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Verhaar ER, Woodham AW, Ploegh HL. Nanobodies in cancer. Semin Immunol 2020; 52:101425. [PMID: 33272897 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For treatment and diagnosis of cancer, antibodies have proven their value and now serve as a first line of therapy for certain cancers. A unique class of antibody fragments called nanobodies, derived from camelid heavy chain-only antibodies, are gaining increasing acceptance as diagnostic tools and are considered also as building blocks for chimeric antigen receptors as well as for targeted drug delivery. The small size of nanobodies (∼15 kDa), their stability, ease of manufacture and modification for diverse formats, short circulatory half-life, and high tissue penetration, coupled with excellent specificity and affinity, account for their attractiveness. Here we review applications of nanobodies in the sphere of tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisha R Verhaar
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Andrew W Woodham
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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52
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Gao Y, Zhu J, Lu H. Single domain antibody-based vectors in the delivery of biologics across the blood-brain barrier: a review. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 11:1818-1828. [PMID: 33155179 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00873-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Biologics are a promising and effective method for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a natural barrier for the delivery of biologics into the brain, which decreases the effective concentration of drugs in the CNS. A range of strategies has been explored to transport biologics across the BBB endothelium, typically via receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT), which involving molecules for endogenous BBB receptors to be fused with biologics. This review emphasized a category of novel alternative RMT-targeting vectors: single domain antibodies (sdAb). SdAbs are a unique category of antibodies derived from naturally occurring heavy-chain-only antibodies. Herein, we describe their properties, mechanisms, modifications, and translational perspectives for their ability to transmigrate across the BBB in vitro and in vivo in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Huili Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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53
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de Beer MA, Giepmans BNG. Nanobody-Based Probes for Subcellular Protein Identification and Visualization. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:573278. [PMID: 33240044 PMCID: PMC7667270 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.573278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how building blocks of life contribute to physiology is greatly aided by protein identification and cellular localization. The two main labeling approaches developed over the past decades are labeling with antibodies such as immunoglobulin G (IgGs) or use of genetically encoded tags such as fluorescent proteins. However, IgGs are large proteins (150 kDa), which limits penetration depth and uncertainty of target position caused by up to ∼25 nm distance of the label created by the chosen targeting approach. Additionally, IgGs cannot be easily recombinantly modulated and engineered as part of fusion proteins because they consist of multiple independent translated chains. In the last decade single domain antigen binding proteins are being explored in bioscience as a tool in revealing molecular identity and localization to overcome limitations by IgGs. These nanobodies have several potential benefits over routine applications. Because of their small size (15 kDa), nanobodies better penetrate during labeling procedures and improve resolution. Moreover, nanobodies cDNA can easily be fused with other cDNA. Multidomain proteins can thus be easily engineered consisting of domains for targeting (nanobodies) and visualization by fluorescence microscopy (fluorescent proteins) or electron microscopy (based on certain enzymes). Additional modules for e.g., purification are also easily added. These nanobody-based probes can be applied in cells for live-cell endogenous protein detection or may be purified prior to use on molecules, cells or tissues. Here, we present the current state of nanobody-based probes and their implementation in microscopy, including pitfalls and potential future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit A de Beer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ben N G Giepmans
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Mashayekhi V, Xenaki KT, van Bergen en Henegouwen PM, Oliveira S. Dual Targeting of Endothelial and Cancer Cells Potentiates In Vitro Nanobody-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2732. [PMID: 32977602 PMCID: PMC7650791 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) induces cell death through local light activation of a photosensitizer, although sub-optimal tumor specificity and side effects have hindered its clinical application. We introduced a new strategy named nanobody-targeted PDT in which photosensitizers are delivered to tumor cells by means of nanobodies. As efficacy of targeted PDT can be hampered by heterogeneity of target expression and/or moderate/low target expression levels, we explored the possibility of combined targeting of endothelial and cancer cells in vitro. We developed nanobodies binding to the mouse VEGFR2, which is overexpressed on tumor vasculature, and combined these with nanobodies specific for the cancer cell target EGFR. The nanobodies were conjugated to the photosensitizer IRDye700DX and specificity of the newly developed nanobodies was verified using several endothelial cell lines. The cytotoxicity of these conjugates was assessed in monocultures and in co-cultures with cancer cells, after illumination with an appropriate laser. The results show that the anti-VEGFR2 conjugates are specific and potent PDT agents. Nanobody-targeted PDT on co-culture of endothelial and cancer cells showed improved efficacy, when VEGFR2 and EGFR targeting nanobodies were applied simultaneously. Altogether, dual targeting of endothelial and cancer cells is a promising novel therapeutic strategy for more effective nanobody-targeted PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Mashayekhi
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.M.); (K.T.X.); (P.M.P.v.B.e.H.)
| | - Katerina T. Xenaki
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.M.); (K.T.X.); (P.M.P.v.B.e.H.)
| | - Paul M.P. van Bergen en Henegouwen
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.M.); (K.T.X.); (P.M.P.v.B.e.H.)
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.M.); (K.T.X.); (P.M.P.v.B.e.H.)
- Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Damman R, Lucini Paioni A, Xenaki KT, Beltrán Hernández I, van Bergen En Henegouwen PMP, Baldus M. Development of in vitro-grown spheroids as a 3D tumor model system for solid-state NMR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2020; 74:401-412. [PMID: 32562030 PMCID: PMC7508937 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-020-00328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of in-cell NMR spectroscopy have made it possible to study proteins in the context of bacterial or mammalian cell extracts or even entire cells. As most mammalian cells are part of a multi-cellular complex, there is a need to develop novel NMR approaches enabling the study of proteins within the complexity of a 3D cellular environment. Here we investigate the use of the hanging drop method to grow spheroids which are homogenous in size and shape as a model system to study solid tumors using solid-state NMR (ssNMR) spectroscopy. We find that these spheroids are stable under magic-angle-spinning conditions and show a clear change in metabolic profile as compared to single cell preparations. Finally, we utilize dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP)-supported ssNMR measurements to show that low concentrations of labelled nanobodies targeting EGFR (7D12) can be detected inside the spheroids. These findings suggest that solid-state NMR can be used to directly examine proteins or other biomolecules in a 3D cellular microenvironment with potential applications in pharmacological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinier Damman
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Lucini Paioni
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Katerina T Xenaki
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Irati Beltrán Hernández
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul M P van Bergen En Henegouwen
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marc Baldus
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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56
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Yang EY, Shah K. Nanobodies: Next Generation of Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1182. [PMID: 32793488 PMCID: PMC7390931 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of targeted medicine has greatly expanded treatment options and spurred new research avenues in cancer therapeutics, with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) emerging as a prevalent treatment in recent years. With mixed clinical success, mAbs still hold significant shortcomings, as they possess limited tumor penetration, high manufacturing costs, and the potential to develop therapeutic resistance. However, the recent discovery of “nanobodies,” the smallest-known functional antibody fragment, has demonstrated significant translational potential in preclinical and clinical studies. This review highlights their various applications in cancer and analyzes their trajectory toward their translation into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Y Yang
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Departments of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Khalid Shah
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Departments of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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57
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Yu X, Xu Q, Wu Y, Jiang H, Wei W, Zulipikaer A, Guo Y, Jirimutu, Chen J. Nanobodies derived from Camelids represent versatile biomolecules for biomedical applications. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:3559-3573. [PMID: 32490444 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00574f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nanobodies are antigen binding variable domains of heavy-chain antibodies without light-chains, and these biomolecules occur naturally in the serum of Camelidae species. Nanobodies have a compact structure and low molecular weight when compared with antibodies, and are the smallest active antigen-binding fragments. Because of their remarkable stability and manipulable characteristics, nanobodies have been incorporated into biomaterials and used as molecular recognition and tracing agents, drug delivery systems, molecular imaging tools and disease therapeutics. This review summarizes recent progress in this field focusing on nanobodies as versatile biomolecules for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Yu
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 211166 Nanjing, China.
