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Cao T, Jiang Y, Li D, Sun X, Zhang Y, Qin L, Tellides G, Taylor HS, Huang Y. H19/TET1 axis promotes TGF-β signaling linked to endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. FASEB J 2020; 34:8625-8640. [PMID: 32374060 PMCID: PMC7364839 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000073rrrrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While emerging evidence suggests the link between endothelial activation of TGF-β signaling, induction of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), and cardiovascular disease (CVD), the molecular underpinning of this connection remains enigmatic. Here, we report aberrant expression of H19 lncRNA and TET1 in endothelial cells (ECs) of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries. Using primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and aortic endothelial cells (HAoECs) we show that TNF-α, a known risk factor for endothelial dysfunction and CVD, induces H19 expression which in turn activates TGF-β signaling and EndMT via a TET1-dependent epigenetic mechanism. We also show that H19 regulates TET1 expression at the posttranscriptional level. Further, we provide evidence that this H19/TET1-mediated regulation of TGF-β signaling and EndMT occurs in mouse pulmonary microvascular ECs in vivo under hyperglycemic conditions. We propose that endothelial activation of the H19/TET1 axis may play an important role in EndMT and perhaps CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiefeng Cao
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Da Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingfeng Qin
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - George Tellides
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hugh S Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yingqun Huang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Mendonça HR, Carpi-Santos R, da Costa Calaza K, Blanco Martinez AM. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress act in concert to promote neurodegeneration in the diabetic retina and optic nerve: galectin-3 participation. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:625-635. [PMID: 31638084 PMCID: PMC6975153 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.266910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a lifelong disease characterized by glucose metabolic imbalance, in which low insulin levels or impaired insulin signaling lead to hyperglycemic state. Within 20 years of diabetes progression, 95% of patients will have diabetic retinopathy, the leading cause of visual defects in working-age people worldwide. Although diabetes is considered a microvascular disease, recent studies have shown that neurodegeneration precedes vascular changes within the diabetic visual system, albeit its mechanisms are still under investigation. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are intrinsically related phenomena, since macrophage/microglia and astrocytes are the main sources of reactive oxygen species during central nervous system chronic degenerative diseases, and both pathological processes are increased in the visual system during diabetes. The present review will focus on recent findings of the contribution of oxidative stress derived from neuroinflammation in the early neurodegenerative aspects of the diabetic visual system and their relationship with galectin-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Rocha Mendonça
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitrio Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Pólo Universitário Macaé, Unidade Integrada de Pesquisa em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil
- Laboratório Integrado de Morfologia, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, Núcleo de Pesquisas Ecológicas de Macaé, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Raul Carpi-Santos
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karin da Costa Calaza
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Retina, Departamento de Neurobiologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Blanco Martinez
- Laboratório de Neurodegeneração e Reparo, Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitrio Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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53
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Chronic Cannabidiol Administration Fails to Diminish Blood Pressure in Rats with Primary and Secondary Hypertension Despite Its Effects on Cardiac and Plasma Endocannabinoid System, Oxidative Stress and Lipid Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041295. [PMID: 32075117 PMCID: PMC7072941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the influence of cannabidiol (CBD) on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) in spontaneously (SHR) and deoxycorticosterone (DOCA-salt) hypertensive rats. Hypertension was connected with increases in cardiac and plasma markers of lipid peroxidation in both models, whereas cardiac endocannabinoid levels decreased in SHR and increased in DOCA-salt. CBD (10 mg/kg once a day for 2 weeks) did not modify BP and HR in hypertension but counteracted pro-oxidant effects. Moreover, it decreased cardiac or plasma levels of anandamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol and oleoyl ethanolamide in DOCA-salt and inhibited the activity of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) in both models. In the respective normotensive control rats, CBD increased lipid peroxidation, free fatty acid levels and FAAH activity. In conclusion, chronic CBD administration does not possess antihypertensive activity in a model of primary and secondary (DOCA-salt) hypertension, despite its antioxidant effect. The latter may be direct rather than based on the endocannabinoid system. The unexpected CBD-related increase in lipid peroxidation in normotensive controls may lead to untoward effects; thus, caution should be kept if CBD is used therapeutically.
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Abstract
Given the aging Baby Boomer generation, changes in cannabis legislation, and the growing acknowledgment of cannabis for its therapeutic potential, it is predicted that cannabis use in the older population will escalate. It is, therefore, important to determine the interaction between the effects of cannabis and aging. The aim of this report is to describe the link between cannabis use and the aging brain. Our review of the literature found few and inconsistent empirical studies that directly address the impact of cannabis use on the aging brain. However, research focused on long-term cannabis use points toward cumulative effects on multimodal systems in the brain that are similarly affected during aging. Specifically, the effects of cannabis and aging converge on overlapping networks in the endocannabinoid, opioid, and dopamine systems that may affect functional decline particularly in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, which are critical areas for memory and executive functioning. To conclude, despite the limited current knowledge on the potential interactive effects between cannabis and aging, evidence from the literature suggests that cannabis and aging effects are concurrently present across several neurotransmitter systems. There is a great need for future research to directly test the interactions between cannabis and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Bin Yoo
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer DiMuzio
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Francesca M Filbey
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Romero-Zerbo SY, García-Fernández M, Espinosa-Jiménez V, Pozo-Morales M, Escamilla-Sánchez A, Sánchez-Salido L, Lara E, Cobo-Vuilleumier N, Rafacho A, Olveira G, Rojo-Martínez G, Gauthier BR, González-Mariscal I, Bermúdez-Silva FJ. The Atypical Cannabinoid Abn-CBD Reduces Inflammation and Protects Liver, Pancreas, and Adipose Tissue in a Mouse Model of Prediabetes and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:103. [PMID: 32210914 PMCID: PMC7067697 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: The synthetic atypical cannabinoid Abn-CBD, a cannabidiol (CBD) derivative, has been recently shown to modulate the immune system in different organs, but its impact in obesity-related meta-inflammation remains unstudied. We investigated the effects of Abn-CBD on metabolic and inflammatory parameters utilizing a diet-induced obese (DIO) mouse model of prediabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Materials and Methods: Ten-week-old C57Bl/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet for 15 weeks, following a 2-week treatment of daily intraperitoneal injections with Abn-CBD or vehicle. At week 15 mice were obese, prediabetic and developed NAFLD. Body weight and glucose homeostasis were monitored. Mice were euthanized and blood, liver, adipose tissue and pancreas were collected and processed for metabolic and inflammatory analysis. Results: Body weight and triglycerides profiles in blood and liver were comparable between vehicle- and Abn-CBD-treated DIO mice. However, treatment with Abn-CBD reduced hyperinsulinemia and markers of systemic low-grade inflammation in plasma and fat, also promoting white adipose tissue browning. Pancreatic islets from Abn-CBD-treated mice showed lower apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress than vehicle-treated DIO mice, and beta cell proliferation was induced. Furthermore, Abn-CBD lowered hepatic fibrosis, inflammation and macrophage infiltration in the liver when compared to vehicle-treated DIO mice. Importantly, the balance between hepatocyte proliferation and apoptosis was improved in Abn-CBD-treated compared to vehicle-treated DIO mice. Conclusions: These results suggest that Abn-CBD exerts beneficial immunomodulatory actions in the liver, pancreas and adipose tissue of DIO prediabetic mice with NAFLD, thus protecting tissues. Therefore, Abn-CBD and related compounds could represent novel pharmacological strategies for managing obesity-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Y. Romero-Zerbo
- UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - María García-Fernández
- Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Vanesa Espinosa-Jiménez
- UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Macarena Pozo-Morales
- UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Lourdes Sánchez-Salido
- UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Estrella Lara
- Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Nadia Cobo-Vuilleumier
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Seville, Spain
| | - Alex Rafacho
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Olveira
- UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Rojo-Martínez
- UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Benoit R. Gauthier
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel González-Mariscal
- UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- *Correspondence: Isabel González-Mariscal
| | - Francisco J. Bermúdez-Silva
- UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Francisco J. Bermúdez-Silva
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Gholami S, Kamali Y, Reza Rostamzad M. Glycine Supplementation Ameliorates Retinal Neuronal Damage in an Experimental Model of Diabetes in Rats: A Light and Electron Microscopic Study. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2019; 14:448-456. [PMID: 31875100 PMCID: PMC6825695 DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v14i4.5449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the potential neuroprotective effect of glycine supplementation on the retinal ultrastructure of streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods Adult male Wistar rats weighing 200–250 g (n = 40) were randomly divided into four groups of 10 each: normal group (C), glycine + normal group (G), STZ group (D), and glycine + STZ group (DG). The G and DG groups received glycine (130 mM and 1% w/v) freely in their drinking water seven days after the induction of diabetes for up to 16 weeks. Retinal samples for histopathology were examined using light and electron microscopy. Results Diabetes-induced histological changes were attenuated in the retinas of rats in the DG group. The ultrastructural alterations produced by experimental diabetes in the inner nuclear layer, outer nuclear layer, and ganglion cell layer were significantly ameliorated by glycine supplementation. Conclusion Our findings suggest that glycine supplementation effectively attenuates retinal neuronal damage in experimental diabetic rats, and thus may be a potential candidate to protect retinal ultrastructure against diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soghra Gholami
