kern-und Teilchenphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - J Stapleton
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - D Still
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - C Stoughton
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - D Stratakis
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - C Strohman
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - T Stuttard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - H E Swanson
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - G Sweetmore
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - M J Syphers
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
- Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - D A Tarazona
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - T Teubner
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - K Thomson
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - V Tishchenko
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - N H Tran
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - W Turner
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - E Valetov
- Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - D Vasilkova
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - V P Volnykh
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
| | - T Walton
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - M Warren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Weisskopf
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - L Welty-Rieger
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - M Whitley
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - P Winter
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
| | - A Wolski
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - M Wormald
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - W Wu
- University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - C Yoshikawa
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Overton E, Lawrence S, Stapleton J, Weidenthaler H, Schmidt D, Nopora K, Meyer T, Maclennan J, Koenen B, Silbernagl G, Volkmann A, Chaplin P. MVA-BN as monkeypox vaccine for healthy and immunocompromised. Int J Infect Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
4
|
Barton KR, Yazdani A, Ayer N, Kalvapalle S, Brown S, Stapleton J, Brown DG, Harrigan KA. Erratum to: The Effect of Losses Disguised as Wins and Near Misses in Electronic Gaming Machines: A Systematic Review. J Gambl Stud 2017; 33:1261. [PMID: 28577047 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-017-9696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K R Barton
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
| | - A Yazdani
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - N Ayer
- Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - S Kalvapalle
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.,Gambling Research Lab, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - S Brown
- University of Waterloo Library, Waterloo, Canada
| | - J Stapleton
- University of Waterloo Library, Waterloo, Canada
| | - D G Brown
- Gambling Research Lab, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.,David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - K A Harrigan
- Gambling Research Lab, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aab A, Abreu P, Aglietta M, Ahn EJ, Al Samarai I, Albuquerque IFM, Allekotte I, Allen JD, Allison P, Almela A, Alvarez Castillo J, Alvarez-Muñiz J, Ambrosio M, Anastasi GA, Anchordoqui L, Andrada B, Andringa S, Aramo C, Arqueros F, Arsene N, Asorey H, Assis P, Aublin J, Avila G, Badescu AM, Baus C, Beatty JJ, Becker KH, Bellido JA, Berat C, Bertaina ME, Bertou X, Biermann PL, Billoir P, Biteau J, Blaess SG, Blanco A, Blazek J, Bleve C, Blümer H, Boháčová M, Boncioli D, Bonifazi C, Borodai N, Botti AM, Brack J, Brancus I, Bretz T, Bridgeman A, Briechle FL, Buchholz P, Bueno A, Buitink S, Buscemi M, Caballero-Mora KS, Caccianiga B, Caccianiga L, Cancio A, Canfora F, Caramete L, Caruso R, Castellina A, Cataldi G, Cazon L, Cester R, Chavez AG, Chiavassa A, Chinellato JA, Chirinos Diaz JC, Chudoba J, Clay RW, Colalillo R, Coleman A, Collica L, Coluccia MR, Conceição R, Contreras F, Cooper MJ, Coutu S, Covault CE, Cronin J, Dallier R, D'Amico S, Daniel B, Dasso S, Daumiller K, Dawson BR, de Almeida RM, de Jong SJ, De Mauro G, de Mello Neto JRT, De Mitri I, de Oliveira J, de Souza V, Debatin J, Del Peral L, Deligny O, Dhital N, Di Giulio C, Di Matteo A, Díaz Castro ML, Diogo F, Dobrigkeit C, D'Olivo JC, Dorofeev A, Dos Anjos RC, Dova MT, Dundovic A, Ebr J, Engel R, Erdmann M, Erfani M, Escobar CO, Espadanal J, Etchegoyen A, Falcke H, Fang K, Farrar GR, Fauth AC, Fazzini N, Ferguson AP, Fick B, Figueira JM, Filevich A, Filipčič A, Fratu O, Freire MM, Fujii T, Fuster A, Gallo F, García B, Garcia-Pinto D, Gate F, Gemmeke H, Gherghel-Lascu A, Ghia PL, Giaccari U, Giammarchi M, Giller M, Głas D, Glaser C, Glass H, Golup G, Gómez Berisso M, Gómez Vitale PF, González N, Gookin B, Gordon J, Gorgi A, Gorham P, Gouffon P, Griffith N, Grillo AF, Grubb TD, Guarino F, Guedes GP, Hampel MR, Hansen P, Harari D, Harrison TA, Harton JL, Hasankiadeh Q, Haungs A, Hebbeker T, Heck D, Heimann P, Herve AE, Hill GC, Hojvat C, Hollon N, Holt E, Homola P, Hörandel JR, Horvath P, Hrabovský M, Huege T, Hulsman J, Insolia A, Isar PG, Jandt I, Jansen S, Jarne C, Johnsen JA, Josebachuili M, Kääpä A, Kambeitz O, Kampert KH, Kasper P, Katkov I, Keilhauer B, Kemp E, Kieckhafer RM, Klages HO, Kleifges M, Kleinfeller J, Krause R, Krohm N, Kuempel D, Kukec Mezek G, Kunka N, Kuotb Awad A, LaHurd D, Latronico L, Lauscher M, Lautridou P, Lebrun P, Legumina R, Leigui de Oliveira MA, Letessier-Selvon A, Lhenry-Yvon I, Link K, Lopes L, López R, López Casado A, Lucero A, Malacari M, Mallamaci M, Mandat D, Mantsch P, Mariazzi AG, Marin V, Mariş IC, Marsella G, Martello D, Martinez H, Martínez Bravo O, Masías Meza JJ, Mathes HJ, Mathys S, Matthews J, Matthews JAJ, Matthiae G, Maurizio D, Mayotte E, Mazur PO, Medina C, Medina-Tanco G, Mello VBB, Melo D, Menshikov A, Messina S, Micheletti MI, Middendorf L, Minaya IA, Miramonti L, Mitrica B, Molina-Bueno L, Mollerach S, Montanet F, Morello C, Mostafá M, Moura CA, Müller G, Muller MA, Müller S, Naranjo I, Navas S, Necesal P, Nellen L, Nelles A, Neuser J, Nguyen PH, Niculescu-Oglinzanu M, Niechciol M, Niemietz L, Niggemann T, Nitz D, Nosek D, Novotny V, Nožka H, Núñez LA, Ochilo L, Oikonomou F, Olinto A, Pakk Selmi-Dei D, Palatka M, Pallotta J, Papenbreer P, Parente G, Parra A, Paul T, Pech M, Pedreira F, Pękala J, Pelayo R, Peña-Rodriguez J, Pepe IM, Pereira LAS, Perrone L, Petermann E, Peters C, Petrera S, Phuntsok J, Piegaia R, Pierog T, Pieroni P, Pimenta M, Pirronello V, Platino M, Plum M, Porowski C, Prado RR, Privitera P, Prouza M, Quel EJ, Querchfeld S, Quinn S, Rautenberg J, Ravel O, Ravignani D, Revenu B, Ridky J, Risse M, Ristori P, Rizi V, Rodrigues de Carvalho W, Rodriguez Rojo J, Rodríguez-Frías MD, Rogozin D, Rosado J, Roth M, Roulet E, Rovero AC, Saffi SJ, Saftoiu A, Salazar H, Saleh A, Salesa Greus F, Salina G, Sanabria Gomez JD, Sánchez F, Sanchez-Lucas P, Santos EM, Santos E, Sarazin F, Sarkar B, Sarmento R, Sarmiento-Cano C, Sato R, Scarso C, Schauer M, Scherini V, Schieler H, Schmidt D, Scholten O, Schoorlemmer H, Schovánek P, Schröder FG, Schulz A, Schulz J, Schumacher J, Sciutto SJ, Segreto A, Settimo M, Shadkam A, Shellard RC, Sigl G, Sima O, Śmiałkowski A, Šmída R, Snow GR, Sommers P, Sonntag S, Sorokin J, Squartini R, Stanca D, Stanič S, Stapleton J, Stasielak J, Strafella F, Stutz A, Suarez F, Suarez Durán M, Sudholz T, Suomijärvi T, Supanitsky AD, Sutherland MS, Swain J, Szadkowski Z, Taborda OA, Tapia A, Tepe A, Theodoro VM, Timmermans C, Todero Peixoto CJ, Tomankova L, Tomé B, Tonachini A, Torralba Elipe G, Torres Machado D, Travnicek P, Trini M, Ulrich R, Unger M, Urban M, Valbuena-Delgado A, Valdés Galicia JF, Valiño I, Valore L, van Aar G, van Bodegom P, van den Berg AM, van Vliet A, Varela E, Vargas Cárdenas B, Varner G, Vázquez JR, Vázquez RA, Veberič D, Verzi V, Vicha J, Videla M, Villaseñor L, Vorobiov S, Wahlberg H, Wainberg O, Walz D, Watson AA, Weber M, Weindl A, Wiencke L, Wilczyński H, Winchen T, Wittkowski D, Wundheiler B, Wykes S, Yang L, Yapici T, Yelos D, Zas E, Zavrtanik D, Zavrtanik M, Zepeda A, Zimmermann B, Ziolkowski M, Zong Z, Zuccarello F. Testing Hadronic Interactions at Ultrahigh Energies with Air Showers Measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:192001. [PMID: 27858429 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.192001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultrahigh energy cosmic ray air showers probe particle physics at energies beyond the reach of accelerators. Here we introduce a new method to test hadronic interaction models without relying on the absolute energy calibration, and apply it to events with primary energy 6-16 EeV (E_{CM}=110-170 TeV), whose longitudinal development and lateral distribution were simultaneously measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory. The average hadronic shower is 1.33±0.16 (1.61±0.21) times larger than predicted using the leading LHC-tuned models EPOS-LHC (QGSJetII-04), with a corresponding excess of muons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Aab
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Germany
| | - P Abreu
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Portugal
| | - M Aglietta
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Italy
| | - E J Ahn
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - I Al Samarai
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, France
| | | | - I Allekotte
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), Argentina
| | - J D Allen
- New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - P Allison
- Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - A Almela
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | - L Anchordoqui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - B Andrada
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
| | - S Andringa
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Portugal
| | - C Aramo
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Italy
| | - F Arqueros
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - N Arsene
- University of Bucharest, Physics Department, Romania
| | - H Asorey
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), Argentina
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia
| | - P Assis
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Portugal
| | - J Aublin
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, France
| | - G Avila
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Argentina
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
| | - A M Badescu
- University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania
| | - C Baus
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik (IEKP), Germany
| | - J J Beatty
- Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - K H Becker
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Germany, Germany
| | | | - C Berat
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, France
| | - M E Bertaina
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Italy
- Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Italy
| | - X Bertou
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), Argentina
| | - P L Biermann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
| | - P Billoir
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, France
| | - J Biteau
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, France
| | | | - A Blanco
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Portugal
| | - J Blazek
- Institute of Physics (FZU) of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - C Bleve
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Italy
| | - H Blümer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik (IEKP), Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - M Boháčová
- Institute of Physics (FZU) of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - D Boncioli
- INFN Laboratori del Gran Sasso, Italy
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Física, Brazil
| | - C Bonifazi
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Física, Brazil
| | - N Borodai
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Poland
| | - A M Botti
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - J Brack
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - I Brancus
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Romania
| | - T Bretz
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Germany
| | - A Bridgeman
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - F L Briechle
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Germany
| | - P Buchholz
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Germany
| | - A Bueno
- Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Spain
| | - S Buitink
- Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - M Buscemi
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Italy
| | | | | | - L Caccianiga
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, France
| | - A Cancio
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F Canfora
- Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - R Caruso
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Italy
| | - A Castellina
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Italy
| | | | - L Cazon
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Portugal
| | - R Cester
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Italy
- Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Italy
| | - A G Chavez
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - A Chiavassa
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Italy
- Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Italy
| | | | | | - J Chudoba
- Institute of Physics (FZU) of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - R W Clay
- University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - R Colalillo
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Italy
- Università di Napoli "Federico II", Dipartimento di Fisica, Italy
| | - A Coleman
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - M R Coluccia
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Italy
| | - R Conceição
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Portugal
| | - F Contreras
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Argentina
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
| | | | - S Coutu
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - C E Covault
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - J Cronin
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - R Dallier
- SUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, France
- Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, France
| | - S D'Amico
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Italy
| | - B Daniel
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - S Dasso
- Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Argentina
- Departamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - K Daumiller
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | | | | | - S J de Jong
- Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Netherlands
| | - G De Mauro
- Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - I De Mitri
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Italy
| | | | - V de Souza
- Universidade de São Paulo, Inst. de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - J Debatin
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | | | - O Deligny
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, France
| | - N Dhital
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - C Di Giulio
- Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Dipartimento di Fisica, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", Italy
| | - A Di Matteo
- INFN, Sezione di L'Aquila, Italy
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Chimica e Fisica, Italy
| | | | - F Diogo
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Portugal
| | - C Dobrigkeit
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - J C D'Olivo
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - A Dorofeev
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - R C Dos Anjos
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Brazil
| | - M T Dova
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, Argentina
| | - A Dundovic
- Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Germany
| | - J Ebr
- Institute of Physics (FZU) of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - R Engel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - M Erdmann
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Germany
| | - M Erfani
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Germany
| | - C O Escobar
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - J Espadanal
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Portugal
| | - A Etchegoyen
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - H Falcke
- Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Netherlands
- Stichting Astronomisch Onderzoek in Nederland (ASTRON), Dwingeloo, Netherlands
| | - K Fang
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - G R Farrar
- New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - A C Fauth
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - N Fazzini
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - A P Ferguson
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - B Fick
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - J M Figueira
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
| | - A Filevich
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
| | - A Filipčič
- Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Slovenia
- Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - O Fratu
- University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania
| | - M M Freire
- Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)-CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Argentina
| | - T Fujii
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - A Fuster
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F Gallo
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
| | - B García
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Argentina
| | | | - F Gate
- SUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, France
| | - H Gemmeke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik (IPE), Germany
| | - A Gherghel-Lascu
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Romania
| | - P L Ghia
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, France
| | - U Giaccari
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Física, Brazil
| | | | | | - D Głas
- University of Łódź, Poland
| | - C Glaser
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Germany
| | - H Glass
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - G Golup
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), Argentina
| | - M Gómez Berisso
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), Argentina
| | - P F Gómez Vitale
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Argentina
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
| | - N González
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - B Gookin
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - J Gordon
- Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - A Gorgi
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Italy
| | - P Gorham
- University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - P Gouffon
- Universidade de São Paulo, Inst. de Física, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N Griffith
- Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - F Guarino
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Italy
- Università di Napoli "Federico II", Dipartimento di Fisica, Italy
| | - G P Guedes
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Brazil
| | - M R Hampel
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
| | - P Hansen
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, Argentina
| | - D Harari
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), Argentina
| | | | - J L Harton
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Q Hasankiadeh
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - A Haungs
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - T Hebbeker
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Germany
| | - D Heck
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - P Heimann
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Germany
| | - A E Herve
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik (IEKP), Germany
| | - G C Hill
- University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - C Hojvat
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - N Hollon
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - E Holt
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - P Homola
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Poland
| | - J R Hörandel
- Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Netherlands
| | - P Horvath
- Palacky University, RCPTM, Czech Republic
| | | | - T Huege
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - J Hulsman
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - A Insolia
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Italy
| | - P G Isar
- Institute of Space Science, Romania
| | - I Jandt
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Germany, Germany
| | - S Jansen
- Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Netherlands
| | - C Jarne