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Beltrán Hernández I, Rompen R, Rossin R, Xenaki KT, Katrukha EA, Nicolay K, van Bergen En Henegouwen P, Grüll H, Oliveira S. Imaging of Tumor Spheroids, Dual-Isotope SPECT, and Autoradiographic Analysis to Assess the Tumor Uptake and Distribution of Different Nanobodies. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 21:1079-1088. [PMID: 30859470 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01320-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies have shown rapid accumulation of nanobodies (NBs) in tumors and fast clearance of the unbound fraction, making NBs exceptional tracers for cancer imaging. In this study, we investigate the combination of in vitro imaging of tumor spheroids, in vivo dual-isotope single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and ex vivo autoradiographic analysis of tumors to efficiently, and with few mice, assess the tumor uptake and distribution of different NBs. PROCEDURES The irrelevant NB R2 (16 kDa) and the EGFR-targeted NBs 7D12 (16 kDa) and 7D12-R2 (32 kDa) were investigated. Confocal microscopy was used to study the penetration of the NBs into A431 tumor spheroids over time, using the anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody (mAb) cetuximab (150 kDa) as a reference. Dual-isotope [111In]DOTA-NB/[177Lu]DOTA-NB SPECT was used for longitudinal imaging of multiple tracers in the same animal bearing A431 tumor xenografts. Tumor sections were analyzed using autoradiography. RESULTS No binding of the irrelevant NB was observed in spheroids, whereas for the specific tracers an increase in the spheroid's covered area was observed over time. The NB 7D12 saturated the spheroid earlier than the larger, 7D12-R2. Even slower penetration was observed for the large mAb. In vivo, the tumor uptake of 7D12 was 19-fold higher than R2 after co-injection in the same animal, and 2.5-fold higher than 7D12-R2 when co-injected. 7D12-R2 was mainly localized at the rim of tumors, while 7D12 was found to be more evenly distributed. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the combination of imaging of tumor spheroids, dual-isotope SPECT, and autoradiography of tumors is effective in comparing tumor uptake and distribution of different NBs. Results were in agreement with published data, highlighting the value of monomeric NBs for tumor imaging, and re-enforcing the value of these techniques to accurately assess the most optimal format for tumor imaging. This combination of techniques requires a lower number of animals to obtain significant data and can accelerate the design of novel tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irati Beltrán Hernández
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rene Rompen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Raffaella Rossin
- Department of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research Laboratories, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Katerina T Xenaki
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nicolay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Holger Grüll
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Department of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research Laboratories, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET) is a paradigm-shifting molecular imaging modality combining the superior targeting specificity of monoclonal antibody (mAb) and the inherent sensitivity of PET technique. A variety of radionuclides and mAbs have been exploited to develop immunoPET probes, which has been driven by the development and optimization of radiochemistry and conjugation strategies. In addition, tumor-targeting vectors with a short circulation time (e.g., Nanobody) or with an enhanced binding affinity (e.g., bispecific antibody) are being used to design novel immunoPET probes. Accordingly, several immunoPET probes, such as 89Zr-Df-pertuzumab and 89Zr-atezolizumab, have been successfully translated for clinical use. By noninvasively and dynamically revealing the expression of heterogeneous tumor antigens, immunoPET imaging is gradually changing the theranostic landscape of several types of malignancies. ImmunoPET is the method of choice for imaging specific tumor markers, immune cells, immune checkpoints, and inflammatory processes. Furthermore, the integration of immunoPET imaging in antibody drug development is of substantial significance because it provides pivotal information regarding antibody targeting abilities and distribution profiles. Herein, we present the latest immunoPET imaging strategies and their preclinical and clinical applications. We also emphasize current conjugation strategies that can be leveraged to develop next-generation immunoPET probes. Lastly, we discuss practical considerations to tune the development and translation of immunoPET imaging strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Room 7137, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zachary T Rosenkrans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Quan-Yong Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Room 7137, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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Deken MM, Kijanka MM, Beltrán Hernández I, Slooter MD, de Bruijn HS, van Diest PJ, van Bergen En Henegouwen PMP, Lowik CWGM, Robinson DJ, Vahrmeijer AL, Oliveira S. Nanobody-targeted photodynamic therapy induces significant tumor regression of trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive breast cancer, after a single treatment session. J Control Release 2020; 323:269-281. [PMID: 32330574 PMCID: PMC7116241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rationale A substantial number of breast cancer patients with an overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) have residual disease after neoadjuvant therapy or become resistant to trastuzumab. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using nanobodies targeted to HER2 is a promising treatment option for these patients. Here we investigate the in vitro and in vivo antitumor efficacy of HER2-targeted nanobody-photosensitizer (PS) conjugate PDT. Methods Nanobodies targeting HER2 were obtained from phage display selections. Monovalent nanobodies were engineered into a biparatopic construct. The specificity of selected nanobodies was tested in immunofluorescence assays and their affinity was evaluated in binding studies, both performed in a panel of breast cancer cells varying in HER2 expression levels. The selected HER2-targeted nanobodies 1D5 and 1D5-18A12 were conjugated to the photosensitizer IRDye700DX and tested in in vitro PDT assays. Mice bearing orthotopic HCC1954 trastuzumab-resistant tumors with high HER2 expression or MCF-7 tumors with low HER2 expression were intravenously injected with nanobody-PS conjugates. Quantitative fluorescence spectroscopy was performed for the determination of the local pharmacokinetics of the fluorescence conjugates. After nanobody-PS administration, tumors were illuminated to a fluence of 100 J∙cm-2, with a fluence rate of 50 mW∙cm-2, and thereafter tumor growth was measured with a follow-up until 30 days. Results The selected nanobodies remained functional after conjugation to the PS, binding specifically and with high affinity to HER2-positive cells. Both nanobody-PS conjugates potently and selectively induced cell death of HER2 overexpressing cells, either sensitive or resistant to trastuzumab, with low nanomolar LD50 values. In vivo, quantitative fluorescence spectroscopy showed specific accumulation of nanobody-PS conjugates in HCC1954 tumors and indicated 2 h post injection as the most suitable time point to apply light. Nanobody-targeted PDT with 1D5-PS and 1D5-18A12-PS induced significant tumor regression of trastuzumab-resistant high HER2 expressing tumors, whereas in low HER2 expressing tumors only a slight growth delay was observed. Conclusion Nanobody-PS conjugates accumulated selectively in vivo and their fluorescence could be detected through optical imaging. Upon illumination, they selectively induced significant tumor regression of HER2 overexpressing tumors with a single treatment session. Nanobody-targeted PDT is therefore suggested as a new additional treatment for HER2-positive breast cancer, particularly of interest for trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive breast cancer. Further studies are now needed to assess the value of this approach in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion M Deken
- Dept. of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marta M Kijanka
- Division of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Irati Beltrán Hernández
- Pharmaceutics, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maxime D Slooter
- Dept. of Radiology, Division of Molecular Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Henriette S de Bruijn
- Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul J van Diest
- Dept. of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul M P van Bergen En Henegouwen
- Division of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Clemens W G M Lowik
- Dept. of Radiology, Optical Molecular Imaging, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dominic J Robinson
- Dept. of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Division of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Pharmaceutics, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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The Potential of Nanobody-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy to Trigger Immune Responses. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040978. [PMID: 32326519 PMCID: PMC7226123 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanobody-targeted photodynamic therapy (NB-PDT) has been recently developed as a more tumor-selective approach rather than conventional photodynamic therapy (PDT). NB-PDT uses nanobodies that bind to tumor cells with high affinity, to selectively deliver a photosensitizer, i.e., a chemical which becomes cytotoxic when excited with light of a particular wavelength. Conventional PDT has been reported to be able to induce immunogenic cell death, characterized by the exposure/release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) from dying cells, which can lead to antitumor immunity. We explored this aspect in the context of NB-PDT, targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), using high and moderate EGFR-expressing cells. Here we report that, after NB-PDT, the cytoplasmic DAMP HSP70 was detected on the cell membrane of tumor cells and the nuclear DAMP HMGB1 was found in the cell cytoplasm. Furthermore, it was shown that NB-PDT induced the release of the DAMPs HSP70 and ATP, as well as the pro- inflammatory cytokines IL- 1β and IL-6. Conditioned medium from high EGFR-expressing tumor cells treated with NB-PDT led to the maturation of human dendritic cells, as indicated by the upregulation of CD86 and MHC II on their cell surface, and the increased release of IL-12p40 and IL-1β. Subsequently, these dendritic cells induced CD4+ T cell proliferation, accompanied by IFNγ release. Altogether, the initial steps reported here point towards the potential of NB-PDT to stimulate the immune system, thus giving this selective-local therapy a systemic reach.
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Gamache RF, Zettlitz KA, Tsai WTK, Collins J, Wu AM, Murphy JM. Tri-functional platform for construction of modular antibody fragments for in vivo 18F-PET or NIRF molecular imaging. Chem Sci 2020; 11:1832-1838. [PMID: 34123276 PMCID: PMC8148382 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05007h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) molecular imaging is a powerful tool for interrogating physiological and biochemical processes to understand the biology of disease and advance therapeutic developments. Near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) optical imaging has become increasingly popular for intraoperative staging to enable cellular resolution imaging of tumor margins during surgical resection. In addition, engineered antibody fragments have emerged as promising molecular imaging agents given their exquisite target selectivity, rapid systemic clearance and site-selective chemical modification. We report a tri-functional platform for construction of a modular antibody fragment that can rapidly be labeled with radionuclides or fluorophores for PET or NIRF molecular imaging of prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA). To provide a universal approach towards the targeted delivery of PET and optical imaging agents, we have developed a tri-functional platform (TFP) for the facile construction of modular, target-specific tracers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond F Gamache
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Kirstin A Zettlitz
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Wen-Ting K Tsai
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Jeffrey Collins
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Anna M Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Jennifer M Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
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Abstract
Les anticorps sont désormais devenus d’une utilisation courante dans un large champ thérapeutique qui n’est plus restreint à la cancérologie et à l’inflammation. Cette explosion du domaine conduit à des besoins nouveaux qui peuvent être mieux remplis par des molécules inspirées mais différentes des anticorps classiques. En particulier, la molécule anticorps a de multiples fonctions qui ne sont pas toujours nécessaires, comme sa capacité à recruter les cellules du système immunitaire, à se lier de façon bivalente à sa cible ou à présenter une demi-vie plasmatique élevée. En revanche, dans la grande majorité des applications, sa remarquable capacité à reconnaître spécifiquement sa cible moléculaire et surtout sa diversité de reconnaissance doivent être conservées. De plus, les anticorps sont des molécules de très haut poids moléculaire, coûteuses à produire et qui présentent des propriétés physicochimiques limitées ne permettant pas leur utilisation dans des milieux agressifs. Finalement, dans certaines applications thérapeutiques, la grande taille de la molécule (environ 150 kDa) peut également limiter sa diffusion dans les tissus et empêcher la reconnaissance de certaines structures moléculaires peu accessibles. Pour répondre à ces limitations, de nombreux formats alternatifs aux anticorps entiers ont été développés au cours de ces vingt dernières années. Les applications couvrent les domaines de la biotechnologie, du diagnostic in vitro et in vivo et de la thérapie. Deux grandes familles de molécules permettent de couvrir ce champ et seront présentées dans cette mini-revue. Une première famille s’appuie sur la diversité naturelle des anticorps mais en en réduisant la taille, comme les fragments d’anticorps classiques (Fab, scFv) ou ceux provenant des camélidés ou des requins (VHH, V-NAR). La deuxième famille a été développée en partant des propriétés finales désirées et notamment la stabilité en milieu extrême et la productivité en système simple et économique de production comme l’utilisation de bactéries et en y greffant des propriétés de liaison comparables aux anticorps par des méthodes d’évolution moléculaire dirigée in vitro. Cette mini-revue se concentrera sur les molécules les plus avancées, mais le domaine est en très forte et rapide expansion. Il faut noter que beaucoup de ces molécules, voire ces approches, sont couvertes par des brevets et sont souvent développées dans le cadre de jeunes sociétés innovantes dont certaines ont déjà été rachetées par de grands groupes de la pharmacie.
