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Bhatti HN, Zubair M, Rasool N, Hassan Z, Ahmad VU. Microbial Transformation of Sesquiterpenoids. Nat Prod Commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0900400828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotransformations are useful methods for producing medicinal and agricultural chemicals from both active and inactive natural products with the introduction of chemical functions into remote sites of the molecules. Research on microbial biotransformations of commonly available sesquiterpenoids into more valuable derivatives has always been of interest because of their economical potential to the perfume, food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Fungal transformations of sesquiterpenoids have been less frequently studied compared with many other natural products. In recent years, however, much attention has been given to the exploitation of new products with enhanced biological activity using microorganisms. This review, covering the period from 1990 to 2006, summarizes our knowledge of the biotransformations of sesquiterpenoids by various fungi. Such transformations could lead to the discovery of new reaction pathways that might be useful in the design of new value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haq N Bhatti
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Rasool
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Hassan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Viqar U Ahmad
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
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52
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53
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Enzymatic synthesis of banana flavour (isoamyl acetate) by Bacillus licheniformis S-86 esterase. Food Res Int 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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54
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Immobilization of Hansenula polymorpha Alcohol Oxidase for Alcohol Biosensor Applications. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2009. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2009.30.1.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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55
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Lubary M, ter Horst JH, Hofland GW, Jansens PJ. Lipase-catalyzed ethanolysis of milk fat with a focus on short-chain fatty acid selectivity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:116-121. [PMID: 19072544 DOI: 10.1021/jf802662j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mixtures of fatty acid ethyl esters were produced by lipase-catalyzed ethanolysis of milk fat triglycerides. Three commercial immobilized lipases (Lipozyme TL, Lipozyme RM, and Novozym 435) were tested in different reaction conditions with the aim of maximizing the conversion of the short-chain fatty acid fraction of milk fat to flavor ethyl esters. The influence of the reactants molar ratio was investigated, as well as three different reaction media, that is, hexane, CO(2)-expanded liquid (GXL), and the solvent-free mixture. Novozym 435 showed the highest activity in all conditions. This lipase also exhibited selectivity for short-chain fatty acids, which, at short reaction times, resulted in a product mixture richer in short-chain fatty acids than the original milk fat. The highest selectivities were obtained in hexane and in CO(2)-expanded liquid fat, at low ethanol to fat ratios. Using dense CO(2) as the reaction cosolvent is attractive because it results in the largest short-chain fatty acid enrichment in the product mixture, while leaving no residues in the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Lubary
- Department of Process & Energy, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
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56
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Yadav MK, Patil MV, Jasra RV. Acetoxylation and hydration of limonene and α-pinene using cation-exchanged zeolite beta. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2008.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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57
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Morrish JLE, Daugulis AJ. Improved reactor performance and operability in the biotransformation of carveol to carvone using a solid-liquid two-phase partitioning bioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 101:946-56. [PMID: 18546419 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to improve reactor performance and process operability, the microbial biotransformation of (-)-trans-carveol to (R)-(-)-carvone by hydrophobic Rhodococcus erythropolis DCL14 was carried out in a two phase partitioning bioreactor (TPPB) with solid polymer beads acting as the partitioning phase. Previous work had demonstrated that the substrate and product become inhibitory to the organism at elevated aqueous concentrations and the use of an immiscible second phase in the bioreactor was intended to provide a reservoir for substrates to be delivered to the aqueous phase based on the metabolic rate of the cells, while also acting as a sink to uptake the product as it is produced. The biotransformation was previously undertaken in a two liquid phase TPPB with 1-dodecene and with silicone oil as the immiscible second phase and, although improvement in the reactor performance was obtained relative to a single phase system, the hydrophobic nature of the organism caused the formation of severe emulsions leading to significant operational challenges. In