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Guan N, Xiao HJ, Su BG, Zhong XH, Wang F, Zhu SN. [Clinical characteristics and related factors analysis of adrenal crisis occurred in children with primary nephrotic syndrome]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2023; 61:805-810. [PMID: 37650162 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112140-20230509-00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics and related factors of corticosteroid induced adrenal crisis (AC) in children with primary nephrotic syndrome (NS). Methods: Case control study. The case group included 7 children aged 1 to 18 years with NS combined with AC hospitalized in Peking University First Hospital from January 2016 to May 2021 (AC group). According to the ratio of case group: control group 1: 4, 28 children aged 1 to 18 years who were diagnosed with NS without AC during the same period were matched as controls (non-AC group). Clinical data were collected. The clinical characteristics of AC were described. The clinical parameters were compared between the 2 groups by t test, Mann-Whitney U test or Fisher's test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the cutoff values of clinical parameters for prediction of AC. Results: The AC group included 4 boys and 3 girls aged 6.9 (4.6, 10.8) years. The non-AC group included 20 boys and 8 girls aged 5.2 (3.3, 8.4) years. All AC events occurred during the relapse of NS with infection. Seven children had gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. Six children had poor mental state or impaired consciousness. No significant differences in NS course, corticosteroid treatment course, corticosteroid type, steroid dosage, steroid medication interval, the proportion of gastroenteritis and fever existed between the two groups (all P>0.05). Compared with the non-AC group, the duration from the onset of the relapse of NS until hospitalization in the AC group was significantly shorter (0.2 (0.1, 0.6) vs. 1.0 (0.4, 5.0) month,U=25.50, P=0.005). The 24 h urinary total protein (UTP) level was significantly higher in the AC group (193 (135, 429) vs. 81 (17, 200) mg/kg, U=27.00,P=0.036) than the non-AC group. The serum albumin level in the AC group was significantly lower((13.1±2.1) vs. (24.5±8.7) g/L,t=-6.22,P<0.001) than the non-AC group. There were significantly higher total white blood cell counts ((26±9)×109 vs. (11±5)×109/L,t=4.26,P=0.004), percentage of neutrophils (0.71±0.08 vs. 0.60±0.19,t=2.56,P=0.017) and the proportion of children with C reactive protein level≥8 mg/L (3/7 vs. 0,P=0.005) in the AC group than in the non-AC group. ROC curve analysis showed that the cutoff value of 24 h UTP was 122 mg/(kg·d) with a sensitivity of 100.0% and specificity of 70.4%. The cutoff value of serum albumin was 17.0 g/L with a sensitivity of 100.0% and specificity of 82.1%. Conclusions: Gastrointestinal symptoms and poor mental state were prominent manifestations of AC in children with NS. High 24 h UTP level, low serum albumin level, high peripheral white blood cell counts, high neutrophils percentage, and high C-reactive protein level during the early stage of NS relapse may be related to the occurrence of AC in children with NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Guan
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - H J Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - B G Su
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - X H Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - F Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - S N Zhu
- Department of Medical Statistics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
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2
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Burrows K, Figueroa-Hall LK, Kuplicki R, Stewart JL, Alarbi AM, Ramesh R, Savitz JB, Teague TK, Risbrough VB, Paulus MP. Neuronally-enriched exosomal microRNA-27b mediates acute effects of ibuprofen on reward-related brain activity in healthy adults: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Sci Rep 2022; 12:861. [PMID: 35039595 PMCID: PMC8764091 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04875-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This double-blind, randomized, within-subjects design evaluated whether acute administration of an anti-inflammatory drug modulates neuron-specific, inflammation-modulating microRNAs linked to macroscopic changes in reward processing. Twenty healthy subjects (10 females, 10 males) underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan while performing a monetary incentive delay (MID) task and provided blood samples after administration of placebo, 200 mg, or 600 mg of ibuprofen. Neuronally-enriched exosomal microRNAs were extracted from serum and sequenced. Results showed that: (1) 600 mg of ibuprofen exhibited higher miR-27b-3p, miR-320b, miR-23b and miR-203a-3p expression than placebo; (2) higher mir-27b-3p was associated with lower insula activation during MID loss anticipation; and (3) there was an inverse relationship between miR-27b-3p and MID gain anticipation in bilateral putamen during placebo, a pattern attenuated by both 200 mg and 600 mg of ibuprofen. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that miR-27b could be an important messaging molecule that is associated with regulating the processing of positive or negative valenced information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiping Burrows
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Ave, Tulsa, OK, 74136, USA.
| | | | - Rayus Kuplicki
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Ave, Tulsa, OK, 74136, USA
| | - Jennifer L Stewart
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Ave, Tulsa, OK, 74136, USA
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Ahlam M Alarbi
- Departments of Surgery and Psychiatry, School of Community Medicine, The University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Rajagopal Ramesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jonathan B Savitz
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Ave, Tulsa, OK, 74136, USA
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - T Kent Teague
- Departments of Surgery and Psychiatry, School of Community Medicine, The University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, The Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Victoria B Risbrough
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Martin P Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Ave, Tulsa, OK, 74136, USA
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
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Kanmogne GD, Fonsah JY, Umlauf A, Moul J, Doh RF, Kengne AM, Tang B, Tagny CT, Nchindap E, Kenmogne L, Franklin D, Njamnshi DM, Kuate CT, Mbanya D, Njamnshi AK, Heaton RK. Effects of HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy, and immune status on the speed of information processing and complex motor functions in adult Cameroonians. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14016. [PMID: 32820234 PMCID: PMC7441321 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70981-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive deficits include impaired speed-of-information processing (SIP) and motor functions. There is lack of Cameroonian adult norms for assessing SIP or motor functions. This study of 683 Cameroonians (320 HIV+, 363 HIV-) establishes demographically-adjusted norms for six SIP [Wechsler-Adult-Intelligence-Scale (WAIS)-III Digit Symbol (WAIS-IIIDS) and Symbol Search (WAIS-IIISS), Stroop Color-Naming, Stroop Word-Reading, Trail-Making Test-A (TMT-A), Color Trails-1 (CTT1)], and two motor function [Grooved Pegboard-dominant (GP-DH) and non-dominant (GP-NDH) hands] tests. We assessed viral effects on SIP and motor functions. HIV-infected persons had significantly lower (worse) T scores on GP-DH, WAIS-IIIDS, Stroop Word-Reading, TMT-A; lower motor and SIP summary T scores. Significantly higher proportion of cases (20.7%) than controls (10.3%) had impaired SIP. Male cases had better T scores than female cases on GP-NDH, WAIS-IIIDS, WAIS-IIISS, TMT-A, CTT1; better SIP summary T scores. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) was associated with significantly better T scores on GP-NDH, WAIS-IIIDS, Stroop Color-Naming; better motor and SIP summary T scores. Cases with higher CD4 had better T scores on WAIS-IIIDS, TMT-A, CTT1; better SIP summary T scores. Overall, we demonstrate that HIV infection in Cameroon is associated with deficits in SIP and motor functions; ART and higher CD4 are associated with better cognitive performance. We provide SIP and psychomotor functions normative standards, which will be useful for neurobehavioral studies in Cameroon of diseases affecting the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgette D Kanmogne
- Vice-Chair for Resource Allocation and Faculty Development, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5800, USA.
| | - Julius Y Fonsah
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Neurology, Yaoundé Central Hospital/Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Anya Umlauf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jacob Moul
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Roland F Doh
- Department of Neurology, Yaoundé Central Hospital/Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Anne M Kengne
- Department of Neurology, Yaoundé Central Hospital/Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Bin Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Claude T Tagny
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Donald Franklin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Dora M Njamnshi
- HIV-Day Care Service, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Callixte T Kuate
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Neurology, Laquintinie Hospital, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Dora Mbanya
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Alfred K Njamnshi
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Neurology, Yaoundé Central Hospital/Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Robert K Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Carré JM, Robinson BA. Testosterone administration in human social neuroendocrinology: Past, present, and future. Horm Behav 2020; 122:104754. [PMID: 32333931 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, social neuroendocrinology researchers have developed pharmacological challenge paradigms to assess the extent to which testosterone plays a causal role in human psychological and behavioural processes. The current paper provides a brief summary of this research and offers recommendations for future research examining the neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying human behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Carré
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada.