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64
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Debie P, Lafont C, Defrise M, Hansen I, van Willigen DM, van Leeuwen FWB, Gijsbers R, D'Huyvetter M, Devoogdt N, Lahoutte T, Mollard P, Hernot S. Size and affinity kinetics of nanobodies influence targeting and penetration of solid tumours. J Control Release 2019; 317:34-42. [PMID: 31734445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A compound's intratumoural distribution is an important determinant for the effectiveness of molecular therapy or imaging. Antibodies (Abs), though often used in the design of targeted compounds, struggle to achieve a homogenous distribution due to their large size and bivalent binding mechanism. In contrast, smaller compounds like nanobodies (Nbs) are expected to distribute more homogenously, though this has yet to be demonstrated in vivo at the microscopic level. We propose an intravital approach to evaluate the intratumoural distribution of different fluorescently labeled monomeric and dimeric Nb tracers and compare this with a monoclonal antibody (mAb). Monomeric and dimeric formats of the anti-HER2 (2Rb17c and 2Rb17c-2Rb17c) and control (R3B23 and R3B23-R3B23) Nb, as well as the dimeric monovalent Nb 2Rb17c-R3B23 were generated and fluorescently labeled with a Cy5 fluorophore. The mAb trastuzumab-Cy5 was also prepared. Whole-body biodistribution of all constructs was investigated in mice bearing subcutaneous xenografts (HER2+ SKOV3) using in vivo epi-fluorescence imaging. Next, for intravital experiments, GFP-expressing SKOV3 cells were grown under dorsal window chambers on athymic nude mice (n = 3/group), and imaged under a fluorescence stereo microscope immediately after intravenous injection of the tracers. Consecutive fluorescence images within the tumour were acquired over the initial 20 min after injection and later, single images were taken at 1, 3 and 24 h post-injection. Additionally, two-photon microscopy was used to investigate the colocalization of GFP (tumour cells) and Cy5 fluorescence (tracers) at higher resolution. Whole-body images showed rapid renal clearance of all Nbs, and fast tumour targeting for the specific Nbs. Specific tumour uptake of the mAb could only be clearly distinguished from background after several hours. Intravital imaging revealed that monomeric Nb tracers accumulated rapidly and distributed homogenously in the tumour mere minutes after intravenous injection. The dimeric compounds initially achieved lower fluorescence intensities than the monomeric. Furthermore, whereas the HER2-specific dimeric bivalent compound remained closely associated to the blood vessels over 24 h, the HER2-specific dimeric monovalent tracer achieved a more homogenous tumour distribution from 1 h post-injection onwards. Non-specific tracers were not retained in the tumour. Trastuzumab had the most heterogenous intratumoural distribution of all evaluated compounds, while -due to the long blood retention- achieving the highest overall tumour uptake at 24 h post-injection. In conclusion, monomeric Nbs very quickly and homogenously distribute through tumour tissue, at a rate significantly greater than dimeric Nbs and mAbs. This underlines the potential of monomeric Nb tracers and therapeutics in molecular imaging and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieterjan Debie
- Laboratory for In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, ICMI-BEFY, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Chrystel Lafont
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Michel Defrise
- Laboratory for In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, ICMI-BEFY, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Inge Hansen
- Laboratory for In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, ICMI-BEFY, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Danny M van Willigen
- Interventional Molecular Imaging laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Fijs W B van Leeuwen
- Interventional Molecular Imaging laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rik Gijsbers
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthias D'Huyvetter
- Laboratory for In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, ICMI-BEFY, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nick Devoogdt
- Laboratory for In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, ICMI-BEFY, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tony Lahoutte
- Laboratory for In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, ICMI-BEFY, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine, UZBrussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrice Mollard
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Hernot
- Laboratory for In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, ICMI-BEFY, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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65
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Juhl K, Christensen A, Rubek N, Karnov KKS, von Buchwald C, Kjaer A. Improved surgical resection of metastatic pancreatic cancer using uPAR targeted in vivo fluorescent guidance: comparison with traditional white light surgery. Oncotarget 2019; 10:6308-6316. [PMID: 31695839 PMCID: PMC6824874 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains one of the deadliest cancers. The five-year survival rates have been reported as 3%. Radical surgical tumor resection is critical for improved outcome and the low survival rate for pancreatic cancer is due to lack of other effective treatments and here optical guided surgery could be a solution for better surgical outcome. In the present study, we targeted the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) with a peptide conjugated with the fluophore ICG (ICG-Glu-Glu-AE105) for optical imaging. In the first part of the study we aimed to validate ICG-Glu-Glu-AE105 for resection of the primary tumor and metastases in an orthotopic human xenograft pancreatic cancer model. In the second part of the study we aimed to investigate if fluorescent-guided imaging could locate additional metastases following conventional removal of metastasis under normal white light surgery. Our study showed that ICG-Glu-Glu-AE105 was an excellent probe for intraoperative optical imaging with a mean tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) for the primary tumor of 3.5 and a TBR for the metastases of 3.4. Further, a benefit using intraoperative fluorescent guidance yielded identification of an additional 14% metastases compared to using normal white light surgery. In 4 of 8 mice there were identified additional metastases with uPAR optical imaging compared to white light. In conclusion, the uPAR-targeted optical probe ICG-Glu-Glu-AE105 enables intraoperative optical cancer imaging, including robotic surgery, and may be a benefit during intended radical resection of disseminated pancreas cancer by finding more metastasis than with traditional white light surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Juhl
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Christensen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niclas Rubek
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Kim Schmidt Karnov
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Kirstine Kim Schmidt Karnov sadly passed away before publishing of this article. We will miss her and our thoughts are with her family
| | - Christian von Buchwald
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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66
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De Groof TWM, Mashayekhi V, Fan TS, Bergkamp ND, Sastre Toraño J, van Senten JR, Heukers R, Smit MJ, Oliveira S. Nanobody-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy Selectively Kills Viral GPCR-Expressing Glioblastoma Cells. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:3145-3156. [PMID: 31244224 PMCID: PMC6728091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Photodynamic
therapy (PDT) eradicates tumors by the local activation
of a photosensitizer with near-infrared light. One of the aspects
hampering the clinical use of PDT is the poor selectivity of the photosensitizer.
To improve this, we have recently introduced a new approach for targeted
PDT by conjugating photosensitizers to nanobodies. Diverse G protein-coupled
receptors (GPCRs) show aberrant overexpression in tumors and are therefore
interesting targets in cancer therapy. Here we show that GPCR-targeting
nanobodies can be used in targeted PDT. We have developed a nanobody
binding the extracellular side of the viral GPCR US28, which is detected
in tumors like glioblastoma. The nanobody was site-directionally conjugated
to the water-soluble photosensitizer IRDye700DX. This nanobody–photosensitizer
conjugate selectively killed US28-expressing glioblastoma cells both
in 2D and 3D cultures upon illumination with near-infrared light.