the present work, eight types of polymer beads were screened for their suitability for use in a solid-liquid TPPB for this biotransformation. The use of selected solid polymer beads as the second phase completely prevented emulsion formation and therefore improved overall operability of the reactor. Three modes of solid-liquid TPPB operation were considered: the use of a single polymer bead type (styrene/butadiene copolymer) in the reactor, the use of a mixture of polymer beads in the reactor (styrene/butadiene copolymer plus Hytrel(R) 8206), and the use of one type of polymer beads in the reactor (styrene/butadiene copolymer), and another bead type (Hytrel(R) 8206) in an external column through which fermentation medium was recirculated. This last configuration achieved the best reactor performance with 7 times more substrate being added throughout the biotransformation relative to a single aqueous phase benchmark reactor and 2.7 times more substrate being added relative to the best two liquid TPPB case. Carvone was quantitatively recovered from the polymer beads via single stage extraction into methanol, allowing for bead re-use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L E Morrish
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L3N6
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59
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Yermakova A, Chibiryaev A, Kozhevnikov I, Anikeev V. Calculation of phase diagrams of heterophase two- and three-component liquid mixtures ‘α-pinene–water’ and ‘α-pinene–water–ethanol’. Chem Eng Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2008.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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60
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Morrish JLE, Brennan ET, Dry HC, Daugulis AJ. Enhanced bioproduction of carvone in a two-liquid-phase partitioning bioreactor with a highly hydrophobic biocatalyst. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 101:768-75. [PMID: 18478563 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The microbial biotransformation of (-)-trans-carveol to the flavor and fragrance compound (R)-(-)-carvone by Rhodococcus erythropolis DCL14 was carried out in a 3 L two phase partitioning bioreactor with an immiscible liquid second phase in an effort to improve upon the reactor performance achieved in a single aqueous phase system. The purpose of employing the liquid second phase is to minimize biotransformation rate inhibition due to the accumulation of the toxic substrate (cis-carveol) and product (carvone) in the aqueous phase. 1-Dodecene was chosen as the solvent for this application because it is biocompatible, non-biodegradable and has a superior affinity for the target product (carvone) relative to the other solvents tested. However, when 1-dodecene was used in the biotransformation, the extremely hydrophobic R. erythropolis DCL14 created an emulsion with the organic solvent with significant sequestering of the cells into the organic phase and negligible substrate conversion. To overcome these operational difficulties, silicone oil, which is considered a liquid polymer, was used with the aim of preventing emulsification and sequestration of cells in the non-aqueous phase. Although some emulsification of the water-silicone oil was again created by the cells, operability was improved and, in fed-batch mode, the system was able to convert approximately 2(1/2) times more carveol than a benchmark single aqueous phase system before substrate/product toxicity caused the biotransformation to stop. This study has demonstrated enhancement of a microbial biotransformation for the production of a high value nutraceutical compound via the use of a second partitioning phase, along with operational challenges arising from the use of a highly hydrophobic organism in such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L E Morrish
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada
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61
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Rodríguez-Bustamante E, Sánchez S. Microbial Production of C13-Norisoprenoids and Other Aroma Compounds via Carotenoid Cleavage. Crit Rev Microbiol 2008; 33:211-30. [PMID: 17653988 DOI: 10.1080/10408410701473306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are important precursors of a variety of compounds: the C(20)-retinoids, the C(15)-phytohormones, and the C(9)- to C(13)-aromas. Among the last type, C(13)-carotenoid-derived compounds (norterpenoids/norisoprenoids) such as ionones and damascones, constitute an essential aroma note in tea, grapes, roses, tobacco, and wine. Extraction of carotenoid-derived aroma compounds from plant sources is not economically realistic or considerably expensive. The biotechnological production of aroma compounds represents a feasible alternative and offers the production of enantiomerically pure molecules which can be labeled as "natural." To date, research in the production of ionones or the C(10)-compound, safranal, has mainly been focused on plant dioxygenases that cleave carotenoids in the positions between carbons 9 and 10 (9'-10') or 7 and 8 (7'-8'), respectively. Although relatively little is known about the microbial conversion of carotenoids into compounds with aroma due to the well known advantages of manipulating microorganisms, the aim of this work is to review the current state of the research in microbial production of norisoprenoids and other aroma compounds derived from carotenoid cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rodríguez-Bustamante
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, Mexico.