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Kamali
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Rostamzad
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, International Division, Shiraz, Iran
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57
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Cecilia OM, José Alberto CG, José NP, Ernesto Germán CM, Ana Karen LC, Luis Miguel RP, Ricardo Raúl RR, Adolfo Daniel RC. Oxidative Stress as the Main Target in Diabetic Retinopathy Pathophysiology. J Diabetes Res 2019; 2019:8562408. [PMID: 31511825 PMCID: PMC6710812 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8562408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) causing vision impairment even at young ages. There are numerous mechanisms involved in its development such as inflammation and cellular degeneration leading to endothelial and neural damage. These mechanisms are interlinked thus worsening the diabetic retinopathy outcome. In this review, we propose oxidative stress as the focus point of this complication onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olvera-Montaño Cecilia
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Castellanos-González José Alberto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Specialties Hospital of the National Occidental Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico
| | - Navarro-Partida José
- Tecnológico de Monterrey Institute, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Cardona-Muñoz Ernesto Germán
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - López-Contreras Ana Karen
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Mexico
| | | | - Robles-Rivera Ricardo Raúl
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Rodríguez-Carrizalez Adolfo Daniel
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Mexico
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58
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Xu C, Chang T, Du Y, Yu C, Tan X, Li X. Pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous cannabidiol and its antidepressant-like effects in chronic mild stress mouse model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 70:103202. [PMID: 31173966 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) exhibits significant efficacy in mental and inflammatory diseases. Several studies have recently reported on the rapid antidepressant-like effects of CBD, suggesting that CBD is a potential anti-depressant or anti-stress drug. However, CBD is mainly administered orally or by inhalation with poor bioavailability, resulting in high costs. We aim to explore the efficacy of long-term periodic administration of CBD in chronic mild stress (CMS) via two routes and its pharmacokinetics. We treated ICR mice with CBD administered orally and intravenously and then determined the kinetic constants. A single bolus intravenous injection of CBD resulted in a half-life of 3.9 h, mean residence time of 3.3 h, and oral bioavailability of about 8.6%. The antidepressant-like effects of periodically administered CBD on the chronic mild stress mouse model are evaluated. Results demonstrated that such treatment at a high dose of 100 mg/kg CBD (p.o.) or a low dose of 10 mg/kg CBD (i.v.), elicited significant antidepressant-like behavioral effects in forced swim test, following increased mRNA expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and synaptophysin in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. Our findings are expected to provide a reference for the development of intravenous antidepressant formulations of CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tanran Chang
- Hanma Investment Group Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yaqi Du
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaohui Yu
- Yunnan Hempmon Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xin Tan
- Hanma Investment Group Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China; Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
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59
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Baron EP. Medicinal Properties of Cannabinoids, Terpenes, and Flavonoids in Cannabis, and Benefits in Migraine, Headache, and Pain: An Update on Current Evidence and Cannabis Science. Headache 2019; 58:1139-1186. [PMID: 30152161 DOI: 10.1111/head.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive literature reviews of historical perspectives and evidence supporting cannabis/cannabinoids in the treatment of pain, including migraine and headache, with associated neurobiological mechanisms of pain modulation have been well described. Most of the existing literature reports on the cannabinoids Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), or cannabis in general. There are many cannabis strains that vary widely in the composition of cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids, and other compounds. These components work synergistically to produce wide variations in benefits, side effects, and strain characteristics. Knowledge of the individual medicinal properties of the cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids is necessary to cross-breed strains to obtain optimal standardized synergistic compositions. This will enable targeting individual symptoms and/or diseases, including migraine, headache, and pain. OBJECTIVE Review the medical literature for the use of cannabis/cannabinoids in the treatment of migraine, headache, facial pain, and other chronic pain syndromes, and for supporting evidence of a potential role in combatting the opioid epidemic. Review the medical literature involving major and minor cannabinoids, primary and secondary terpenes, and flavonoids that underlie the synergistic entourage effects of cannabis. Summarize the individual medicinal benefits of these substances, including analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. CONCLUSION There is accumulating evidence for various therapeutic benefits of cannabis/cannabinoids, especially in the treatment of pain, which may also apply to the treatment of migraine and headache. There is also supporting evidence that cannabis may assist in opioid detoxification and weaning, thus making it a potential weapon in battling the opioid epidemic. Cannabis science is a rapidly evolving medical sector and industry with increasingly regulated production standards. Further research is anticipated to optimize breeding of strain-specific synergistic ratios of cannabinoids, terpenes, and other phytochemicals for predictable user effects, characteristics, and improved symptom and disease-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Baron
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurological Restoration - Headache and Chronic Pain Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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60
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Cannabidiol attenuates mechanical allodynia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats via serotonergic system activation through 5-HT1A receptors. Brain Res 2019; 1715:156-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Taskar P, Adelli G, Patil A, Lakhani P, Ashour E, Gul W, ElSohly M, Majumdar S. Analog Derivatization of Cannabidiol for Improved Ocular Permeation. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2019; 35:301-310. [PMID: 30998110 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2018.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Cannabidiol (CBD), active component of plant Cannabis sativa, has anti-inflammatory properties that could potentially help treat diabetic retinopathy-induced pain and inflammation. However, CBD is a lipophilic molecule making its topical delivery to back of the eye challenging. This study aims at improving ocular penetration of CBD by means of analog derivatization. Methods: Analogs were designed using various ligands, such as amino acids (AAs) and dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) and their combinations. Select analogs were screened in vitro with respect to their stability in ocular tissue homogenates. Based on in vitro stability, analogs were selected for in rabbits testing. Formulations containing these compounds were tested in rabbits to determine ocular tissue disposition of CBD and the analogs after topical application. The rabbits were sacrificed 90 min post-topical application and the aqueous humor, vitreous humor (VH), iris-ciliary bodies (IC), and retina-choroid (RC) were analyzed for CBD and analog content. Results: CBD-divalinate-dihemisuccinate (CBD-Di-VHS) and CBD-divalinate (CBD-Di-Val) were stable in the ocular tissue homogenates. Post-topical application, CBD and CBD-Di-Val analog levels were detected only in RC. Dosing of CBD-Di-VHS nanoemulsion generated analog levels both in the VH and in the RC, respectively. In contrast, post dosing of CBD-monovalinate-monohemisuccinate (CBD-Mono-VHS), both the analog and CBD were detected in the IC and RC. Conclusion: The analogs demonstrated superior penetration into ocular tissues in comparison with CBD. CBD-Di-VHS and CBD-Mono-VHS exhibited better permeation properties, possibly due to improved stability and physicochemical characteristics imparted by AA and DCA combination derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranjal Taskar
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi.,2 Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi
| | - Goutham Adelli
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi
| | - Akash Patil
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi.,2 Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi
| | - Prit Lakhani
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi.,2 Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi
| | - Eman Ashour
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi.,2 Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi
| | - Waseem Gul
- 3 ElSohly Laboratories, Inc., Oxford, Mississippi
| | - Mahmoud ElSohly
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi.,2 Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi.,3 ElSohly Laboratories, Inc., Oxford, Mississippi
| | - Soumyajit Majumdar
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi.,2 Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi
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Singh A, Castillo HA, Brown J, Kaslin J, Dwyer KM, Gibert Y. High glucose levels affect retinal patterning during zebrafish embryogenesis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4121. [PMID: 30858575 PMCID: PMC6411978 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal hyperglycaemia has a profound impact on the developing foetus and increases the risk of developing abnormalities like obesity, impaired glucose tolerance and insulin secretory defects in the post-natal life. Increased levels of glucose in the blood stream due to diabetes causes visual disorders like retinopathy. However, the impact of maternal hyperglycaemia due to pre-existing or gestational diabetes on the developing foetal retina is unknown. The aim of this work was to study the effect of hyperglycaemia on the developing retina using zebrafish as a vertebrate model. Wild-type and transgenic zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0, 4 and 5% D-Glucose in a pulsatile manner to mimic the fluctuations in glycaemia experienced by the developing foetus in pregnant women with diabetes. The zebrafish embryos displayed numerous ocular defects associated with altered retinal cell layer thickness, increased presence of macrophages, and decreased number of Müeller glial and retinal ganglion cells following high-glucose exposure. We have developed a model of gestational hyperglycaemia using the zebrafish embryo to study the effect of hyperglycaemia on the developing embryonic retina. The data suggests that glucose exposure is detrimental to the development of embryonic retina and the legacy of this exposure may extend into adulthood. These data suggest merit in retinal assessment in infants born to mothers with pre-existing and gestational diabetes both in early and adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitoj Singh
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Hozana Andrade Castillo
- Monash University, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, 23 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Julie Brown
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Jan Kaslin
- Monash University, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, 23 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Karen M Dwyer
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Yann Gibert
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia.