This is the first example employing a GPCR as target for nanobody-directed
PDT. With the emerging role of GPCRs in cancer, this data provides
a new angle for exploiting this large family of receptors for targeted
therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo W M De Groof
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS) , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108 , 1081 HZ Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Vida Mashayekhi
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology , Utrecht University , 3584 CH Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Tian Shu Fan
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS) , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108 , 1081 HZ Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Nick D Bergkamp
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS) , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108 , 1081 HZ Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Javier Sastre Toraño
- Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey R van Senten
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS) , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108 , 1081 HZ Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Raimond Heukers
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS) , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108 , 1081 HZ Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,QVQ B.V. , Yalelaan 1 , 3484 CL Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS) , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108 , 1081 HZ Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology , Utrecht University , 3584 CH Utrecht , The Netherlands.,Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
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67
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Heukers R, Mashayekhi V, Ramirez-Escudero M, de Haard H, Verrips TC, van Bergen En Henegouwen PMP, Oliveira S. VHH-Photosensitizer Conjugates for Targeted Photodynamic Therapy of Met-Overexpressing Tumor Cells. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8020026. [PMID: 31544832 PMCID: PMC6640711 DOI: 10.3390/antib8020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an approach that kills (cancer) cells by the local production of toxic reactive oxygen species upon the local illumination of a photosensitizer (PS). The specificity of PDT has been further enhanced by the development of a new water-soluble PS and by the specific delivery of PS via conjugation to tumor-targeting antibodies. To improve tissue penetration and shorten photosensitivity, we have recently introduced nanobodies, also known as VHH (variable domains from the heavy chain of llama heavy chain antibodies), for targeted PDT of cancer cells overexpressing the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Overexpression and activation of another cancer-related receptor, the hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR, c-Met or Met) is also involved in the progression and metastasis of a large variety of malignancies. In this study we evaluate whether anti-Met VHHs conjugated to PS can also serve as a biopharmaceutical for targeted PDT. VHHs targeting the SEMA (semaphorin-like) subdomain of Met were provided with a C-terminal tag that allowed both straightforward purification from yeast supernatant and directional conjugation to the PS IRDye700DX using maleimide chemistry. The generated anti-Met VHH-PS showed nanomolar binding affinity and, upon illumination, specifically killed MKN45 cells with nanomolar potency. This study shows that Met can also serve as a membrane target for targeted PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimond Heukers
- QVQ Holding BV, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Vida Mashayekhi
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Mercedes Ramirez-Escudero
- Crystal & Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Hans de Haard
- Argenx BVBA, Industriepark-Zwijnaarde 7, 9052 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Theo C Verrips
- QVQ Holding BV, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Paul M P van Bergen En Henegouwen
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Pharmaceutics Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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68
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De Groof TWM, Bobkov V, Heukers R, Smit MJ. Nanobodies: New avenues for imaging, stabilizing and modulating GPCRs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 484:15-24. [PMID: 30690070 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is the largest class of membrane proteins and an important drug target due to their role in many (patho)physiological processes. Besides small molecules, GPCRs can be targeted by biologicals including antibodies and antibody fragments. This review describes the use of antibodies and in particular antibody fragments from camelid-derived heavy chain-only antibodies (nanobodies/VHHs/sdAbs) for detecting, stabilizing, modulating and therapeutically targeting GPCRs. Altogether, it becomes increasingly clear that the small size, structure and protruding antigen-binding loops of nanobodies are favorable features for the development of selective and potent GPCRs-binding molecules. This makes them attractive tools to modulate GPCR activity but also as targeting modalities for GPCR-directed therapeutics. In addition, these antibody-fragments are important tools in the stabilization of particular conformations of these receptors. Lastly, nanobodies, in contrast to conventional antibodies, can also easily be expressed intracellularly which render nanobodies important tools for studying GPCR function. Hence, GPCR-targeting nanobodies are ideal modalities to image, stabilize and modulate GPCR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo W M De Groof
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vladimir Bobkov
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Argenx BVBA, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Raimond Heukers
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; QVQ Holding B.V., Yalelaan 1, 3484 CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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69
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Debie P, Devoogdt N, Hernot S. Targeted Nanobody-Based Molecular Tracers for Nuclear Imaging and Image-Guided Surgery. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:E12. [PMID: 31544818 PMCID: PMC6640687 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging is paving the way towards noninvasive detection, staging, and treatment follow-up of diseases such as cancer and inflammation-related conditions. Monoclonal antibodies have long been one of the staples of molecular imaging tracer design, although their long blood circulation and high nonspecific background limits their applicability. Nanobodies, unique antibody-binding fragments derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies, have excellent properties for molecular imaging as they are able to specifically find their target early after injection, with little to no nonspecific background. Nanobody-based tracers using either nuclear or fluorescent labels have been heavily investigated preclinically and are currently making their way into the clinic. In this review, we will discuss different important factors in nanobody-tracer design, as well as the current state of the art regarding their application for nuclear and fluorescent imaging purposes. Furthermore, we will discuss how nanobodies can also be exploited for molecular therapy applications such as targeted radionuclide therapy and photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieterjan Debie
- Laboratory for in vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, ICMI-BEFY/MIMA, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Nick Devoogdt
- Laboratory for in vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, ICMI-BEFY/MIMA, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sophie Hernot
- Laboratory for in vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging, ICMI-BEFY/MIMA, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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70
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Zhang M, Jiang H, Zhang R, Jiang H, Xu H, Pan W, Gao X, Sun Z. Near-infrared fluorescence-labeled anti-PD-L1-mAb for tumor imaging in human colorectal cancer xenografted mice. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:10239-10247. [PMID: 30609118 PMCID: PMC6590288 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The expression of programmed death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) in tumor has been used as a biomarker to predict the anti‐PD‐L1 immunotherapy response. To develop a noninvasive imaging technique to monitor the dynamic changes in PD‐L1 expression in colorectal cancer (CRC), we labeled an anti‐PD‐L1 monoclonal antibody with near‐infrared (NIR) dye and tested the ability of the NIR‐PD‐L1‐mAb probe to monitor the PD‐L1 expression in CRC‐xenografted mice by performing optical imaging. Consistent with the expression levels of PD‐L1 protein in three CRC cell lines in vitro by flow cytometry and Western blot analyses, our in vivo imaging showed the highest fluorescence signal of the xenografted tumors in mice bearing SW620 CRC cells, followed by tumors derived from SW480 and HCT8 cell lines. We detected the highest fluorescent intensity of the tumor at 120 hours after injection of NIR‐PD‐L1‐mAb. The highest fluorescence intensity was seen in the tumor, followed by the spleen and the liver in SW620 xenografted mice. In SW480 and HCT8 xenografted mice, however, the highest fluorescent signals were detected in the spleen, followed by the liver and the tumor. Our findings indicate that SW620 cells express a higher level of PD‐L1, and the NIR‐PD‐L1‐mAb binding to PD‐L1 on the surface of CRC cells was specific. The technique was safe and could provide valuable information on PD‐L1 expression of the tumor for development of a therapeutic strategy of personized targeted immunotherapies as well as treatment response of patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huijie Jiang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | | | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hailong Xu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenbin Pan
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaolin Gao
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhongqi Sun
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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71
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Matz H, Dooley H. Shark IgNAR-derived binding domains as potential diagnostic and therapeutic agents. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:100-107. [PMID: 30236879 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many of the most successful drugs generated in recent years are based upon monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, for some therapeutic and diagnostic applications mAbs are far from ideal; for example, while their relatively large size and inherent receptor binding aids their longevity in vivo it can also limit their tissue penetration. Further, their structural complexity makes them expensive to produce and prone to denaturation in non-physiological environments. Thus, researchers have been searching for alternative antigen-binding molecules that can be utilized in situations where mAbs are suboptimal tools. One potential source currently being explored are the shark-derived binding domains known as VNARs. Despite their small size VNARs can bind antigens with high specificity and high affinity. Combined with their propensity to bind epitopes that are inaccessible to conventional mAbs, and their ability to resist denaturation, VNARs are an emerging prospect for use in therapeutic, diagnostic, and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanover Matz
- Dept. Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Marine & Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Helen Dooley
- Dept. Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Marine & Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA.
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72
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Alam MK, Brabant M, Viswas RS, Barreto K, Fonge H, Ronald Geyer C. A novel synthetic trivalent single chain variable fragment (tri-scFv) construction platform based on the SpyTag/SpyCatcher protein ligase system. BMC Biotechnol 2018; 18:55. [PMID: 30200951 PMCID: PMC6131909 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-018-0466-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Advances in antibody engineering provide strategies to construct recombinant antibody-like molecules with modified pharmacokinetic properties. Multermerization is one strategy that has been used to produce antibody-like molecules with two or more antigen binding sites. Multimerization enhances the functional affinity (avidity) and can be used to optimize size and pharmacokinetic properties. Most multimerization strategies involve genetically fusing or non-covalently linking antibody fragments using oligomerization domains. Recent studies have defined guidelines for producing antibody-like molecules with optimal tumor targeting properties, which require intermediates size (70–120 kDa) and bi- or tri-valency. Results We described a highly modular antibody-engineering platform for rapidly constructing synthetic, trivalent single chain variable fragments (Tri-scFv) using the SpyCatcher/SpyTag protein ligase system. We used this platform to construct an anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3) Tri-scFv. We generated the anti-HER3 Tri-scFv by genetically fusing a SpyCatcher to the C-terminus of an anti-HER3 scFv and ligating it to a synthetic Tri-SpyTag peptide. The anti-HER3 Tri-scFv bound recombinant HER3 with an apparent KD of 2.67 nM, which is approximately 12 times lower than the KD of monomeric anti-HER3 scFv (31.2 nM). Anti-HER3 Tri-scFv also bound endogenous cell surface expressed HER3 stronger than the monomer anti-HER3 scFv. Conclusion We used the SpyTag/SpyCatcher protein ligase system to ligate anti-HER3 scFv fused to a SpyCatcher at its C-termini to a Tri-SpyTag to construct Tr-scFv. This system allowed the construction of a Tri-scFv with all the scFv antigen-binding sites pointed outwards. The anti-HER3 Tri-scFv bound recombinant and endogenously expressed HER3 with higher functional affinity (avidity) than the monomeric anti-HER3 scFv. The Tri-scFv had the size, valency, and functional affinity that are desired for therapeutic and imaging applications. Use of the SpyTag/SpyCatcher protein ligase system allows Tri-scFvs to be rapidly constructed in a simple, modular manner, which can be easily applied to scFvs or other antibody fragments targeting other antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Kausar Alam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Room 2841, Royal University Hospital, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Michelle Brabant
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | | | - Kris Barreto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Room 2841, Royal University Hospital, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Humphrey Fonge
- Medical Imaging, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - C Ronald Geyer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Room 2841, Royal University Hospital, 103 Hospital Drive, Saskatoon, S7N 0W8, Canada.