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, Argentina
| | - J A Johnsen
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - M Josebachuili
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
| | - A Kääpä
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Germany, Germany
| | - O Kambeitz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik (IEKP), Germany
| | - K H Kampert
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Germany, Germany
| | - P Kasper
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - I Katkov
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik (IEKP), Germany
| | - B Keilhauer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - E Kemp
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - R M Kieckhafer
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - H O Klages
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - M Kleifges
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik (IPE), Germany
| | | | - R Krause
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Germany
| | - N Krohm
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Germany, Germany
| | - D Kuempel
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Germany
| | - G Kukec Mezek
- Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - N Kunka
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik (IPE), Germany
| | - A Kuotb Awad
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - D LaHurd
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - M Lauscher
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Germany
| | - P Lautridou
- SUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, France
| | - P Lebrun
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - A Letessier-Selvon
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, France
| | - I Lhenry-Yvon
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, France
| | - K Link
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik (IEKP), Germany
| | - L Lopes
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Portugal
| | - R López
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Mexico
| | | | - A Lucero
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - M Mallamaci
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Italy
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Italy
| | - D Mandat
- Institute of Physics (FZU) of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - P Mantsch
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - A G Mariazzi
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, Argentina
| | - V Marin
- SUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, France
| | - I C Mariş
- Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Spain
| | - G Marsella
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Italy
| | - D Martello
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Italy
| | - H Martinez
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), Mexico
| | | | - J J Masías Meza
- Departamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - H J Mathes
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - S Mathys
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Germany, Germany
| | - J Matthews
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - G Matthiae
- Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Dipartimento di Fisica, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", Italy
| | - D Maurizio
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas (CBPF), Brazil
| | - E Mayotte
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - P O Mazur
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - C Medina
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | | | - V B B Mello
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Física, Brazil
| | - D Melo
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
| | - A Menshikov
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik (IPE), Germany
| | - S Messina
- KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, Netherlands
| | - M I Micheletti
- Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)-CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Argentina
| | - L Middendorf
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Germany
| | - I A Minaya
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - L Miramonti
- INFN, Sezione di Milano, Italy
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Italy
| | - B Mitrica
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Romania
| | | | - S Mollerach
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), Argentina
| | - F Montanet
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, France
| | - C Morello
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Italy
| | - M Mostafá
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - C A Moura
- Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Brazil
| | - G Müller
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Germany
| | - M A Muller
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil
| | - S Müller
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - I Naranjo
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), Argentina
| | - S Navas
- Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Spain
| | - P Necesal
- Institute of Physics (FZU) of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - L Nellen
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - A Nelles
- Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Netherlands
| | - J Neuser
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Germany, Germany
| | | | | | - M Niechciol
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Germany
| | - L Niemietz
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Germany, Germany
| | - T Niggemann
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Germany
| | - D Nitz
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - D Nosek
- University Prague, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Czech Republic
| | - V Novotny
- University Prague, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Czech Republic
| | - H Nožka
- Palacky University, RCPTM, Czech Republic
| | - L A Núñez
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia
| | - L Ochilo
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Germany
| | - F Oikonomou
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - A Olinto
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - M Palatka
- Institute of Physics (FZU) of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - J Pallotta
- Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones, CITEDEF and CONICET, Argentina
| | - P Papenbreer
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Germany, Germany
| | - G Parente
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Parra
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Mexico
| | - T Paul
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
- Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - M Pech
- Institute of Physics (FZU) of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - F Pedreira
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J Pękala
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Poland
| | - R Pelayo
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIITA-IPN), Mexico
| | | | - I M Pepe
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - L Perrone
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Italy
| | - E Petermann
- University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - C Peters
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Germany
| | - S Petrera
- INFN, Sezione di L'Aquila, Italy
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Chimica e Fisica, Italy
| | - J Phuntsok
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - R Piegaia
- Departamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - T Pierog
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - P Pieroni
- Departamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Pimenta
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Portugal
| | - V Pirronello
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Italy
| | - M Platino
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
| | - M Plum
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Germany
| | - C Porowski
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Poland
| | - R R Prado
- Universidade de São Paulo, Inst. de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - P Privitera
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - M Prouza
- Institute of Physics (FZU) of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - E J Quel
- Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones, CITEDEF and CONICET, Argentina
| | - S Querchfeld
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Germany, Germany
| | - S Quinn
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - J Rautenberg
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Germany, Germany
| | - O Ravel
- SUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, France
| | - D Ravignani
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
| | - B Revenu
- SUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, France
| | - J Ridky
- Institute of Physics (FZU) of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - M Risse
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Germany
| | - P Ristori
- Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones, CITEDEF and CONICET, Argentina
| | - V Rizi
- INFN, Sezione di L'Aquila, Italy
- Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Chimica e Fisica, Italy
| | | | | | | | - D Rogozin
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - J Rosado
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - M Roth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - E Roulet
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), Argentina
| | - A C Rovero
- Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Argentina
| | | | - A Saftoiu
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Romania
| | - H Salazar
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Mexico
| | - A Saleh
- Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - F Salesa Greus
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - G Salina
- INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", Italy
| | | | - F Sánchez
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
| | | | - E M Santos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Inst. de Física, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E Santos
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - F Sarazin
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - B Sarkar
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Germany, Germany
| | - R Sarmento
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Portugal
| | | | - R Sato
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Argentina
| | - C Scarso
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Argentina
| | - M Schauer
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Germany, Germany
| | - V Scherini
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Italy
| | - H Schieler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - D Schmidt
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - O Scholten
- KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - P Schovánek
- Institute of Physics (FZU) of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - F G Schröder
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - A Schulz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - J Schulz
- Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - J Schumacher
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Germany
| | - S J Sciutto
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, Argentina
| | - A Segreto
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Italy
- INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo, Italy
| | - M Settimo
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, France
| | - A Shadkam
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - R C Shellard
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas (CBPF), Brazil
| | - G Sigl
- Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Germany
| | - O Sima
- University of Bucharest, Physics Department, Romania
| | | | - R Šmída
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - G R Snow
- University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - P Sommers
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - S Sonntag
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Germany
| | | | | | - D Stanca
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Romania
| | - S Stanič
- Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | | | | | - F Strafella
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Italy
| | - A Stutz
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, France
| | - F Suarez
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - T Suomijärvi
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, France
| | - A D Supanitsky
- Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Argentina
| | | | - J Swain
- Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - O A Taborda
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), Argentina
| | - A Tapia
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
| | - A Tepe
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Germany
| | - V M Theodoro
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - C Timmermans
- Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF), Netherlands
| | | | - L Tomankova
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - B Tomé
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico-IST, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Portugal
| | - A Tonachini
- INFN, Sezione di Torino, Italy
- Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Italy
| | | | - D Torres Machado
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Física, Brazil
| | - P Travnicek
- Institute of Physics (FZU) of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - M Trini
- Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - R Ulrich
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - M Unger
- New York University, New York, New York, USA
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - M Urban
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Germany
| | | | | | - I Valiño
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - L Valore
- INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Italy
- Università di Napoli "Federico II", Dipartimento di Fisica, Italy
| | - G van Aar
- Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - A M van den Berg
- KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, Netherlands
| | - A van Vliet
- Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - E Varela
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Mexico
| | | | - G Varner
- University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | | | - R A Vázquez
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - D Veberič
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - V Verzi
- INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", Italy
| | - J Vicha
- Institute of Physics (FZU) of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - M Videla
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
| | - L Villaseñor
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - S Vorobiov
- Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - H Wahlberg
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, Argentina
| | - O Wainberg
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D Walz
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Germany
| | - A A Watson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - M Weber
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik (IPE), Germany
| | - A Weindl
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik (IKP), Germany
| | - L Wiencke
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | | | - T Winchen
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Germany, Germany
| | - D Wittkowski
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Germany, Germany
| | - B Wundheiler
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
| | - S Wykes
- Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - L Yang
- Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - T Yapici
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - D Yelos
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E Zas
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - D Zavrtanik
- Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Slovenia
- Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - M Zavrtanik
- Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Slovenia
- Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - A Zepeda
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), Mexico
| | - B Zimmermann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik (IPE), Germany
| | - M Ziolkowski
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik-Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Germany
| | - Z Zong
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, France
| | - F Zuccarello
- Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Aab A, Abreu P, Aglietta M, Ahn EJ, Al Samarai I, Albuquerque IFM, Allekotte I, Allison P, Almela A, Alvarez Castillo J, Alvarez-Muñiz J, Alves Batista R, Ambrosio M, Aminaei A, Anastasi GA, Anchordoqui L, Andringa S, Aramo C, Arqueros F, Arsene N, Asorey H, Assis P, Aublin J, Avila G, Awal N, Badescu AM, Baus C, Beatty JJ, Becker KH, Bellido JA, Berat C, Bertaina ME, Bertou X, Biermann PL, Billoir P, Blaess SG, Blanco A, Blanco M, Blazek J, Bleve C, Blümer H, Boháčová M, Boncioli D, Bonifazi C, Borodai N, Brack J, Brancus I, Bretz T, Bridgeman A, Brogueira P, Buchholz P, Bueno A, Buitink S, Buscemi M, Caballero-Mora KS, Caccianiga B, Caccianiga L, Candusso M, Caramete L, Caruso R, Castellina A, Cataldi G, Cazon L, Cester R, Chavez AG, Chiavassa A, Chinellato JA, Chudoba J, Cilmo M, Clay RW, Cocciolo G, Colalillo R, Coleman A, Collica L, Coluccia MR, Conceição R, Contreras F, Cooper MJ, Cordier A, Coutu S, Covault CE, Cronin J, Dallier R, Daniel B, Dasso S, Daumiller K, Dawson BR, de Almeida RM, de Jong SJ, De Mauro G, de Mello Neto JRT, De Mitri I, de Oliveira J, de Souza V, Del Peral L, Deligny O, Dhital N, Di Giulio C, Di Matteo A, Diaz JC, Díaz Castro ML, Diogo F, Dobrigkeit C, Docters W, D'Olivo JC, Dorofeev A, Dorosti Hasankiadeh Q, Dos Anjos RC, Dova MT, Ebr J, Engel R, Erdmann M, Erfani M, Escobar CO, Espadanal J, Etchegoyen A, Falcke H, Fang K, Farrar G, Fauth AC, Fazzini N, Ferguson AP, Fick B, Figueira JM, Filevich A, Filipčič A, Fratu O, Freire MM, Fujii T, García B, Garcia-Gamez D, Garcia-Pinto D, Gate F, Gemmeke H, Gherghel-Lascu A, Ghia PL, Giaccari U, Giammarchi M, Giller M, Głas D, Glaser C, Glass H, Golup G, Gómez Berisso M, Gómez Vitale PF, González N, Gookin B, Gordon J, Gorgi A, Gorham P, Gouffon P, Griffith N, Grillo AF, Grubb TD, Guarino F, Guedes GP, Hampel MR, Hansen P, Harari D, Harrison TA, Hartmann S, Harton JL, Haungs A, Hebbeker T, Heck D, Heimann P, Herve AE, Hill GC, Hojvat C, Hollon N, Holt E, Homola P, Hörandel JR, Horvath P, Hrabovský M, Huber D, Huege T, Insolia A, Isar PG, Jandt I, Jansen S, Jarne C, Johnsen JA, Josebachuili M, Kääpä A, Kambeitz O, Kampert KH, Kasper P, Katkov I, Keilhauer B, Kemp E, Kieckhafer RM, Klages HO, Kleifges M, Kleinfeller J, Krause R, Krohm N, Kuempel D, Kukec Mezek G, Kunka N, Kuotb Awad AW, LaHurd D, Latronico L, Lauer R, Lauscher M, Lautridou P, Le Coz S, Lebrun D, Lebrun P, Leigui de Oliveira MA, Letessier-Selvon A, Lhenry-Yvon I, Link K, Lopes L, López R, López Casado A, Louedec K, Lucero A, Malacari M, Mallamaci M, Maller J, Mandat D, Mantsch P, Mariazzi AG, Marin V, Mariş IC, Marsella G, Martello D, Martinez H, Martínez Bravo O, Martraire D, Masías Meza JJ, Mathes HJ, Mathys S, Matthews J, Matthews JAJ, Matthiae G, Maurizio D, Mayotte E, Mazur PO, Medina C, Medina-Tanco G, Meissner R, Mello VBB, Melo D, Menshikov A, Messina S, Micheletti MI, Middendorf L, Minaya IA, Miramonti L, Mitrica B, Molina-Bueno L, Mollerach S, Montanet F, Morello C, Mostafá M, Moura CA, Muller MA, Müller G, Müller S, Navas S, Necesal P, Nellen L, Nelles A, Neuser J, Nguyen PH, Niculescu-Oglinzanu M, Niechciol M, Niemietz L, Niggemann T, Nitz D, Nosek D, Novotny V, Nožka L, Núñez LA, Ochilo L, Oikonomou F, Olinto A, Pacheco N, Pakk Selmi-Dei D, Palatka M, Pallotta J, Papenbreer P, Parente G, Parra A, Paul T, Pech M, Pȩkala J, Pelayo R, Pepe IM, Perrone L, Petermann E, Peters C, Petrera S, Petrov Y, Phuntsok J, Piegaia R, Pierog T, Pieroni P, Pimenta M, Pirronello V, Platino M, Plum M, Porcelli A, Porowski C, Prado RR, Privitera P, Prouza M, Quel EJ, Querchfeld S, Quinn S, Rautenberg J, Ravel O, Ravignani D, Reinert D, Revenu B, Ridky J, Risse M, Ristori P, Rizi V, Rodrigues de Carvalho W, Rodriguez Rojo J, Rodríguez-Frías MD, Rogozin D, Rosado J, Roth M, Roulet E, Rovero AC, Saffi SJ, Saftoiu A, Salazar H, Saleh A, Salesa Greus F, Salina G, Sanabria Gomez JD, Sánchez F, Sanchez-Lucas P, Santos E, Santos EM, Sarazin F, Sarkar B, Sarmento R, Sarmiento-Cano C, Sato R, Scarso C, Schauer M, Scherini V, Schieler H, Schmidt D, Scholten O, Schoorlemmer H, Schovánek P, Schröder FG, Schulz A, Schulz J, Schumacher J, Sciutto SJ, Segreto A, Settimo M, Shadkam A, Shellard RC, Sigl G, Sima O, Śmiałkowski A, Šmída R, Snow GR, Sommers P, Sonntag S, Sorokin J, Squartini R, Srivastava YN, Stanca D, Stanič S, Stapleton J, Stasielak J, Stephan M, Stutz A, Suarez F, Suarez Durán M, Suomijärvi T, Supanitsky AD, Sutherland MS, Swain J, Szadkowski Z, Taborda OA, Tapia A, Tepe A, Theodoro VM, Timmermans C, Todero Peixoto CJ, Toma G, Tomankova L, Tomé B, Tonachini A, Torralba Elipe G, Torres Machado D, Travnicek P, Trini M, Ulrich R, Unger M, Urban M, Valdés Galicia JF, Valiño I, Valore L, van Aar G, van Bodegom P, van den Berg AM, van Velzen S, van Vliet A, Varela E, Vargas Cárdenas B, Varner G, Vasquez R, Vázquez JR, Vázquez RA, Veberič D, Verzi V, Vicha J, Videla M, Villaseñor L, Vlcek B, Vorobiov S, Wahlberg H, Wainberg O, Walz D, Watson AA, Weber M, Weidenhaupt K, Weindl A, Welling C, Werner F, Widom A, Wiencke L, Wilczyński H, Winchen T, Wittkowski D, Wundheiler B, Wykes S, Yang L, Yapici T, Yushkov A, Zas E, Zavrtanik D, Zavrtanik M, Zepeda A, Zimmermann B, Ziolkowski M, Zuccarello F. Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 116:241101. [PMID: 27367377 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.241101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8±0.7(stat)±6.7(syst) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principles calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Aab