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5
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Spiller P, Hibbeln JR, Myers G, Vannice G, Golding J, Crawford MA, Strain JJ, Connor SL, Brenna JT, Kris-Etherton P, Holub BJ, Harris WS, Lands B, McNamara RK, Tlusty MF, Salem N, Carlson SE. An abundance of seafood consumption studies presents new opportunities to evaluate effects on neurocognitive development. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2019; 151:8-13. [PMID: 31669935 PMCID: PMC6887098 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between seafood eaten during pregnancy and neurocognition in offspring has been the subject of considerable scientific study for over 25 years. Evaluation of this question led two scientific advisory committees to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAC), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations with the World Health Organization (FAO/WHO), Health Canada, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to conclude through 2014 that seafood consumed by pregnant women is likely to benefit the neurocognitive development of their children. The evidence they reviewed included between four and ten studies of seafood consumption during pregnancy that reported beneficial associations. In contrast there are now 29 seafood consumption studies available describing over 100,000 mothers-child pairs and 15 studies describing over 25,000 children who ate seafood. A systematic review of these studies using Nutrition Evaluation Systematic Review methodology is warranted to determine whether recent research corroborates, builds on, or significantly alters the previous conclusions. Studies that evaluate the integrated effects of seafood as a complete food more directly and completely evaluate impacts on neurocognition as compared to studies that evaluate individual nutritients or toxicological constituents in isolation. Here we address how the findings could add to our understanding of whether seafood consumed during pregnancy and early childhood affects neurocognition, including whether such effects are clinically meaningful, lasting, related to amounts consumed, and affected by any neurotoxicants that may be present, particularly mercury, which is present at varying levels in essentially all seafood. We provide the history, context and rationale for reexamining these questions in light of currently available data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Spiller
- Former Director of the Office of Seafood, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S., Food and Drug Administration (retired), USA
| | - Joseph R Hibbeln
- Acting Chief, Section on Nutritional Neurosciences, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, USA.
| | - Gary Myers
- Professor of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Gretchen Vannice
- Director of Nutrition Education and Research, Organic Technologies, Coshocton, OH, USA
| | - Jean Golding
- Emeritus Professor of Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael A Crawford
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, UK
| | - J J Strain
- Emeritus Professor of Human Nutrition, Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food & Health, (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Sonja L Connor
- Research Associate Professor, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas Austin, TX, USA
| | - Penny Kris-Etherton
- Distinguished Professor of Nutrition, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bruce J Holub
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - William S Harris
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Dakota School of Medicine and OmegaQuant Analytics, LLC, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Bill Lands
- American Society for Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Robert K McNamara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine USA
| | - Michael F Tlusty
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Norman Salem
- Nutritional Lipids, DSM Nutritional Projects, Columbia, MD, USA
| | - Susan E Carlson
- University Distinguished Professor, Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Hibbeln JR, Spiller P, Brenna JT, Golding J, Holub BJ, Harris WS, Kris-Etherton P, Lands B, Connor SL, Myers G, Strain JJ, Crawford MA, Carlson SE. Relationships between seafood consumption during pregnancy and childhood and neurocognitive development: Two systematic reviews. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2019; 151:14-36. [PMID: 31739098 PMCID: PMC6924512 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abundant data are now available to evaluate relationships between seafood consumption in pregnancy and childhood and neurocognitive development. We conducted two systematic reviews utilizing methodologies detailed by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans Scientific Advisory Committee 2020-2025. After reviewing 44 publications on 106,237 mother-offspring pairs and 25,960 children, our technical expert committee developed two conclusion statements that included the following: "Moderate and consistent evidence indicates that consumption of a wide range of amounts and types of commercially available seafood during pregnancy is associated with improved neurocognitive development of offspring as compared to eating no seafood. Overall, benefits to neurocognitive development began at the lowest amounts of seafood consumed (∼4 oz/wk) and continued through the highest amounts, above 12 oz/wk, some range up to >100 oz/wk.", "This evidence does not meet the criteria for "strong evidence" only due to a paucity of randomized controlled trials that may not be ethical or feasible to conduct for pregnancy" and "Moderate and consistent evidence indicates that consumption of >4 oz/wk and likely >12 oz/wk of seafood during childhood has beneficial associations with neurocognitive outcomes." No net adverse neurocognitive outcomes were reported among offspring at the highest ranges of seafood intakes despite associated increases in mercury exposures. Data are insufficient for conclusive statements regarding lactation, optimal amounts, categories or specific species characterized by mercury content and neurocognitive development; although there is some evidence that dark/oily seafood may be more beneficial. Research was conducted in healthy women and children and is generalizable to US populations. Assessment of seafood as a whole food integrates inherently integrates any adverse effects from neurotoxicants, if any, and benefits to neurocognition from omega-3 fats, as well as other nutrients critical to optimal neurological development. Understanding of the effects of seafood consumption on neurocognition can have significant public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J Thomas Brenna
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jean Golding
- Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Bruce J Holub
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - William S Harris
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Dakota School of Medicine and OmegaQuant Analytics, LLC, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Penny Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Bill Lands
- American Society for Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sonja L Connor
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Gary Myers
- Neurology, Pediatrics, and Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - J J Strain
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food & Health, (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Michael A Crawford
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Susan E Carlson
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Raymond C, Marin MF, Juster RP, Leclaire S, Bourdon O, Cayer-Falardeau S, Lupien SJ. Increased frequency of mind wandering in healthy women using oral contraceptives. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 101:121-127. [PMID: 30453124 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Oral contraceptive (OC) is the most common type of contraceptive method used in industrialized countries. A recent epidemiological study showed that OC use was associated with the onset of depression in young women. Mind wandering, a cognitive process associated with spontaneous thoughts unrelated to the task at-hand, has previously been associated with depressive thinking. Consequently, mind wandering might be a precursor for cognitive vulnerability in individuals who are at-risk for mood disorders. The purpose of this study was to examine the frequency and nature of mind wandering in women using OC in comparison to two control groups: naturally cycling women and men. We recruited 71 participants (28 women currently using OC, 14 naturally cycling women in the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle and 29 men) aged between 18 and 35 years, and measured the frequency and nature (guilt/fear oriented and positive) of mind wandering using the short version of the Imaginal Process Inventory. In all analyses, we controlled for depressive symptoms to delineate the unique association between OC use and mind wandering. We also measured estradiol, progesterone and testosterone to confirm expected group differences in sex hormones concentrations. Results show that women using OC presented increased frequency of mind wandering when compared to naturally cycling women and men who did not differ between each other. The three groups did not differ in terms of the nature of mind wandering. These results show that OC use is associated with increased frequency of mind wandering and suggest that the association between OC use and dysphoric mood described in previous studies may be partially explained by the impact of OC use on cognitive processes underlying mind wandering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Raymond
- Centre for Studies on Human Stress, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Research Centre, CIUSSS East, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal.
| | - Marie-France Marin
- Centre for Studies on Human Stress, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Research Centre, CIUSSS East, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal
| | - Robert-Paul Juster
- Centre for Studies on Human Stress, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Research Centre, CIUSSS East, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Université de Montréal
| | - Sarah Leclaire
- Centre for Studies on Human Stress, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Research Centre, CIUSSS East, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal
| | - Olivier Bourdon
- Centre for Studies on Human Stress, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Research Centre, CIUSSS East, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sophia Cayer-Falardeau
- Centre for Studies on Human Stress, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Research Centre, CIUSSS East, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sonia J Lupien
- Centre for Studies on Human Stress, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Research Centre, CIUSSS East, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Université de Montréal
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Carroll CR, Noonan C, Garroutte EM, Navas-Acien A, Verney SP, Buchwald D. Low-level inorganic arsenic exposure and neuropsychological functioning in American Indian elders. Environ Res 2017; 156:74-79. [PMID: 28334644 PMCID: PMC5485900 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inorganic arsenic at high and prolonged doses is highly neurotoxic. Few studies have evaluated whether long-term, low-level arsenic exposure is associated with neuropsychological functioning in adults. OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between long-term, low-level inorganic arsenic exposure and neuropsychological functioning among American Indians aged 64-95. METHODS We assessed 928 participants in the Strong Heart Study by using data on arsenic species in urine samples collected at baseline (1989-1991) and results of standardized tests of global cognition, executive functioning, verbal learning and memory, fine motor functioning, and speed of mental processing administered during comprehensive follow-up evaluations in 2009-2013. We calculated the difference in neuropsychological functioning for a 10% increase in urinary arsenic with adjustment for sex, age, education, and study site. RESULTS The sum of inorganic and methylated arsenic species (∑As) in urine was associated with limited fine motor functioning and processing speed. A 10% increase in ∑As was associated with a .10 (95% CI -.20, -.01) decrease on the Finger Tapping Test for the dominant hand and a .13 decrease (95% CI -.21, -.04) for the non-dominant hand. Similarly, a 10% increase in ∑As was associated with a .15 (95% CI -.29, .00) decrease on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition Coding Subtest. ∑As was not associated with other neuropsychological functions. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate an adverse association between increased urinary arsenic fine motor functioning and processing speed, but not with other neuropsychological functioning, among elderly American Indians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint R Carroll
- Department of Ethnic Studies, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Carolyn Noonan
- Initiative for Research and Education to Advance Community Health (IREACH), Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Eva M Garroutte