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Lwin TM, Hoffman RM, Bouvet M. The development of fluorescence guided surgery for pancreatic cancer: from bench to clinic. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2018; 18:651-662. [PMID: 29768067 PMCID: PMC6298876 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2018.1477593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Surgeons face major challenges in achieving curative R0 resection for pancreatic cancers. When the lesion is localized, they must appropriately visualize the tumor, determine appropriate resection margins, and ensure complete tumor clearance. Real-time surgical navigation using fluorescence-guidance has enhanced the ability of surgeons to see the tumor and has the potential to assist in achieving more oncologically complete resections. When there is metastatic disease, fluorescence enhancement can help detect these lesions and prevent unnecessary and futile surgeries. Areas covered: This article reviews different approaches for delivery of a fluorescence signal, their pre-clinical and clinical developments for fluorescence guided surgery, the advantages/challenges of each, and their potential for advancements in the future. Expert commentary: A variety of molecular imaging techniques are available for delivering tumor-specific fluorescence signals. Significant advancements have been made in the past 10 years due to the large body of literature on targeted therapies and this has translated into rapid developments of tumor-specific probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thinzar M. Lwin
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Robert M. Hoffman
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - Michael Bouvet
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
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Warnders FJ, Lub-de Hooge MN, de Vries EGE, Kosterink JGW. Influence of protein properties and protein modification on biodistribution and tumor uptake of anticancer antibodies, antibody derivatives, and non-Ig scaffolds. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1837-1873. [PMID: 29635825 DOI: 10.1002/med.21498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Newly developed protein drugs that target tumor-associated antigens are often modified in order to increase their therapeutic effect, tumor exposure, and safety profile. During the development of protein drugs, molecular imaging is increasingly used to provide additional information on their in vivo behavior. As a result, there are increasing numbers of studies that demonstrate the effect of protein modification on whole body distribution and tumor uptake of protein drugs. However, much still remains unclear about how to interpret obtained biodistribution data correctly. Consequently, there is a need for more insight in the correct way of interpreting preclinical and clinical imaging data. Summarizing the knowledge gained to date may facilitate this interpretation. This review therefore provides an overview of specific protein properties and modifications that can affect biodistribution and tumor uptake of anticancer antibodies, antibody fragments, and nonimmunoglobulin scaffolds. Protein properties that are discussed in this review are molecular size, target interaction, FcRn binding, and charge. Protein modifications that are discussed are radiolabeling, fluorescent labeling drug conjugation, glycosylation, humanization, albumin binding, and polyethylene glycolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank-Jan Warnders
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn N Lub-de Hooge
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G E de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos G W Kosterink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology & Economy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Aguiar S, Dias J, Manuel AM, Russo R, Gois PMP, da Silva FA, Goncalves J. Chimeric Small Antibody Fragments as Strategy to Deliver Therapeutic Payloads. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 112:143-182. [PMID: 29680236 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent an innovative class of biopharmaceuticals, which aim at achieving a site-specific delivery of cytotoxic agents to the target cell. The use of ADCs represents a promising strategy to overcome the disadvantages of conventional pharmacotherapy of cancer or neurological diseases, based on cytotoxic or immunomodulatory agents. ADCs consist of monoclonal antibodies attached to biologically active drugs by means of cleavable chemical linkers. Advances in technologies for the coupling of antibodies to cytotoxic drugs promise to deliver greater control of drug pharmacokinetic properties and to significantly improve pharmacodelivery applications, minimizing exposure of healthy tissue. The clinical success of brentuximab vedotin and trastuzumab emtansine has led to an extensive expansion of the clinical ADC pipeline. Although the concept of an ADC seems simple, designing a successful ADC is complex and requires careful selection of the receptor antigen, antibody, linker, and payload. In this review, we explore insights in the antibody and antigen requirements needed for optimal payload delivery and support the development of novel and improved ADCs for the treatment of cancer and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Aguiar
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Dias
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M Manuel
- iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Roberto Russo
- iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro M P Gois
- iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Frederico A da Silva
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joao Goncalves
- iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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van Lith SA, van den Brand D, Wallbrecher R, Wübbeke L, van Duijnhoven SM, Mäkinen PI, Hoogstad-van Evert JS, Massuger L, Ylä-Herttuala S, Brock R, Leenders WP. The effect of subcellular localization on the efficiency of EGFR-targeted VHH photosensitizer conjugates. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 124:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Nagaya T, Nakamura YA, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Fluorescence-Guided Surgery. Front Oncol 2017; 7:314. [PMID: 29312886 PMCID: PMC5743791 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgical resection of cancer remains an important treatment modality. Despite advances in preoperative imaging, surgery itself is primarily guided by the surgeon’s ability to locate pathology with conventional white light imaging. Fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) can be used to define tumor location and margins during the procedure. Intraoperative visualization of tumors may not only allow more complete resections but also improve safety by avoiding unnecessary damage to normal tissue which can also reduce operative time and decrease the need for second-look surgeries. A number of new FGS imaging probes have recently been developed, complementing a small but useful number of existing probes. In this review, we describe current and new fluorescent probes that may assist FGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanobu Nagaya
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yu A Nakamura
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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78
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Mosayebi J, Kiyasatfar M, Laurent S. Synthesis, Functionalization, and Design of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28990364 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In order to translate nanotechnology into medical practice, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been presented as a class of non-invasive nanomaterials for numerous biomedical applications. In particular, MNPs have opened a door for simultaneous diagnosis and brisk treatment of diseases in the form of theranostic agents. This review highlights the recent advances in preparation and utilization of MNPs from the synthesis and functionalization steps to the final design consideration in evading the body immune system for therapeutic and diagnostic applications with addressing the most recent examples of the literature in each section. This study provides a conceptual framework of a wide range of synthetic routes classified mainly as wet chemistry, state-of-the-art microfluidic reactors, and biogenic routes, along with the most popular coating materials to stabilize resultant MNPs. Additionally, key aspects of prolonging the half-life of MNPs via overcoming the sequential biological barriers are covered through unraveling the biophysical interactions at the bio-nano interface and giving a set of criteria to efficiently modulate MNPs' physicochemical properties. Furthermore, concepts of passive and active targeting for successful cell internalization, by respectively exploiting the unique properties of cancers and novel targeting ligands are described in detail. Finally, this study extensively covers the recent developments in magnetic drug targeting and hyperthermia as therapeutic applications of MNPs. In addition, multi-modal imaging via fusion of magnetic resonance imaging, and also innovative magnetic particle imaging with other imaging techniques for early diagnosis of diseases are extensively provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Mosayebi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Urmia University; Urmia 5756151818 Iran
| | - Mehdi Kiyasatfar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Urmia University; Urmia 5756151818 Iran
| | - Sophie Laurent
- Laboratory of NMR and Molecular Imaging; University of Mons; Mons Belgium
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Bannas P, Hambach J, Koch-Nolte F. Nanobodies and Nanobody-Based Human Heavy Chain Antibodies As Antitumor Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1603. [PMID: 29213270 PMCID: PMC5702627 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized cancer therapy. However, delivery to tumor cells in vivo is hampered by the large size (150 kDa) of conventional antibodies. The minimal target recognition module of a conventional antibody is composed of two non-covalently associated variable domains (VH and VL). The proper orientation of these domains is mediated by their hydrophobic interface and is stabilized by their linkage to disulfide-linked constant domains (CH1 and CL). VH and VL domains can be fused via a genetic linker into a single-chain variable fragment (scFv). scFv modules in turn can be fused to one another, e.g., to generate a bispecific T-cell engager, or they can be fused in various orientations to antibody hinge and Fc domains to generate bi- and multispecific antibodies. However, the inherent hydrophobic interaction of VH and VL domains limits the stability and solubility of engineered antibodies, often causing aggregation and/or mispairing of V-domains. Nanobodies (15 kDa) and nanobody-based human heavy chain antibodies (75 kDa) can overcome these limitations. Camelids naturally produce antibodies composed only of heavy chains in which the target recognition module is composed of a single variable domain (VHH or Nb). Advantageous features of nanobodies include their small size, high solubility, high stability, and excellent tissue penetration in vivo. Nanobodies can readily be linked genetically to Fc-domains, other nanobodies, peptide tags, or toxins and can be conjugated chemically at a specific site to drugs, radionuclides, photosensitizers, and nanoparticles. These properties make them particularly suited for specific and efficient targeting of tumors in vivo. Chimeric nanobody-heavy chain antibodies combine advantageous features of nanobodies and human Fc domains in about half the size of a conventional antibody. In this review, we discuss recent developments and perspectives for applications of nanobodies and nanobody-based human heavy chain antibodies as antitumor therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bannas
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Hambach
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Hu Y, Liu C, Muyldermans S. Nanobody-Based Delivery Systems for Diagnosis and Targeted Tumor Therapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1442. [PMID: 29163515 PMCID: PMC5673844 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of innovative targeted therapeutic approaches are expected to surpass the efficacy of current forms of treatments and cause less damage to healthy cells surrounding the tumor site. Since the first development of targeting agents from hybridoma’s, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been employed to inhibit tumor growth and proliferation directly or to deliver effector molecules to tumor cells. However, the full potential of such a delivery strategy is hampered by the size of mAbs, which will obstruct the targeted delivery system to access the tumor tissue. By serendipity, a new kind of functional homodimeric antibody format was discovered in camelidae, known as heavy-chain antibodies (HCAbs). The cloning of the variable domain of HCAbs produces an attractive minimal-sized alternative for mAbs, referred to as VHH or nanobodies (Nbs). Apart from their dimensions in the single digit nanometer range, the unique characteristics of Nbs combine a high stability and solubility, low immunogenicity and excellent affinity and specificity against all possible targets including tumor markers. This stimulated the development of tumor-targeted therapeutic strategies. Some autonomous Nbs have been shown to act as antagonistic drugs, but more importantly, the targeting capacity of Nbs has been exploited to create drug delivery systems. Obviously, Nb-based targeted cancer therapy is mainly focused toward extracellular tumor markers, since the membrane barrier prevents antibodies to reach the most promising intracellular tumor markers. Potential strategies, such as lentiviral vectors and bacterial type 3 secretion system, are proposed to deliver target-specific Nbs into tumor cells and to block tumor markers intracellularly. Simultaneously, Nbs have also been employed for in vivo molecular imaging to diagnose diseased tissues and to monitor the treatment effects. Here, we review the state of the art and focus on recent developments with Nbs as targeting moieties for drug delivery systems in cancer therapy and cancer imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaozhong Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Changxiao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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81
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Nanobodies effectively modulate the enzymatic activity of CD38 and allow specific imaging of CD38 + tumors in mouse models in vivo. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14289. [PMID: 29084989 PMCID: PMC5662768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell surface ecto-enzyme CD38 is a promising target antigen for the treatment of hematological malignancies, as illustrated by the recent approval of daratumumab for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Our aim was to evaluate the potential of CD38-specific nanobodies as novel diagnostics for hematological malignancies. We successfully identified 22 CD38-specific nanobody families using phage display technology from immunized llamas. Crossblockade analyses and in-tandem epitope binning revealed that the nanobodies recognize three different non-overlapping epitopes, with four nanobody families binding complementary to daratumumab. Three nanobody families inhibit the enzymatic activity of CD38 in vitro, while two others were found to act as enhancers. In vivo, fluorochrome-conjugated CD38 nanobodies efficiently reach CD38 expressing tumors in a rodent model within 2 hours after intravenous injection, thereby allowing for convenient same day in vivo tumor imaging. These nanobodies represent highly specific tools for modulating the enzymatic activity of CD38 and for diagnostic monitoring CD38-expressing tumors.