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik - Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - P Abreu
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Aglietta
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - E J Ahn
- Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - I Al Samarai
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - I F M Albuquerque
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - I Allekotte
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - P Allison
- Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - A Almela
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional - Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J Alvarez Castillo
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - J Alvarez-Muñiz
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R Alves Batista
- Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Ambrosio
- Università di Napoli "Federico II" and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy
| | - A Aminaei
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - G A Anastasi
- Università di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
| | - L Anchordoqui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - S Andringa
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Aramo
- Università di Napoli "Federico II" and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy
| | - F Arqueros
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - N Arsene
- University of Bucharest, Physics Department, Bucharest, Romania
| | - H Asorey
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - P Assis
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J Aublin
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - G Avila
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - N Awal
- New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - A M Badescu
- University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - C Baus
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J J Beatty
- Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - K H Becker
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Fachbereich C - Physik, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J A Bellido
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - C Berat
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, France
| | - M E Bertaina
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - X Bertou
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - P L Biermann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
| | - P Billoir
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - S G Blaess
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A Blanco
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Blanco
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - J Blazek
- Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - C Bleve
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi" dell'Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
| | - H Blümer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Boháčová
- Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - D Boncioli
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
| | - C Bonifazi
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - N Borodai
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - J Brack
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - I Brancus
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - T Bretz
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - A Bridgeman
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P Brogueira
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - P Buchholz
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik - Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - A Bueno
- Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
| | - S Buitink
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - M Buscemi
- Università di Napoli "Federico II" and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - B Caccianiga
- Università di Milano and Sezione INFN, Milan, Italy
| | - L Caccianiga
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - M Candusso
- Università di Roma II "Tor Vergata" and Sezione INFN, Roma, Italy
| | - L Caramete
- Institute of Space Science, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - R Caruso
- Università di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
| | - A Castellina
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - G Cataldi
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi" dell'Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
| | - L Cazon
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R Cester
- Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - A G Chavez
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - A Chiavassa
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - J A Chinellato
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J Chudoba
- Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Cilmo
- Università di Napoli "Federico II" and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy
| | - R W Clay
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - G Cocciolo
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi" dell'Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
| | - R Colalillo
- Università di Napoli "Federico II" and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy
| | - A Coleman
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - L Collica
- Università di Milano and Sezione INFN, Milan, Italy
| | - M R Coluccia
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi" dell'Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
| | - R Conceição
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - F Contreras
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - M J Cooper
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A Cordier
- Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - S Coutu
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - C E Covault
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - J Cronin
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - R Dallier
- SUBATECH, école des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, Nançay, France
| | - B Daniel
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S Dasso
- Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Física, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - K Daumiller
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B R Dawson
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - R M de Almeida
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - S J de Jong
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Nikhef, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - G De Mauro
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - J R T de Mello Neto
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - I De Mitri
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi" dell'Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
| | - J de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - V de Souza
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Del Peral
- Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - O Deligny
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - N Dhital
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - C Di Giulio
- Università di Roma II "Tor Vergata" and Sezione INFN, Roma, Italy
| | - A Di Matteo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche dell'Università dell'Aquila and INFN, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - J C Diaz
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - M L Díaz Castro
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F Diogo
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Dobrigkeit
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - W Docters
- KVI - Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - J C D'Olivo
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - A Dorofeev
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | | | - R C Dos Anjos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M T Dova
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - J Ebr
- Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - R Engel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Erdmann
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - M Erfani
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik - Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - C O Escobar
- Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J Espadanal
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A Etchegoyen
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional - Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - H Falcke
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Nikhef, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- ASTRON, Dwingeloo, Netherlands
| | - K Fang
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - G Farrar
- New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - A C Fauth
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - A P Ferguson
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - B Fick
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - J M Figueira
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Filevich
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Filipčič
- Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - O Fratu
- University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - M M Freire
- Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR) - CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina
| | - T Fujii
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - B García
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional - Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - D Garcia-Gamez
- Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | | | - F Gate
- SUBATECH, école des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - H Gemmeke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Gherghel-Lascu
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - P L Ghia
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - U Giaccari
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M Giammarchi
- Università di Milano and Sezione INFN, Milan, Italy
| | - M Giller
- University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - D Głas
- University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - C Glaser
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - H Glass
- Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - G Golup
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - M Gómez Berisso
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - P F Gómez Vitale
- Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - N González
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - B Gookin
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - J Gordon
- Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - A Gorgi
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - P Gorham
- University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - P Gouffon
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N Griffith
- Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - A F Grillo
- INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy
| | - T D Grubb
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - F Guarino
- Università di Napoli "Federico II" and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy
| | - G P Guedes
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - M R Hampel
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Hansen
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - D Harari
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - T A Harrison
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - S Hartmann
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - J L Harton
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - A Haungs
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - T Hebbeker
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - D Heck
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P Heimann
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik - Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - A E Herve
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G C Hill
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - C Hojvat
- Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - N Hollon
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - E Holt
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P Homola
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Fachbereich C - Physik, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J R Hörandel
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Nikhef, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - P Horvath
- Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M Hrabovský
- Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - D Huber
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - T Huege
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Insolia
- Università di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
| | - P G Isar
- Institute of Space Science, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - I Jandt
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Fachbereich C - Physik, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S Jansen
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Nikhef, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - C Jarne
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - J A Johnsen
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - M Josebachuili
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Kääpä
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Fachbereich C - Physik, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - O Kambeitz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K H Kampert
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Fachbereich C - Physik, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - P Kasper
- Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | - I Katkov
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B Keilhauer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - E Kemp
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R M Kieckhafer
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - H O Klages
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Kleifges
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - R Krause
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - N Krohm
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Fachbereich C - Physik, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D Kuempel
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - G Kukec Mezek
- Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - N Kunka
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A W Kuotb Awad
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D LaHurd
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - L Latronico
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - R Lauer
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - M Lauscher
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - P Lautridou
- SUBATECH, école des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - S Le Coz
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, France
| | - D Lebrun
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, France
| | - P Lebrun
- Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
| | | | - A Letessier-Selvon
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - I Lhenry-Yvon
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - K Link
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - L Lopes
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R López
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - A López Casado
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - K Louedec
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, France
| | - A Lucero
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Malacari
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - M Mallamaci
- Università di Milano and Sezione INFN, Milan, Italy
| | - J Maller
- SUBATECH, école des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - D Mandat
- Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - A G Mariazzi
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - V Marin
- SUBATECH, école des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - I C Mariş
- Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
| | - G Marsella
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi" dell'Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
| | - D Martello
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi" dell'Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
| | - H Martinez
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), México, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | | | - D Martraire
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - J J Masías Meza
- Departamento de Física, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - H J Mathes
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S Mathys
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Fachbereich C - Physik, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Matthews
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - G Matthiae
- Università di Roma II "Tor Vergata" and Sezione INFN, Roma, Italy
| | - D Maurizio
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E Mayotte
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | | | - C Medina
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - G Medina-Tanco
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - R Meissner
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - V B B Mello
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - D Melo
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Menshikov
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S Messina
- KVI - Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - M I Micheletti
- Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR) - CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina
| | - L Middendorf
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - I A Minaya
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Miramonti
- Università di Milano and Sezione INFN, Milan, Italy
| | - B Mitrica
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | | | - S Mollerach
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - F Montanet
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, France
| | - C Morello
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - M Mostafá
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - C A Moura
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M A Muller
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - G Müller
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - S Müller
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S Navas
- Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
| | - P Necesal
- Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Nellen
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - A Nelles
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Nikhef, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J Neuser
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Fachbereich C - Physik, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - P H Nguyen
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - M Niculescu-Oglinzanu
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - M Niechciol
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik - Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - L Niemietz
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Fachbereich C - Physik, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - T Niggemann
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - D Nitz
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - D Nosek
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Novotny
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Nožka
- Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - L A Núñez
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - L Ochilo
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik - Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - F Oikonomou
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - A Olinto
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - N Pacheco
- Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Pakk Selmi-Dei
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Palatka
- Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Pallotta
- Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones, CITEDEF and CONICET, Villa Martelli, Argentina
| | - P Papenbreer
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Fachbereich C - Physik, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G Parente
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Parra
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - T Paul
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
- Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - M Pech
- Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Pȩkala
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - R Pelayo
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIITA- IPN), México, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - I M Pepe
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - L Perrone
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi" dell'Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
| | - E Petermann
- University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - C Peters
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - S Petrera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche dell'Università dell'Aquila and INFN, L'Aquila, Italy
- Gran Sasso Science Institute (INFN), L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Y Petrov
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - J Phuntsok
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - R Piegaia
- Departamento de Física, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - T Pierog
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P Pieroni
- Departamento de Física, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Pimenta
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - V Pirronello
- Università di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
| | - M Platino
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Plum
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - A Porcelli
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C Porowski
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - R R Prado
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P Privitera
- University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - M Prouza
- Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - E J Quel
- Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones, CITEDEF and CONICET, Villa Martelli, Argentina
| | - S Querchfeld
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Fachbereich C - Physik, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S Quinn
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - J Rautenberg
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Fachbereich C - Physik, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - O Ravel
- SUBATECH, école des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - D Ravignani
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D Reinert
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - B Revenu
- SUBATECH, école des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - J Ridky
- Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Risse
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik - Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - P Ristori
- Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones, CITEDEF and CONICET, Villa Martelli, Argentina
| | - V Rizi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche dell'Università dell'Aquila and INFN, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | | | | | - D Rogozin
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Rosado
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Roth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - E Roulet
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - A C Rovero
- Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S J Saffi
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A Saftoiu
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - H Salazar
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - A Saleh
- Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - F Salesa Greus
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - G Salina
- Università di Roma II "Tor Vergata" and Sezione INFN, Roma, Italy
| | | | - F Sánchez
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - E Santos
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E M Santos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F Sarazin
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - B Sarkar
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Fachbereich C - Physik, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - R Sarmento
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - R Sato
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - C Scarso
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - M Schauer
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Fachbereich C - Physik, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - V Scherini
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi" dell'Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
| | - H Schieler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D Schmidt
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - O Scholten
- KVI - Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - P Schovánek
- Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - F G Schröder
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Schulz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Schulz
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - J Schumacher
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - S J Sciutto
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - A Segreto
- Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF), Palermo, Italy
| | - M Settimo
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - A Shadkam
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - R C Shellard
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - G Sigl
- Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, Germany
| | - O Sima
- University of Bucharest, Physics Department, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - R Šmída
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G R Snow
- University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - P Sommers
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - S Sonntag
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik - Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - J Sorokin
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - R Squartini
- Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
| | | | - D Stanca
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - S Stanič
- Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | | | - J Stasielak
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - M Stephan
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - A Stutz
- Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, France
| | - F Suarez
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional - Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Suarez Durán
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - T Suomijärvi
- Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - A D Supanitsky
- Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - J Swain
- Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - O A Taborda
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - A Tapia
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Tepe
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik - Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - V M Theodoro
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C Timmermans
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Nikhef, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - C J Todero Peixoto
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G Toma
- "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - L Tomankova
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B Tomé
- Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A Tonachini
- Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - G Torralba Elipe
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - D Torres Machado
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P Travnicek
- Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Trini
- Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - R Ulrich
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Unger
- New York University, New York, New York, USA
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Urban
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - J F Valdés Galicia
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - I Valiño
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - L Valore
- Università di Napoli "Federico II" and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy
| | - G van Aar
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - P van Bodegom
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A M van den Berg
- KVI - Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - S van Velzen
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - A van Vliet
- Universität Hamburg, II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Hamburg, Germany
| | - E Varela
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - B Vargas Cárdenas
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - G Varner
- University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - R Vasquez
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J R Vázquez
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - R A Vázquez
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - D Veberič
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - V Verzi
- Università di Roma II "Tor Vergata" and Sezione INFN, Roma, Italy
| | - J Vicha
- Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Videla
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Villaseñor
- Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - B Vlcek
- Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Vorobiov
- Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - H Wahlberg
- IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - O Wainberg
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional - Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D Walz
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - A A Watson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - M Weber
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K Weidenhaupt
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - A Weindl
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C Welling
- RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - F Werner
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Widom
- Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - L Wiencke
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - H Wilczyński
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - T Winchen
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Fachbereich C - Physik, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D Wittkowski
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Fachbereich C - Physik, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - B Wundheiler
- Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Wykes
- IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - L Yang
- Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - T Yapici
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - A Yushkov
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik - Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - E Zas
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - D Zavrtanik
- Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - M Zavrtanik
- Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - A Zepeda
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), México, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - B Zimmermann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Ziolkowski
- Universität Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik - Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany
| | - F Zuccarello
- Università di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Aab A, Abreu P, Aglietta M, Ahn EJ, Samarai IA, Albuquerque IFM, Allekotte I, Allen J, Allison P, Almela A, Castillo JA, Alvarez-Muñiz J, Batista RA, Ambrosio M, Aminaei A, Anchordoqui L, Andringa S, Aramo C, Aranda VM, Arqueros F, Asorey H, Assis P, Aublin J, Ave M, Avenier M, Avila G, Awal N, Badescu AM, Barber KB, Bäuml J, Baus C, Beatty JJ, Becker KH, Bellido JA, Berat C, Bertaina ME, Bertou X, Biermann PL, Billoir P, Blaess S, Blanco M, Bleve C, Blümer H, Boháčová M, Boncioli D, Bonifazi C, Bonino R, Borodai N, Brack J, Brancus I, Bridgeman A, Brogueira P, Brown WC, Buchholz P, Bueno A, Buitink S, Buscemi M, Caballero-Mora KS, Caccianiga B, Caccianiga L, Candusso M, Caramete L, Caruso R, Castellina A, Cataldi G, Cazon L, Cester R, Chavez AG, Chiavassa A, Chinellato JA, Chudoba J, Cilmo M, Clay RW, Cocciolo G, Colalillo R, Coleman A, Collica L, Coluccia MR, Conceição R, Contreras F, Cooper MJ, Cordier A, Coutu S, Covault CE, Cronin J, Curutiu A, Dallier R, Daniel B, Dasso S, Daumiller K, Dawson BR, Almeida RMD, Domenico MD, Jong SJD, Neto JRTDM, Mitri ID, Oliveira JD, Souza VD, Peral LD, Deligny O, Dembinski H, Dhital N, Giulio CD, Matteo AD, Diaz JC, Castro MLD, Diogo F, Dobrigkeit C, Docters W, D’Olivo JC, Dorofeev A, Hasankiadeh QD, Dova MT, Ebr J, Engel R, Erdmann M, Erfani M, Escobar CO, Espadanal J, Etchegoyen A, Luis PFS, Falcke H, Fang K, Farrar G, Fauth AC, Fazzini N, Ferguson AP, Fernandes M, Fick B, Figueira JM, Filevich A, Filipčič A, Fox BD, Fratu O, Fröhlich U, Fuchs B, Fujii T, Gaior R, García B, Roca STG, Garcia-Gamez D, Garcia-Pinto D, Garilli G, Bravo AG, Gate F, Gemmeke H, Ghia PL, Giaccari U, Giammarchi M, Giller M, Glaser C, Glass H, Berisso MG, Vitale PFG, Gonçalves P, Gonzalez JG, González N, Gookin B, Gordon J, Gorgi A, Gorham P, Gouffon P, Grebe S, Griffith N, Grillo AF, Grubb TD, Guarino F, Guedes GP, Hampel MR, Hansen P, Harari D, Harrison TA, Hartmann S, Harton JL, Haungs A, Hebbeker T, Heck D, Heimann P, Herve AE, Hill GC, Hojvat C, Hollon N, Holt E, Homola P, Hörandel JR, Horvath P, Hrabovský M, Huber D, Huege T, Insolia A, Isar PG, Jandt I, Jansen S, Jarne C, Josebachuili M, Kääpä A, Kambeitz O, Kampert KH, Kasper P, Katkov I, Kégl B, Keilhauer B, Keivani A, Kemp E, Kieckhafer RM, Klages HO, Kleifges M, Kleinfeller J, Krause R, Krohm N, Krömer O, Kruppke-Hansen D, Kuempel D, Kunka N, LaHurd D, Latronico L, Lauer R, Lauscher M, Lautridou P, Coz SL, Leão MSAB, Lebrun D, Lebrun P, Oliveira MALD, Letessier-Selvon A, Lhenry-Yvon I, Link K, López R, Agüera AL, Louedec K, Bahilo JL, Lu L, Lucero A, Ludwig M, Malacari M, Maldera S, Mallamaci M, Maller J, Mandat D, Mantsch P, Mariazzi AG, Marin V, Mariş IC, Marsella G, Martello D, Martin L, Martinez H, Bravo OM, Martraire D, Meza JJM, Mathes HJ, Mathys S, Matthews J, Matthews JAJ, Matthiae G, Maurel D, Maurizio D, Mayotte E, Mazur PO, Medina C, Medina-Tanco G, Meissner R, Melissas M, Melo D, Menshikov A, Messina S, Meyhandan R, Mićanović S, Micheletti MI, Middendorf L, Minaya IA, Miramonti L, Mitrica B, Molina-Bueno L, Mollerach S, Monasor M, Ragaigne DM, Montanet F, Morello C, Mostafá M, Moura CA, Muller MA, Müller G, Müller S, Münchmeyer M, Mussa R, Navarra G, Navas S, Necesal P, Nellen L, Nelles A, Neuser J, Nguyen P, Niechciol M, Niemietz L, Niggemann T, Nitz D, Nosek D, Novotny V, Nožka L, Ochilo L, Olinto A, Oliveira M, Pacheco N, Selmi-Dei DP, Palatka M, Pallotta J, Palmieri N, Papenbreer P, Parente G, Parra A, Paul T, Pech M, Pȩkala J, Pelayo R, Pepe IM, Perrone L, Petermann E, Peters C, Petrera S, Petrov Y, Phuntsok J, Piegaia R, Pierog T, Pieroni P, Pimenta M, Pirronello V, Platino M, Plum M, Porcelli A, Porowski C, Prado RR, Privitera P, Prouza M, Purrello V, Quel EJ, Querchfeld S, Quinn S, Rautenberg J, Ravel O, Ravignani D, Revenu B, Ridky J, Riggi S, Risse M, Ristori P, Rizi V, Carvalho WRD, Cabo IR, Fernandez GR, Rojo JR, Rodríguez-Frías MD, Rogozin D, Ros G, Rosado J, Rossler T, Roth M, Roulet E, Rovero AC, Saffi SJ, Saftoiu A, Salamida F, Salazar H, Saleh A, Greus FS, Salina G, Sánchez F, Sanchez-Lucas P, Santo CE, Santos E, Santos EM, Sarazin F, Sarkar B, Sarmento R, Sato R, Scharf N, Scherini V, Schieler H, Schiffer P, Schmidt D, Schröder FG, Scholten O, Schoorlemmer H, Schovánek P, Schulz A, Schulz J, Schumacher J, Sciutto SJ, Segreto A, Settimo M, Shadkam A, Shellard RC, Sidelnik I, Sigl G, Sima O, kowski AŚ, Šmída R, Snow GR, Sommers P, Sorokin J, Squartini R, Srivastava YN, Stanič S, Stapleton J, Stasielak J, Stephan M, Stutz A, Suarez F, Suomijärvi T, Supanitsky AD, Sutherland MS, Swain J, Szadkowski Z, Szuba M, Taborda OA, Tapia A, Tartare M, Tepe A, Theodoro VM, Timmermans C, Peixoto CJT, Toma G, Tomankova L, Tomé B, Tonachini A, Elipe GT, Machado DT, Travnicek P, Trovato E, Tueros M, Ulrich R, Unger M, Urban M, Galicia JFV, Valiño I, Valore L, Aar GV, Bodegom PV, Berg AMVD, Velzen SV, Vliet AV, Varela E, Vargas Cárdenas B, Varner G, Vázquez JR, Vázquez RA, Veberič D, Verzi V, Vicha J, Videla M, Villaseñor L, Vlcek B, Vorobiov S, Wahlberg H, Wainberg O, Walz D, Watson AA, Weber M, Weidenhaupt K, Weindl A, Werner F, Widom A, Wiencke L, Wilczyńska B, Wilczyński H, Will M, Williams C, Winchen T, Wittkowski D, Wundheiler B, Wykes S, Yamamoto T, Yapici T, Yuan G, Yushkov A, Zamorano B, Zas E, Zavrtanik D, Zavrtanik M, Zaw I, Zepeda A, Zhou J, Zhu Y, Silva MZ, Ziolkowski M, Zuccarello F. Search for patterns by combining cosmic-ray energy and arrival directions at the Pierre Auger Observatory. Eur Phys J C Part Fields 2015; 75:269. [PMID: 26120280 PMCID: PMC4477714 DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3471-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Energy-dependent patterns in the arrival directions of cosmic rays are searched for using data of the Pierre Auger Observatory. We investigate local regions around the highest-energy cosmic rays with [Formula: see text] eV by analyzing cosmic rays with energies above [Formula: see text] eV arriving within an angular separation of approximately 15[Formula: see text]. We characterize the energy distributions inside these regions by two independent methods, one searching for angular dependence of energy-energy correlations and one searching for collimation of energy along the local system of principal axes of the energy distribution. No significant patterns are found with this analysis. The comparison of these measurements with astrophysical scenarios can therefore be used to obtain constraints on related model parameters such as strength of cosmic-ray deflection and density of point sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Aab
- />Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - P. Abreu
- />Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M. Aglietta
- />Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | | | - I. Al Samarai
- />Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | | | - I. Allekotte
- />Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - J. Allen
- />New York University, New York, NY USA
| | - P. Allison
- />Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - A. Almela
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- />Universidad Tecnológica Nacional - Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - J. Alvarez-Muñiz
- />Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - M. Ambrosio
- />Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy
| | - A. Aminaei
- />IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - L. Anchordoqui
- />Department of Physics and Astronomy, City University of New York, New York, USA
| | - S. Andringa
- />Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C. Aramo
- />Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy
| | - V. M. Aranda
- />Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Arqueros
- />Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - H. Asorey
- />Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - P. Assis
- />Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J. Aublin
- />Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - M. Ave
- />Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M. Avenier
- />Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, France
| | - G. Avila
- />Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - N. Awal
- />New York University, New York, NY USA
| | - A. M. Badescu
- />University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - K. B. Barber
- />University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - J. Bäuml
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle, Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C. Baus
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle, Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - K. H. Becker
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - C. Berat
- />Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, France
| | - M. E. Bertaina
- />Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - X. Bertou
- />Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - P. L. Biermann
- />Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
| | - P. Billoir
- />Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - S. Blaess
- />University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - M. Blanco
- />Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - C. Bleve
- />Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
| | - H. Blümer
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle, Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M. Boháčová
- />Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - D. Boncioli