- Department of Sociology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Departments of Environmental Health Sciences and Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven P Verney
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Dedra Buchwald
- Initiative for Research and Education to Advance Community Health (IREACH), Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
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Wollstadt P, Sellers KK, Rudelt L, Priesemann V, Hutt A, Fröhlich F, Wibral M. Breakdown of local information processing may underlie isoflurane anesthesia effects. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005511. [PMID: 28570661 PMCID: PMC5453425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The disruption of coupling between brain areas has been suggested as the mechanism underlying loss of consciousness in anesthesia. This hypothesis has been tested previously by measuring the information transfer between brain areas, and by taking reduced information transfer as a proxy for decoupling. Yet, information transfer is a function of the amount of information available in the information source—such that transfer decreases even for unchanged coupling when less source information is available. Therefore, we reconsidered past interpretations of reduced information transfer as a sign of decoupling, and asked whether impaired local information processing leads to a loss of information transfer. An important prediction of this alternative hypothesis is that changes in locally available information (signal entropy) should be at least as pronounced as changes in information transfer. We tested this prediction by recording local field potentials in two ferrets after administration of isoflurane in concentrations of 0.0%, 0.5%, and 1.0%. We found strong decreases in the source entropy under isoflurane in area V1 and the prefrontal cortex (PFC)—as predicted by our alternative hypothesis. The decrease in source entropy was stronger in PFC compared to V1. Information transfer between V1 and PFC was reduced bidirectionally, but with a stronger decrease from PFC to V1. This links the stronger decrease in information transfer to the stronger decrease in source entropy—suggesting reduced source entropy reduces information transfer. This conclusion fits the observation that the synaptic targets of isoflurane are located in local cortical circuits rather than on the synapses formed by interareal axonal projections. Thus, changes in information transfer under isoflurane seem to be a consequence of changes in local processing more than of decoupling between brain areas. We suggest that source entropy changes must be considered whenever interpreting changes in information transfer as decoupling. Currently we do not understand how anesthesia leads to loss of consciousness (LOC). One popular idea is that we loose consciousness when brain areas lose their ability to communicate with each other–as anesthetics might interrupt transmission on nerve fibers coupling them. This idea has been tested by measuring the amount of information transferred between brain areas, and taking this transfer to reflect the coupling itself. Yet, information that isn’t available in the source area can’t be transferred to a target. Hence, the decreases in information transfer could be related to less information being available in the source, rather than to a decoupling. We tested this possibility measuring the information available in source brain areas and found that it decreased under isoflurane anesthesia. In addition, a stronger decrease in source information lead to a stronger decrease of the information transfered. Thus, the input to the connection between brain areas determined the communicated information, not the strength of the coupling (which would result in a stronger decrease in the target). We suggest that interrupted information processing within brain areas has an important contribution to LOC, and should be focused on more in attempts to understand loss of consciousness under anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Wollstadt
- MEG Unit, Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- * E-mail: (PW); (VP)
| | - Kristin K. Sellers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lucas Rudelt
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Viola Priesemann
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, BCCN, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (PW); (VP)
| | - Axel Hutt
- Deutscher Wetterdienst, Section FE 12 - Data Assimilation, Offenbach/Main, Germany
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Flavio Fröhlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael Wibral
- MEG Unit, Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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10
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Newmeyer MN, Swortwood MJ, Abulseoud OA, Huestis MA. Subjective and physiological effects, and expired carbon monoxide concentrations in frequent and occasional cannabis smokers following smoked, vaporized, and oral cannabis administration. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 175:67-76. [PMID: 28407543 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although smoking is the most common cannabis administration route, vaporization and consumption of cannabis edibles are common. Few studies directly compare cannabis' subjective and physiological effects following multiple administration routes. METHODS Subjective and physiological effects, and expired carbon monoxide (CO) were evaluated in frequent and occasional cannabis users following placebo (0.001% Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]), smoked, vaporized, and oral cannabis (6.9% THC, ∼54mg). RESULTS Participants' subjective ratings were significantly elevated compared to placebo after smoking and vaporization, while only occasional smokers' ratings were significantly elevated compared to placebo after oral dosing. Frequent smokers' maximum ratings were significantly different between inhaled and oral routes, while no differences in occasional smokers' maximum ratings between active routes were observed. Additionally, heart rate increases above baseline 0.5h after smoking (mean 12.2bpm) and vaporization (10.7bpm), and at 1.5h (13.0bpm) and 3h (10.2bpm) after oral dosing were significantly greater than changes after placebo, with no differences between frequent and occasional smokers. Finally, smoking produced significantly increased expired CO concentrations 0.25-6h post-dose compared to vaporization. CONCLUSIONS All participants had significant elevations in subjective effects after smoking and vaporization, but only occasional smokers after oral cannabis, indicating partial tolerance to subjective effects with frequent exposure. There were no differences in occasional smokers' maximum subjective ratings across the three active administration routes. Vaporized cannabis is an attractive alternative for medicinal administrations over smoking or oral routes; effects occur quickly and doses can be titrated with minimal CO exposure. These results have strong implications for safety and abuse liability assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Newmeyer
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Program in Toxicology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Madeleine J Swortwood
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, United States
| | - Osama A Abulseoud
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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11
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Blackowicz MJ, Hryhorczuk DO, Rankin KM, Lewis DA, Haider D, Lanphear BP, Evens A. The Impact of Low-Level Lead Toxicity on School Performance among Hispanic Subgroups in the Chicago Public Schools. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016; 13:ijerph13080774. [PMID: 27490560 PMCID: PMC4997460 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13080774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental lead exposure detrimentally affects children's educational performance, even at very low blood lead levels (BLLs). Among children in Chicago Public Schools (CPS), the severity of the effects of BLL on reading and math vary by racial subgroup (White vs. Hispanic vs. non-Hispanic Black). We investigated the impact of BLL on standardized test performance by Hispanic subgroup (Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Other Hispanic). METHODS We examined 12,319 Hispanic children born in Chicago between 1994 and 1998 who were tested for BLL between birth and 2006 and enrolled in the 3rd grade at a CPS school between 2003 and 2006. We linked the Chicago birth registry, the Chicago Blood Lead Registry, and 3rd grade Illinois Standard Achievement Test (ISAT) scores to examine associations between BLL and school performance. Primary analyses were restricted to children with BLL below 10 µg/dL (0.483 µmol/L). RESULTS BLLs below 10 µg/dL (0.483 µmol/L) were inversely associated with reading and math scores in all Hispanic subgroups. Adjusted Relative Risks (RRadj) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for reading and math failure were 1.34 (95% CI = 1.25, 1.63) and 1.53 (95% CI = 1.32, 1.78), respectively, per each additional 5 µg/dL of lead exposure for Hispanic children; RRadj did not differ across subgroups. We estimate that 7.0% (95% CI = 1.8, 11.9) of reading and 13.6% (95% CI = 7.7, 19.2) of math failure among Hispanic children can be attributed to exposure to BLLs of 5-9 µg/dL (0.242 to 0.435 µmol/L) vs. 0-4 µg/dL (0-0.193 µmol/L). The RRadj of math failure for each 5 µg/dL (0.242 µmol/L) increase in BLL was notably (p = 0.074) stronger among black Puerto Rican children (RRadj = 5.14; 95% CI = 1.65-15.94) compared to white Puerto Rican children (RRadj = 1.50; 95% CI = 1.12-2.02). CONCLUSIONS Early childhood lead exposure is associated with poorer achievement on standardized reading and math tests in the 3rd grade for Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Other Hispanic children enrolled in Chicago Public Schools. While we did not see interactions between BLL and ISAT performance by Hispanic subgroup, the stronger association between BLL and math failure for Black Puerto Rican children is intriguing and warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Blackowicz
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Daniel O Hryhorczuk
- Center for Global Health, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Kristin M Rankin
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Dan A Lewis
- School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Danish Haider
- Center for Global Health, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Anne Evens
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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12
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Kable JA, Coles CD, Keen CL, Uriu-Adams JY, Jones KL, Yevtushok L, Kulikovsky Y, Wertelecki W, Pedersen TL, Chambers CD. The impact of micronutrient supplementation in alcohol-exposed pregnancies on information processing skills in Ukrainian infants. Alcohol 2015; 49:647-56. [PMID: 26493109 PMCID: PMC4636447 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The potential of micronutrients to ameliorate the impact of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) was explored in a clinical trial conducted in Ukraine. Cardiac orienting responses (ORs) during a habituation/dishabituation learning paradigm were obtained from 6 to 12 month-olds to assess neurophysiological encoding and memory. Women who differed in prenatal alcohol use were recruited during pregnancy and assigned to a group (No study-provided supplements, multivitamin/mineral supplement, or multivitamin/mineral supplement plus choline supplement). Heart rate was collected for 30 s prior to stimulus onset and 12 s post-stimulus onset. Difference values (∆HR) for the first 3 trials of each condition were aggregated for analysis. Gestational blood samples were collected to assess maternal nutritional status and changes as a function of the intervention. Choline supplementation resulted in a greater ∆HR on the visual habituation trials for all infants and for the infants with no PAE on the dishabituation trials. The latency of the response was reduced in both conditions for all infants whose mothers received choline supplementation. Change in gestational choline level was positively related to ∆HR during habituation trials and levels of one choline metabolite, dimethylglycine (DMG), predicted ∆HR during habituation trials and latency of responses. A trend was found between DMG and ∆HR on the dishabituation trials and latency of the response. Supplementation did not affect ORs to auditory stimuli. Choline supplementation when administered together with routinely recommended multivitamin/mineral prenatal supplements during pregnancy may provide a beneficial impact to basic learning mechanisms involved in encoding and memory of environmental events in alcohol-exposed pregnancies as well as non- or low alcohol-exposed pregnancies. Changes in maternal nutrient status suggested that one mechanism by which choline supplementation may positively impact brain development is through prevention of fetal alcohol-related depletion of DMG, a metabolic nutrient that can protect against overproduction of glycine, during critical periods of neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Kable
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Emory University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, USA.