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63
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Brook E, Mamo J, Wong R, Al-Salami H, Falasca M, Lam V, Takechi R. Blood-brain barrier disturbances in diabetes-associated dementia: Therapeutic potential for cannabinoids. Pharmacol Res 2019; 141:291-297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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64
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Simcocks AC, Jenkin KA, O’Keefe L, Samuel CS, Mathai ML, McAinch AJ, Hryciw DH. Atypical cannabinoid ligands O-1602 and O-1918 administered chronically in diet-induced obesity. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:203-216. [PMID: 30707678 PMCID: PMC6391900 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Atypical cannabinoid compounds O-1602 and O-1918 are ligands for the putative cannabinoid receptors G protein-coupled receptor 55 and G protein-coupled receptor 18. The role of O-1602 and O-1918 in attenuating obesity and obesity-related pathologies is unknown. Therefore, we aimed to determine the role that either compound had on body weight and body composition, renal and hepatic function in diet-induced obesity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet (40% digestible energy from lipids) or a standard chow diet for 10 weeks. In a separate cohort, male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet for 9 weeks and then injected daily with 5 mg/kg O-1602, 1 mg/kg O-1918 or vehicle (0.9% saline/0.75% Tween 80) for a further 6 weeks. Our data demonstrated that high-fat feeding upregulates whole kidney G protein receptor 55 expression. In diet-induced obesity, we also demonstrated O-1602 reduces body weight, body fat and improves albuminuria. Despite this, treatment with O-1602 resulted in gross morphological changes in the liver and kidney. Treatment with O-1918 improved albuminuria, but did not alter body weight or fat composition. In addition, treatment with O-1918 also upregulated circulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1α, IL-2, IL-17α, IL-18 and RANTES as well as plasma AST. Thus O-1602 and O-1918 appear not to be suitable treatments for obesity and related comorbidities, due to their effects on organ morphology and pro-inflammatory signaling in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Simcocks
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, St Albans campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kayte A Jenkin
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, St Albans campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lannie O’Keefe
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, St Albans campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael L Mathai
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, St Albans campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J McAinch
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, St Albans campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Deanne H Hryciw
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, St Albans campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Environment and Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
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65
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Liu J, Li S, Sun D. Calcium Dobesilate and Micro-vascular diseases. Life Sci 2019; 221:348-353. [PMID: 30769115 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Micro-vascular diseases and its associated complications continue to be a significant health problem worldwide. Vascular lesions from microvascular involvement lead to impaired blood flow and contribute to damage and dysfunction of one or more target organs, that is, the heart, kidneys, eyes, and nervous system. Calcium Dobesilate Drug (CAD) is an established vasoactive and angioprotective drug that has shown a unique, multitarget mode of action in several experimental studies and in different animal models of diabetic microvascular complications. CAD has been widely used as an antioxidant and a vascular protective agent. At present, the application of Calcium Dobesilate is mainly related to Micro-vascular damage-related diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic nephropathy (DN), and it is found to significantly improve the related symptoms. Its beneficial effects make it an attractive therapeutic compound especially in the early stages of these diseases. Scholars at home and abroad have studied the effectiveness, safety, and mechanisms of the related diseases, furthermore, the subjects involved patients and animal models, they have found some new clinical effects of this medicine. This paper makes a brief summary of a research progress of clinical application about Vascular injury related diseases and other aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China; Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Shulin Li
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China; Department of Internal Medicine and Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China.
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66
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Luo H, Rossi E, Saubamea B, Chasseigneaux S, Cochois V, Choublier N, Smirnova M, Glacial F, Perrière N, Bourdoulous S, Smadja DM, Menet MC, Couraud PO, Cisternino S, Declèves X. Cannabidiol Increases Proliferation, Migration, Tubulogenesis, and Integrity of Human Brain Endothelial Cells through TRPV2 Activation. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1312-1326. [PMID: 30721081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of cannabidiol (CBD), a high-affinity agonist of the transient receptor potential vanilloid-2 (TRPV2) channel, has been poorly investigated in human brain microvessel endothelial cells (BMEC) forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB). TRPV2 expression and its role on Ca2+ cellular dynamics, trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER), cell viability and growth, migration, and tubulogenesis were evaluated in human primary cultures of BMEC (hPBMEC) or in the human cerebral microvessel endothelial hCMEC/D3 cell line. Abundant TRPV2 expression was measured in hCMEC/D3 and hPBMEC by qRT-PCR, Western blotting, nontargeted proteomics, and cellular immunofluorescence studies. Intracellular Ca2+ levels were increased by heat and CBD and blocked by the nonspecific TRP antagonist ruthenium red (RR) and the selective TRPV2 inhibitor tranilast (TNL) or by silencing cells with TRPV2 siRNA. CBD dose-dependently induced the hCMEC/D3 cell number (EC50 0.3 ± 0.1 μM), and this effect was fully abolished by TNL or TRPV2 siRNA. A wound healing assay showed that CBD induced cell migration, which was also inhibited by TNL or TRPV2 siRNA. Tubulogenesis of hCMEC/D3 cells in 3D matrigel cultures was significantly increased by 41 and 73% after a 7 or 24 h CBD treatment, respectively, and abolished by TNL. CBD also increased the TEER of hPBMEC monolayers cultured in transwell, and this was blocked by TNL. Our results show that CBD, at extracellular concentrations close to those observed in plasma of patients treated by CBD, induces proliferation, migration, tubulogenesis, and TEER increase in human brain endothelial cells, suggesting CBD might be a potent target for modulating the human BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilong Luo
- Inserm , U1144 , Paris F-75006 , France.,Université Paris Descartes , UMR-S 1144 , Paris F-75006 , France.,Université Paris Descartes , Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris F-75006 , France
| | - Elisa Rossi
- Université Paris Descartes , Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris F-75006 , France.,Université Paris Descartes , UMR-S 1140 , Paris F-75006 , France
| | - Bruno Saubamea
- Inserm , U1144 , Paris F-75006 , France.,Université Paris Descartes , UMR-S 1144 , Paris F-75006 , France.,Université Paris Descartes , Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris F-75006 , France
| | - Stéphanie Chasseigneaux
- Inserm , U1144 , Paris F-75006 , France.,Université Paris Descartes , UMR-S 1144 , Paris F-75006 , France.,Université Paris Descartes , Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris F-75006 , France
| | - Véronique Cochois
- Inserm , U1144 , Paris F-75006 , France.,Université Paris Descartes , UMR-S 1144 , Paris F-75006 , France.,Université Paris Descartes , Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris F-75006 , France
| | - Nina Choublier
- Inserm , U1144 , Paris F-75006 , France.,Université Paris Descartes , UMR-S 1144 , Paris F-75006 , France.,Université Paris Descartes , Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris F-75006 , France
| | - Maria Smirnova
- Inserm , U1144 , Paris F-75006 , France.,Université Paris Descartes , UMR-S 1144 , Paris F-75006 , France.,Université Paris Descartes , Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris F-75006 , France
| | | | | | - Sandrine Bourdoulous
- Université Paris Descartes , Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris F-75006 , France.,Department of Infection, Institut Cochin , Inserm, U1016 , Paris F-75014 , France.,CNRS, UMR 8104 , Paris F-75014 , France
| | - David M Smadja
- Université Paris Descartes , Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris F-75006 , France.,Université Paris Descartes , UMR-S 1140 , Paris F-75006 , France.,Hematology Department , AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou , INSERM UMR-S 1140 , Paris F-75015 , France
| | - Marie-Claude Menet
- Inserm , U1144 , Paris F-75006 , France.,Université Paris Descartes , UMR-S 1144 , Paris F-75006 , France.,Université Paris Descartes , Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris F-75006 , France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Couraud
- Université Paris Descartes , Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris F-75006 , France.,Department of Infection, Institut Cochin , Inserm, U1016 , Paris F-75014 , France.,CNRS, UMR 8104 , Paris F-75014 , France
| | - Salvatore Cisternino
- Inserm , U1144 , Paris F-75006 , France.,Université Paris Descartes , UMR-S 1144 , Paris F-75006 , France.,Université Paris Descartes , Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris F-75006 , France
| | - Xavier Declèves
- Inserm , U1144 , Paris F-75006 , France.,Université Paris Descartes , UMR-S 1144 , Paris F-75006 , France.,Université Paris Descartes , Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris F-75006 , France
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67
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Sundaramurthi H, Moran A, Perpetuini AC, Reynolds A, Kennedy B. Emerging Drug Therapies for Inherited Retinal Dystrophies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1185:263-267. [PMID: 31884622 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27378-1_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, 1 in 2000 people suffer from inherited retinal dystrophies (IRD). Individuals with IRD typically present with progressive vision loss that ultimately results in blindness. Unfortunately, effective treatment options are not widely available due to the genetic and clinical heterogeneity of these diseases. There are multiple gene, cell, and drug-based therapies in various phases of clinical trials for IRD. This mini-review documents current progress made in drug-based clinical trials for treating IRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husvinee Sundaramurthi
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin,, Dublin, Ireland.
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Ailís Moran
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin,, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrea Cerquone Perpetuini
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin,, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alison Reynolds
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin,, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Breandán Kennedy
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin,, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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68
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Whitehead M, Wickremasinghe S, Osborne A, Van Wijngaarden P, Martin KR. Diabetic retinopathy: a complex pathophysiology requiring novel therapeutic strategies. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 18:1257-1270. [PMID: 30408422 PMCID: PMC6299358 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1545836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of vision loss in the working age population of the developed world. DR encompasses a complex pathology, and one that is reflected in the variety of currently available treatments, which include laser photocoagulation, glucocorticoids, vitrectomy and agents which neutralize vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Whilst these options demonstrate modest clinical benefits, none is yet to fully attenuate clinical progression or reverse damage to the retina. This has led to an interest in developing novel therapies for the condition, such as mediators of angiopoietin signaling axes, immunosuppressants, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), oxidative stress inhibitors and vitriol viscosity inhibitors. Further, preclinical research suggests that gene therapy treatment for DR could provide significant benefits over existing treatments options. AREAS COVERED Here we review the pathophysiology of DR and provide an overview of currently available treatments. We then outline recent advances made towards improved patient outcomes and highlight the potential of the gene therapy paradigm to revolutionize DR management. EXPERT OPINION Whilst significant progress has been made towards our understanding of DR, further research is required to enable the development of a detailed spatiotemporal model of the disease. In addition, we hope that improvements in our knowledge of the condition facilitate therapeutic innovations that continue to address unmet medical need and improve patient outcomes, with a focus on the development of targeted medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Whitehead
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sanjeewa Wickremasinghe
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne and Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Osborne
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Van Wijngaarden
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne and Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Keith R. Martin
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Eye Department, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust – MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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69
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Pietrucha-Dutczak M, Amadio M, Govoni S, Lewin-Kowalik J, Smedowski A. The Role of Endogenous Neuroprotective Mechanisms in the Prevention of Retinal Ganglion Cells Degeneration. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:834. [PMID: 30524222 PMCID: PMC6262299 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal neurons are not able to undergo spontaneous regeneration in response to damage. A variety of stressors, i.e., UV radiation, high temperature, ischemia, allergens, and others, induce reactive oxygen species production, resulting in consecutive alteration of stress-response gene expression and finally can lead to cell apoptosis. Neurons have developed their own endogenous cellular protective systems. Some of them are preventing cell death and others are allowing functional recovery after injury. The high efficiency of these mechanisms is crucial for cell survival. In this review we focus on the contribution of the most recently studied endogenous neuroprotective factors involved in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival, among which, neurotrophic factors and their signaling pathways, processes regulating the redox status, and different pathways regulating cell death are the most important. Additionally, we summarize currently ongoing clinical trials for therapies for RGC degeneration and optic neuropathies, including glaucoma. Knowledge of the endogenous cellular protective mechanisms may help in the development of effective therapies and potential novel therapeutic targets in order to achieve progress in the treatment of retinal and optic nerve diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita Pietrucha-Dutczak
- Chair and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marialaura Amadio
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Govoni
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Joanna Lewin-Kowalik
- Chair and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adrian Smedowski
- Chair and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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70
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Effects of Cannabidiol on Diabetes Outcomes and Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion Comorbidities in Middle-Aged Rats. Neurotox Res 2018; 35:463-474. [PMID: 30430393 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9972-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes and aging are risk factors for cognitive impairments after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH). Cannabidiol (CBD) is a phytocannabinoid present in the Cannabis sativa plant. It has beneficial effects on both cerebral ischemic diseases and diabetes. We have recently reported that diabetes interacted synergistically with aging to increase neuroinflammation and memory deficits in rats subjected to CCH. The present study investigated whether CBD would alleviate cognitive decline and affect markers of inflammation and neuroplasticity in the hippocampus in middle-aged diabetic rats submitted to CCH. Diabetes was induced in middle-aged rats (14 months old) by intravenous streptozotocin (SZT) administration. Thirty days later, the diabetic animals were subjected to sham or CCH surgeries and treated with CBD (10 mg/kg, once a day) during 30 days. Diabetes exacerbated cognitive deficits induced by CCH in middle-aged rats. Repeated CBD treatment decreased body weight in both sham- and CCH-operated animals. Cannabidiol improved memory performance and reduced hippocampal levels of inflammation markers (inducible nitric oxide synthase, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and arginase 1). Cannabidiol attenuated the decrease in hippocampal levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor induced by CCH in diabetic animals, but it did not affect the levels of neuroplasticity markers (growth-associated protein-43 and synaptophysin) in middle-aged diabetic rats. These results suggest that the neuroprotective effects of CBD in middle-aged diabetic rats subjected to CCH are related to a reduction in neuroinflammation. However, they seemed to occur independently of hippocampal neuroplasticity changes.