- />INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi, L’Aquila Italy
| | - C. Bonifazi
- />Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - R. Bonino
- />Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - N. Borodai
- />Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - J. Brack
- />Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - I. Brancus
- />’Horia Hulubei’ National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - A. Bridgeman
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P. Brogueira
- />Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - A. Bueno
- />Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
| | - S. Buitink
- />IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - M. Buscemi
- />Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy
| | - K. S. Caballero-Mora
- />Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), Mexico, Mexico
| | - B. Caccianiga
- />Università di Milano and Sezione INFN, Milan, Italy
| | - L. Caccianiga
- />Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - M. Candusso
- />Università di Roma II “Tor Vergata” and Sezione INFN, Roma, Italy
| | - L. Caramete
- />Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
| | - R. Caruso
- />Università di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
| | - A. Castellina
- />Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - G. Cataldi
- />Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
| | - L. Cazon
- />Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - R. Cester
- />Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - A. G. Chavez
- />Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacan Mexico
| | - A. Chiavassa
- />Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | | | - J. Chudoba
- />Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M. Cilmo
- />Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy
| | - R. W. Clay
- />University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - G. Cocciolo
- />Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
| | - R. Colalillo
- />Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy
| | - A. Coleman
- />Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - L. Collica
- />Università di Milano and Sezione INFN, Milan, Italy
| | - M. R. Coluccia
- />Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
| | - R. Conceição
- />Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - F. Contreras
- />Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - M. J. Cooper
- />University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - A. Cordier
- />Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - S. Coutu
- />Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - C. E. Covault
- />Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - J. Cronin
- />Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - A. Curutiu
- />Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany
| | - R. Dallier
- />Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, Nançay, France
- />SUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - B. Daniel
- />Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - S. Dasso
- />Departamento de Física, FCEyN Universidad de Buenos Aires y CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- />Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - K. Daumiller
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B. R. Dawson
- />University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - R. M. de Almeida
- />Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ Brazil
| | - M. De Domenico
- />Università di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
| | - S. J. de Jong
- />IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- />Nikhef, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J. R. T. de Mello Neto
- />Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - I. De Mitri
- />Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
| | - J. de Oliveira
- />Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ Brazil
| | - V. de Souza
- />Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - L. del Peral
- />Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Spain
| | - O. Deligny
- />Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - H. Dembinski
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N. Dhital
- />Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI USA
| | - C. Di Giulio
- />Università di Roma II “Tor Vergata” and Sezione INFN, Roma, Italy
| | - A. Di Matteo
- />Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche dell’Università dell’Aquila and INFN, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - J. C. Diaz
- />Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI USA
| | | | - F. Diogo
- />Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C. Dobrigkeit
- />Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - W. Docters
- />KVI - Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - J. C. D’Olivo
- />Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - A. Dorofeev
- />Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - Q. Dorosti Hasankiadeh
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M. T. Dova
- />IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - J. Ebr
- />Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - R. Engel
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M. Erdmann
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Erfani
- />Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - C. O. Escobar
- />Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP Brazil
- />Fermilab, Batavia, IL USA
| | - J. Espadanal
- />Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A. Etchegoyen
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- />Universidad Tecnológica Nacional - Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - H. Falcke
- />IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- />Nikhef, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- />ASTRON, Dwingeloo, Netherlands
| | - K. Fang
- />Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - G. Farrar
- />New York University, New York, NY USA
| | - A. C. Fauth
- />Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | | | | | - M. Fernandes
- />Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - B. Fick
- />Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI USA
| | - J. M. Figueira
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A. Filevich
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A. Filipčič
- />Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- />Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - B. D. Fox
- />University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI USA
| | - O. Fratu
- />University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - B. Fuchs
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle, Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - T. Fujii
- />Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - R. Gaior
- />Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - B. García
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) and National Technological University, Faculty Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - S. T. Garcia Roca
- />Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - D. Garcia-Gamez
- />Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | | | - G. Garilli
- />Università di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
| | | | - F. Gate
- />SUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - H. Gemmeke
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P. L. Ghia
- />Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - U. Giaccari
- />Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - M. Giammarchi
- />Università di Milano and Sezione INFN, Milan, Italy
| | | | - C. Glaser
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - M. Gómez Berisso
- />Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - P. F. Gómez Vitale
- />Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - P. Gonçalves
- />Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J. G. Gonzalez
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle, Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N. González
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - B. Gookin
- />Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - J. Gordon
- />Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - A. Gorgi
- />Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - P. Gorham
- />University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI USA
| | - P. Gouffon
- />Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - S. Grebe
- />IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- />Nikhef, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - A. F. Grillo
- />INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi, L’Aquila Italy
| | - T. D. Grubb
- />University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - F. Guarino
- />Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy
| | - G. P. Guedes
- />Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - M. R. Hampel
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P. Hansen
- />IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - D. Harari
- />Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | | | - S. Hartmann
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - J. L. Harton
- />Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - A. Haungs
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - T. Hebbeker
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - D. Heck
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - A. E. Herve
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G. C. Hill
- />University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | | | - N. Hollon
- />Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - E. Holt
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P. Homola
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J. R. Hörandel
- />IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- />Nikhef, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - P. Horvath
- />Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M. Hrabovský
- />Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- />Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - D. Huber
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle, Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - T. Huege
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A. Insolia
- />Università di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
| | - P. G. Isar
- />Institute of Space Sciences, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - I. Jandt
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S. Jansen
- />IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- />Nikhef, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - C. Jarne
- />IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M. Josebachuili
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A. Kääpä
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - O. Kambeitz
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle, Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K. H. Kampert
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - I. Katkov
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle, Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B. Kégl
- />Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - B. Keilhauer
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A. Keivani
- />Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - E. Kemp
- />Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | | | - H. O. Klages
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M. Kleifges
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - R. Krause
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - N. Krohm
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - O. Krömer
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - D. Kuempel
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - N. Kunka
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D. LaHurd
- />Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - L. Latronico
- />Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - R. Lauer
- />University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - M. Lauscher
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - P. Lautridou
- />SUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - S. Le Coz
- />Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, France
| | - M. S. A. B. Leão
- />Faculdade Independente do Nordeste, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - D. Lebrun
- />Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - A. Letessier-Selvon
- />Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - I. Lhenry-Yvon
- />Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - K. Link
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle, Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - R. López
- />Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - A. Lopez Agüera
- />Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - K. Louedec
- />Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, France
| | | | - L. Lu
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
- />School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - A. Lucero
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M. Ludwig
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle, Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M. Malacari
- />University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - S. Maldera
- />Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - M. Mallamaci
- />Università di Milano and Sezione INFN, Milan, Italy
| | - J. Maller
- />SUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - D. Mandat
- />Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - A. G. Mariazzi
- />IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - V. Marin
- />SUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - I. C. Mariş
- />Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
| | - G. Marsella
- />Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
| | - D. Martello
- />Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
| | - L. Martin
- />Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, Nançay, France
- />SUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - H. Martinez
- />Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - D. Martraire
- />Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - J. J. Masías Meza
- />Departamento de Física, FCEyN Universidad de Buenos Aires y CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - H. J. Mathes
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S. Mathys
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J. Matthews
- />Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA USA
| | | | - G. Matthiae
- />Università di Roma II “Tor Vergata” and Sezione INFN, Roma, Italy
| | - D. Maurel
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle, Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D. Maurizio
- />Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - E. Mayotte
- />Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO USA
| | | | - C. Medina
- />Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO USA
| | - G. Medina-Tanco
- />Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - R. Meissner
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Melissas
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle, Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D. Melo
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A. Menshikov
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S. Messina
- />KVI - Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - S. Mićanović
- />Rudjer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M. I. Micheletti
- />Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR), CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina
| | - L. Middendorf
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - I. A. Minaya
- />Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - L. Miramonti
- />Università di Milano and Sezione INFN, Milan, Italy
| | - B. Mitrica
- />’Horia Hulubei’ National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | | | - S. Mollerach
- />Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - M. Monasor
- />Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - D. Monnier Ragaigne
- />Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - F. Montanet
- />Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, France
| | - C. Morello
- />Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - M. Mostafá
- />Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - C. A. Moura
- />Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP Brazil
| | - M. A. Muller
- />Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP Brazil
- />Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - G. Müller
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - S. Müller
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M. Münchmeyer
- />Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - R. Mussa
- />Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - G. Navarra
- />Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - S. Navas
- />Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
| | - P. Necesal
- />Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L. Nellen
- />Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - A. Nelles
- />IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- />Nikhef, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J. Neuser
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - P. Nguyen
- />University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | | | - L. Niemietz
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - T. Niggemann
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - D. Nitz
- />Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI USA
| | - D. Nosek
- />Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V. Novotny
- />Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L. Nožka
- />Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - L. Ochilo
- />Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - A. Olinto
- />Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - M. Oliveira
- />Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - N. Pacheco
- />Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Spain
| | | | - M. Palatka
- />Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J. Pallotta
- />Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones, CITEDEF and CONICET, Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N. Palmieri
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle, Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P. Papenbreer
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G. Parente
- />Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A. Parra
- />Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - T. Paul
- />Department of Physics and Astronomy, City University of New York, New York, USA
- />Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | - M. Pech
- />Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J. Pȩkala
- />Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - R. Pelayo
- />Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - I. M. Pepe
- />Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA Brazil
| | - L. Perrone
- />Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - C. Peters
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - S. Petrera
- />Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche dell’Università dell’Aquila and INFN, L’Aquila, Italy
- />Gran Sasso Science Institute (INFN), L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Y. Petrov
- />Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - J. Phuntsok
- />Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - R. Piegaia
- />Departamento de Física, FCEyN Universidad de Buenos Aires y CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - T. Pierog
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P. Pieroni
- />Departamento de Física, FCEyN Universidad de Buenos Aires y CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M. Pimenta
- />Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - V. Pirronello
- />Università di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
| | - M. Platino
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M. Plum
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - A. Porcelli
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C. Porowski
- />Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - R. R. Prado
- />Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - P. Privitera
- />Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - M. Prouza
- />Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V. Purrello
- />Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - E. J. Quel
- />Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones, CITEDEF and CONICET, Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S. Querchfeld
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S. Quinn
- />Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - J. Rautenberg
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - O. Ravel
- />SUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - D. Ravignani
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - B. Revenu
- />SUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - J. Ridky
- />Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - S. Riggi
- />Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF), Palermo, Italy