| | - C D Coles
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Emory University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, USA
| | - C L Keen
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - J Y Uriu-Adams
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - K L Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - L Yevtushok
- OMNI-Net for Children International Charitable Fund, Rivne Regional Medical Diagnostic Center, Rivne Province, Ukraine
| | - Y Kulikovsky
- OMNI-Net for Children International Charitable Fund, Rivne Regional Medical Diagnostic Center, Rivne Province, Ukraine
| | - W Wertelecki
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, USA; Department of Medical Genetics, University of South Alabama, USA
| | - T L Pedersen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - C D Chambers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, USA; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, USA
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Curie A, Yang K, Kirsch I, Gollub RL, des Portes V, Kaptchuk TJ, Jensen KB. Placebo Responses in Genetically Determined Intellectual Disability: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133316. [PMID: 26226597 PMCID: PMC4520690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetically determined Intellectual Disability (ID) is an intractable condition that involves severe impairment of mental abilities such as learning, reasoning and predicting the future. As of today, little is known about the placebo response in patients with ID. Objective To determine if placebo response exists in patients with genetically determined ID. Data sources and Study selection We searched Medline/PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL and PsycINFO to find all placebo-controlled double-blind randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in patients with genetically determined ID, published up to April 2013, focusing on core ID symptoms. Data extraction and synthesis Two investigators extracted outcome data independently. Main outcomes and measures Bias-corrected standardized mean difference (Hedge’s g) was computed for each outcome measure, using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. A priori defined patient sub-groups were analyzed using a mixed-effect model. The relationship between pre-defined continuous variable moderators (age, IQ, year of publication and trial duration) and effect size was analyzed using meta-regression Results Twenty-two placebo-controlled double-blind RCTs met the inclusion criteria (n = 721, mean age = 17.1 years, 62% men, mean trial duration = 35 weeks). There was a significant overall placebo response from pre- to post-treatment in patients with ID (g = 0.468, p = 0.002), both for “subjective outcomes” (a third-person’s evaluation of the patient) (g = 0.563, p = 0.022) and “objective outcomes” (direct evaluation of the patient’s abilities) (g = 0.434, p = 0.036). Individuals with higher IQ had higher response to placebo (p = 0.02) and no placebo response was observed in ID patients with comorbid dementia. A significant effect of age (p = 0.02) was found, indicating higher placebo responses in treatment of younger patients. Conclusions and relevance Results suggest that patients with genetically determined ID improve in the placebo arm of RCTs. Several mechanisms may contribute to placebo effects in ID, including expectancy, implicit learning and “placebo-by-proxy” induced by clinicians/family members. As the condition is refractory, there is little risk that improvements are explained by spontaneous remission. While new avenues for treatment of genetically determined ID are emerging, our results demonstrate how contextual factors can affect clinical outcomes and emphasize the importance of being vigilant on the role of placebos when testing novel treatments in ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Curie
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- L2C2, Institut des Sciences Cognitives, CNRS UMR5304, Bron, France
- Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Hôpital Femmes Mères Enfants, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
- EPICIME-CIC1407/INSERM, Bron, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Kathy Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Irving Kirsch
- Program in Placebo Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- School of Psychology, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Randy L. Gollub
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vincent des Portes
- L2C2, Institut des Sciences Cognitives, CNRS UMR5304, Bron, France
- Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Hôpital Femmes Mères Enfants, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
| | - Ted J. Kaptchuk
- Program in Placebo Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Karin B. Jensen
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Placebo Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Recent developments in animal psychopharmacology were reviewed with special reference to our 10-year studies in confirming the disinhibitory theory of chlordiazepoxide in frustrative nonreward (rats), spontaneous alternation (rats), discrimination reversal (rats), successive discrimination (rats), go/no-go type descrimination (rats, monkeys), passive and shuttle avoidance (rats) and differential heart rate conditioning (rats). Although anticholinergics have a similar behavioral function, their sites of action seem to be different because of their effect on the hippocampal electrical activity is markedly distinct from that of chlordiazepoxide.
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16
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Vercruyssen M, Kamon E, Hancock PA. Effects of Carbon Dioxide Inhalation on Psychomotor and Mental Performance During Exercise and Recovery. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics 2015; 13:15-27. [PMID: 17362655 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2007.11076705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
On separate days, 6 highly trained participants performed psychomotor tests while breathing for 60 min 3 carbon dioxide (CO(2)) mixtures (room air, 3% CO(2), or 4% CO(2)) prior to, between, and following two 15-min treadmill exercise bouts (70% VO(2)(max)). Each individual was extensively practiced (at least 4 days) before testing began, and both gas conditions and order of tasks were counterbalanced. Results showed physiological reactions and work-related psychomotor effects, but no effects of gas concentration on addition, multiplication, grammatical reasoning, or dynamic postural balance. These findings help define behavioral toxicity levels and support a re-evaluation of existing standards for the maximum allowable concentrations (also emergency and continuous exposure guidance levels) of CO(2). This research explored the selection of psychometric instruments of sufficient sensitivity and reliability to detect subtle changes in performance caused by exposure to low levels of environmental stress, in this case differential levels of CO(2) in the inspired air.
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Colombo J, Zavaleta N, Kannass KN, Lazarte F, Albornoz C, Kapa LL, Caulfield LE. Zinc supplementation sustained normative neurodevelopment in a randomized, controlled trial of Peruvian infants aged 6-18 months. J Nutr 2014; 144:1298-305. [PMID: 24850625 PMCID: PMC4093986 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.189365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A double-blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted to determine the effects of prevention of zinc deficiency on cognitive and sensorimotor development during infancy. At 6 mo of age, infants were randomly assigned to be administered a daily liquid supplement containing 10 mg/d of zinc (zinc sulfate), 10 mg/d of iron (ferrous sulfate), and 0.5 mg/d of copper (copper oxide), or an identical daily liquid supplement containing only 10 mg/d of iron and 0.5 mg/d of copper. Various controls were implemented to ensure adherence to the supplement protocol. A battery of developmental assessments was administered from 6 to 18 mo of age that included a visual habituation/recognition memory task augmented with heart rate at 6, 9, and 12 mo of age; the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 2nd edition (BSID2) at 6, 12, and 18 mo; the A-not-B error task at 9 and 12 mo; and free-play attention tasks at 12 and 18 mo. Only infants supplemented with zinc had the normative decline in look duration from 6 to 12 mo during habituation and a normative decline in shifting between objects on free-play multiple-object attention tasks from 12 to 18 mo of age. The 2 groups did not differ on any of the psychophysiologic indices, the BSID2, or the A-not-B error task. The findings are consistent with zinc supplementation supporting a profile of normative information processing and active attentional profiles during the first 2 y of life. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00589264.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Colombo
- Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies and Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | | | | | | | | | - Leah L Kapa
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and
| | - Laura E Caulfield
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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Mohamed S, Lee Ming T, Jaffri JM. Cognitive enhancement and neuroprotection by catechin-rich oil palm leaf extract supplement. J Sci Food Agric 2013; 93:819-827. [PMID: 23001939 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catechin-rich oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) leaf extract (OPLE) has good cardiovascular and phytoestrogenic properties. The OPLE (0.5 g day(-1) ) was supplemented to young, healthy, adult human volunteers, and their cognitive learning abilities were compared to placebo-controlled groups (N = 15). Their short-term memories, spatial visualisations, processing speeds, and language skills, were assessed over 2 months by cognitive tests computer programs. RESULTS Relative to the controls, volunteers taking OPLE had improved (P < 0.05) short-term memory, after 1 month of intervention which became highly significant (P < 0.005) after 2 months. The spatial visualisation ability and processing speed improved (P < 0.05) after 2 months consumption. The dietary OPLE showed neuroprotection in nitric oxide-deficient rats. The mechanisms involved systemic and cellular modulations that eventually enhance neuron survival. The longer the duration of OPLE consumption, the more significant was the enhancement, as shown for short-term memory. CONCLUSION This is the first report on the cognitive-enhancing effects of dietary OPLE in humans. The computer-assisted cognitive tests were simple, low in cost, errors and man hours, and hence are better than conventional cognitive test methods. In rats, the equivalent OPLE dose showed brain antioxidant enzymes modulating properties and neuroprotection under nitric oxide deficiency, with possibly neurogenesis in normal rats. This supported the effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhaila Mohamed
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang Malaysia.