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82
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Xenaki KT, Oliveira S, van Bergen En Henegouwen PMP. Antibody or Antibody Fragments: Implications for Molecular Imaging and Targeted Therapy of Solid Tumors. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1287. [PMID: 29075266 PMCID: PMC5643388 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of antibody-based therapeutics has proven very promising for clinical applications in cancer patients, with multiple examples of antibodies and antibody–drug conjugates successfully applied for the treatment of solid tumors and lymphomas. Given reported recurrence rates, improvements are clearly still necessary. A major factor limiting the efficacy of antibody-targeted cancer therapies may be the incomplete penetration of the antibody or antibody–drug conjugate into the tumor. Incomplete tumor penetration also affects the outcome of molecular imaging, when using such targeting agents. From the injection site until they arrive inside the tumor, targeting molecules are faced with several barriers that impact intratumoral distribution. The primary means of antibody transport inside tumors is based on diffusion. The diffusive penetration inside the tumor is influenced by both antibody properties, such as size and binding affinity, as well as tumor properties, such as microenvironment, vascularization, and targeted antigen availability. Engineering smaller antibody fragments has shown to improve the rate of tumor uptake and intratumoral distribution. However, it is often accompanied by more rapid clearance from the body and in several cases also by inherent destabilization and reduction of the binding affinity of the antibody. In this perspective, we discuss different cancer targeting approaches based on antibodies or their fragments. We carefully consider how their size and binding properties influence their intratumoral uptake and distribution, and how this may affect cancer imaging and therapy of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina T Xenaki
- Division of Cell Biology, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Division of Cell Biology, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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83
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van Brussel ASA, Adams A, Oliveira S, Dorresteijn B, El Khattabi M, Vermeulen JF, van der Wall E, Mali WPTM, Derksen PWB, van Diest PJ, van Bergen En Henegouwen PMP. Hypoxia-Targeting Fluorescent Nanobodies for Optical Molecular Imaging of Pre-Invasive Breast Cancer. Mol Imaging Biol 2017; 18:535-44. [PMID: 26589824 PMCID: PMC4927611 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-015-0909-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this work was to develop a CAIX-specific nanobody conjugated to IRDye800CW for molecular imaging of pre-invasive breast cancer. PROCEDURES CAIX-specific nanobodies were selected using a modified phage display technology, conjugated site-specifically to IRDye800CW and evaluated in a xenograft breast cancer mouse model using ductal carcinoma in situ cells (DCIS). RESULTS Specific anti-CAIX nanobodies were obtained. Administration of a CAIX-specific nanobody into mice with DCIS xenografts overexpressing CAIX showed after 2 h a mean tumor-to-normal tissue ratio (TNR) of 4.3 ± 0.6, compared to a TNR of 1.4 ± 0.2 in mice injected with the negative control nanobody R2-IR. In DCIS mice, a TNR of 1.8 ± 0.1 was obtained. Biodistribution studies demonstrated an uptake of 14.0 ± 1.1 %I.D./g in DCIS + CAIX tumors, 4.6 ± 0.8 %I.D./g in DCIS tumors, while 2.0 ± 0.2 %I.D./g was obtained with R2-IR. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the successful generation of a CAIX-specific nanobody-IRDye800CW conjugate that can be used for rapid imaging of (pre-)invasive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram S A van Brussel
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur Adams
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Dorresteijn
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen F Vermeulen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elsken van der Wall
- Division of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem P Th M Mali
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick W B Derksen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J van Diest
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul M P van Bergen En Henegouwen
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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84
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Xu L, Song X, Jia L. A camelid nanobody against EGFR was easily obtained through refolding of inclusion body expressed in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2017; 64:895-901. [PMID: 28853185 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Using anti-EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) nanobody is a good choice for diagnoses and therapeutics for high EGFR expression diseases. In the present study, the percentage composition of anti-EGFR nanobody attained 25% of the total cell protein expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). However, almost all nanobodies were expressed as inclusion bodies. To acquire active nanobodies, a series of dilution refolding procedures were optimized after inclusion bodies were dissolved into 6 M urea and purified with immobilized metal affinity chromatography. The results showed the refolding rate of the anti-EGFR nanobodies attained to 73%, and about 100 mg nanobodies were refolded from 1 L cells under the conditions that the initial nanobody concentration was 0.3 mg/mL, the dilution speed was 2.5 mL/Min, the dilution buffer was Tris-HCl at pH 8.0, the additives were 0.2 M Arg, 5 mM reduced glutathione (GSH), and 1 mM oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Then the activity of the refolded nanobodies was confirmed. The results showed that the refolded anti-EGFR nanobodies, in a dose-dependent manner, bounded to the tumor cell surface of A431 and MCF-7 and significantly inhibited the proliferation of A431 caused by the epidermal growth factor. Our study provides a facile method to rapidly, efficiently, and massively prepare anti-EGFR antibodies and promotes anti-EGFR-based recognition in cancer diagnoses and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyun Jia
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
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Gonzalez-Sapienza G, Rossotti MA, Tabares-da Rosa S. Single-Domain Antibodies As Versatile Affinity Reagents for Analytical and Diagnostic Applications. Front Immunol 2017; 8:977. [PMID: 28871254 PMCID: PMC5566570 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With just three CDRs in their variable domains, the antigen-binding site of camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies (HcAbs) has a more limited structural diversity than that of conventional antibodies. Even so, this does not seem to limit their specificity and high affinity as HcAbs against a broad range of structurally diverse antigens have been reported. The recombinant form of their variable domain [nanobody (Nb)] has outstanding properties that make Nbs, not just an alternative option to conventional antibodies, but in many cases, these properties allow them to reach analytical or diagnostic performances that cannot be accomplished with conventional antibodies. These attributes include comprehensive representation of the immune specificity in display libraries, easy adaptation to high-throughput screening, exceptional stability, minimal size, and versatility as affinity building block. Here, we critically reviewed each of these properties and highlight their relevance with regard to recent developments in different fields of immunosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martín A Rossotti
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Instituto de Higiene, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sofía Tabares-da Rosa
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Instituto de Higiene, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
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86
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Rashidi SK, Mousavi Gargari SL, Ebrahimizadeh W. Targeting Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines Using Nanobodies; AgSK1as a Potential Target. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 15:78-86. [PMID: 29845054 DOI: 10.15171/ijb.1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer is the third most common type of aggressive cancers. Chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy are the common therapeutic options for treating this cancer. Due to the adverse side-effects of these methods, immunotherapy is considered as an appropriate alternative therapeutic option. Treatment through the application of monoclonal antibodies is considered as a novel alternative therapeutic method for cancers. The variable fragments of the antibodies' heavy chain or VHHs have a wide application in molecular biology and biotechnology. VHHs are compatible with the phage display technology which allows rapid and high throughput screening for antibodies isolation. Objectives: We aimed to use naive VHH phage library to isolate a specific nanobody against colorectal tumor associated antigen; the AgSK1. Materials and Methods: In this research, naive VHH phage library was panned against two colorectal cell lines; Ls174T and HT29 expressing different levels of AgSK1 tumor associated marker. The high affinity binders were selected and subcloned for higher expression levels of the VHH. The affinity and specificity of the isolated VHH were tested using ELISA. The reactivity of the VHH toward cancer cells was analyzed by competitive ELISA applying sera isolated from colorectal cancer patients. Results: Results show that the isolated VHH recognizes and binds to the colorectal cancer cells with a high affinity. Moreover, the isolated nanobody is able to compete with the antibodies in the patient sera for the binding to the cancer cells. Conclusions: Results suggest that this nanobody has a specific reaction toward colorectal cells and can be used for further investigation on the tumor associated antigens or production of mimotopes useful for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Khalil Rashidi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Walead Ebrahimizadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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87
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Bedford R, Tiede C, Hughes R, Curd A, McPherson MJ, Peckham M, Tomlinson DC. Alternative reagents to antibodies in imaging applications. Biophys Rev 2017; 9:299-308. [PMID: 28752365 PMCID: PMC5578921 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies have been indispensable tools in molecular biology, biochemistry and medical research. However, a number of issues surrounding validation, specificity and batch variation of commercially available antibodies have prompted research groups to develop novel non-antibody binding reagents. The ability to select highly specific monoclonal non-antibody binding proteins without the need for animals, the ease of production and the ability to site-directly label has enabled a wide variety of applications to be tested, including imaging. In this review, we discuss the success of a number of non-antibody reagents in imaging applications, including the recently reported Affimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bedford
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - C Tiede
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - R Hughes
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - A Curd
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - M J McPherson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Michelle Peckham
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Darren C Tomlinson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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88
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Debie P, Van Quathem J, Hansen I, Bala G, Massa S, Devoogdt N, Xavier C, Hernot S. Effect of Dye and Conjugation Chemistry on the Biodistribution Profile of Near-Infrared-Labeled Nanobodies as Tracers for Image-Guided Surgery. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1145-1153. [PMID: 28245129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Advances in optical imaging technologies have stimulated the development of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescently labeled targeted probes for use in image-guided surgery. As nanobodies have already proven to be excellent candidates for molecular imaging, we aimed in this project to design NIR-conjugated nanobodies targeting the tumor biomarker HER2 for future applications in this field and to evaluate the effect of dye and dye conjugation chemistry on their pharmacokinetics during development. IRDye800CW or IRdye680RD were conjugated either randomly (via lysines) or site-specifically (via C-terminal cysteine) to the anti-HER2 nanobody 2Rs15d. After verification of purity and functionality, the biodistribution and tumor targeting of the NIR-nanobodies were assessed in HER2-positive and -negative xenografted mice. Site-specifically IRDye800CW- and IRdye680RD-labeled 2Rs15d as well as randomly labeled 2Rs15d-IRDye680RD showed rapid tumor accumulation and low nonspecific uptake, resulting in high tumor-to-muscle ratios at early time points (respectively 6.6 ± 1.0, 3.4 ± 1.6, and 3.5 ± 0.9 for HER2-postive tumors at 3 h p.i., while <1.0 for HER2-negative tumors at 3 h p.i., p < 0.05). Contrarily, using the randomly labeled 2Rs15d-IRDye800CW, HER2-positive and -negative tumors could only be distinguished after 24 h due to high nonspecific signals. Moreover, both randomly labeled 2Rs15d nanobodies were not only cleared via the kidneys but also partially via the hepatobiliary route. In conclusion, near-infrared fluorescent labeling of nanobodies allows rapid, specific, and high contrast in vivo tumor imaging. Nevertheless, the fluorescent dye as well as the chosen conjugation strategy can affect the nanobodies' properties and consequently have a major impact on their pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieterjan Debie
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jannah Van Quathem
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Inge Hansen
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gezim Bala
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sam Massa
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Imunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nick Devoogdt
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catarina Xavier
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Hernot
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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89
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van Straten D, Mashayekhi V, de Bruijn HS, Oliveira S, Robinson DJ. Oncologic Photodynamic Therapy: Basic Principles, Current Clinical Status and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9020019. [PMID: 28218708 PMCID: PMC5332942 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved cancer therapy, based on a photochemical reaction between a light activatable molecule or photosensitizer, light, and molecular oxygen. When these three harmless components are present together, reactive oxygen species are formed. These can directly damage cells and/or vasculature, and induce inflammatory and immune responses. PDT is a two-stage procedure, which starts with photosensitizer administration followed by a locally directed light exposure, with the aim of confined tumor destruction. Since its regulatory approval, over 30 years ago, PDT has been the subject of numerous studies and has proven to be an effective form of cancer therapy. This review provides an overview of the clinical trials conducted over the last 10 years, illustrating how PDT is applied in the clinic today. Furthermore, examples from ongoing clinical trials and the most recent preclinical studies are presented, to show the directions, in which PDT is headed, in the near and distant future. Despite the clinical success reported, PDT is still currently underutilized in the clinic. We also discuss the factors that hamper the exploration of this effective therapy and what should be changed to render it a more effective and more widely available option for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demian van Straten
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands.