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71
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Maurya N, Velmurugan BK. Therapeutic applications of cannabinoids. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 293:77-88. [PMID: 30040916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The psychoactive property of cannabinoids is well known and there has been a continuous controversy regarding the usage of these compounds for therapeutic purposes all over the world. Their use for medical and research purposes are restricted in various countries. However, their utility as medications should not be overshadowed by its negative physiological activities. This review article is focused on the therapeutic potential and applications of phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids. We further highlights their mode of action, overall effects on physiology, various in vitro and in vivo studies that have been done so far and the extent to which these compounds can be useful in different disease conditions such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, pain, inflammation, glaucoma and many others. Thus, this work is an attempt to make the readers understand the positive implications of these compounds and indicates the significant developments of utilizing cannabinoids as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Maurya
- School of Biotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, India
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72
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Smeriglio A, Giofrè SV, Galati EM, Monforte MT, Cicero N, D'Angelo V, Grassi G, Circosta C. Inhibition of aldose reductase activity by chemotypes extracts with high content of cannabidiol or cannabigerol. Fitoterapia 2018; 127:101-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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73
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Rivaroxaban does not influence hemorrhagic transformation in a diabetes ischemic stroke and endovascular thrombectomy model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7408. [PMID: 29743683 PMCID: PMC5943582 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25820-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Managing endovascular thrombectomy (ET) in diabetic ischemic stroke (IS) with novel anticoagulants is challenging due to putative risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. The study evaluates increased hemorrhagic transformation (HT) risk in Rivaroxaban-treated diabetic rats post ET. Diabetes was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin. After 4-weeks, rats were pretreated orally with 30 mg/kg Rivaroxaban/saline; prothrombin time was monitored. IS and ET was induced after 1 h, by thread-induced transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) that mimicked mechanical ET for proximal MCA occlusion at 60 min. After 24 h reperfusion, infarct volumes, HT, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, tight junction at peri-ischemic lesion and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity was measured. Diabetic rats seemed to exhibit increased infarct volume and HT at 24 h after ET than normal rats. Infarct volumes and functional outcomes did not differ between Rivaroxaban and diabetic control groups. A significant increase in HT volumes and BBB permeability under Rivaroxaban treatment was not detected. Compared to diabetic control group, neither the occludin expression was remarkably lower in the Rivaroxaban group nor the MMP-9 activity was higher. Together, Rivaroxaban does not increase HT after ET in diabetic rats with proximal MCA occlusion, since Rivaroxaban has fewer effects on post-ischemic BBB permeability.
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74
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Yang F, Yu J, Ke F, Lan M, Li D, Tan K, Ling J, Wang Y, Wu K, Li D. Curcumin Alleviates Diabetic Retinopathy in Experimental Diabetic Rats. Ophthalmic Res 2018; 60:43-54. [PMID: 29597206 DOI: 10.1159/000486574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the potential protective effects of curcumin on the retina in diabetic rats. METHODS An experimental diabetic rat model was induced by a low dose of streptozotocin combined with a high-energy diet. Rats which had blood glucose levels ≥11.6 mmol/L were used as diabetic rats. The diabetic rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: diabetic rats with no treatment (DM), diabetic rats treated with 100 mg/kg curcumin (DM + Cur 100 mg/kg), and diabetic rats treated with 200 mg/kg curcumin (DM + Cur 200 mg/kg). Curcumin was orally administered daily for 16 weeks. After 16 weeks of administration, the rats were euthanized, and eyes were dissected. Retinal histology was examined, and the thickness of the retina was measured. Ultrastructural changes of retinal ganglion cells, inner layer cells, retinal capillary, and membranous disks were observed by electron microscopy. Malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity were measured by ELISA. Expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in retina tissues were examined by immunohistochemical staining and ELISA. Expression levels of Bax and Bcl-2 in retina tissues were determined by immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting. RESULTS Curcumin reduced the blood glucose levels of diabetic rats and decreased diabetes-induced body weight loss. Curcumin prevented attenuation of the retina in diabetic rats and ameliorated diabetes-induced ultrastructure changes of the retina, including thinning of the retina, apoptosis of the retinal ganglion cells and inner nuclear layer cells, thickening of retinal capillary basement membrane and disturbance of photoreceptor cell membranous disks. We also found that curcumin has a strong antioxidative ability in the retina of diabetic rats. It was observed that curcumin attenuated the expression of VEGF in the retina of diabetic rats. We also discovered that curcumin had an antiapoptotic effect by upregulating the expression of Bcl-2 and downregulating the expression of Bax in the retina of diabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that curcumin may have great therapeutic potential in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy which could be attributed to the hypoglycemic, antioxidant, VEGF-downregulating and neuroprotection properties of curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jinqiang Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Feng Ke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Mei Lan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Dekun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Ke Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Kaili Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dai Li
- Xianning Aier Eye Hospital, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
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75
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Elshaer SL, Lemtalsi T, El-Remessy AB. High Glucose-Mediated Tyrosine Nitration of PI3-Kinase: A Molecular Switch of Survival and Apoptosis in Endothelial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7040047. [PMID: 29587384 PMCID: PMC5946113 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and hyperglycemia are associated with increased retinal oxidative and nitrative stress and vascular cell death. Paradoxically, high glucose stimulates expression of survival and angiogenic growth factors. Therefore, we examined the hypothesis that high glucose-mediated tyrosine nitration causes inhibition of the survival protein PI3-kinase, and in particular, its regulatory p85 subunit in retinal endothelial cell (EC) cultures. Retinal EC were cultured in high glucose (HG, 25 mM) for 3 days or peroxynitrite (PN, 100 µM) overnight in the presence or absence of a peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst (FeTPPs, 2.5 µM), or the selective nitration inhibitor epicatechin (100 µM). Apoptosis of ECs was assessed using TUNEL assay and caspase-3 activity. Immunoprecipitation and Western blot were used to assess protein expression and tyrosine nitration of p85 subunit and its interaction with the p110 subunit. HG or PN accelerated apoptosis of retinal ECs compared to normal glucose (NG, 5 mM) controls. HG- or PN-treated cells also showed significant increases in tyrosine nitration on the p85 subunit of PI3-kinase that inhibited its association with the catalytic p110 subunit and impaired PI3-kinase/Akt kinase activity. Decomposing peroxynitrite or blocking tyrosine nitration of p85 restored the activity of PI3-kinase, and prevented apoptosis and activation of p38 MAPK. Inhibiting p38 MAPK or overexpression of the constitutively activated Myr-Akt construct prevented HG- or peroxynitrite-mediated apoptosis. In conclusion, HG impairs pro-survival signals and causes accelerated EC apoptosis, at least in part via tyrosine nitration and inhibition of PI3-kinase. Inhibitors of nitration can be used in adjuvant therapy to delay diabetic retinopathy and microvascular complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally L Elshaer
- Retinopathy Research, Augusta Biomedical Research Corporation Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Tahira Lemtalsi
- Retinopathy Research, Augusta Biomedical Research Corporation Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Azza B El-Remessy
- Retinopathy Research, Augusta Biomedical Research Corporation Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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76
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Gupta RK, Kaur I, Nag TC, Chhablani J. Diagnostic Electron Microscopy of Retina. Semin Ophthalmol 2018; 33:700-710. [PMID: 29388866 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2017.1416415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The electron microscopy techniques were used in various fields as an analytical technique under in vitro conditions, which provides the sufficient resolution for better visualization and interpretation. This review gives a brief overview of the analytical application of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques and critical findings in different retinal pathologies. This review article aims to improvise understanding of retinal microstructures for clinicians which will help to improve the interpretation of the current advanced imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishikesh Kumar Gupta
- a Kallam Anji Reddy Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre , L V Prasad Eye Institute (KAR Campus) , Hyderabad , Telangana , India
| | - Inderjeet Kaur
- a Kallam Anji Reddy Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre , L V Prasad Eye Institute (KAR Campus) , Hyderabad , Telangana , India
| | - Tapas C Nag
- c All India Institute of Medical Sciences , Department of Anatomy , New Delhi , India
| | - Jay Chhablani
- b Smt. Kanuri Santhamma Centre for Vitreo-Retinal Diseases , L V Prasad Eye Institute (KAR Campus) , Hyderabad , Telangana , India
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Ibán-Arias R, Lisa S, Mastrodimou N, Kokona D, Koulakis E, Iordanidou P, Kouvarakis A, Fothiadaki M, Papadogkonaki S, Sotiriou A, Katerinopoulos HE, Gravanis A, Charalampopoulos I, Thermos K. The Synthetic Microneurotrophin BNN27 Affects Retinal Function in Rats With Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes. Diabetes 2018; 67:321-333. [PMID: 29208634 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BNN27, a C17-spiroepoxy derivative of DHEA, was shown to have antiapoptotic properties via mechanisms involving the nerve growth factor receptors (tropomyosin-related kinase A [TrkA]/neurotrophin receptor p75 [p75NTR]). In this study, we examined the effects of BNN27 on neural/glial cell function, apoptosis, and inflammation in the experimental rat streptozotocin (STZ) model of diabetic retinopathy (DR). The ability of BNN27 to activate the TrkA receptor and regulate p75NTR expression was investigated. BNN27 (2,10, and 50 mg/kg i.p. for 7 days) administration 4 weeks post-STZ injection (paradigm A) reversed the diabetes-induced glial activation and loss of function of amacrine cells (brain nitric oxide synthetase/tyrosine hydroxylase expression) and ganglion cell axons via a TrkA receptor (TrkAR)-dependent mechanism. BNN27 activated/phosphorylated the TrkAY490 residue in the absence but not the presence of TrkAR inhibitor and abolished the diabetes-induced increase in p75NTR expression. However, it had no effect on retinal cell death (TUNEL+ cells). A similar result was observed when BNN27 (10 mg/kg i.p.) was administered at the onset of diabetes, every other day for 4 weeks (paradigm B). However, BNN27 decreased the activation of caspase-3 in both paradigms. Finally, BNN27 reduced the proinflammatory (TNFα and IL-1β) and increased the anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and IL-4) cytokine levels. These findings suggest that BNN27 has the pharmacological profile of a therapeutic for DR, since it targets both the neurodegenerative and inflammatory components of the disease.