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Moffitt TE, Meier MH, Caspi A, Poulton R. Reply to Rogeberg and Daly: No evidence that socioeconomic status or personality differences confound the association between cannabis use and IQ decline. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E980-2. [PMID: 23599952 PMCID: PMC3600438 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1300618110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Terrie E. Moffitt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience
- Duke Transdisciplinary Prevention Research Center, Center for Child and Family Policy, and
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom; and
| | - Madeline H. Meier
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience
- Duke Transdisciplinary Prevention Research Center, Center for Child and Family Policy, and
| | - Avshalom Caspi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience
- Duke Transdisciplinary Prevention Research Center, Center for Child and Family Policy, and
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom; and
| | - Richie Poulton
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Hendershot PE, Antal EJ, Welshman IR, Batts DH, Hopkins NK. Linezolid: Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Coadministration with Pseudoephedrine HCl, Phenylpropanolamine HCl, and Dextromethorphan HBr. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 41:563-72. [PMID: 11361053 DOI: 10.1177/00912700122010302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Linezolid is a novel oxazolidinone antibiotic with mild reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) activity. The potential for interaction with over-the-counter (OTC) medications requires quantification. The authors present data evaluating the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses to coadministration of oral linezolid with sympathomimetics (pseudoephedrine and phenylpropanolamine) and a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (dextromethorphan). Following coadministration with linezolid, minimal but statistically significant increases were observed in pseudoephedrine and phenylpropanolamine plasma concentrations; a minimal but statistically significant decrease was observed in dextrorphan (the primary metabolite of dextromethorphan) plasma concentrations. Increased blood pressure (BP) was observed following the coadministration of linezolid with either pseudoephedrine or phenylpropanolamine; no significant effects were observed with dextromethorphan. None of these coadministered drugs had a significant effect on linezolid pharmacokinetics. Minimal numbers of adverse events were reported. Potentiation of sympathomimetic activity by linezolid was judged not to be clinically significant, but patients sensitive to the effects of increased BP due to predisposing factors should be treated cautiously. No restrictions are indicated for the coadministration of dextromethorphan and linezolid.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Hendershot
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007-4940, USA
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Wilhelm P, van Diepen MAC, Nieuwenhuis L, Boulogne TLA. [The effect of energy drinks on the cognitive performance of adolescents]. Tijdschr Psychiatr 2013; 55:57-62. [PMID: 23315697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Manufacturers of energy drinks claim that their drinks can have a positive effect on cognitive performance. So far, there is little evidence that energy drinks do in fact enhance the cognitive performance of adolescents. AIM To find out, via a series of tests, whether the manufacturers of energy drinks are justified in claiming that their drinks improve the cognitive performance of young people. METHOD In a quasi-experimental design a number of young people (aged 15-18) were divided into three groups: a control group, each of whose members drank water beforehand; a placebo group whose members drank a glass of sugar-free lemonade, and an experimental group whose members drank a currently available energy drink (Megaforce). Pencil and paper tests were administered to the members of each group in order to measure attention and concentration, learning ability, memory, verbal and numerical reasoning, numerical aptitude and vocabulary. RESULTS No significant differences between groups were found that could solely be ascribed to the effect of energy drink. CONCLUSION Given the warnings about the potential health-risks of energy drinks and the fact that no evidence was found for positive effects of energy drinks on the cognitive performance of young people, we are of the opinion that youngsters should stay away from such drinks.
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Can we reverse Alzheimer's? New approaches from Harvard offer hope. Harv Health Lett 2013; 38:1, 7. [PMID: 23556155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Meier MH, Caspi A, Ambler A, Harrington H, Houts R, Keefe RSE, McDonald K, Ward A, Poulton R, Moffitt TE. Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E2657-64. [PMID: 22927402 PMCID: PMC3479587 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206820109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 881] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports show that fewer adolescents believe that regular cannabis use is harmful to health. Concomitantly, adolescents are initiating cannabis use at younger ages, and more adolescents are using cannabis on a daily basis. The purpose of the present study was to test the association between persistent cannabis use and neuropsychological decline and determine whether decline is concentrated among adolescent-onset cannabis users. Participants were members of the Dunedin Study, a prospective study of a birth cohort of 1,037 individuals followed from birth (1972/1973) to age 38 y. Cannabis use was ascertained in interviews at ages 18, 21, 26, 32, and 38 y. Neuropsychological testing was conducted at age 13 y, before initiation of cannabis use, and again at age 38 y, after a pattern of persistent cannabis use had developed. Persistent cannabis use was associated with neuropsychological decline broadly across domains of functioning, even after controlling for years of education. Informants also reported noticing more cognitive problems for persistent cannabis users. Impairment was concentrated among adolescent-onset cannabis users, with more persistent use associated with greater decline. Further, cessation of cannabis use did not fully restore neuropsychological functioning among adolescent-onset cannabis users. Findings are suggestive of a neurotoxic effect of cannabis on the adolescent brain and highlight the importance of prevention and policy efforts targeting adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline H Meier
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Kovacevic S, Azma S, Irimia A, Sherfey J, Halgren E, Marinkovic K. Theta oscillations are sensitive to both early and late conflict processing stages: effects of alcohol intoxication. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43957. [PMID: 22952823 PMCID: PMC3428276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior neuroimaging evidence indicates that decision conflict activates medial and lateral prefrontal and parietal cortices. Theoretical accounts of cognitive control highlight anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as a central node in this network. However, a better understanding of the relative primacy and functional contributions of these areas to decision conflict requires insight into the neural dynamics of successive processing stages including conflict detection, response selection and execution. Moderate alcohol intoxication impairs cognitive control as it interferes with the ability to inhibit dominant, prepotent responses when they are no longer correct. To examine the effects of moderate intoxication on successive processing stages during cognitive control, spatio-temporal changes in total event-related theta power were measured during Stroop-induced conflict. Healthy social drinkers served as their own controls by participating in both alcohol (0.6 g/kg ethanol for men, 0.55 g/kg women) and placebo conditions in a counterbalanced design. Anatomically-constrained magnetoencephalography (aMEG) approach was applied to complex power spectra for theta (4-7 Hz) frequencies. The principal generator of event-related theta power to conflict was estimated to ACC, with contributions from fronto-parietal areas. The ACC was uniquely sensitive to conflict during both early conflict detection, and later response selection and execution stages. Alcohol attenuated theta power to conflict across successive processing stages, suggesting that alcohol-induced deficits in cognitive control may result from theta suppression in the executive network. Slower RTs were associated with attenuated theta power estimated to ACC, indicating that alcohol impairs motor preparation and execution subserved by the ACC. In addition to their relevance for the currently prevailing accounts of cognitive control, our results suggest that alcohol-induced impairment of top-down strategic processing underlies poor self-control and inability to refrain from drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Kovacevic
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sheeva Azma
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Andrei Irimia
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jason Sherfey
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eric Halgren
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ksenija Marinkovic
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Marczinski CA, Fillmore MT, Henges AL, Ramsey MA, Young CR. Effects of energy drinks mixed with alcohol on information processing, motor coordination and subjective reports of intoxication. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2012; 20:129-38. [PMID: 22023670 PMCID: PMC3288788 DOI: 10.1037/a0026136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) has become a popular and controversial practice among young people. Increased rates of impaired driving and injuries have been associated with AmED consumption. The purpose of this study was to examine if the consumption of AmED alters cognitive processing and subjective measures of intoxication compared with the consumption of alcohol alone. Eighteen participants (nine men and nine women) attended four test sessions where they received one of four doses in random order (0.65 g/kg alcohol, 3.57 ml/kg energy drink, AmED, or a placebo beverage). Performance on a psychological refractory period (PRP) task was used to measure dual-task information processing and performance on the Purdue pegboard task was used to measure simple and complex motor coordination following dose administration. In addition, various subjective measures of stimulation, sedation, impairment, and level of intoxication were recorded. The results indicated that alcohol slowed dual-task information processing and impaired simple and complex motor coordination. The coadministration of the energy drink with alcohol did not alter the alcohol-induced impairment on these objective measures. For subjective effects, alcohol increased various ratings indicative of feelings of intoxication. More importantly, coadministration of the energy drink with alcohol reduced perceptions of mental fatigue and enhanced feelings of stimulation compared to alcohol alone. In conclusion, AmED may contribute to a high-risk scenario for a drinker. The mix of behavioral impairment with reduced fatigue and enhanced stimulation may lead AmED consumers to erroneously perceive themselves as better able to function than is actually the case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile A Marczinski
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA.