- />Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M. Risse
- />Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - P. Ristori
- />Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones, CITEDEF and CONICET, Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V. Rizi
- />Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche dell’Università dell’Aquila and INFN, L’Aquila, Italy
| | | | - I. Rodriguez Cabo
- />Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - G. Rodriguez Fernandez
- />Università di Roma II “Tor Vergata” and Sezione INFN, Roma, Italy
- />Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | | | - D. Rogozin
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G. Ros
- />Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Spain
| | - J. Rosado
- />Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - T. Rossler
- />Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M. Roth
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - E. Roulet
- />Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - A. C. Rovero
- />Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S. J. Saffi
- />University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - A. Saftoiu
- />’Horia Hulubei’ National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - F. Salamida
- />Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - H. Salazar
- />Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - A. Saleh
- />Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | | | - G. Salina
- />Università di Roma II “Tor Vergata” and Sezione INFN, Roma, Italy
| | - F. Sánchez
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - C. E. Santo
- />Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - E. Santos
- />Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - E. M. Santos
- />Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - F. Sarazin
- />Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO USA
| | - B. Sarkar
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - R. Sarmento
- />Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - R. Sato
- />Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
| | - N. Scharf
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - V. Scherini
- />Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “E. De Giorgi” dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy
| | - H. Schieler
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - D. Schmidt
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F. G. Schröder
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - O. Scholten
- />KVI - Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - H. Schoorlemmer
- />IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- />Nikhef, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- />University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI USA
| | - P. Schovánek
- />Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A. Schulz
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J. Schulz
- />IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - J. Schumacher
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - S. J. Sciutto
- />IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - A. Segreto
- />Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF), Palermo, Italy
| | - M. Settimo
- />Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - A. Shadkam
- />Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA USA
| | - R. C. Shellard
- />Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - I. Sidelnik
- />Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - G. Sigl
- />Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - O. Sima
- />Physics Department, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - R. Šmída
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G. R. Snow
- />University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE USA
| | - P. Sommers
- />Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - J. Sorokin
- />University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - R. Squartini
- />Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina
| | | | - S. Stanič
- />Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | | | - J. Stasielak
- />Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland
| | - M. Stephan
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - A. Stutz
- />Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, France
| | - F. Suarez
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - T. Suomijärvi
- />Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - A. D. Supanitsky
- />Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - J. Swain
- />Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - M. Szuba
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - O. A. Taborda
- />Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - A. Tapia
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M. Tartare
- />Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble, France
| | - A. Tepe
- />Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - V. M. Theodoro
- />Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - C. Timmermans
- />IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- />Nikhef, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - G. Toma
- />’Horia Hulubei’ National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
| | - L. Tomankova
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B. Tomé
- />Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST, Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A. Tonachini
- />Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy
| | - G. Torralba Elipe
- />Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - D. Torres Machado
- />Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - P. Travnicek
- />Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - E. Trovato
- />Università di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
| | - M. Tueros
- />Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R. Ulrich
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M. Unger
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M. Urban
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - I. Valiño
- />Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - L. Valore
- />Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy
| | - G. van Aar
- />IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - A. M. van den Berg
- />KVI - Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - S. van Velzen
- />IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - E. Varela
- />Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | | | - G. Varner
- />University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI USA
| | | | - R. A. Vázquez
- />Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - D. Veberič
- />Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France
| | - V. Verzi
- />Università di Roma II “Tor Vergata” and Sezione INFN, Roma, Italy
| | - J. Vicha
- />Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M. Videla
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L. Villaseñor
- />Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacan Mexico
| | - B. Vlcek
- />Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Spain
| | - S. Vorobiov
- />Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - H. Wahlberg
- />IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - O. Wainberg
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- />Universidad Tecnológica Nacional - Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D. Walz
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - A. A. Watson
- />School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - M. Weber
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K. Weidenhaupt
- />RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany
| | - A. Weindl
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F. Werner
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle, Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A. Widom
- />Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | - L. Wiencke
- />Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO USA
| | | | | | - M. Will
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C. Williams
- />Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - T. Winchen
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D. Wittkowski
- />Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - B. Wundheiler
- />Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S. Wykes
- />IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - T. Yamamoto
- />Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - T. Yapici
- />Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI USA
| | - G. Yuan
- />Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA USA
| | | | - B. Zamorano
- />Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain
| | - E. Zas
- />Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - D. Zavrtanik
- />Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- />Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - M. Zavrtanik
- />Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- />Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - I. Zaw
- />New York University, New York, NY USA
| | - A. Zepeda
- />Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), Mexico, Mexico
| | - J. Zhou
- />Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Y. Zhu
- />Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | | - F. Zuccarello
- />Università di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aab A, Abreu P, Aglietta M, Ahn E, Al Samarai I, Albuquerque I, Allekotte I, Allen J, Allison P, Almela A, Alvarez Castillo J, Alvarez-Muñiz J, Alves Batista R, Ambrosio M, Aminaei A, Anchordoqui L, Andringa S, Aramo C, Aranda V, Arqueros F, Asorey H, Assis P, Aublin J, Ave M, Avenier M, Avila G, Badescu A, Barber K, Bäuml J, Baus C, Beatty J, Becker K, Bellido J, Berat C, Bertaina M, Bertou X, Biermann P, Billoir P, Blanco M, Bleve C, Blümer H, Boháčová M, Boncioli D, Bonifazi C, Bonino R, Borodai N, Brack J, Brancus I, Brogueira P, Brown W, Buchholz P, Bueno A, Buitink S, Buscemi M, Caballero-Mora K, Caccianiga B, Caccianiga L, Candusso M, Caramete L, Caruso R, Castellina A, Cataldi G, Cazon L, Cester R, Chavez A, Chiavassa A, Chinellato J, Chudoba J, Cilmo M, Clay R, Cocciolo G, Colalillo R, Coleman A, Collica L, Coluccia M, Conceição R, Contreras F, Cooper M, Cordier A, Coutu S, Covault C, Cronin J, Curutiu A, Dallier R, Daniel B, Dasso S, Daumiller K, Dawson B, de Almeida R, De Domenico M, de Jong S, de Mello Neto J, De Mitri I, de Oliveira J, de Souza V, del Peral L, Deligny O, Dembinski H, Dhital N, Di Giulio C, Di Matteo A, Diaz J, Díaz Castro M, Diogo F, Dobrigkeit C, Docters W, D’Olivo J, Dorofeev A, Dorosti Hasankiadeh Q, Dova M, Ebr J, Engel R, Erdmann M, Erfani M, Escobar C, Espadanal J, Etchegoyen A, Facal San Luis P, Falcke H, Fang K, Farrar G, Fauth A, Fazzini N, Ferguson A, Fernandes M, Fick B, Figueira J, Filevich A, Filipčič A, Fox B, Fratu O, Fröhlich U, Fuchs B, Fujii T, Gaior R, García B, Garcia Roca S, Garcia-Gamez D, Garcia-Pinto D, Garilli G, Gascon Bravo A, Gate F, Gemmeke H, Ghia P, Giaccari U, Giammarchi M, Giller M, Glaser C, Glass H, Gómez Berisso M, Gómez Vitale P, Gonçalves P, Gonzalez J, González N, Gookin B, Gordon J, Gorgi A, Gorham P, Gouffon P, Grebe S, Griffith N, Grillo A, Grubb T, Guardincerri Y, Guarino F, Guedes G, Hampel M, Hansen P, Harari D, Harrison T, Hartmann S, Harton J, Haungs A, Hebbeker T, Heck D, Heimann P, Herve A, Hill G, Hojvat C, Hollon N, Holt E, Homola P, Hörandel J, Horvath P, Hrabovský M, Huber D, Huege T, Insolia A, Isar P, Islo K, Jandt I, Jansen S, Jarne C, Josebachuili M, Kääpä A, Kambeitz O, Kampert K, Kasper P, Katkov I, Kégl B, Keilhauer B, Keivani A, Kemp E, Kieckhafer R, Klages H, Kleifges M, Kleinfeller J, Krause R, Krohm N, Krömer O, Kruppke-Hansen D, Kuempel D, Kunka N, LaHurd D, Latronico L, Lauer R, Lauscher M, Lautridou P, Le Coz S, Leão M, Lebrun D, Lebrun P, Leigui de Oliveira M, Letessier-Selvon A, Lhenry-Yvon I, Link K, López R, Louedec K, Lozano Bahilo J, Lu L, Lucero A, Ludwig M, Malacari M, Maldera S, Mallamaci M, Maller J, Mandat D, Mantsch P, Mariazzi A, Marin V, Mariş I, Marsella G, Martello D, Martin L, Martinez H, Martínez Bravo O, Martraire D, Masías Meza J, Mathes H, Mathys S, Matthews J, Matthews J, Matthiae G, Maurel D, Maurizio D, Mayotte E, Mazur P, Medina C, Medina-Tanco G, Melissas M, Melo D, Menshikov A, Messina S, Meyhandan R, Mićanović S, Micheletti M, Middendorf L, Minaya I, Miramonti L, Mitrica B, Molina-Bueno L, Mollerach S, Monasor M, Monnier Ragaigne D, Montanet F, Morello C, Mostafá M, Moura C, Muller M, Müller G, Münchmeyer M, Mussa R, Navarra G, Navas S, Necesal P, Nellen L, Nelles A, Neuser J, Newton D, Niechciol M, Niemietz L, Niggemann T, Nitz D, Nosek D, Novotny V, Nožka L, Ochilo L, Olinto A, Oliveira M, Olmos-Gilbaja V, Pacheco N, Pakk Selmi-Dei D, Palatka M, Pallotta J, Palmieri N, Papenbreer P, Parente G, Parra A, Paul T, Pech M, Pękala J, Pelayo R, Pepe I, Perrone L, Petermann E, Peters C, Petrera S, Petrov Y, Phuntsok J, Piegaia R, Pierog T, Pieroni P, Pimenta M, Pirronello V, Platino M, Plum M, Porcelli A, Porowski C, Prado R, Privitera P, Prouza M, Purrello V, Quel E, Querchfeld S, Quinn S, Rautenberg J, Ravel O, Ravignani D, Revenu B, Ridky J, Riggi S, Risse M, Ristori P, Rizi V, Roberts J, Rodrigues de Carvalho W, Rodriguez Fernandez G, Rodriguez Rojo J, Rodríguez-Frías M, Ros G, Rosado J, Rossler T, Roth M, Roulet E, Rovero A, Saffi S, Saftoiu A, Salamida F, Salazar H, Saleh A, Salesa Greus F, Salina G, Sánchez F, Sanchez-Lucas P, Santo C, Santos E, Santos E, Sarazin F, Sarkar B, Sarmento R, Sato R, Scharf N, Scherini V, Schieler H, Schiffer P, Scholten O, Schoorlemmer H, Schovánek P, Schröder F, Schulz A, Schulz J, Schumacher J, Sciutto S, Segreto A, Settimo M, Shadkam A, Shellard R, Sidelnik I, Sigl G, Sima O, Śmiałkowski A, Šmída R, Snow G, Sommers P, Sorokin J, Squartini R, Srivastava Y, Stanič S, Stapleton J, Stasielak J, Stephan M, Stutz A, Suarez F, Suomijärvi T, Supanitsky A, Sutherland M, Swain J, Szadkowski Z, Szuba M, Taborda O, Tapia A, Tartare M, Tepe A, Theodoro V, Timmermans C, Todero Peixoto C, Toma G, Tomankova L, Tomé B, Tonachini A, Torralba Elipe G, Torres Machado D, Travnicek P, Trovato E, Ulrich R, Unger M, Urban M, Valdés Galicia J, Valiño I, Valore L, van Aar G, van den Berg A, van Velzen S, van Vliet A, Varela E, Vargas Cárdenas B, Varner G, Vázquez J, Vázquez R, Veberič D, Verzi V, Vicha J, Videla M, Villaseñor L, Vlcek B, Vorobiov S, Wahlberg H, Wainberg O, Walz D, Watson A, Weber M, Weidenhaupt K, Weindl A, Werner F, Widom A, Wiencke L, Wilczyńska B, Wilczyński H, Will M, Williams C, Winchen T, Wittkowski D, Wundheiler B, Wykes S, Yamamoto T, Yapici T, Younk P, Yuan G, Yushkov A, Zamorano B, Zas E, Zavrtanik D, Zavrtanik M, Zaw I, Zepeda A, Zhou J, Zhu Y, Zimbres Silva M, Ziolkowski M, Zuccarello F. Muons in air showers at the Pierre Auger Observatory: Mean number in highly inclined events. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.91.032003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
9
|
Abreu P, Aglietta M, Ahn EJ, Albuquerque IFM, Allard D, Allekotte I, Allen J, Allison P, Almeda A, Alvarez Castillo J, Alvarez-Muñiz J, Ambrosio M, Aminaei A, Anchordoqui L, Andringa S, Antičić T, Aramo C, Arganda E, Arqueros F, Asorey H, Assis P, Aublin J, Ave M, Avenier M, Avila G, Bäcker T, Balzer M, Barber KB, Barbosa AF, Bardenet R, Barroso SLC, Baughman B, Bäuml J, Beatty JJ, Becker BR, Becker KH, Bellétoile A, Bellido JA, Benzvi S, Berat C, Bertou X, Biermann PL, Billoir P, Blanco F, Blanco M, Bleve C, Blümer H, Boháčová M, Boncioli D, Bonifazi C, Bonino R, Borodai N, Brack J, Brogueira P, Brown WC, Bruijn R, Buchholz P, Bueno A, Burton RE, Caballero-Mora KS, Caramete L, Caruso R, Castellina A, Catalano O, Cataldi G, Cazon L, Cester R, Chauvin J, Cheng SH, Chiavassa A, Chinellato JA, Chirinos Diaz J, Chudoba J, Clay RW, Coluccia MR, Conceição R, Contreras F, Cook H, Cooper MJ, Coppens J, Cordier A, Coutu S, Covault CE, Creusot A, Criss A, Cronin J, Curutiu A, Dagoret-Campagne S, Dallier R, Dasso S, Daumiller K, Dawson BR, de Almeida RM, De Domenico M, De Donato C, de Jong SJ, De La Vega G, de Mello Junior WJM, de Mello Neto JRT, De Mitri I, de Souza V, de Vries KD, Decerprit G, del Peral L, del Río M, Deligny O, Dembinski H, Dhital N, Di Giulio C, Díaz Castro ML, Diep PN, Dobrigkeit C, Docters W, D'Olivo JC, Dong PN, Dorofeev A, dos Anjos JC, Dova MT, D'Urso D, Dutan I, Ebr J, Engel R, Erdmann M, Escobar CO, Espadanal J, Etchegoyen A, Facal San Luis P, Fajardo Tapia I, Falcke H, Farrar G, Fauth AC, Fazzini N, Ferguson AP, Ferrero A, Fick B, Filevich A, Filipčič A, Fliescher S, Fracchiolla CE, Fraenkel ED, Fröhlich U, Fuchs B, Gaior R, Gamarra RF, Gambetta S, García B, Garcia-Gamez D, Garcia-Pinto D, Gascon A, Gemmeke H, Gesterling K, Ghia PL, Giaccari U, Giller M, Glass H, Gold MS, Golup G, Gomez Albarracin F, Gómez Berisso M, Gonçalves P, Gonzalez D, Gonzalez JG, Gookin B, Góra D, Gorgi A, Gouffon P, Gozzini SR, Grashorn E, Grebe S, Griffith N, Grigat M, Grillo AF, Guardincerri Y, Guarino F, Guedes GP, Guzman A, Hague JD, Hansen P, Harari D, Harmsma S, Harrison TA, Harton JL, Haungs A, Hebbeker T, Heck D, Herve AE, Hojvat C, Hollon N, Holmes VC, Homola P, Hörandel JR, Horneffer A, Horvath P, Hrabovský M, Huege T, Insolia A, Ionita F, Italiano A, Jarne C, Jiraskova S, Josebachuili M, Kadija K, Kampert KH, Karhan P, Kasper P, Kégl B, Keilhauer B, Keivani A, Kelley JL, Kemp E, Kieckhafer RM, Klages HO, Kleifges M, Kleinfeller J, Knapp J, Koang DH, Kotera K, Krohm N, Krömer O, Kruppke-Hansen D, Kuehn F, Kuempel D, Kulbartz JK, Kunka N, La Rosa G, Lachaud C, Lauer R, Lautridou P, Le Coz S, Leão MSAB, Lebrun D, Lebrun P, Leigui de Oliveira MA, Lemiere A, Letessier-Selvon A, Lhenry-Yvon I, Link K, López R, Lopez Agüera A, Louedec K, Lozano Bahilo J, Lu L, Lucero A, Ludwig M, Lyberis H, Macolino C, Maldera S, Mandat D, Mantsch P, Mariazzi AG, Marin J, Marin V, Maris IC, Marquez Falcon HR, Marsella G, Martello D, Martin L, Martinez H, Martínez Bravo O, Mathes HJ, Matthews J, Matthews JAJ, Matthiae G, Maurizio D, Mazur PO, Medina-Tanco G, Melissas M, Melo D, Menichetti E, Menshikov A, Mertsch P, Meurer C, Mićanović S, Micheletti MI, Miller W, Miramonti L, Molina-Bueno L, Mollerach S, Monasor M, Monnier Ragaigne D, Montanet F, Morales B, Morello C, Moreno E, Moreno JC, Morris C, Mostafá M, Moura CA, Mueller S, Muller MA, Müller G, Münchmeyer M, Mussa R, Navarra G, Navarro JL, Navas S, Necesal P, Nellen L, Nelles A, Neuser J, Nhung PT, Niemietz L, Nierstenhoefer N, Nitz D, Nosek D, Nožka L, Nyklicek M, Oehlschläger J, Olinto A, Olmos-Gilbaja VM, Ortiz M, Pacheco N, Pakk Selmi-Dei D, Palatka M, Pallotta J, Palmieri N, Parente G, Parizot E, Parra A, Parsons RD, Pastor S, Paul T, Pech M, Pekala J, Pelayo R, Pepe IM, Perrone L, Pesce R, Petermann E, Petrera S, Petrinca P, Petrolini A, Petrov Y, Petrovic J, Pfendner C, Phan N, Piegaia R, Pierog T, Pieroni P, Pimenta M, Pirronello V, Platino M, Ponce VH, Pontz M, Privitera P, Prouza M, Quel EJ, Querchfeld S, Rautenberg J, Ravel O, Ravignani D, Revenu B, Ridky J, Riggi S, Risse M, Ristori P, Rivera H, Rizi V, Roberts J, Robledo C, Rodrigues de Carvalho W, Rodriguez G, Rodriguez Martino J, Rodriguez Rojo J, Rodriguez-Cabo I, Rodríguez-Frías MD, Ros G, Rosado J, Rossler T, Roth M, Rouillé-d'Orfeuil B, Roulet E, Rovero AC, Rühle C, Salamida F, Salazar H, Salesa Greus F, Salina G, Sánchez F, Santo CE, Santos E, Santos EM, Sarazin F, Sarkar B, Sarkar S, Sato R, Scharf N, Scherini V, Schieler H, Schiffer P, Schmidt A, Scholten O, Schoorlemmer H, Schovancova J, Schovánek P, Schröder F, Schulte S, Schuster D, Sciutto SJ, Scuderi M, Segreto A, Settimo M, Shadkam A, Shellard RC, Sidelnik I, Sigl G, Silva Lopez HH, Smiałkowski A, Smída R, Snow GR, Sommers P, Sorokin J, Spinka H, Squartini R, Stanic S, Stapleton J, Stasielak J, Stephan M, Stutz A, Suarez F, Suomijärvi T, Supanitsky AD, Suša T, Sutherland MS, Swain J, Szadkowski Z, Szuba M, Tamashiro A, Tapia A, Tartare M, Taşcău O, Tavera Ruiz CG, Tcaciuc R, Tegolo D, Thao NT, Thomas D, Tiffenberg J, Timmermans C, Tiwari DK, Tkaczyk W, Todero Peixoto CJ, Tomé B, Tonachini A, Travnicek P, Tridapalli DB, Tristram G, Trovato E, Tueros M, Ulrich R, Unger M, Urban M, Valdés Galicia JF, Valiño I, Valore L, van den Berg AM, Varela E, Vargas Cárdenas B, Vázquez JR, Vázquez RA, Veberič D, Verzi V, Vicha J, Videla M, Villaseñor L, Wahlberg H, Wahrlich P, Wainberg O, Walz D, Warner D, Watson AA, Weber M, Weidenhaupt K, Weindl A, Westerhoff S, Whelan BJ, Wieczorek G, Wiencke L, Wilczyńska B, Wilczyński H, Will M, Williams C, Winchen T, Winnick MG, Wommer M, Wundheiler B, Yamamoto T, Yapici T, Younk P, Yuan G, Yushkov A, Zamorano B, Zas E, Zavrtanik D, Zavrtanik M, Zaw I, Zepeda A, Zhu Y, Zimbres Silva M, Ziolkowski M. Measurement of the proton-air cross section at √s=57 TeV with the Pierre Auger Observatory. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:062002. [PMID: 23006259 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.062002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report a measurement of the proton-air cross section for particle production at the center-of-mass energy per nucleon of 57 TeV. This is derived from the distribution of the depths of shower maxima observed with the Pierre Auger Observatory: systematic uncertainties are studied in detail. Analyzing the tail of the distribution of the shower maxima, a proton-air cross section of [505±22(stat)(-36)(+28)(syst)] mb is found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Abreu
- LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Jackson G, Bobak A, Chorlton I, Fowler G, Hall R, Khimji H, Matthews H, Stapleton J, Steele C, Stillman P, Sutherland G, Swanton RH. Smoking cessation: a consensus statement with special reference to primary care. Int J Clin Pract 2001; 55:385-92. [PMID: 11501228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine addiction is a serious medical condition that needs to be treated like any other chronic disease. Primary care must play a key role in smoking cessation and offering help should be a routine part of primary care practice. As the most frequent opportunity for intervention lies within primary care, GPs should ensure that they raise the issue of stopping smoking at least annually with their smoking patients. When the smoker is ready to stop, the initial personal involvement of the GP is likely to increase the chance of a successful quit attempt. Follow-up may be with another healthcare professional. The support of healthcare professionals for the smoker who is motivated to quit, combined with appropriate pharmacotherapy, can substantially increase the chances of a successful quit attempt. Secondary care staff should also make every effort to help people to stop smoking and should communicate effectively with primary care--opportunities during hospitalisation are frequently missed. Specialist smoking cessation clinics have an essential role in providing more intensive specialist treatment and the expertise to partner and support the primary care effort. Smoking cessation is one of the most cost-effective healthcare interventions that can be made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Jackson
- Cardiothoracic Centre, St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
McVey D, Stapleton J. Can anti-smoking television advertising affect smoking behaviour? controlled trial of the Health Education Authority for England's anti-smoking TV campaign. Tob Control 2000; 9:273-82. [PMID: 10982571 PMCID: PMC1748378 DOI: 10.1136/tc.9.3.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness of the Health Education Authority for England's anti-smoking television advertising campaign in motivating smokers to give up and preventing relapse in those who had already given up. DESIGN A prospective, controlled trial was conducted in four TV regions in central and northern England. One region received no intervention (controls), two regions received TV anti-smoking advertising (TV media), and one region received TV anti-smoking advertising plus locally organised anti-tobacco campaigning (TV media + LTCN). The TV advertisements were screened in two phases over 18 months; during the first phase the intensity of the advertising was varied between TV regions. 5468 men and women (2997 smokers, 2471 ex-smokers) were selected by two stage random sampling and interviewed before the intervention, of whom 3610 were re-interviewed six months later, after the first phase of the campaign. Only those interviewed at six months were followed to the main end point at 18 months when 2381 subjects were re-interviewed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Self reports of cigarette smoking at the 18 month follow up were compared between the three levels of intervention. Odds ratios for intervention effects were adjusted for pre-intervention predictors of outcome and pooled for smokers and ex-smokers using meta-analytic methods. RESULTS After 18 months, 9. 8% of successfully re-interviewed smokers had stopped and 4.3% of ex-smokers had relapsed. The pooled adjusted odds ratio for not smoking in the TV media only condition compared to controls was 1.53 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.02 to 2.29, p = 0.04), and for TV media + LTCN versus controls, 1.67 (95% CI 1.0 to 2.8, p = 0.05). There was no evidence of an extra effect of the local tobacco control network when combined with TV media (odds ratio 1.15, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.78, p = 0.55). The was also no evidence of any intervention effects after the first phase of the TV media campaign, including no effect of varying the intensity of the advertising during this initial phase. Applying these results to a typical population where 28% smoke and 28% are ex-smokers, and where there would be an equal number of quitters and relapsers over an 18 month period without the campaign, suggests that the campaign would reduce smoking prevalence by about 1.2%. CONCLUSIONS The Health Education Authority for England's anti-smoking TV campaign was effective in reducing smoking prevalence through encouraging smokers to stop and helping prevent relapse in those who had already stopped. The lack of an effect after the first phase of the campaign indicates that if advertising at this intensity is to have an impact, a prolonged campaign is necessary. These results support the UK governments' recent decision to fund similar campaigns, and suggests that anti-smoking TV advertising should be undertaken routinely as an essential component of any population smoking reduction strategy. Reducing smoking prevalence would make a substantial contribution to achieving the UK government's target of preventing 300 000 cancer and heart disease deaths over the next 10 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D McVey
- Health Development Agency, London, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Evans WK, Dahrouge S, Stapleton J, Quinn C, Pollock D, Waterfield B, Lister D, Hansel F, Smith A. An estimate of the cost of conducting phase II trials in lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2000; 28:85-95. [PMID: 10717326 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(99)00132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although it is commonly assumed that clinical trials are more costly than standard therapy, there have been no previous studies of the cost of conducting phase II trials in lung cancer. We retrospectively analyzed two National Cancer Institute of Canada phase II trials in previously untreated small cell lung cancer (SCLC) to determine the costs of conducting the trials in a cancer treatment centre. Both studies were clinical trials undertaken as part of the NCIC's Investigational New Drug program: IND 69 and IND 50 evaluated docetaxel (taxotere) and gemcitabine, respectively. METHODS data management costs in a Canadian cancer treatment centre were determined from the time estimates provided by data managers to complete various protocol related tasks. Nursing and pharmacy personnel measured the time and supplies necessary to prepare and administer the chemotherapy. Physician fees were determined from the type and number of care visits required by the clinical protocols. Laboratory tests and imaging studies were costed according to the Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP) Schedule of Fees and Benefits. To estimate whether phase II trials are more costly than standard treatment, we determined the cost of four cycles of VP-16-cisplatin, a standard treatment for SCLC. RESULTS The total cost of performing the docetaxel study was $18443 for an average cost per case of $1317 and an average cost per treatment cycle of $683. The gemcitabine study cost more, due to the fact that the drug proved to be active against SCLC and more cycles of therapy were administered to a larger number of patients. Laboratory and administration costs were also higher, because of the drug administration schedule. The total cost of this study was estimated to be $64670 and the average cost per patient entered was $2230 with an average cost per treatment cycle of $898. In comparison, the estimated cost of four cycles of VP-16-cisplatin chemotherapy was $3948 or $987 per treatment cycle. The major cost drivers in the clinical trials were laboratory and imaging tests which made up 17 and 39%, respectively, of the costs of the taxotere study, and 29 and 27%, respectively, for the gemcitabine study. Data management costs contributed 21 and 13% of the total costs, respectively. CONCLUSION As the main cost drivers in these phase II clinical trials are laboratory and imaging tests, the cost of clinical trials could potentially be reduced by ensuring that only essential tests are required by protocol. Not surprisingly, the cost of conducting a trial of an active agent is greater than for an inactive agent, because more patients are treated and each patient receives more treatment. The implications for the per-case funding of phase II clinical trials are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W K Evans
- The Ottawa Regional Cancer Centre, 190 Melrose Avenue, Ottowa, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Inbred strains of mice exhibit different patterns of maternal behavior, providing material for studies of genetic influences on the expression of maternal behavior. Beginning 1 day after birth, maternal behavior was recorded daily for 14 days in the first and second litters of C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) mothers. D2 mice had higher pup survival than B6 mice, and pup survival was higher in both strains in second litters than in first litters. D2 mothers spent more time engaged in maternal behavior, especially resting with, crouching over, and nursing pups than B6 mothers with first litters, but not with second litters. Not all measures of maternal behavior were correlated with pup survival; with both litters, B6 mothers retrieved pups faster than D2 mothers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R E Brown
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Stapleton J. Commentary: Progress on nicotine replacement therapy for smokers. BMJ 1999; 318:289. [PMID: 10075460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Stapleton
- Department of Psychiatry, Tobacco Research Section and National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Happersberger HP, Stapleton J, Cowgill C, Glocker MO. Characterization of the folding pathway of recombinant human macrophage-colony stimulating-factor beta (rhM-CSF beta) by bis-cysteinyl modification and mass spectrometry. Proteins 1998; Suppl 2:50-62. [PMID: 9849910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Melarsen oxide [p-(4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)aminophenylarsonous acid (MEL)], which selectively bridges spatially neighboring bis-cysteinyl residues in (reduced) proteins, was used to trap folding intermediates chemically during 1) time-dependent renaturation of recombinant human macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhM-CSF); by redox refolding in vitro; 2) reductive unfolding in the presence of the trapping reagent; and 3) denaturing unfolding reactions in urea and guanidinium hydrochloride. Characterization of intermediates from folding and unfolding reactions was performed by electrospray ionization mass spectometry (ESI-MS). In all folding and unfolding reactions a characteristic dimeric intermediate with two attached melarsen oxide (MEL) groups was observed, suggesting that these rhM-CSF beta species were important refolding intermediates. These intermediates presented a characteristic "charge structure" in ESI spectra with a most abundant 26+ charged molecular ion whereas the mature homodimeric rhM-CSF beta showed a most abundant 23+ molecular ion, indicating that the final product was more compact. The major locations of the two MEL groups were identified by mass spectrometric peptide mapping at cysteine residues C157 and C159 from each monomer. Cysteine residues C7 and C90 were minor modification sites. The mass spectrometric results from the in vitro folding reactions of rhM-CSF beta are in agreement with intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence measurements and are consistent with the folding pathway that starts with a fully reduced monomer (R), includes partially folded monomeric intermediates (M) and dimeric intermediates (D), and yields a final product with the native tertiary structure (N): 2R ==> 2M ==> D ==> N. Our results show that selective chemical trapping of bis-thiol groups of proteins with MEL permits study of folding pathways by mass spectrometric structure characterization of intermediates with otherwise transient conformations.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
This paper briefly reviews three aspects of cigarette smoking behaviour: recent British trends in prevalence and cessation, tobacco dependence and the nicotine withdrawal syndrome, and treatment for smokers using nicotine replacement therapy. It concludes with a meta-analysis of the effect of relapse in nicotine replacement trials. For many years, until 1994, smoking prevalence in the UK declined at a steady rate but since the early 1980s uptake in the young has remained high. This failure to curb recruitment in the young may be in part responsible for the recent rise in all-age smoking prevalence. Cessation rates are very low when compared with the proportion of smokers who wish to stop and repeatedly try to do so. This disparity can be attributed to the addictiveness of nicotine and the withdrawal symptoms which confront the would-be quitter. To date, the most effective adjunctive aid for smokers trying to quit is nicotine replacement therapy but even when abstinence for several months has been achieved the risk of relapse remains high.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Stapleton
- Institute of Psychiatry, National Addiction Centre, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Stapleton J. Re: Cost-effectiveness of the nicotine transdermal patch. Prev Med 1998; 27:304-5. [PMID: 9579011 DOI: 10.1006/pmed.1998.0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
19
|
Stapleton J. Brain function in substance abuse. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0887-6177(98)90478-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
20
|
|
21
|
Shutt DC, Jenkins LM, Carolan EJ, Stapleton J, Daniels KJ, Kennedy RC, Soll DR. T cell syncytia induced by HIV release. T cell chemoattractants: demonstration with a newly developed single cell chemotaxis chamber. J Cell Sci 1998; 111 ( Pt 1):99-109. [PMID: 9394016 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.111.1.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A chemotaxis chamber has been developed to analyze both the velocity and the directionality of individual T cells in gradients of high molecular mass molecules over long periods of time. Employing this chamber, it is demonstrated that syncytia induced by HIV in SUP-T1 cell cultures release two T cell chemoattractants with approximate molecular masses of 30 and 120 kDa. Neither uninfected single cells nor polyethylene glycol-induced syncytia release detectable chemoattractant, suggesting that these chemoattractants are linked to HIV infection. Soluble gp120 functions as a T cell chemoattractant and the addition of anti-gp120 antibody to syncytium-conditioned medium blocks the high molecular mass chemoattractant activity but not the low molecular mass activity. The addition of anti-CD4 antibody to syncytium-conditioned medium also blocks the high molecular mass chemoattractant activity but not the low molecular mass activity. These results demonstrate that HIV-induced T cell syncytia release a low and a high molecular mass T cell chemoattractant, and suggest that the high molecular mass factor is gp120 and that it functions through the CD4 receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Shutt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Foulds J, Stapleton J, Swettenham J, Bell N, McSorley K, Russell MA. Cognitive performance effects of subcutaneous nicotine in smokers and never-smokers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1996; 127:31-8. [PMID: 8880941 DOI: 10.1007/bf02805972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study the effects of two doses of subcutaneous nicotine and saline were compared on a range of performance measures in 18 abstaining smokers and 18 never-smokers. Each subject received two injections (40 min apart) of saline, 0.3 mg nicotine, or 0.6 mg nicotine in a balanced order over three sessions. Performance was assessed before and after the injections on nine tests [news recall, Sternberg memory task, finger tapping, logical reasoning, rapid visual information processing (RVIP), long-term word recognition, digit recall, Stroop test, and critical flicker fusion threshold]. In the abstinent smokers, nicotine produced significantly faster correct responses on the logical reasoning test, more target hits, faster reaction times and improved sensitivity on the RVIP task, and more correct responses on word recognition. In never-smokers, nicotine produced faster reaction times on the RVIP and digit-recall tasks, although in the latter case this was at the expense of fewer correct responses. There were no significant differences between the two groups' responses to nicotine but smokers performed worse than never-smokers prior to injections, even controlling for background characteristics. These results are consistent with other recent research suggesting a primary effect of nicotine in enhancing cognitive performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Foulds
- Health Behaviour Unit, Maudsley Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated significant differences in bone mineral density between various racial groups. Although it has been suggested that differences in body weight contribute to such interracial variation, the artifactual effect of the skeletal size inherent in projectional absorptiometry methods has been largely ignored. We have measured bone mineral density by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in the lumbar spine and at three femoral sites in 200 premenopausal women of Chinese, Indian, European, or Polynesian origin (50 of similar mean age in each group). In the Chinese and Indian women the measured bone mineral density measurements (g/cm2) were similar, but significantly less, at all sites, than those of European women (p < or = 0.005). The European women were, however, significantly taller than both the Chinese and Indian women (p < 0.0001), and when the scale artifact of absorptiometry was removed by dividing the measured bone mineral density either by the height of the subject, or by the square root of the area over which the X-ray beam was projected, then the differences in mean bone mineral density between the Chinese, Indian, and European women were almost completely eliminated. The Polynesian women were significantly more obese (as judged from mean body mass index) than all the other groups (p < 0.0001) and had significantly greater bone mineral density at all sites than all the other groups both before (p < 0.0001) and after (p < 0.0001) correcting for the scale artifact.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Cundy
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland Medical School, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Foulds J, Stapleton J. Evidence that cotinine is psychoactive? Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995; 57:95-7. [PMID: 7828387 DOI: 10.1016/0009-9236(95)90271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
26
|
Affiliation(s)
- D B Bittleman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Foulds J, Bryant A, Stapleton J, Jarvis MJ, Russell MA. The stability of cotinine in unfrozen saliva mailed to the laboratory. Am J Public Health 1994; 84:1182-3. [PMID: 8017556 PMCID: PMC1614743 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.84.7.1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
28
|
Reid IR, Evans MC, Cooper GJ, Ames RW, Stapleton J. Circulating insulin levels are related to bone density in normal postmenopausal women. Am J Physiol 1993; 265:E655-9. [PMID: 8238341 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1993.265.4.e655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We recently established that the dependence of bone mineral density (BMD) on body weight in women is mainly attributable to a close relationship between total body fat mass and BMD. The present study assesses whether this latter relationship might be contributed to by the hormones insulin or amylin, both of which may influence fat mass and calcium metabolism. Fifty-three normal postmenopausal women underwent a 75-g glucose tolerance test with measurement of plasma insulin and amylin concentrations every 30 min for 2 h. Body composition and BMD/height (to provide a quantity with the dimensions of volumetric density that is independent of body size) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and volumetric density of the third lumbar vertebral body was calculated. Circulating insulin concentrations correlated with BMD/height and volumetric density of the third lumbar vertebral body (r = 0.28-0.52). They also were related to body weight (r = 0.34-0.56) and fat mass (r = 0.38-0.56) but were not independently related to lean mass on multiple regression. There were no consistent relationships between amylin levels and these variables. Multiple-regression analyses with fat mass and insulin levels as independent variables indicated that BMD/height of total body and femoral trochanter were primarily related to fat mass, whereas, in femoral neck, the significant relationship was with insulin. Volumetric density of the third lumbar vertebral body was related to insulin levels alone on this analysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I R Reid