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62
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Yadav GD, Borkar IV. Kinetic and Mechanistic Investigation of Microwave-Assisted Lipase Catalyzed Synthesis of Citronellyl Acetate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ie800591c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ganapati D. Yadav
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University Institute of Chemical Technology (UICT), University of Mumbai, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India
| | - Indrakant V. Borkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University Institute of Chemical Technology (UICT), University of Mumbai, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India
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63
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Fonseca GG, Heinzle E, Wittmann C, Gombert AK. The yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus and its biotechnological potential. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 79:339-54. [PMID: 18427804 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Strains belonging to the yeast species Kluyveromyces marxianus have been isolated from a great variety of habitats, which results in a high metabolic diversity and a substantial degree of intraspecific polymorphism. As a consequence, several different biotechnological applications have been investigated with this yeast: production of enzymes (beta-galactosidase, beta-glucosidase, inulinase, and polygalacturonases, among others), of single-cell protein, of aroma compounds, and of ethanol (including high-temperature and simultaneous saccharification-fermentation processes); reduction of lactose content in food products; production of bioingredients from cheese-whey; bioremediation; as an anticholesterolemic agent; and as a host for heterologous protein production. Compared to its congener and model organism, Kluyveromyces lactis, the accumulated knowledge on K. marxianus is much smaller and spread over a number of different strains. Although there is no publicly available genome sequence for this species, 20% of the CBS 712 strain genome was randomly sequenced (Llorente et al. in FEBS Lett 487:71-75, 2000). In spite of these facts, K. marxianus can envisage a great biotechnological future because of some of its qualities, such as a broad substrate spectrum, thermotolerance, high growth rates, and less tendency to ferment when exposed to sugar excess, when compared to K. lactis. To increase our knowledge on the biology of this species and to enable the potential applications to be converted into industrial practice, a more systematic approach, including the careful choice of (a) reference strain(s) by the scientific community, would certainly be of great value.
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64
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65
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Yu G, Xue Y, Xu W, Zhang J, Xue CH. Stability and activity of lipase in subcritical 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a). J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 34:793-8. [PMID: 17909872 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-007-0256-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The stability and activity of commercial immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica (Novozym 435) in subcritical 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a) was investigated. The esterification of oleic acid with glycerol was studied as a model reaction in subcritical R134a and in solvent-free conditions. The results indicated that subcritical R134a treatment led to significant increase of activity of Novozym 435, and a maximum residual activity of 300% was measured at 4 MPa, 30 degrees C after 7 h incubation. No deactivation of Novozym 435 treated with subcritical R134a under different operation factors (pressure 2-8 MPa, temperature 30-60 degrees C, incubation time 1-12 h, water content 1:1, 1:2, 1:5 enzyme/water, depressurization rate 4 MPa/1 min, 4 MPa/30 min, 4 MPa/90 min) was observed. While the initial reaction rate was high in subcritical R134a, higher conversion was obtained in solvent-free conditions. Though the apparent conversion of the reaction is lower in subcritical R134a, it is more practicable, especially at low enzyme concentrations desired at commercial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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66
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Kumari A, Mahapatra P, Kumar GV, Banerjee R. Comparative study of thermostability and ester synthesis ability of free and immobilized lipases on cross linked silica gel. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2007; 31:291-8. [PMID: 17882456 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-007-0160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel support has been utilized for immobilization of lipase, which was prepared by amination of silica with ethanolamine followed by cross linking with glutaraldehyde. Lipases from Rhizopus oryzae 3562 and Enterobacter aerogenes were immobilized on activated silica gel, where they retained 60 and 50% of respective original activity. The thermal stability of the immobilized lipases was significantly improved in comparison to the free forms while the pH stability remained unchanged. E. aerogenes and R. oryzae 3562 lipases retained 75 and 97% of respective initial activity on incubation at 90 degrees C, whereas both the free forms became inactive at this temperature. The conversion yield of isoamyl acetate was found to be higher with the immobilized fungal (90 vs. 21%) and bacterial lipases (64 vs. 18%) than the respective free forms. Immobilized R. oryzae 3562 lipases retained 50% activity for isoamyl acetate synthesis up to ten cycles whereas it was eight cycles for E. aerogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annapurna Kumari