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Bauer I, Crewther DP, Pipingas A, Rowsell R, Cockerell R, Crewther SG. Omega-3 fatty acids modify human cortical visual processing--a double-blind, crossover study. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28214. [PMID: 22174778 PMCID: PMC3235106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While cardiovascular and mood benefits of dietary omega-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are manifest, direct neurophysiological evidence of their effects on cortical activity is still limited. Hence we chose to examine the effects of two proprietary fish oil products with different EPA:DHA ratios (EPA-rich, high EPA:DHA; DHA-rich) on mental processing speed and visual evoked brain activity. We proposed that nonlinear multifocal visual evoked potentials (mfVEP) would be sensitive to any alteration of the neural function induced by omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, because the higher order kernel responses directly measure the degree of recovery of the neural system as a function of time following stimulation. Twenty-two healthy participants aged 18-34, with no known neurological or psychiatric disorder and not currently taking any nutritional supplementation, were recruited. A double-blind, crossover design was utilized, including a 30-day washout period, between two 30-day supplementation periods of the EPA-rich and DHA-rich diets (with order of diet randomized). Psychophysical choice reaction times and multi-focal nonlinear visual evoked potential (VEP) testing were performed at baseline (No Diet), and after each supplementation period. Following the EPA-rich supplementation, for stimulation at high luminance contrast, a significant reduction in the amplitude of the first slice of the second order VEP kernel response, previously related to activation in the magnocellular pathway, was observed. The correlations between the amplitude changes of short latency second and first order components were significantly different for the two supplementations. Significantly faster choice reaction times were observed psychophysically (compared with baseline performance) under the EPA-rich (but not DHA-rich) supplementation, while simple reaction times were not affected. The reduced nonlinearities observed under the EPA-rich diet suggest a mechanism involving more efficient neural recovery of magnocellular-like visual responses following cortical activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Bauer
- Brain Sciences Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David P. Crewther
- Brain Sciences Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrew Pipingas
- Brain Sciences Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Renee Rowsell
- Brain Sciences Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn Cockerell
- Brain Sciences Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sheila G. Crewther
- School of Psychological Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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MacDonald E, Dadds MR, Brennan JL, Williams K, Levy F, Cauchi AJ. A review of safety, side-effects and subjective reactions to intranasal oxytocin in human research. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011; 36:1114-26. [PMID: 21429671 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human research investigating the impact of intranasal oxytocin on psychological processes has accelerated over the last two decades. No review of side effects, subjective reactions and safety is available. METHOD A systematic review of 38 randomised controlled trials conducted between 1990 and 2010 that investigated the central effects of intranasal oxytocin was undertaken. A systematic search for reports of adverse reactions involving intranasal oxytocin was also completed. RESULTS Since 1990, research trials have reported on N=1529 (79% male) of which 8% were participants with developmental or mental health difficulties. Dosages ranged from 18 to 40 IU, mainly in single doses but ranged up to 182 administrations. Diverse methods have been used to screen and exclude participants, monitor side effects and subject reactions. Side effects are not different between oxytocin and placebo and participants are unable to accurately report on whether they have received oxytocin and placebo. Three case reports of adverse reactions due to misuse and longer-term use of intranasal oxytocin were reported. CONCLUSIONS The evidence shows that intranasal oxytocin: (1) produces no detectable subjective changes in recipients, (2) produces no reliable side-effects, and (3) is not associated with adverse outcomes when delivered in doses of 18-40 IU for short term use in controlled research settings. Future research directions should include a focus on the dosage and duration of use, and application with younger age groups, vulnerable populations, and with females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elayne MacDonald
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Abstract
Although placebos have long been considered a nuisance in clinical research, today they represent an active and productive field of research and, because of the involvement of many mechanisms, the study of the placebo effect can actually be viewed as a melting pot of concepts and ideas for neuroscience. Indeed, there exists not a single but many placebo effects, with different mechanisms and in different systems, medical conditions, and therapeutic interventions. For example, brain mechanisms of expectation, anxiety, and reward are all involved, as well as a variety of learning phenomena, such as Pavlovian conditioning, cognitive, and social learning. There is also some experimental evidence of different genetic variants in placebo responsiveness. The most productive models to better understand the neurobiology of the placebo effect are pain and Parkinson's disease. In these medical conditions, the neural networks that are involved have been identified: that is, the opioidergic-cholecystokinergic-dopaminergic modulatory network in pain and part of the basal ganglia circuitry in Parkinson's disease. Important clinical implications emerge from these recent advances in placebo research. First, as the placebo effect is basically a psychosocial context effect, these data indicate that different social stimuli, such as words and rituals of the therapeutic act, may change the chemistry and circuitry of the patient's brain. Second, the mechanisms that are activated by placebos are the same as those activated by drugs, which suggests a cognitive/affective interference with drug action. Third, if prefrontal functioning is impaired, placebo responses are reduced or totally lacking, as occurs in dementia of the Alzheimer's type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Benedetti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin Medical School, Turin, Italy.
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Back-Madruga C, Boone KB, Chang L, Grob CS, Lee A, Nations H, Poland RE. Neuropsychological Effects of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or Ecstasy) in Recreational Users. Clin Neuropsychol 2010; 17:446-59. [PMID: 15168910 DOI: 10.1076/clin.17.4.446.27939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
While neuropsychological studies on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) users have been emerging, results have been inconsistent, possibly due to methodological issues. The current study examined the performance of 22 recreational MDMA users compared to 28 age, education, and IQ comparable normal control subjects on a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests. Results revealed no significant differences in cognitive functioning between the MDMA users and normal controls. However, greater use of MDMA was associated with poorer scores on several measures of nonverbal memory, and greater frequency users (> or = 50 times) evidenced significantly lower scores on 2 of 3 nonverbal memory tests compared to lesser frequency users (< 50 times). Our results suggest that a subgroup of MDMA patients, specifically heavy MDMA users, evidence declines in nonverbal (visual) memory, however, other cognitive areas appear to be spared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Back-Madruga
- Department of Psychiatry, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Forcelli PA, Janssen MJ, Stamps LA, Sweeney C, Vicini S, Gale K. Therapeutic strategies to avoid long-term adverse outcomes of neonatal antiepileptic drug exposure. Epilepsia 2010; 51 Suppl 3:18-23. [PMID: 20618394 PMCID: PMC3048842 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) such as phenobarbital, phenytoin, and valproic acid, when given in therapeutic doses to neonatal rats, cause pronounced neuronal apoptotic cell death. This effect is especially pronounced in the striatum and cortex during the second postnatal week, a period corresponding to the "brain growth spurt" (third trimester of gestation and early infancy) in humans. Of particular concern is the fact that phenobarbital is the most frequently used therapy for neonatal epilepsy. If AED-induced neuronal cell death leads to long-term functional impairment, then it becomes crucial to find therapies that avoid this neurotoxicity in the sensitive period. Herein we examine short- and long-term functional effects following exposure of neonatal rat pups to phenobarbital; the functions tested include striatal gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic synaptic responses and reflex development in pups, and fear conditioning, emotionality, and sensory-motor gating in adults. In all cases, phenobarbital exposure during the second postnatal week was sufficient to cause significant impairment. In contrast, adult animals exposed as pups to lamotrigine (given in a dose that does not cause apoptotic neuronal death) were not impaired on the tasks we examined. Our data suggest that treatments devoid of proapoptotic actions may be promising therapies for avoiding adverse outcomes after neonatal exposure. In addition, our findings identify early exposure to certain AEDs as an important potential risk factor contributing to psychiatric and neurologic abnormalities later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A. Forcelli
- Georgetown University, Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience
- Georgetown University, Department of Pharmacology
| | - Megan J. Janssen
- Georgetown University, Department of Pharmacology
- Georgetown University, Department of Physiology and Biophysics
| | - Lauren A. Stamps
- Georgetown University, Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience
| | - Cameron Sweeney
- Georgetown University, Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience
| | - Stefano Vicini
- Georgetown University, Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience
- Georgetown University, Department of Physiology and Biophysics
| | - Karen Gale
- Georgetown University, Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience
- Georgetown University, Department of Pharmacology
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Sadachi H, Murakami Y, Hosoya M, Yada Y. [Neurophysiological effect of flavor and caffeine added to toothpaste]. Sangyo Eiseigaku Zasshi 2010; 52:172-181. [PMID: 20458147 DOI: 10.1539/sangyoeisei.b10002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We previously reported that tooth brushing can be used for active resting as a fatigue-reducing method. In this study, we focused on toothpaste, aiming at increasing the fatigue-reducing effect of tooth brushing. METHODS Flavoring and caffeine were added to toothpaste, and their effects were investigated employing the Flicker value, event-related potential P300, and mood scale. Thirteen healthy male and female adults (6 males and 7 females, mean age +/- standard deviation: 28.2 +/- 6.5 yr) performed a 25-minute calculation task using a personal computer, brushed their teeth using the toothpaste, and then repeated the calculation task. RESULTS The P300 peak latency was significantly shortened after tooth brushing with the toothpaste containing flavoring and caffeine, compared to that after brushing with toothpaste containing no additives (p<0.01), and prolongation of the P300 peak latency after the calculation task was significantly inhibited (p<0.01). In addition, the accuracy of the calculation task tended to increase (p<0.1). Regarding the mood scale, "general fatigue" decreased (p<0.1), "lassitude" was significantly reduced (p<0.05), and "feeling of being refreshed" and "feeling of clear-headedness" were significantly increased (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest the usefulness of tooth brushing with toothpaste with added flavoring and caffeine as a fatigue-reducing method.
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Side effects: minor can add up to major. Many medications have relatively minor anticholinergic effects that may add up, causing mental decline and other impairments. Harv Health Lett 2009; 35:6-7. [PMID: 20058391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to examine (a) whether irritability mediates the relation between executive functioning (EF) and alcohol-related aggression and (b) whether the alcohol-aggression relation is better explained by the interactive effects of EF and irritability above and beyond the effects of either variable alone. EF was measured using seven well-established neuropsychological tests. Irritability was assessed with the Caprara Irritability Scale. Participants were 313 male and female social drinkers between 21 and 35 years of age. Following the consumption of an alcohol or a placebo beverage, participants were tested on a laboratory aggression task in which electric shocks were given to and received from a fictitious opponent under the guise of a competitive reaction-time task. Aggression was operationalized as the shock intensities administered to the fictitious opponent. Results indicated that irritability successfully mediated the relation between EF and intoxicated aggression for men only. Despite the fact that irritability and EF both independently moderated the alcohol-aggression relation in previous studies, no significant interaction for their combined effect was detected here. The findings are discussed, in part, within a cognitive neoassociationistic framework for aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Godlaski
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Fama R, Rosenbloom MJ, Nichols BN, Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV. Working and episodic memory in HIV infection, alcoholism, and their comorbidity: baseline and 1-year follow-up examinations. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 33:1815-24. [PMID: 19656122 PMCID: PMC2832705 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective memory deficits occur in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and those with chronic alcoholism, but the potential compounded effect of these conditions is seldom considered, despite the high prevalence of alcohol use disorders in HIV infection. METHODS Here, we examined component processes of working and episodic memory in HIV infection and chronic alcoholism (ALC) in 4 subject groups (HIV, ALC, HIV + ALC, and normal controls) at baseline and 1-year follow-up. Accuracy scores, response times, and rate of information processing were assessed with subtests of the computerized neuropsychological test battery, the MicroCog. RESULTS Although individuals with either HIV infection or alcoholism generally performed at normal levels, individuals comorbid with HIV infection and alcoholism were impaired relative to controls and to the single diagnosis groups on selective memory processes. Immediate episodic memory was impaired, whereas working memory remained intact. Ability to retain information over time was not impaired in the clinical groups. Little performance change between groups was detected over 1 year. Results could not be explained by amount of alcohol consumed over a lifetime, CD4 cell count, AIDS diagnosis, or HAART medication. CONCLUSIONS This study provides behavioral support for adverse synergism of HIV infection and chronic alcoholism on brain function and is consistent with neuroimaging reports of compromised hippocampal and associated memory structures related to episodic memory processes in these 2 conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Fama
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, California 94305-5723, USA
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Abstract
Reports in the popular press suggest that smart drugs or "nootropics" such as methylphenidate, modafinil and piracetam are increasingly being used by the healthy to augment cognitive ability. Although current nootropics offer only modest improvements in cognitive performance, it appears likely that more effective compounds will be developed in the future and that their off-label use will increase. One sphere in which the use of these drugs may be commonplace is by healthy students within academia. This article reviews the ethical and pragmatic implications of nootropic use in academia by drawing parallels with issues relevant to the drugs in sport debate. It is often argued that performance-enhancing drugs should be prohibited because they create an uneven playing field. However, this appears dubious given that "unfair" advantages are already ubiquitous and generally tolerated by society. There are concerns that widespread use will indirectly coerce non-users also to employ nootropics in order to remain competitive. However, to restrict the autonomy of all people for fear that it may influence the actions of some is untenable. The use of potentially harmful drugs for the purposes of enhancement rather than treatment is often seen as unjustified, and libertarian approaches generally champion the rights of the individual in deciding if these risks are acceptable. Finally, whether the prohibition of nootropics can be effectively enforced is doubtful. As nootropics use becomes widespread among students in the future, discussion of this issue will become more pressing in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cakic
- University of Sydney, Australia.