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MESH Headings
- Amacrine Cells/drug effects
- Amacrine Cells/immunology
- Amacrine Cells/metabolism
- Amacrine Cells/pathology
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Axons/drug effects
- Axons/immunology
- Axons/metabolism
- Axons/pathology
- Dehydroepiandrosterone/administration & dosage
- Dehydroepiandrosterone/therapeutic use
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetic Retinopathy/immunology
- Diabetic Retinopathy/metabolism
- Diabetic Retinopathy/pathology
- Diabetic Retinopathy/prevention & control
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Eye Proteins/agonists
- Eye Proteins/metabolism
- Female
- Ganglia, Sensory/drug effects
- Ganglia, Sensory/immunology
- Ganglia, Sensory/metabolism
- Ganglia, Sensory/pathology
- Male
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/agonists
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neuroglia/drug effects
- Neuroglia/immunology
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Neuroglia/pathology
- Neuroprotective Agents/administration & dosage
- Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor/agonists
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptor, trkA/agonists
- Receptor, trkA/metabolism
- Retina/drug effects
- Retina/immunology
- Retina/pathology
- Retina/physiopathology
- Streptozocin
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Ibán-Arias
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Silvia Lisa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Niki Mastrodimou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Despina Kokona
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Emmanuil Koulakis
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Panagiota Iordanidou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Antonis Kouvarakis
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Myrto Fothiadaki
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Sofia Papadogkonaki
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Sotiriou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Achille Gravanis
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Kyriaki Thermos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Rapino C, Tortolani D, Scipioni L, Maccarrone M. Neuroprotection by (endo)Cannabinoids in Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:959-970. [PMID: 28738764 PMCID: PMC6120105 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170724104305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging neuroprotective strategies are being explored to preserve the retina from degeneration, that occurs in eye pathologies like glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and retinitis pigmentosa. Incidentally, neuroprotection of retina is a defending mechanism designed to prevent or delay neuronal cell death, and to maintain neural function following an initial insult, thus avoiding loss of vision. METHODS Numerous studies have investigated potential neuroprotective properties of plant-derived phytocannabinoids, as well as of their endogenous counterparts collectively termed endocannabinoids (eCBs), in several degenerative diseases of the retina. eCBs are a group of neuromodulators that, mainly by activating G protein-coupled type-1 and type-2 cannabinoid (CB1 and CB2) receptors, trigger multiple signal transduction cascades that modulate central and peripheral cell functions. A fine balance between biosynthetic and degrading enzymes that control the right concentration of eCBs has been shown to provide neuroprotection in traumatic, ischemic, inflammatory and neurotoxic damage of the brain. RESULTS Since the existence of eCBs and their binding receptors was documented in the retina of numerous species (from fishes to primates), their involvement in the visual processing has been demonstrated, more recently with a focus on retinal neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. CONCLUSION The aim of this review is to present a modern view of the endocannabinoid system, in order to discuss in a better perspective available data from preclinical studies on the use of eCBs as new neuroprotective agents, potentially useful to prevent glaucoma and retinal neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Rapino
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; Tel: +39 0861 266842;, E-mail: and the Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; Tel: +39 06 225419169;, E-mail:
| | | | | | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; Tel: +39 0861 266842;, E-mail: and the Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; Tel: +39 06 225419169;, E-mail:
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Catanzaro OL, Capponi JA, Di Martino I, Labal ES, Sirois P. Oxidative stress in the optic nerve and cortical visual area of steptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats: Blockade with a selective bradykinin B 1 receptor antagonist. Neuropeptides 2017; 66:97-102. [PMID: 29089149 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The role of bradykinin B1 receptors on the oxidative stress as measured by the levels of Na+/K+ ATPase activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) in male Wistar rat optic nerve and visual cortex area 1 and 4weeks after STZ treatment was studied. Rats were divided into 4 groups (n=6-7): 1. Controls (non-diabetics); 2. Diabetics (65mg/kg streptozotocin, STZ); 3. Diabetics injected with B1 antagonist R-954 (2mg/Kg) during the last 3days of a one week period; 4. Diabetics injected with B1 antagonist R-954 (2mg/Kg) during the last 3days of a 4week period. The results showed that plasma glucose levels increased by up to 4 fold in diabetic rats 1 or 4weeks following the STZ treatment. R-954 treatment did significantly decrease blood glucose levels. Levels of MDA was increased in the plasma of the 1 and 4week diabetic animals whereas the GSH levels were decreased. Both markers returned to normal following R-954 treatment. Na+/K+ ATPase activity significantly decreased in the optic nerve and visual cortex of diabetic rats at 1 and 4weeks but returned to normal following R-954 treatment. MDA levels increased markedly at 1 and 4weeks compared with control levels in the optic nerve but slightly in the visual cortex and returned to control levels in both tissues following R-954 treatment. GSH levels decreased in both tissues at 1 and 4weeks compared with control levels. Following administration of the selective BKB1R antagonist R-954, the levels of GSH returned to normal in both tissues of the 1 and 4week diabetic animals. These results showed that the inducible BKB1 receptors are associated with the oxidative stress in the optic nerve and cortical visual area of diabetic rats and suggested that BKB1-R antagonist R-954 could have a beneficial role in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando L Catanzaro
- Departamento de Biología y Bioquímica, Laboratorio de Diabetes Experimental, Universidad Argentina John F Kennedy, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Escuela de Medicina y Odontologia -USAL, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Jorgelina Aira Capponi
- Departamento de Biología y Bioquímica, Laboratorio de Diabetes Experimental, Universidad Argentina John F Kennedy, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Irene Di Martino
- Departamento de Biología y Bioquímica, Laboratorio de Diabetes Experimental, Universidad Argentina John F Kennedy, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emilio S Labal
- Departamento de Biología y Bioquímica, Laboratorio de Diabetes Experimental, Universidad Argentina John F Kennedy, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pierre Sirois
- CHUL Research Center, Laval University, Québec, Canada
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Khaksar S, Bigdeli MR. Intra-cerebral cannabidiol infusion-induced neuroprotection is partly associated with the TNF-α/TNFR1/NF-кB pathway in transient focal cerebral ischaemia. Brain Inj 2017; 31:1932-1943. [PMID: 28872345 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2017.1358397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a neurological disease, which, in addition to high mortality, imposes many financial and mental burdens on families and the society. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on one of the major inflammatory pathways in cerebral ischaemia. METHOD Using stereotaxic surgery, the cannula was implanted into the right lateral ventricle of rats. CBD (50, 100, and 200 ng/rat; i.c.v.) was administrated for five consecutive days. After pretreatment, the rats were subjected to 60 min of right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). After 24 h, neurological deficits score, infarct volume, brain oedema, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in total, core, and penumbra areas were assessed. The expression of tumour necrosis factor alfa (TNF-α), tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-кB) in the mentioned regions was also studied. RESULTS Administration of CBD (100 and 200 ng/rat) caused a significant reduction in infarction, brain oedema, and BBB permeability compared with the vehicle-received group. Down-regulation of TNF-α, TNFR1, and NF-кB expression was also observed by CBD. CONCLUSION The results achieved in this study support the idea that CBD has a cerebroprotective effect (partly through suppression of TNF-α, TNFR1, and NF-кB) on ischaemic injury. ABBREVIATIONS CBD, cannabidiol; ANOVA, analysis of variance; PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride; SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; SEM, standard error of mean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Khaksar
- a Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Shahid Beheshti University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Bigdeli
- a Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Shahid Beheshti University , Tehran , Iran
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81
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Subauste CS. CD40, a Novel Inducer of Purinergic Signaling: Implications to the Pathogenesis of Experimental Diabetic Retinopathy. Vision (Basel) 2017; 1:vision1030020. [PMID: 31740645 PMCID: PMC6835793 DOI: 10.3390/vision1030020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a leading complication of diabetes. Death of capillary cells with resulting capillary degeneration is a central feature of this disease. Chronic low-grade inflammation has been linked to the development of retinal capillary degeneration in diabetes. CD40 is an upstream inducer of a broad range of inflammatory responses in the diabetic retina and is required for death of retinal capillary cells. Recent studies uncovered CD40 as a novel inducer of purinergic signaling and identified the CD40-ATP-P2X7 pathway as having a key role in the induction of inflammation in the diabetic retina and programmed cell death of retinal endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S. Subauste