- Microbial Biotechnology and Downstream Processing Laboratory, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
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67
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Deetae P, Bonnarme P, Spinnler HE, Helinck S. Production of volatile aroma compounds by bacterial strains isolated from different surface-ripened French cheeses. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 76:1161-71. [PMID: 17701035 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2007] [Revised: 06/17/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Twelve bacterial strains belonging to eight taxonomic groups: Brevibacterium linens, Microbacterium foliorum, Arthrobacter arilaitensis, Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus equorum, Brachybacterium sp., Proteus vulgaris and Psychrobacter sp., isolated from different surface-ripened French cheeses, were investigated for their abilities to generate volatile aroma compounds. Out of 104 volatile compounds, 54 volatile compounds (identified using dynamic headspace technique coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [GC-MS]) appeared to be produced by the different bacteria on a casamino acid medium. Four out of eight species used in this study: B. linens, M. foliorum, P. vulgaris and Psychrobacter sp. showed a high flavouring potential. Among these four bacterial species, P. vulgaris had the greatest capacity to produce not only the widest varieties but also the highest quantities of volatile compounds having low olfactive thresholds such as sulphur compounds. Branched aldehydes, alcohols and esters were produced in large amounts by P. vulgaris and Psychrobacter sp. showing their capacity to breakdown the branched amino acids. This investigation shows that some common but rarely mentioned bacteria present on the surface of ripened cheeses could play a major role in cheese flavour formation and could be used to produce cheese flavours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawinee Deetae
- UMR782 Génie et Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires, AgroParisTech-INRA, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
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68
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Ben Salah R, Ghamghui H, Miled N, Mejdoub H, Gargouri Y. Production of butyl acetate ester by lipase from novel strain of Rhizopus oryzae. J Biosci Bioeng 2007; 103:368-72. [PMID: 17502279 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.103.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new lipase preparation from Rhizopus oryzae was used to catalyze the esterification reaction between acetic acid and butanol to produce butyl acetate ester (pineapple flavor). This flavor compound can be used in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Only 3% of butyl acetate was obtained when free lipase was used in the synthesis containing only the substrates. In contrast, the conversion yield reached 25% when immobilized lipase was used under the same conditions. The synthesis of butyl acetate catalyzed by immobilized lipase in nonconventional media was optimized. A maximum conversion yield of 60% in a solvent-free system was obtained under the following conditions: amount of immobilized lipase, 500 IU; amount of initially added water, 45%; acetic acid/butanol molar ratio, 1:1; and in incubation temperature, 37 degrees C. Immobilized lipase could be repeatedly used for three cycles without a decrease in synthesis activity. The production of butyl acetate esters by immobilized R. oryzae lipase was also studied in the presence of organic solvents. Compared with a solvent-free system, the synthesis activity was improved in the presence of heptane and hexane with conversion yields of 80% and 76%, respectively. However, solvent-free systems tend to purify more easily the products without any toxicity and inflammability problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riadh Ben Salah
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie enzymatique des lipases, Ecole Nationale des Ingénieurs de Sfax, Route de Soukra, Boite Postale W, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
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69
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Sawant DP, Vinu A, Mirajkar S, Lefebvre F, Ariga K, Anandan S, Mori T, Nishimura C, Halligudi S. Silicotungstic acid/zirconia immobilized on SBA-15 for esterifications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2007.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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70
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PATEL MAYANKT, NAGARAJAN R, KILARA ARUN. LIPASE-CATALYZED BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS IN NOVEL MEDIA: A REVIEW. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00986449608936574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MAYANK T. PATEL
- a The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , 16802
| | - R. NAGARAJAN
- a The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , 16802
| | - ARUN KILARA
- a The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , 16802
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71
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Güvenç A, Kapucu N, Kapucu H, Aydoğan Ö, Mehmetoğlu Ü. Enzymatic esterification of isoamyl alcohol obtained from fusel oil: Optimization by response surface methodolgy. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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72