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Cowan RL, Joers JM, Dietrich MS. N-acetylaspartate (NAA) correlates inversely with cannabis use in a frontal language processing region of neocortex in MDMA (Ecstasy) polydrug users: a 3 T magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 92:105-10. [PMID: 19032963 PMCID: PMC4451227 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 10/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Impaired verbal memory is common in MDMA (Ecstasy) polydrug users. The contributions of Ecstasy or polydrug exposure to reduced verbal memory are unclear, as is the neural basis for this cognitive deficit. Ecstasy users have reduced gray matter in brain regions mediating verbal memory (BA 18, 21 and 45). N-acetylaspartate (NAA) as a neuronal marker and myoinositol (mI) as a glial marker are inconsistently affected in Ecstasy users. We used 3 T MRS in 17 recreational drug users to test the hypothesis that Ecstasy polydrug use would be associated with altered NAA or mI in BA 18, 21 and 45. No effects were seen for mI. Metabolite ratios for NAA (mean+/-SD) were: BA 18-NAA/Cr (2.030+/-0.188); BA 21-NAA/Cr (1.861+/-0.325); BA 45-NAA/Cr (1.925+/-0.329). Lifetime cannabis use was significantly associated with BA 45 NAA/Cr (r=-0.687, p=0.014) but not with NAA in BA 18 or 21. In contrast, there were no statistically significant associations for lifetime use of Ecstasy, alcohol, or cocaine with NAA. These findings suggest that cannabis use may contribute to altered neuronal integrity in Ecstasy polydrug users in a brain region associated with verbal memory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald L Cowan
- Psychiatric Neuroimaging Program, 1601 23 Avenue South, Suite 3057, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
- Vanderbilt Addiction Center, 1601 23 Avenue South, 3 Floor, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, 1161 21 Avenue South, Medical Center North, AA-1105, Nashville, TN 37232-2310, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1601 23 Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, CCC-1121 Medical Center North, Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James M Joers
- Psychiatric Neuroimaging Program, 1601 23 Avenue South, Suite 3057, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, 1161 21 Avenue South, Medical Center North, AA-1105, Nashville, TN 37232-2310, USA
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, CCC-1121 Medical Center North, Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mary S Dietrich
- Psychiatric Neuroimaging Program, 1601 23 Avenue South, Suite 3057, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1601 23 Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
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38
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding how antiepileptic (AED) monotherapy influences normative test scores is of importance in the clinic for correct interpretation of neuropsychological profiles. Previous studies have primarily reported minor influence on neuropsychological raw scores, and the clinical relevance of these findings is unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To obtain a clinical valid answer to this question, we analysed changes in T-scores after AED withdrawal in a large group of well-controlled epilepsy patients, for tests previously shown to be sensitive to AED withdrawal. METHODS We report outcomes on measures of choice reaction time from the California Computerized Assessment Package, on the Controlled Oral Word Association Test and on the Stroop Color-Word Interference Test. RESULTS Significantly improved T-scores were revealed after AED withdrawal on five of the six tests of executive functions with mean improvement of 5 T-scores. Comparable results were achieved in the subgroup taking carbamazepine, with a mean improvement of 6.2 T-scores. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that T-scores for computerized tests of choice reaction time and tests of verbal fluency and response inhibition may be significantly impaired as a consequence of AED monotherapy, and that careful interpretation of these scores is required in diagnostic assessment of patients receiving AED monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hessen
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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39
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Winckler T. [Final IQWiG to Ginkgo biloba]. Pharm Unserer Zeit 2009; 38:454-461. [PMID: 19711323 DOI: 10.1002/pauz.200900334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Winckler
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Pharmazie, Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Semmelweisstrasse 10, 07743 Jena.
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40
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Abstract
When we are anesthetized, we expect consciousness to vanish. But does it always? Although anesthesia undoubtedly induces unresponsiveness and amnesia, the extent to which it causes unconsciousness is harder to establish. For instance, certain anesthetics act on areas of the brain's cortex near the midline and abolish behavioral responsiveness, but not necessarily consciousness. Unconsciousness is likely to ensue when a complex of brain regions in the posterior parietal area is inactivated. Consciousness vanishes when anesthetics produce functional disconnection in this posterior complex, interrupting cortical communication and causing a loss of integration; or when they lead to bistable, stereotypic responses, causing a loss of information capacity. Thus, anesthetics seem to cause unconsciousness when they block the brain's ability to integrate information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Alkire
- Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868
| | - Anthony G. Hudetz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
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41
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Bellinger DC. Very low lead exposures and children's neurodevelopment. Curr Opin Pediatr 2008. [PMID: 18332714 DOI: 10.1097/mop.obo13e3282f4f97b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We remain far from achieving the goal of eliminating lead-associated neurodevelopmental morbidities in children. New evidence regarding the blood lead levels at which morbidities occur have led to calls for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to reduce the current screening guideline of 10 microg/dl. The review evaluates the basis for these calls. RECENT FINDINGS Adverse outcomes, such as reduced intelligence quotient and academic deficits, occur at levels below 10 microg/dl. Some studies suggest that the rate of decline in performance is greater at levels below 10 microg/dl than above 10 microg/dl, although a plausible mechanism has not been identified. Increased exposure is also associated with neuropsychiatric disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and antisocial behavior. Functional imaging studies are beginning to provide insight into the neural substrate of lead's neurodevelopmental effects. Current protocols for chelation therapy appear ineffective in preventing such effects, although environmental enrichment might do so. SUMMARY No level of lead exposure appears to be 'safe' and even the current 'low' levels of exposure in children are associated with neurodevelopmental deficits. Primary prevention of exposure provides the best hope of mitigating the impact of this preventable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Bellinger
- Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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42
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Ataka S, Tanaka M, Nozaki S, Mizuma H, Mizuno K, Tahara T, Sugino T, Shirai T, Kajimoto Y, Kuratsune H, Kajimoto O, Watanabe Y. Effects of oral administration of caffeine and D-ribose on mental fatigue. Nutrition 2008; 24:233-8. [PMID: 18178380 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzuka Ataka
- Department of Physiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
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43
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Wan L, Friedman BH, Boutros NN, Crawford HJ. P50 sensory gating and attentional performance. Int J Psychophysiol 2008; 67:91-100. [PMID: 18036692 PMCID: PMC2292346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sensory gating refers to the preattentional filtering of irrelevant sensory stimuli. This process may be impaired in schizotypy, which is a trait also associated with cigarette smoking. This association may in part stem from the positive effects of smoking on sensory gating and attention. The relationship among sensory gating, smoking, schizotypy and attention was examined in 39 undergraduates. Sensory gating was indexed by the P50 suppression paradigm, and attention was measured by the Attention Network Test (ANT) and a Stroop task. Results showed sensory gating to be positively correlated with performances on ANT and Stroop reflected in better alerting, less conflict between stimuli, faster reaction time, and greater accuracy. Smokers showed a pattern of a greater number of significant correlations between sensory gating and attention in comparison to non-smokers, although the relationship between sensory gating and attention was not affected by schizotypy. The majority of significant correlations were found in the region surrounding Cz. These findings are discussed relative to the potential modifying influence of smoking and schizotypy on sensory gating and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504
- Department of Psychology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798
| | - Bruce H. Friedman
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Nash N. Boutros
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Helen J. Crawford
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
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44
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van den Eynde F, van Baelen PC, Portzky M, Audenaert K. [The effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance]. Tijdschr Psychiatr 2008; 50:273-281. [PMID: 18470842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy drinks have become more and more popular since the late nineties. The manufactures claim that these drinks improve physical endurance, reaction speed and concentration. The main ingredients of energy drinks are caffeine, sugar, taurine and glucuronolactone. According to the manufacturers, the stimulating effects of these drinks are due to interaction between the various ingredients. AIM To investigate whether energy drinks do indeed improve cognitive performance and to find out which ingredients are responsible for this effect and other benefits. METHOD We searched the literature for the period from 1997 to 2006 on the basis of Medline, by using the search term 'energy drink or energy drinks' and restricting the search to 'humans'. results Not only did focused and sustained attention improve significantly but so did reaction speed in all sorts of reaction-time tasks. Memory improved too, but not to the same degree. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that most of the effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance are related mainly to the presence of caffeine. Further investigation is needed into the effects of the lesser known ingredients of energy drinks (taurine, glucuronolactone) if we are to obtain a better understanding of the possible interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F van den Eynde
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Gent en het Maudsley Hospital te London.