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Evans AT, Broadstone R, Stapleton J, Hooks TM, Johnston SM, McNeil JR. Comparison of pentobarbital alone and pentobarbital in combination with lidocaine for euthanasia of dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993; 203:664-6. [PMID: 8407533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Pentobarbital alone, pentobarbital plus 1% lidocaine solution, pentobarbital plus 2% lidocaine solution, and pentobarbital plus 3% lidocaine solution were each used to euthanatize 6 dogs. For each dog, time between the beginning of injection of the euthanasia solution and each of the following events was recorded: collapse, onset of apnea, flat-line electrocardiogram, flat-line electroencephalogram, loss of palpable heartbeat, and loss of palpable pulse. Any signs of pain or discomfort were also recorded. There were no significant differences among groups except for time to flat-line electrocardiogram. Dogs euthanatized with pentobarbital alone had significantly longer times than did dogs euthanatized with pentobarbital in combination with any of the lidocaine concentrations. We concluded that pentobarbital in combination with lidocaine was a reasonable alternative to pentobarbital alone when euthanatizing dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A T Evans
- Veterinary Medical Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Foulds J, Stapleton J, Hayward M, Russell MA, Feyerabend C, Fleming T, Costello J. Transdermal nicotine patches with low-intensity support to aid smoking cessation in outpatients in a general hospital. A placebo-controlled trial. Arch Fam Med 1993; 2:417-23. [PMID: 8130921 DOI: 10.1001/archfami.2.4.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether transdermal nicotine patches combined with low-intensity support can help outpatients in a general hospital stop smoking. DESIGN Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 12 weeks of follow-up. SETTING Department of Thoracic Medicine in an inner-city public general hospital, London, England. SUBJECTS Two hundred forty-eight outpatients in a general hospital, who smoked at least 10 cigarettes per day (the majority were being treated for smoking-related diseases), referred by clinicians at the hospital. INTERVENTION Brief advice to stop smoking and daily application of transdermal nicotine patches (delivering 15 mg over 16 hours) or placebo, with follow-up appointments at 1, 3, 6, and 12 weeks, with a doubling of the dosage for continuing smokers at week 1. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Sustained abstinence from tobacco from week 3 to week 12 validated with measurement of expired-air carbon monoxide concentration at weeks 3, 6, and 12. RESULTS Twenty-nine (23.4%) of 124 subjects assigned to the nicotine group were validated as having abstained from smoking at both weeks 3 and 6, compared with 16 (12.9%) of 124 subjects receiving placebo (P = .008). At week 12, 22 (17.7%) of the subjects in the nicotine group were validated as having abstained at all three points as were 15 (12.1%) of the subjects in the placebo group (P = .058). CONCLUSION Transdermal nicotine patches combined with low-intensity support are effective in helping outpatients in a general hospital stop smoking but do not prevent relapse after 6 weeks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Foulds
- Health Behaviour Unit, National Addiction Centre, London, England
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common complication of glucocorticoid therapy. Bone density measurement is now commonly used in assessing which steroid-treated patients require specific interventions to reduce fracture risk. The recently developed techniques for the measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) of the vertebral body alone, by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in the lateral projection, may be particularly useful in this context since steroid-induced bone loss is most marked in trabecular-rich regions like the vertebral body. This possibility has been assessed in the present study by the measurement of BMD in the lateral and anterioposterior (AP) projections in 28 women receiving chronic glucocorticoid treatment. The two BMD measurements were significantly related (r = 0.62, p < 0.001). When expressed in relation to age-appropriate normal values, lateral BMDs were lower than AP BMDs both in percentage terms (70.8 +/- 4.4 versus 90.3 +/- 2.6%, p < 0.001) and in terms of Z scores (-1.42 +/- 0.22 versus -0.91 +/- 0.24, p = 0.027). AP BMD Z scores classified 12 patients as osteopenic, whereas a further 7 were so categorized by lateral BMD Z score. It is concluded that lateral DXA scanning is a more sensitive indicator of glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia than conventional BMD measurement in the AP projection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I R Reid
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
This report describes the cytologic findings in Q fever involving the liver in a 59-yr-old man. The fine-needle aspiration findings are correlated with a surgical needle biopsy performed concurrently. Cytopathologists should include Q fever in their differential diagnosis of granulomatous inflammation. Ring granulomas, which can be seen in an aspiration biopsy, should suggest the diagnosis of Q fever.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T C Greiner
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City 52242
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Foulds J, Stapleton J, Feyerabend C, Vesey C, Jarvis M, Russell MA. Effect of transdermal nicotine patches on cigarette smoking: a double blind crossover study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1992; 106:421-7. [PMID: 1570391 DOI: 10.1007/bf02245429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of transdermal nicotine patches on ad libitum cigarette smoking was examined in 30 subjects by measuring behavioural, biochemical and subjective aspects of smoking during a week of smoking without patches, and then a week each of nicotine and placebo patches in a randomised double blind crossover design. While wearing nicotine patches the subjects did not reduce the number of cigarettes smoked, but their expired carbon monoxide was reduced by 14%, they obtained less satisfaction from their cigarettes, and reported fewer and weaker urges to smoke. Down-regulation of nicotine intake from cigarettes was imprecise, such that when subjects wore nicotine patches their post-cigarette plasma nicotine concentration increased to an average of 45 ng/ml compared with 37 ng/ml in both no patch and placebo patch conditions. As the nicotine patches produced a plasma nicotine concentration of 15.9 ng/ml in abstinent subjects, this suggests a 22% reduction in nicotine intake from cigarettes while wearing nicotine patches. No serious symptoms of nicotine overdose were reported. It is suggested that the continuous absorption of nicotine from the patch may cause a build-up of acute tolerance to both toxic and pleasant subjective effects from smoking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Foulds
- Health Behaviour Unit, National Addiction Centre, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Plasma nicotine concentrations following administration by two types of nasal nicotine spray were compared in ten subjects. Absorption was particularly rapid during the first 2.5 min, the average rise in blood nicotine concentrations during this time being 8.6 ng/ml for the two products, followed by a small further rise to an average peak increase of 10.5 ng/ml 5 min after the dose of 2 mg nicotine base (mean 27.8 micrograms/kg). Despite a four-fold Cmax variation between subjects, the levels of individual subjects were fairly consistent across the two products. There were no significant differences between the two products in blood nicotine concentrations or cardiovascular responses, and the correlation between the AUCs from the two products was 0.68 (P = 0.01). Eight subjects reported subjective feelings of light-headedness or slight dizziness, which are not typical after slower absorption from nicotine gum or skin patches. Blood nicotine levels within the smoking range were soon built up with repeated doses, even in the subject with the least efficient nasal absorption. In a second study of ad libitum use under clinical conditions both products appeared sufficiently acceptable for therapeutic use as an aid to smoking cessation. There was no tendency to escalate to excessive use over 4 weeks, and blood nicotine concentrations in nine subjects averaged only 44% of their prior smoking levels. Only one subject had levels equivalent to prior smoking and possible reasons why this was not more common are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Sutherland
- ICRF Health Behaviour Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of patient migration on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related healthcare use in a rural setting. DESIGN Data were collected on all patients seeking medical care related to HIV infection at The University of Iowa HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) clinic. Information was collected related to patient care, stage of illness, prior and current residence, and clinic and hospital use. SETTING An outpatient clinic in a university hospital offering primary and consultative medical care for persons with HIV infection. PATIENTS All patients scheduled into clinic reported a previous positive HIV serologic test. RESULTS Forty-five percent (81 of 181) of patients reported moving to Iowa, yet no more than 11% (n = 20) moved out of the state during the same period of observation. Of patients meeting the Centers for Disease Control criteria for AIDS, 24% were diagnosed prior to moving to Iowa (18 of 74). Twenty-seven percent of AIDS-related inpatient days of hospitalization and 19% of AIDS-related outpatient clinic visits were used by persons diagnosed in another state. Lifetime charges totalled for eight patients ranged from $24,873 to $232,556, with a mean of $109,934. CONCLUSIONS A substantial portion of HIV-related healthcare in our rural area was used by individuals who had migrated to or back to Iowa. Further understanding of the reasons for and the extent of HIV patient migration to rural areas is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Davis
- Department of Nursing, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Densen P, Stapleton J. Is the AIDS epidemic ending? Iowa Med 1991; 81:167-9. [PMID: 2061011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In summary, current projections appear to underestimate the magnitude and course of the HIV epidemic because they are based on the end result of the infection rather than new infections. This concern is true at the local and the national level. Accurate planning requires that the level of and changes in the prevalence of HIV seropositivity in a random sample of the state and/or national population be determined at periodic intervals. Coupling these data to an assessment of the prevalence of affected individuals at various stages of HIV infection and the rate of progression from one stage to the next is critical to projections of the future magnitude and timing of expenditures for the various health care services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Densen
- University of Iowa College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hughes D, Stapleton J. Postoperative toxic shock syndrome. Iowa Med 1991; 81:55-8. [PMID: 2007539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In summary, non-menstrual TSS is potentially lethal if overlooked. Postoperative TSS can be particularly difficult to diagnose because patients often present with mild nonspecific, "flu like" symptoms and usually do not have evidence of local wound infection. It is therefore important to have a high suspicion index of occult wound infection complicated by TSS in postoperative patients with fever, rash, gastrointestinal symptoms or hypotension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Hughes
- U. of I. College of Medicine, Iowa City
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lattimer JC, Corwin LA, Stapleton J, Volkert WA, Ehrhardt GJ, Ketring AR, Anderson SK, Simon J, Goeckeler WF. Clinical and clinicopathologic response of canine bone tumor patients to treatment with samarium-153-EDTMP. J Nucl Med 1990; 31:1316-25. [PMID: 2384798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty dogs with spontaneous skeletal neoplasia were treated with 153Sm-EDTMP (ethylenediaminetetramethylene phosphonic acid). Both primary and metastatic lesions were treated. Two treatment regimes, a single (37 MBq (1.0 mCi)/kg dose or two 37 MBq (1.0 mCi)/kg doses separated by 1 wk) were tested. Response to treatment was varied. Large lesions with minimal tumor bone formation responded poorly, while primary lesions with substantial ossification usually exhibited a transient response. Small lesions with minimal lysis, metastatic lesions, and axial skeleton lesions generally responded well. The major adverse side effects of treatment were platelet and white blood cell count depression below baseline values for up to 4 wk (p less than 0.05). Minor depression of packed cell volume and transient elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase were also noted (p less than 0.05). No significant differences (p greater than 0.05) between the two treatment groups, either in treatment effect or undesirable side effects, were detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Lattimer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lattimer JC, Corwin LA, Stapleton J, Volkert WA, Ehrhardt GJ, Ketring AR, Hewett JE, Simon J, Goeckeler WF. Clinical and clinicopathologic effects of samarium-153-EDTMP administered intravenously to normal beagle dogs. J Nucl Med 1990; 31:586-93. [PMID: 2341893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was undertaken to determine the degree of acute bone marrow and vital organs injury sustained when dogs were administered doses of 153Sm-EDTMP calculated to irradiate an acute bone lesion arising from cancer metastasis to a dose considered palliative or even therapeutic (20-160 Gy). The study revealed significant (p less than 0.05) temporary depression of the bone marrow in all doses in the therapeutic (greater than 40 Gy) range. Palliative (20 Gy) doses caused significant leukocyte depression but insignificant (p greater than 0.05) depression of platelet and packed cell volumes when compared to control animals. A mild transient rise in the levels of serum alkaline phosphatase occurred immediately following radioisotope administration. All hematologic parameters had returned to normal by six weeks after the last injection of radioisotope. The study indicates potential for this compound as a safe, therapeutic radiopharmaceutical for treatment of cancer bone metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Lattimer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Stapleton J, Britz J, Carlson JR, Folds J. A patient with AIDS and a false negative HIV Western blot. Infect Control 1987; 8:490-1. [PMID: 3429157 DOI: 10.1017/s0195941700067527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
41
|
Abstract
A survey was made of drug dependent individuals attending the Accident and Emergency Departments in Greater London in July 1982 and the results were compared with those of an identical survey in July 1975. There was a significant reduction in the number of incidents involving drug dependent patients, the majority of whom attended hospital after a drug overdose; the proportion of suicidal attempts increased significantly in 1982. Barbiturates were taken less frequently in 1982, but heroin and anxiolytics were taken more often. Possible reactions to these findings are discussed and the continuing role of the Accident and Emergency Departments in monitoring changing patterns of drug abuse in emphasised.
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
A pretreatment test of breath-holding endurance predicted end-of-treatment outcome in 56 Smokers Clinic clients (r = .44; p less than .001). The cut off points derived by discriminant analysis were 32 seconds for men and 20 seconds for women, which correctly classified 78.6% of cases. The breath-holding test might sample the type of endurance necessary to withstand the discomfort associated with cigarette withdrawal and may also be relevant to success in quitting other addictive behaviours. However, alternative explanations are possible and more data are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Hajek
- Addiction Research Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Belcher M, Hajek P, Stapleton J. Lights out. Nurs Times 1986; 82:48-51. [PMID: 3638657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
44
|
Ghodse H, Stapleton J, Edwards G, Bewley T, Al-Samarrai M. A comparison of drug-related problems in London Accident and Emergency Departments 1975-1982. Br J Psychiatry 1986; 148:658-62. [PMID: 3779245 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.148.6.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug-related incidents dealt with by ten Accident and Emergency departments in Greater London during July 1982 were compared with those obtained from an identical survey in 1975. The number of incidents remained high, but there was a significant reduction in them and in the number of drug dependent attenders, compared with 1975: hypnotic drugs were used in a significantly smaller percentage of drug overdoses, but there was increased use of minor tranquillisers. The possibility of using A & E departments to monitor drug misuse on a Regional basis is discussed.
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
The effects of two different group formats constituting part of an otherwise identical smoking cessation programme were evaluated. Each group format was in use for one full calendar year. One hundred and thirty-two smokers were treated in 14 'therapist-oriented' (T-O) groups run in traditional didactic style and 138 in 14 'group-oriented' (G-O) groups, where the primary emphasis was on group resources (group support, group pressure and spontaneous modelling of coping responses). G-O groups were significantly more successful. The two types of groups did not differ in the number of clients who succeeded in stopping smoking just after the first meeting, i.e. before the difference in group formats could have any impact; but in the G-O groups more of those who failed initially persisted in trying and succeeded later in the course. Independently of the format, larger groups were more successful and in addition there was significant variation between single groups regardless of both format and size. Group processes seem to play an important role in smoking cessation and the way in which a group is structured can affect outcome.
Collapse
|
46
|
Stapleton J, Lemon S. Transmission of hepatitis B during blood glucose monitoring. JAMA 1985; 253:3250. [PMID: 3999309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
47
|
|
48
|
Litman GK, Stapleton J, Oppenheim AN, Peleg M, Jackson P. The relationship between coping behaviours, their effectiveness and alcoholism relapse and survival. Br J Addict 1984; 79:283-91. [PMID: 6595022 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1984.tb00276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
49
|
Russell MAH, Stapleton J. Effect of nicotine chewing gum as an adjunct to general practitioners' advice against smoking. West J Med 1984. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.288.6411.145-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
50
|
Russell MA, Merriman R, Stapleton J, Taylor W. Effect of nicotine chewing gum as an adjunct to general practitioner's advice against smoking. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1983; 287:1782-5. [PMID: 6416593 PMCID: PMC1549849 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.287.6407.1782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to see whether the offer and prescription of nicotine chewing gum would enhance the efficacy of general practitioners' advice to stop smoking. A sample of 1938 cigarette smokers who attended the surgeries of 34 general practitioners in six group practices were assigned by week of attendance (in a balanced design) to one of three groups: (a) non-intervention controls, (b) advice plus booklet, and (c) advice plus booklet plus the offer of nicotine gum. Follow up was done after four months and one year. The results show a clear advantage for those offered the nicotine gum (p less than 0.001). After correction for those who refused or failed chemical validation and those who switched from cigarettes to a pipe or cigars, the proportions who were abstinent at four months and still abstinent at one year were 3.9%, 4.1%, and 8.8% in the three groups, respectively. These percentages are based on all cigarette smokers who attended the surgeries including those who did not wish to stop and those in the gum group who did not try the gum (47%). The effect of the offer and prescription of gum was to motivate more smokers to try to stop, to increase the success rate among those who tried, and to reduce the relapse rate of those who stopped. The self selected subgroup of 8% who used more than one box of 105 pieces of gum achieved a success rate of 24%. It would be feasible and effective for general practitioners to include the offer of nicotine gum and brief instructions on its use as part of a minimal intervention routine with all cigarette smokers. A general practitioner who adopts such a routine with similar success could expect to achieve about 35-40 long term ex-smokers a year and so save the lives of about 10 of them. If replicated by all general practitioners throughout the country the yield of ex-smokers would be about one million a year.
Collapse
|