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; ; Tel.: +1-216-368-2785
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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82
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Jadoon KA, Tan GD, O'Sullivan SE. A single dose of cannabidiol reduces blood pressure in healthy volunteers in a randomized crossover study. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93760. [PMID: 28614793 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabidiol (CBD) is a nonpsychoactive phytocannabinoid used in multiple sclerosis and intractable epilepsies. Preclinical studies show CBD has numerous cardiovascular benefits, including a reduced blood pressure (BP) response to stress. The aim of this study was to investigate if CBD reduces BP in humans. METHODS Nine healthy male volunteers were given 600 mg of CBD or placebo in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study. Cardiovascular parameters were monitored using a finometer and laser Doppler. RESULTS CBD reduced resting systolic BP (-6 mmHg; P < 0.05) and stroke volume (-8 ml; P < 0.05), with increased heart rate (HR) and maintained cardiac output. Subjects who had taken CBD had lower BP (-5 mmHg; P < 0.05, especially before and after stress), increased HR (+10 bpm; P < 0.01), decreased stroke volume (-13 ml; P < 0.01), and a blunted forearm skin blood flow response to isometric exercise. In response to cold stress, subjects who had taken CBD had blunted BP (-6 mmHg; P < 0.01) and increased HR (+7 bpm; P < 0.05), with lower total peripheral resistance. CONCLUSIONS This data shows that acute administration of CBD reduces resting BP and the BP increase to stress in humans, associated with increased HR. These hemodynamic changes should be considered for people taking CBD. Further research is required to establish whether CBD has a role in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid A Jadoon
- Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Garry D Tan
- The NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Saoirse E O'Sullivan
- Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, United Kingdom
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83
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Solà-Adell C, Bogdanov P, Hernández C, Sampedro J, Valeri M, Garcia-Ramirez M, Pasquali C, Simó R. Calcium Dobesilate Prevents Neurodegeneration and Vascular Leakage in Experimental Diabetes. Curr Eye Res 2017; 42:1273-1286. [PMID: 28574750 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1302591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The mechanisms involved in the reported beneficial effects of Calcium dobesilate monohydrate (CaD) for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy (DR) remain to be elucidated. The main aim of the present study is to examine whether CaD prevents early events in the pathogenesis of DR such as neurodegeneration and vascular leakage. In addition, putative mediators of both neurodegeneration (glutamate/GLAST, ET-1/ETB receptor) and early microvascular impairment (ET-1/ETA receptor, oxidative stress, VEGF, and the PKC-delta-p38 MAPK pathway) have been examined. METHODS Diabetic (db/db) mice were randomly assigned to daily oral treatment with CaD (200 mg/Kg/day) (n = 12) or vehicle (n = 12) for 14 days. In addition, 12 non-diabetic (db/+) mice matched by age were used as the control group. Functional abnormalities were assessed by electroretinography. Neurodegeneration and microvascular abnormalities were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Glutamate was determined by HPLC. RESULTS CaD significantly decreased glial activation and apoptosis and produced a significant improvement in the electroretinogram parameters. Mechanistically, CaD prevented the diabetes-induced up-regulation of ET-1 and its cognate receptors (ETA-R and ETB-R), which are involved in microvascular impairment and neurodegeneration, respectively. In addition, treatment with CaD downregulated GLAST, the main glutamate transporter, and accordingly prevented the increase in glutamate. Finally, CaD prevented oxidative stress, and the upregulation of VEGF and PKC delta-p38 MAPK pathway induced by diabetes, thus resulting in a significant reduction in vascular leakage. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate for the first time that CaD exerts neuroprotection in an experimental model of DR. In addition, we provide first evidence that CaD prevents the overexpression of ET-1 and its receptors in the diabetic retina. These beneficial effects on the neurovascular unit could pave the way for clinical trials addressed to confirm the effectiveness of CaD in very early stages of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Solà-Adell
- a Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit , Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,b Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Patricia Bogdanov
- a Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit , Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,b Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Cristina Hernández
- a Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit , Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,b Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Joel Sampedro
- a Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit , Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Marta Valeri
- c Unit of High Technology , Vall d'Hebron Research Institute , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Marta Garcia-Ramirez
- a Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit , Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,b Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Christian Pasquali
- d OM Pharma, a Vifor Pharma Co , Preclinical Research , Meyrin , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Rafael Simó
- a Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit , Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,b Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) , Madrid , Spain
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Wheal AJ, Jadoon K, Randall MD, O'Sullivan SE. In Vivo Cannabidiol Treatment Improves Endothelium-Dependent Vasorelaxation in Mesenteric Arteries of Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:248. [PMID: 28572770 PMCID: PMC5436470 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: We have shown that in vitro treatment with cannabidiol (CBD, 2 h) enhances endothelial function in arteries from Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, partly due to a cyclooxygenase (COX)-mediated mechanism. The aim of the present study was to determine whether treatment with CBD in vivo would also enhance endothelial function. Experimental approach: Male ZDF rats, or ZDF Lean rats, were treated for 7 days (daily i.p. injection) with either 10mg/kg CBD or vehicle (n = 6 per group). Sections of mesenteric resistance arteries, femoral arteries and thoracic aortae were mounted on a wire myograph, and cumulative concentration-response curves to endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine, ACh, 1 nM–100 μM) or endothelium-independent (sodium nitroprusside, SNP, 1 nM–100 μM) agents were constructed. Multiplex analysis was used to measure serum metabolic and cardiovascular biomarkers. Key results: Vasorelaxation to ACh was significantly enhanced in mesenteric arteries from CBD-treated ZDF rats, but not ZDF Lean rats. The enhanced vasorelaxation in ZDF mesenteric arteries was no longer observed after COX inhibition using indomethacin or nitric oxide (NO) inhibition using L-NAME. Increased levels of serum c-peptide, insulin and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 observed in the ZDF compared to ZDF Lean rats were no longer significant after 7 days CBD treatment. Conclusion and implications: Short-term in vivo treatment with CBD improves ex vivo endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in mesenteric arteries from ZDF rats due to COX- or NO-mediated mechanisms, and leads to improvements in serum biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Wheal
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical CentreNottingham, UK.,School of Medicine, Royal Derby HospitalDerby, UK
| | | | - Michael D Randall
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical CentreNottingham, UK
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85
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Yang CY, Chau YP, Chen A, Lee OKS, Tarng DC, Yang AH. Targeting cannabinoid signaling for peritoneal dialysis-induced oxidative stress and fibrosis. World J Nephrol 2017; 6:111-118. [PMID: 28540200 PMCID: PMC5424432 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v6.i3.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term exposure to bioincompatible peritoneal dialysis (PD) solutions frequently results in peritoneal fibrosis and ultrafiltration failure, which limits the life-long use of and leads to the cessation of PD therapy. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the pathogenesis of peritoneal fibrosis in order to design therapeutic strategies to prevent its occurrence. Peritoneal fibrosis is associated with a chronic inflammatory status as well as an elevated oxidative stress (OS) status. Beyond uremia per se, OS also results from chronic exposure to high glucose load, glucose degradation products, advanced glycation end products, and hypertonic stress. Therapy targeting the cannabinoid (CB) signaling pathway has been reported in several chronic inflammatory diseases with elevated OS. We recently reported that the intra-peritoneal administration of CB receptor ligands, including CB1 receptor antagonists and CB2 receptor agonists, ameliorated dialysis-related peritoneal fibrosis. As targeting the CB signaling pathway has been reported to be beneficial in attenuating the processes of several chronic inflammatory diseases, we reviewed the interaction among the cannabinoid system, inflammation, and OS, through which clinicians ultimately aim to prolong the peritoneal survival of PD patients.