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45
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Prat G, Adan A, Pérez-Pàmies M, Sànchez-Turet M. Neurocognitive effects of alcohol hangover. Addict Behav 2008; 33:15-23. [PMID: 17543471 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Revised: 04/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol hangover is characterized by adverse physical and mental effects that occur the next morning after the intake of toxic doses of alcohol. One of the more relevant functional consequences of hangover is the cognitive and subjective impairment, which could be related to the high socioeconomic costs of alcohol consumption. Nevertheless, few studies have addressed the study of neurocognitive and subjective effects of hangover. The systematic and exhaustive study of neurocognitive and subjective effects has not been done. In the present work we briefly review the hangover impact, not only in the objective execution of attention, psychomotricity and memory tasks, but in the subjective state of the subjects as well. Moreover, we also highlight the methodology difficulties to study neurocognitive effects of hangover and suggest several aspects to take into account in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Prat
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebrón 171. 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
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46
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Bitner RS, Bunnelle WH, Anderson DJ, Briggs CA, Buccafusco J, Curzon P, Decker MW, Frost JM, Gronlien JH, Gubbins E, Li J, Malysz J, Markosyan S, Marsh K, Meyer MD, Nikkel AL, Radek RJ, Robb HM, Timmermann D, Sullivan JP, Gopalakrishnan M. Broad-spectrum efficacy across cognitive domains by alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonism correlates with activation of ERK1/2 and CREB phosphorylation pathways. J Neurosci 2007; 27:10578-87. [PMID: 17898229 PMCID: PMC6673141 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2444-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) plays an important role in cognitive processes and may represent a drug target for treating cognitive deficits in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. In the present study, we used a novel alpha7 nAChR-selective agonist, 2-methyl-5-(6-phenyl-pyridazin-3-yl)-octahydro-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole (A-582941) to interrogate cognitive efficacy, as well as examine potential cellular mechanisms of cognition. Exhibiting high affinity to native rat (Ki = 10.8 nM) and human (Ki = 16.7 nM) alpha7 nAChRs, A-582941 enhanced cognitive performance in behavioral assays including the monkey delayed matching-to-sample, rat social recognition, and mouse inhibitory avoidance models that capture domains of working memory, short-term recognition memory, and long-term memory consolidation, respectively. In addition, A-582941 normalized sensory gating deficits induced by the alpha7 nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine in rats, and in DBA/2 mice that exhibit a natural sensory gating deficit. Examination of signaling pathways known to be involved in cognitive function revealed that alpha7 nAChR agonism increased extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation in PC12 cells. Furthermore, increases in ERK1/2 and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation were observed in mouse cingulate cortex and/or hippocampus after acute A-582941 administration producing plasma concentrations in the range of alpha7 binding affinities and behavioral efficacious doses. The MEK inhibitor SL327 completely blocked alpha7 agonist-evoked ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Our results demonstrate that alpha7 nAChR agonism can lead to broad-spectrum efficacy in animal models at doses that enhance ERK1/2 and CREB phosphorylation/activation and may represent a mechanism that offers potential to improve cognitive deficits associated with neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Bitner
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, USA.
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47
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Tsourtos G, Spong J, Stough C. The effects of electro-convulsive therapy on the speed of information processing in major depression. J Affect Disord 2007; 103:263-6. [PMID: 17328957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2007.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Revised: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigates whether cognitive impairment is evident in inpatients diagnosed with Major Depression (MD) following electro-convulsive therapy (ECT), and if so, whether it is independent from depressive symptomatology. METHODS Speed of information processing was measured using the inspection time (IT) task. IT was compared between twelve inpatients diagnosed with MD receiving ECT and twelve age-, gender-, verbal IQ-, and depression and anxiety severity matched control inpatients diagnosed with MD not receiving ECT, over four testing sessions (prior to ECT, following one ECT session, following the completion of an ECT block, and 4 to 6 weeks after the ECT block (follow-up)). RESULTS The mean IT score for the inpatients diagnosed with MD who received ECT slowed significantly from the first ECT to immediately after the ECT block, and was significantly faster at follow-up. The mean IT score of the inpatients diagnosed with MD not receiving ECT gradually but significantly became faster over the entire equivalent time period. LIMITATIONS Small sample sizes. CONCLUSIONS ECT temporarily slows information processing speed in MD patients, independent of depression symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Tsourtos
- Department of Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Australia
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48
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Barry RJ, Johnstone SJ, Clarke AR, Rushby JA, Brown CR, McKenzie DN. Caffeine effects on ERPs and performance in an auditory Go/NoGo task. Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 118:2692-9. [PMID: 17905651 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research has shown that caffeine produces a general increase in arousal. The present study examined caffeine-induced arousal effects on performance and auditory ERPs. We sought components showing amplitude changes without topography changes, as would be expected of a pure arousal amplification of source activity. METHODS The effects of a single oral dose of caffeine (250 mg) were examined in a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled repeated-measures cross-over study. Subjects abstained from caffeine for 4h before the testing sessions, which were conducted, in the afternoon, one week apart. A simple auditory Go/NoGo task was used, with a random mix of 75 tones at 1000 Hz and 75 at 1500 Hz. All tones were 60 dB SPL, 50 ms duration (rise/fall time 5 ms), with SOA 1100 ms. RESULTS There was a reduction in RT, but no effects on omission or commission errors. The major ERP effects of caffeine were focal rather than global increases in P1, P2 and P3b amplitudes to Go stimuli, with no changes in latency. There were no effects on N1 or N2 to Go stimuli, and no effects on any components in response to NoGo stimuli. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that caffeine differentially improves aspects of the processing related to response production and task performance, contrary to the widespread amplification of ERP component amplitudes, and latency reductions, expected of an increase in general arousal. SIGNIFICANCE These results add auditory ERP data to the list of complex effects of caffeine on brain function and behaviour. They appear to rule out a simple arousal interpretation, and suggest directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Barry
- Brain & Behaviour Research Institute and School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
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49
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Jonkman LM, van Melis JJM, Kemner C, Markus CR. Methylphenidate improves deficient error evaluation in children with ADHD: An event-related brain potential study. Biol Psychol 2007; 76:217-29. [PMID: 17904268 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Children with ADHD make more errors than control children in response-conflict tasks. To explore whether this is mediated by enhanced sensitivity to conflict or reduced error-processing, task-related brain activity (N2, Ne/ERN, Pe) was compared between 8- to 12-year-old children with ADHD and healthy controls during performance of a flanker task. Furthermore, effects of methylphenidate were investigated in ADHD children in a second study. ADHD children made more errors, especially in high-response-conflict conditions, without showing post-error slowing. N2 amplitudes were enhanced on trials resulting in an error response, Ne/ERN amplitude was unaffected and Pe amplitude was reduced in the ADHD group. Methylphenidate reduced errors in both low- and high-conflict conditions and normalized Pe amplitudes in children with ADHD. It was concluded that the inaccurate behaviour of ADHD children in conflict tasks might be related to reduced error-awareness and higher sensitivity to response conflict. Methylphenidate's ameliorating effects might be established through its influence on brain networks including posterior (parietal) cortex, enabling children with ADHD to allocate more attention to significant events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Jonkman
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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50
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Oken BS, Flegal K, Zajdel D, Kishiyama SS, Lovera J, Bagert B, Bourdette DN. Cognition and fatigue in multiple sclerosis: Potential effects of medications with central nervous system activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 43:83-90. [PMID: 16847774 DOI: 10.1682/jrrd.2004.11.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the potential effects of medications with central nervous system (CNS) activity on cognitive function and fatigue in multiple sclerosis (MS), we performed a retrospective analysis of medication use among 70 subjects with MS who were participating in a clinical trial for evaluation of the effects of yoga and exercise programs on cognition and fatigue. Among these MS subjects, 74% were taking at least one potentially CNS-active medication. These 70 subjects were divided into two groups: those taking at least one CNS-active medication (n = 52) and those not on any medications with potential CNS activity (n = 18). We compared assessments of cognitive function and fatigue using an analysis of covariance. MS subjects on CNS-active medication had greater impairment on measures of processing speed, sustained attention, and fatigue than those not on these medications. While these findings do not establish a causal relationship between medication use and cognitive impairment and fatigue, the data indicate that researchers need to control for use of CNS-active medications when conducting studies of cognitive impairment and fatigue in MS subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry S Oken
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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