| | - Vida Mashayekhi
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands.
| | - Henriette S de Bruijn
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Postbox 204, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands.
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands.
- Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands.
| | - Dominic J Robinson
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Postbox 204, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands.
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90
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Veugelen S, Dewilde M, De Strooper B, Chávez-Gutiérrez L. Screening and Characterization Strategies for Nanobodies Targeting Membrane Proteins. Methods Enzymol 2016; 584:59-97. [PMID: 28065273 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The study of membrane protein function and structure requires their successful detection, expression, solubilization, and/or reconstitution, which poses a challenging task and relies on the availability of suitable tools. Several research groups have successfully applied Nanobodies in the purification, as well as the functional and structural characterization of membrane proteins. Nanobodies are small, single-chain antibody fragments originating from camelids presenting on average a longer CDR3 which enables them to bind in cavities and clefts (such as active and allosteric sites). Notably, Nanobodies generally bind conformational epitopes making them very interesting tools to stabilize, dissect, and characterize specific protein conformations. In the clinic, several Nanobodies are under evaluation either as potential drug candidates or as diagnostic tools. In recent years, we have successfully generated high-affinity, conformation-sensitive anti-γ-secretase Nanobodies. γ-Secretase is a multimeric membrane protease involved in processing of the amyloid precursor protein with high clinical relevance as mutations in its catalytic subunit (Presenilin) cause early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Advancing our knowledge on the mechanisms governing γ-secretase intramembrane proteolysis through various strategies may lead to novel therapeutic avenues for Alzheimer's disease. In this chapter, we present the strategies we have developed and applied for the screening and characterization of anti-γ-secretase Nanobodies. These protocols could be of help in the generation of Nanobodies targeting other membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Veugelen
- University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for Brain and Disease, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Dewilde
- University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for Brain and Disease, Leuven, Belgium
| | - B De Strooper
- University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for Brain and Disease, Leuven, Belgium; UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - L Chávez-Gutiérrez
- University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for Brain and Disease, Leuven, Belgium.
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91
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Belykh E, Martirosyan NL, Yagmurlu K, Miller EJ, Eschbacher JM, Izadyyazdanabadi M, Bardonova LA, Byvaltsev VA, Nakaji P, Preul MC. Intraoperative Fluorescence Imaging for Personalized Brain Tumor Resection: Current State and Future Directions. Front Surg 2016; 3:55. [PMID: 27800481 PMCID: PMC5066076 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2016.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fluorescence-guided surgery is one of the rapidly emerging methods of surgical "theranostics." In this review, we summarize current fluorescence techniques used in neurosurgical practice for brain tumor patients as well as future applications of recent laboratory and translational studies. METHODS Review of the literature. RESULTS A wide spectrum of fluorophores that have been tested for brain surgery is reviewed. Beginning with a fluorescein sodium application in 1948 by Moore, fluorescence-guided brain tumor surgery is either routinely applied in some centers or is under active study in clinical trials. Besides the trinity of commonly used drugs (fluorescein sodium, 5-aminolevulinic acid, and indocyanine green), less studied fluorescent stains, such as tetracyclines, cancer-selective alkylphosphocholine analogs, cresyl violet, acridine orange, and acriflavine, can be used for rapid tumor detection and pathological tissue examination. Other emerging agents, such as activity-based probes and targeted molecular probes that can provide biomolecular specificity for surgical visualization and treatment, are reviewed. Furthermore, we review available engineering and optical solutions for fluorescent surgical visualization. Instruments for fluorescent-guided surgery are divided into wide-field imaging systems and hand-held probes. Recent advancements in quantitative fluorescence-guided surgery are discussed. CONCLUSION We are standing on the threshold of the era of marker-assisted tumor management. Innovations in the fields of surgical optics, computer image analysis, and molecular bioengineering are advancing fluorescence-guided tumor resection paradigms, leading to cell-level approaches to visualization and resection of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Belykh
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Irkutsk Scientific Center of Surgery and Traumatology, Irkutsk, Russia
- Irkutsk State Medical University, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay L. Martirosyan
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Kaan Yagmurlu
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Eric J. Miller
- University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Eschbacher
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Mohammadhassan Izadyyazdanabadi
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Liudmila A. Bardonova
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Irkutsk Scientific Center of Surgery and Traumatology, Irkutsk, Russia
- Irkutsk State Medical University, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Vadim A. Byvaltsev
- Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Irkutsk Scientific Center of Surgery and Traumatology, Irkutsk, Russia
- Irkutsk State Medical University, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Peter Nakaji
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Mark C. Preul
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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92
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Steeland S, Vandenbroucke RE, Libert C. Nanobodies as therapeutics: big opportunities for small antibodies. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1076-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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93
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Iqbal H, Pan Q. Image guided surgery in the management of head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol 2016; 57:32-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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94
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van Driel PBAA, Boonstra MC, Slooter MD, Heukers R, Stammes MA, Snoeks TJA, de Bruijn HS, van Diest PJ, Vahrmeijer AL, van Bergen En Henegouwen PMP, van de Velde CJH, Löwik CWGM, Robinson DJ, Oliveira S. EGFR targeted nanobody-photosensitizer conjugates for photodynamic therapy in a pre-clinical model of head and neck cancer. J Control Release 2016; 229:93-105. [PMID: 26988602 PMCID: PMC7116242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) induces cell death through local light activation of a photosensitizer (PS) and has been used to treat head and neck cancers. Yet, common PS lack tumor specificity, which leads to collateral damage to normal tissues. Targeted delivery of PS via antibodies has pre-clinically improved tumor selectivity. However, antibodies have long half-lives and relatively poor tissue penetration, which could limit therapeutic efficacy and lead to long photosensitivity. Here, in this feasibility study, we evaluate at the pre-clinical level a recently introduced format of targeted PDT, which employs nanobodies as targeting agents and a water-soluble PS (IRDye700DX) that is traceable through optical imaging. In vitro, the PS solely binds to cells and induces phototoxicity on cells overexpressing the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), when conjugated to the EGFR targeted nanobodies. To investigate whether this new format of targeted PDT is capable of inducing selective tumor cell death in vivo, PDT was applied on an orthotopic mouse tumor model with illumination at 1h post-injection of the nanobody-PS conjugates, as selected from quantitative fluorescence spectroscopy measurements. In parallel, and as a reference, PDT was applied with an antibody-PS conjugate, with illumination performed 24h post-injection. Importantly, EGFR targeted nanobody-PS conjugates led to extensive tumor necrosis (approx. 90%) and almost no toxicity in healthy tissues, as observed through histology 24h after PDT. Overall, results show that these EGFR targeted nanobody-PS conjugates are selective and able to induce tumor cell death in vivo. Additional studies are now needed to assess the full potential of this approach to improving PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter B A A van Driel
- Department of Radiology, Division of Molecular Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Percuros BV, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Martin C Boonstra
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime D Slooter
- Department of Radiology, Division of Molecular Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Percuros BV, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Raimond Heukers
- Molecular Oncology, Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke A Stammes
- Department of Radiology, Division of Molecular Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Percuros BV, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J A Snoeks
- Department of Radiology, Division of Molecular Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henriette S de Bruijn
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Erasmus Medical Center, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J van Diest
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander L Vahrmeijer
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul M P van Bergen En Henegouwen
- Molecular Oncology, Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J H van de Velde
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens W G M Löwik
- Department of Radiology, Division of Molecular Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dominic J Robinson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Erasmus Medical Center, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Molecular Oncology, Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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95
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Kijanka G, Bee JS, Bishop SM, Que I, Löwik C, Jiskoot W. Fate of Multimeric Oligomers, Submicron, and Micron Size Aggregates of Monoclonal Antibodies Upon Subcutaneous Injection in Mice. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:1693-1704. [PMID: 27044942 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the fate of differently sized protein aggregates upon subcutaneous injection in mice. A murine and a human monoclonal immunoglobulin G 1 (IgG1) antibody were labeled with a fluorescent dye and subjected to stress conditions to create aggregates. Aggregates fractionated by centrifugation or gel permeation chromatography were administered subcutaneously into SKH1 mice. The biodistribution was measured by in vivo fluorescence imaging for up to 1 week post injection. At several time points, mice were sacrificed and selected organs and tissues were collected for ex vivo analysis. Part of injected aggregated IgGs persisted much longer at the injection site than unstressed controls. Aggregate fractions containing submicron (0.1-1 μm) or micron (1-100 μm) particles were retained to a similar extent. Highly fluorescent "hot-spots" were detected 24 h post injection in spleens of mice injected with submicron aggregates of murine IgG. Submicron aggregates of human IgG showed higher accumulation in draining lymph nodes 1 h post injection than unstressed controls or micron size aggregates. For both tested proteins, aggregated fractions seemed to be eliminated from circulation more rapidly than monomeric fractions. The biodistribution of monomers isolated from solutions subjected to stress conditions was similar to that of unstressed control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Kijanka