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86
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Effect of intravitreal injection of ranibizumab on retinal ganglion cells and microvessels in the early stage of diabetic retinopathy in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:3360-3368. [PMID: 28587414 PMCID: PMC5450683 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of intravitreal injection of ranibizumab on retinal ganglion cells and microvessels at the early stage of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (DM). DM was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg body weight streptozotocin. A total of 80 diabetic rats were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (n=20 in each group) and were treated with an oculus dexter intravitreal injection of ranibizumab. Groups A and B were injected with ranibizumab two and four weeks after DM-induction, respectively, while groups a and b (controls) were injected with phosphate-buffered saline at the same time points. In addition, 20 normal rats were assigned to group N (blank control; without intraocular injection). Vitreous humors were isolated for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A ELISA and retinas were obtained for hematoxylin and eosin staining, periodic acid-Schiff staining and fluorescence imaging techniques at six and eight weeks after the onset of DM. At six and eight weeks, a significantly increased in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was observed in group A compared with group a (P<0.01), and in group B compared with group b (P<0.01). In addition, there was a significant difference in the RGC level between groups A and B at six weeks after DM induction (P<0.01), but not at eight weeks (P>0.05). VEGF-A concentrations in rat vitreous humors were significantly lower in groups A and B compared with groups a and b at six and eight weeks after DM induction (P<0.01). Furthermore, the ratio of endotheliocytes to pericytes in groups A and B was significantly lower compared with groups a and b at six and eight weeks (P<0.05). Furthermore, it was also demonstrated that type IV collagen-positive strands were not present in group A during the eight-week observation period, which was significantly different from groups a, b and B (P<0.01). In conclusion, intravitreal injection of ranibizumab at a very early stage of DR in streptozotocin-induced DM rats slowed the progression of DR by reducing vascular regression or damage and maintaining RGC numbers, as well as reducing VEGF-A concentrations.
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87
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Cairns EA, Toguri JT, Porter RF, Szczesniak AM, Kelly MEM. Seeing over the horizon - targeting the endocannabinoid system for the treatment of ocular disease. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 27:253-65. [PMID: 26565550 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The observation that marijuana reduces intraocular pressure was made by Hepler and Frank in the 1970s. Since then, there has been a significant body of work investigating cannabinoids for their potential use as therapeutics. To date, no endocannabinoid system (ECS)-modulating drug has been approved for clinical use in the eye; however, recent advances in our understanding of the ECS, as well as new pharmacological tools, has renewed interest in the development of ocular ECS-based therapeutics. This review summarizes the current state-of-affairs for the use of ECS-modulating drugs for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular inflammatory and ischemic disease.
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Khaksar S, Bigdeli MR. Correlation Between Cannabidiol-Induced Reduction of Infarct Volume and Inflammatory Factors Expression in Ischemic Stroke Model. Basic Clin Neurosci 2017; 8:139-146. [PMID: 28539998 PMCID: PMC5440923 DOI: 10.18869/nirp.bcn.8.2.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies demonstrated that cannabidiol had neuroprotective property. There is some evidence about effective role of cannabidiol in reduction of ischemic damages. It has been reported that infarct size is influenced by various factors after MCAO, including inflammatory factors. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of cannabidiol on infarction volume and correlation of infarct size with tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) expression. METHODS Using stereotaxic surgery, guide cannula was implanted in the right lateral ventricle. Cannabidiol (50, 100, and 200 ng/rat) was injected through ntracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) route for 5 consecutive days . Then, the rats underwent 60 minutes of right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). After 24 h reperfusion, the infarct volume in total, cortex, piriform cortex-amygdala (Pir-Amy), and striatum areas of hemisphere were assessed. The expression of inflammatory factors such as TNFR1 and NF-κB in these regions were also studied. RESULTS The present results indicate that in the MCAO-induced cerebral ischemia, administration of cannabidiol (100 and 200 ng/rat) causes a significant reduction in infarction volume in comparison with the vehicle group. Also, there were significant correlations between decrease of regional infarct volume and TNFR1/NF-κB expression. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that cannabidiol reduced cerebral infarction possibly through diminishing TNFR1/NF-κB-induced neurotoxicity in transient focal cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Khaksar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Bigdeli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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89
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Sun S, Hu F, Wu J, Zhang S. Cannabidiol attenuates OGD/R-induced damage by enhancing mitochondrial bioenergetics and modulating glucose metabolism via pentose-phosphate pathway in hippocampal neurons. Redox Biol 2017; 11:577-585. [PMID: 28110213 PMCID: PMC5247568 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficient bioenergetics and diminished redox conservation have been implicated in the development of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. In this study, the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of cannabidiol (CBD), a nonpsychotropic compound derived from Cannabis sativa with FDA-approved antiepilepsy properties, were studied in vitro using an oxygen-glucose-deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) model in a mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line. CBD supplementation during reperfusion rescued OGD/R-induced cell death, attenuated intracellular ROS generation and lipid peroxidation, and simultaneously reversed the abnormal changes in antioxidant biomarkers. Using the Seahorse XFe24 Extracellular Flux Analyzer, we found that CBD significantly improved basal respiration, ATP-linked oxygen consumption rate, and the spare respiratory capacity, and augmented glucose consumption in OGD/R-injured neurons. The activation of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and the preservation of the NADPH/NADP+ ratio implies that the pentose-phosphate pathway is stimulated by CBD, thus protecting hippocampal neurons from OGD/R injury. This study is the first to document the neuroprotective effects of CBD against OGD/R insult, which depend in part on attenuating oxidative stress, enhancing mitochondrial bioenergetics, and modulating glucose metabolism via the pentose-phosphate pathway, thus preserving both energy and the redox balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Sun
- Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fangyuan Hu
- Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jihong Wu
- Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Shenghai Zhang
- Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Kelly MEM, Lehmann C, Zhou J. The Endocannabinoid System in Local and Systemic Inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4199/c00151ed1v01y201702isp074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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91
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Pisanti S, Malfitano AM, Ciaglia E, Lamberti A, Ranieri R, Cuomo G, Abate M, Faggiana G, Proto MC, Fiore D, Laezza C, Bifulco M. Cannabidiol: State of the art and new challenges for therapeutic applications. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 175:133-150. [PMID: 28232276 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past years, several lines of evidence support a therapeutic potential of Cannabis derivatives and in particular phytocannabinoids. Δ9-THC and cannabidiol (CBD) are the most abundant phytocannabinoids in Cannabis plants and therapeutic application for both compounds have been suggested. However, CBD is recently emerging as a therapeutic agent in numerous pathological conditions since devoid of the psychoactive side effects exhibited instead by Δ9-THC. In this review, we highlight the pharmacological activities of CBD, its cannabinoid receptor-dependent and -independent action, its biological effects focusing on immunomodulation, angiogenetic properties, and modulation of neuronal and cardiovascular function. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of cannabidiol is also highlighted, in particular in nuerological diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Pisanti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Malfitano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Elena Ciaglia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Anna Lamberti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Roberta Ranieri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Gaia Cuomo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Mario Abate
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Giorgio Faggiana
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Italy; Corporea, Fondazione Idis-Città della Scienza, Naples, Italy.
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Kadłubowska J, Malaguarnera L, Wąż P, Zorena K. Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation in Diabetic Retinopathy: Potential Approaches to Delay Neuronal Loss. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 14:831-839. [PMID: 27306035 PMCID: PMC5333588 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160614095559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1970] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/1970] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of the extensive research the complex pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR) has not been fully elucidated. For many years it has been thought that diabetic retinopathy manifests only with microangiopathic lesions, which are totally responsible for the loss of vision in diabetic patients. In view of the current knowledge on the microangiopathic changes in the fundus of the eye, diabetic retinopathy is perceived as a neurodegenerative disease. Several clinical tools are available to detect neuronal dysfunction at early stages of diabetes. Many functional changes in the retina can be identified before vascular pathology develops, suggesting that they result from a direct effect of diabetes on the neural retina. In the course of diabetes there is a chronic loss of retinal neurons due to increased frequency of apoptosis. The neuronal apoptosis begins very early in the course of diabetes. This observation has led to suggestions that precautions against DR should be implemented immediately after diabetes is diagnosed. Neurodegeneration cannot be reversed; therefore treatments preventing neuronal cell loss in the retina need to be developed to protect diabetic patients. This review is an attempt to summarize what is currently known about the mechanisms of neuronal apoptosis in the context of diabetic retinopathy and vascular degeneration as well as about potential treatments of DR
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Katarzyna Zorena
- Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
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93
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Khaksar S, Bigdeli MR. Anti-excitotoxic effects of cannabidiol are partly mediated by enhancement of NCX2 and NCX3 expression in animal model of cerebral ischemia. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 794:270-279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Liu WY, Tzeng TF, Liu IM. Zerumbone, a Bioactive Sesquiterpene, Ameliorates Diabetes-Induced Retinal Microvascular Damage through Inhibition of Phospho-p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Nuclear Factor-κB Pathways. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21121708. [PMID: 27973425 PMCID: PMC6273957 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zerumbone ameliorates retinal damage by blocking advanced glycation end products and their receptor system in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Because of the multiple factors involved in diabetic retinopathy (DR) etiology, the mechanisms of zerumbone that are mainly responsible for its ameliorative effect on DR need to be further clarified. In the present study, zerumbone (20 mg or 40 mg/kg) or fenofibric acid (100 mg/kg) was orally administered to diabetic rats by intragastric gavage once daily for three consecutive months. Zerumbone displayed similar characteristics to fenofibric acid in reducing retinal vascular permeability and leukostasis in diabetic rats. Fundus photographs showed that large retinal vessel diameters were decreased in zerumbone-treated diabetic rats. Zerumbone not only down-regulated the gene expression of retinal angiogenic parameters, but also reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the retina of diabetic rats. Moreover, zerumbone reduced the p38 MAPK phosphorylation and abrogated the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in the retina of diabetic rats. In conclusion, treatment of diabetic rats with zerumbone attenuates the severity of retinal inflammation and angiogenesis, via inhibition of p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. These benefits of zerumbone for DR appear to be linked to its antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Young Liu
- Center for Basic Medical Science, Collage of Health Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 40601, Taiwan.
- Department of Urology, Jen-Ai Hospital, Taichung 41625, Taiwan.
| | - Thing-Fong Tzeng
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Collage of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung 90741, Taiwan.
| | - I-Min Liu
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Collage of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung 90741, Taiwan.