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jared S Bee
- Analytical Biotechnology Department, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20898
| | - Steven M Bishop
- Formulation Sciences Department, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20898
| | - Ivo Que
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens Löwik
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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96
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Kooijmans SAA, Aleza CG, Roffler SR, van Solinge WW, Vader P, Schiffelers RM. Display of GPI-anchored anti-EGFR nanobodies on extracellular vesicles promotes tumour cell targeting. J Extracell Vesicles 2016; 5:31053. [PMID: 26979463 PMCID: PMC4793259 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v5.31053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are attractive candidate drug delivery systems due to their ability to functionally transport biological cargo to recipient cells. However, the apparent lack of target cell specificity of exogenously administered EVs limits their therapeutic applicability. In this study, we propose a novel method to equip EVs with targeting properties, in order to improve their interaction with tumour cells. Methods EV producing cells were transfected with vectors encoding for anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) nanobodies, which served as targeting ligands for tumour cells, fused to glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor signal peptides derived from decay-accelerating factor (DAF). EVs were isolated using ultrafiltration/size-exclusion liquid chromatography and characterized using western blotting, Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, and electron microscopy. EV–tumour cell interactions were analyzed under static conditions using flow cytometry and under flow conditions using a live-cell fluorescence microscopy-coupled perfusion system. Results EV analysis showed that GPI-linked nanobodies were successfully displayed on EV surfaces and were highly enriched in EVs compared with parent cells. Display of GPI-linked nanobodies on EVs did not alter general EV characteristics (i.e. morphology, size distribution and protein marker expression), but greatly improved EV binding to tumour cells dependent on EGFR density under static conditions. Moreover, nanobody-displaying EVs showed a significantly improved cell association to EGFR-expressing tumour cells under flow conditions. Conclusions We show that nanobodies can be anchored on the surface of EVs via GPI, which alters their cell targeting behaviour. Furthermore, this study highlights GPI-anchoring as a new tool in the EV toolbox, which may be applied for EV display of a variety of proteins, such as antibodies, reporter proteins and signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander A A Kooijmans
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Clara Gómez Aleza
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wouter W van Solinge
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Vader
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond M Schiffelers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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97
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van Driel PBAA, van de Giessen M, Boonstra MC, Snoeks TJA, Keereweer S, Oliveira S, van de Velde CJH, Lelieveldt BPF, Vahrmeijer AL, Löwik CWGM, Dijkstra J. Characterization and evaluation of the artemis camera for fluorescence-guided cancer surgery. Mol Imaging Biol 2016; 17:413-23. [PMID: 25344146 PMCID: PMC4422838 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0799-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging can provide the surgeon with real-time visualization of, e.g., tumor margins and lymph nodes. We describe and evaluate the Artemis, a novel, handheld NIR fluorescence camera. Procedures We evaluated minimal detectable cell numbers (FaDu-luc2, 7D12-IRDye 800CW), preclinical intraoperative detection of sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) using indocyanine green (ICG), and of orthotopic tongue tumors using 7D12-800CW. Results were compared with the Pearl imager. Clinically, three patients with liver metastases were imaged using ICG. Results Minimum detectable cell counts for Artemis and Pearl were 2 × 105 and 4 × 104 cells, respectively. In vivo, seven SLNs were detected in four mice with both cameras. Orthotopic OSC-19-luc2-cGFP tongue tumors were clearly identifiable, and a minimum FaDu-luc2 tumor size of 1 mm3 could be identified. Six human malignant lesions were identified during three liver surgery procedures. Conclusions Based on this study, the Artemis system has demonstrated its utility in fluorescence-guided cancer surgery. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11307-014-0799-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B A A van Driel
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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98
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Krüwel T, Nevoltris D, Bode J, Dullin C, Baty D, Chames P, Alves F. In vivo detection of small tumour lesions by multi-pinhole SPECT applying a (99m)Tc-labelled nanobody targeting the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21834. [PMID: 26912069 PMCID: PMC4766429 DOI: 10.1038/srep21834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of tumours in an early phase of tumour development in combination with the knowledge of expression of tumour markers such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an important prerequisite for clinical decisions. In this study we applied the anti-EGFR nanobody (99m)Tc-D10 for visualizing small tumour lesions with volumes below 100 mm(3) by targeting EGFR in orthotopic human mammary MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231 and subcutaneous human epidermoid A431 carcinoma mouse models. Use of nanobody (99m)Tc-D10 of a size as small as 15.5 kDa enables detection of tumours by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging already 45 min post intravenous administration with high tumour uptake (>3% ID/g) in small MDA-MB-468 and A431 tumours, with tumour volumes of 52.5 mm(3) ± 21.2 and 26.6 mm(3) ± 16.7, respectively. Fast blood clearance with a serum half-life of 4.9 min resulted in high in vivo contrast and ex vivo tumour to blood and tissue ratios. In contrast, no accumulation of (99m)Tc-D10 in MDA-MB-231 tumours characterized by a very low expression of EGFR was observed. Here we present specific and high contrast in vivo visualization of small human tumours overexpressing EGFR by preclinical multi-pinhole SPECT shortly after administration of anti-EGFR nanobody (99m)Tc-D10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Krüwel
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Damien Nevoltris
- Antibody therapeutics and Immunotargeting, CRCM, Inserm U1068, Institut PaoliCalmettes, Aix-Marseille Université UM 105, CNRS UMR7258, F-13009, Marseille, France
| | - Julia Bode
- Molecular Mechanisms of Tumour Cell Invasion (V077), German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Dullin
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Baty
- Antibody therapeutics and Immunotargeting, CRCM, Inserm U1068, Institut PaoliCalmettes, Aix-Marseille Université UM 105, CNRS UMR7258, F-13009, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Chames
- Antibody therapeutics and Immunotargeting, CRCM, Inserm U1068, Institut PaoliCalmettes, Aix-Marseille Université UM 105, CNRS UMR7258, F-13009, Marseille, France
| | - Frauke Alves
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.,Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.,Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
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99
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Kijanka MM, van Brussel ASA, van der Wall E, Mali WPTM, van Diest PJ, van Bergen En Henegouwen PMP, Oliveira S. Optical imaging of pre-invasive breast cancer with a combination of VHHs targeting CAIX and HER2 increases contrast and facilitates tumour characterization. EJNMMI Res 2016; 6:14. [PMID: 26860296 PMCID: PMC4747965 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-016-0166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Optical molecular imaging is an emerging novel technology with applications in the diagnosis of cancer and assistance in image-guided surgery. A high tumour-to-background (T/B) ratio is crucial for successful imaging, which strongly depends on tumour-specific probes that rapidly accumulate in the tumour, while non-bound probes are rapidly cleared. Here, using pre-invasive breast cancer as a model, we investigate whether the use of combinations of probes with different target specificities results in higher T/B ratios and whether dual-spectral imaging leads to improvements in tumour characterization. Methods We performed optical molecular imaging of an orthotopic breast cancer model mimicking ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). A combination of carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX)- and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-specific variable domains of the heavy chain from heavy-chain antibodies (VHHs) was conjugated either to the same fluorophore (IRDye800CW) to evaluate T/B ratios or to different fluorophores (IRDye800CW, IRDye680RD or IRDye700DX) to analyse the expression of CAIX and HER2 simultaneously through dual-fluorescence detection. These experiments were performed non-invasively in vivo, in a mimicked intra-operative setting, and ex vivo on tumour sections. Results Application of the CAIX- and HER2-specific VHH combination resulted in an increase of the T/B ratio, as compared to T/B ratios obtained from each of these single VHHs together with an irrelevant VHH. This dual tumour marker-specific VHH combination also enabled the detection of small metastases in the lung. Furthermore, dual-spectral imaging enabled the assessment of the expression status of both CAIX and HER2 in a mimicked intra-operative setting, as well as on tumour sections, which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Conclusions These results establish the feasibility of the use of VHH ‘cocktails’ to increase T/B ratios and improve early detection of heterogeneous tumours and the use of multispectral molecular imaging to facilitate the assessment of the target expression status of tumours and metastases, both invasive or non-invasively. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13550-016-0166-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta M Kijanka
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Aram S A van Brussel
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Elsken van der Wall
- Division of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Willem P T M Mali
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Paul J van Diest
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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100
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Kooijmans S, Fliervoet L, van der Meel R, Fens M, Heijnen H, van Bergen en Henegouwen P, Vader P, Schiffelers R. PEGylated and targeted extracellular vesicles display enhanced cell specificity and circulation time. J Control Release 2016; 224:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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