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95
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Abstract
Prevalence of psychiatric disorders continues to rise globally, yet remission rates and patient outcome remain less than ideal. As a result, novel treatment approaches for these disorders are necessary to decrease societal economic burden, as well as increase individual functioning. The recent discovery of the endocannabinoid system has provided an outlet for further research into its role in psychiatric disorders, because efficacy of targeted treatments have been demonstrated in medical illnesses, including cancers, neuropathic pain, and multiple sclerosis. The present review will investigate the role of the endocannabinoid system in psychiatric disorders, specifically schizophrenia, depressive, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorders, as well as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Controversy remains in prescribing medicinal cannabinoid treatments due to the fear of adverse effects. However, one must consider all potential limitations when determining the safety and tolerability of cannabinoid products, specifically cannabinoid content (ie, Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol vs cannabidiol) as well as study design. The potential efficacy of cannabinoid treatments in the psychiatric population is an emerging topic of interest that provides potential value going forward in medicine.
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96
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Portillo JAC, Lopez Corcino Y, Dubyak GR, Kern TS, Matsuyama S, Subauste CS. Ligation of CD40 in Human Müller Cells Induces P2X7 Receptor-Dependent Death of Retinal Endothelial Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:6278-6286. [PMID: 27893093 PMCID: PMC5119488 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40) is required for retinal capillary degeneration in diabetic mice, a process mediated by the retinal endothelial cells (REC) death. However, CD40 activates prosurvival signals in endothelial cells. The purpose of this study was to identify a mechanism by which CD40 triggers programmed cell death (PCD) of RECs and address this paradox. Methods Human RECs and Müller cells were incubated with CD154 and L-N6-(1-Iminoethyl)lysine (L-Nil, nitric oxide synthase 2 inhibitor), α-lipoic acid (inhibitor of oxidative stress), anti-Fas ligand antibody, or A-438079 (P2X7 adenosine triphosphate [ATP] receptor inhibitor). Programmed cell death was analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) or Hoechst/propidium iodide staining. Release of ATP was measured using a luciferase-based assay. Mice were made diabetic with streptozotocin. Expression of P2X7 was assessed by FACS, quantitative PCR, or immunohistochemistry. Results Ligation of CD40 in primary RECs did not induce PCD. In contrast, in the presence of primary CD40+ Müller cells, CD40 stimulation caused PCD of RECs that was not impaired by L-Nil, α-lipoic acid, or anti-Fas ligand antibody. We found CD40 did not trigger TNF-α or IL-1β secretion. Primary Müller cells released extracellular ATP in response to CD40 ligation. Inhibition of P2X7 (A-438079) impaired PCD of RECs; CD40 upregulated P2X7 in RECs, making them susceptible to ATP/P2X7-mediated PCD. Diabetic mice upregulated P2X7 in the retina and RECs in a CD40-dependent manner. Conclusions Cluster of differentiation 40 induces PCD of RECs through a dual mechanism: ATP release by Müller cells and P2X7 upregulation in RECs. These findings are likely of in vivo relevance since CD40 upregulates P2X7 in RECs in diabetic mice and CD40 is known to be required for retinal capillary degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose-Andres C. Portillo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Yalitza Lopez Corcino
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - George R. Dubyak
- Department of Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Timothy S. Kern
- Division of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Research Service 151, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Shigemi Matsuyama
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Carlos S. Subauste
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
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Jadoon KA, Ratcliffe SH, Barrett DA, Thomas EL, Stott C, Bell JD, O'Sullivan SE, Tan GD. Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabivarin on Glycemic and Lipid Parameters in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Pilot Study. Diabetes Care 2016; 39:1777-86. [PMID: 27573936 DOI: 10.2337/dc16-0650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) are nonpsychoactive phytocannabinoids affecting lipid and glucose metabolism in animal models. This study set out to examine the effects of these compounds in patients with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 62 subjects with noninsulin-treated type 2 diabetes were randomized to five treatment arms: CBD (100 mg twice daily), THCV (5 mg twice daily), 1:1 ratio of CBD and THCV (5 mg/5 mg, twice daily), 20:1 ratio of CBD and THCV (100 mg/5 mg, twice daily), or matched placebo for 13 weeks. The primary end point was a change in HDL-cholesterol concentrations from baseline. Secondary/tertiary end points included changes in glycemic control, lipid profile, insulin sensitivity, body weight, liver triglyceride content, adipose tissue distribution, appetite, markers of inflammation, markers of vascular function, gut hormones, circulating endocannabinoids, and adipokine concentrations. Safety and tolerability end points were also evaluated. RESULTS Compared with placebo, THCV significantly decreased fasting plasma glucose (estimated treatment difference [ETD] = -1.2 mmol/L; P < 0.05) and improved pancreatic β-cell function (HOMA2 β-cell function [ETD = -44.51 points; P < 0.01]), adiponectin (ETD = -5.9 × 10(6) pg/mL; P < 0.01), and apolipoprotein A (ETD = -6.02 μmol/L; P < 0.05), although plasma HDL was unaffected. Compared with baseline (but not placebo), CBD decreased resistin (-898 pg/ml; P < 0.05) and increased glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (21.9 pg/ml; P < 0.05). None of the combination treatments had a significant impact on end points. CBD and THCV were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS THCV could represent a new therapeutic agent in glycemic control in subjects with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid A Jadoon
- Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, U.K
| | | | - David A Barrett
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Analytical Bioscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K
| | - E Louise Thomas
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Centre for Optimal Health, University of Westminster, London, U.K
| | | | - Jimmy D Bell
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Centre for Optimal Health, University of Westminster, London, U.K
| | - Saoirse E O'Sullivan
- Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, U.K.
| | - Garry D Tan
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, U.K
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Ligresti A, De Petrocellis L, Di Marzo V. From Phytocannabinoids to Cannabinoid Receptors and Endocannabinoids: Pleiotropic Physiological and Pathological Roles Through Complex Pharmacology. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:1593-659. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00002.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from having been used and misused for at least four millennia for, among others, recreational and medicinal purposes, the cannabis plant and its most peculiar chemical components, the plant cannabinoids (phytocannabinoids), have the merit to have led humanity to discover one of the most intriguing and pleiotropic endogenous signaling systems, the endocannabinoid system (ECS). This review article aims to describe and critically discuss, in the most comprehensive possible manner, the multifaceted aspects of 1) the pharmacology and potential impact on mammalian physiology of all major phytocannabinoids, and not only of the most famous one Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and 2) the adaptive pro-homeostatic physiological, or maladaptive pathological, roles of the ECS in mammalian cells, tissues, and organs. In doing so, we have respected the chronological order of the milestones of the millennial route from medicinal/recreational cannabis to the ECS and beyond, as it is now clear that some of the early steps in this long path, which were originally neglected, are becoming important again. The emerging picture is rather complex, but still supports the belief that more important discoveries on human physiology, and new therapies, might come in the future from new knowledge in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Ligresti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Comprensorio Olivetti, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Luciano De Petrocellis
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Comprensorio Olivetti, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Comprensorio Olivetti, Pozzuoli, Italy
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Reznik SE, Gardner EL, Ashby CR. Cannabidiol: a potential treatment for post Ebola syndrome? Int J Infect Dis 2016; 52:74-76. [PMID: 27686726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients recovered from Ebola virus infection may experience short- and long-term physical, neuropsychological and social sequelae, including arthralgia, musculoskeletal pain, ophthalmic inflammation, auditory problems, fatigue, confusion, insomnia, short-term memory impairment, anxiety, depression and anorexia, all lasting from two weeks to more than two years. Currently there are no treatments for post Ebola sequelae. We hypothesize that cannabidiol (CBD) may attenuate some of these post Ebola sequelae, several of which have been postulated to result from inflammation and/or an autoimmune response. CBD has anti-inflammatory actions in various animal models. Clinical studies have shown that oral administration of CBD, compared to placebo, significantly reduces anxiety, has antinociceptive and anticonvulsant actions, and may be therapeutic for insomnia. Overall, CBD has a number of pharmacological effects that may significantly improve the mental and somatic health of patients suffering from post Ebola sequelae. In humans, CBD, at therapeutic doses, does not: 1) elicit dependence or tolerance; 2) significantly alter heart rate or blood pressure; 3) affect gastrointestinal transit; 4) produce significant cognitive or psychomotor impairments. Mild sedation and nausea are the most commonly reported adverse effects associated with CBD.CBD, based on its pharmacological effects and favorable safety profile, should be considered as a treatment for individuals with post Ebola sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra E Reznik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, USA; Departments of Pathology and Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Eliot L Gardner
- National Institutes of Health, Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles R Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, USA.
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100
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Hind WH, England TJ, O'Sullivan SE. Cannabidiol protects an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier from oxygen-glucose deprivation via PPARγ and 5-HT1A receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:815-25. [PMID: 26497782 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated a protective effect of cannabidiol (CBD) in reducing infarct size in stroke models and against epithelial barrier damage in numerous disease models. We aimed to investigate whether CBD also affects blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability following ischaemia. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human brain microvascular endothelial cell (HBMEC) and human astrocyte co-cultures modelled the BBB. Ischaemia was modelled by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and permeability was measured by transepithelial electrical resistance. KEY RESULTS CBD (10 μM) prevented the increase in permeability caused by 4 h OGD. CBD was most effective when administered before the OGD, but protective effects were observed up to 2 h into reperfusion. This protective effect was inhibited by a PPARγ antagonist and partly reduced by a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, but was unaffected by antagonists of cannabinoid CB1 or CB2 receptors, TRPV1 channels or adenosine A2A receptors. CBD also reduced cell damage, as measured by LDH release and by markers of cellular adhesion, such as the adhesion molecule VCAM-1. In HBMEC monocultures, CBD decreased VCAM-1 and increased VEGF levels, effects which were inhibited by PPARγ antagonism. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data suggest that preventing permeability changes at the BBB could represent an as yet unrecognized mechanism of CBD-induced neuroprotection in ischaemic stroke, a mechanism mediated by activation of PPARγ and 5-HT1A receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Hind
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - Timothy J England
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
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