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Kourkoutas Y, Kandylis P, Panas P, Dooley JSG, Nigam P, Koutinas AA. Evaluation of freeze-dried kefir coculture as starter in feta-type cheese production. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:6124-35. [PMID: 16957238 PMCID: PMC1563647 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03078-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of freeze-dried kefir coculture as a starter in the production of feta-type cheese was investigated. Maturation of the produced cheese at 4 degrees C was monitored for up to 70 days, and the effects of the starter culture, the salting method, and the ripening process on quality characteristics were studied. The use of kefir coculture as a starter led to increased lactic acid concentrations and decreased pH values in the final product associated with significantly higher conversion rates compared to salted rennet cheese. Determination of bacterial diversity at the end of the ripening process in salted kefir and rennet cheeses by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis technology, based on both DNA and RNA analyses, suggested a potential species-specific inhibition of members of the genera Staphylococcus and Psychrobacter by kefir coculture. The main active microbial associations in salted kefir cheese appeared to be members of the genera Pseudomonas and Lactococcus, while in salted rennet cheese, Oxalobacteraceae, Janthinobacterium, Psychrobacter, and Pseudomonas species were noted. The effect of the starter culture on the production of aroma-related compounds responsible for cheese flavor was also studied by the solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. Kefir coculture also appeared to extend the shelf life of unsalted cheese. Spoilage of kefir cheese was observed on the 9th and 20th days of preservation at 10 and 5 degrees C, respectively, while spoilage in the corresponding rennet cheese was detected on the 7th and 16th days. Microbial counts during preservation of both types of unsalted cheese increased steadily and reached similar levels, with the exception of staphylococci, which were significantly lower in unsalted kefir cheese. All types of cheese produced with kefir as a starter were approved and accepted by the panel during the preliminary sensory evaluation compared to commercial feta-type cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kourkoutas
- Food Biotechnology Group, Section of Analytical Environmental and Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras GR-26500, Greece
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73
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Gasparetti C, Buzzini P, Cramarossa MR, Turchetti B, Pagnoni UM, Forti L. Application of the response surface methodology (RSM) for optimizing the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by Trichosporon moniliiforme. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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74
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Rozenbaum HF, Patitucci ML, Antunes OAC, Pereira Jr N. Production of aromas and fragrances through microbial oxidation of monoterpenes. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-66322006000300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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75
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Ghamgui H, Karra-Chaâbouni M, Bezzine S, Miled N, Gargouri Y. Production of isoamyl acetate with immobilized Staphylococcus simulans lipase in a solvent-free system. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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76
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Pfromm PH, Rezac ME, Würges K, Czermak P. Fumed silica activated subtilisin Carlsberg in hexane in a packed-bed reactor. AIChE J 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.11046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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77
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Kang IJ, Pfromm PH, Rezac ME. Real time measurement and control of thermodynamic water activities for enzymatic catalysis in hexane. J Biotechnol 2005; 119:147-54. [PMID: 15941606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2004] [Revised: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The esterification reaction of geraniol with acetic acid catalyzed by immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B was studied in hexane using a pervaporation-assisted batch reactor. The effect of thermodynamic water activity (a(w)) on the initial reaction rate was investigated at a(w) ranging from 0.02 to 1.0. The a(w) was monitored on-line in real time. a(w) was actively controlled throughout the reaction by using highly water-selective membrane pervaporation. This novel combination of a(w) sensing and control eliminates changes in a(w) during the reaction even in the initial phase of relatively rapid water release during an esterification. No chemicals are introduced for a(w) control, and no purge gases or liquids are needed. A maximum in the initial reaction rate was found approximately at a(w)=0.1. The initial reaction rate declined quickly at higher a(w), and dropped precipitously at lower a(w).
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Kang
- Kansas State University, Department of Chemical Engineering, 105 Durland Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-5102, USA
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78
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Santos A, Pereira N, da Silva I, Sarquis M, Antunes O. Peroxidase catalyzed microbiological oxidation of isosafrol into piperonal. Process Biochem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2003.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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79
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80
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Yadav GD, Lathi PS. Synthesis of citronellol laurate in organic media catalyzed by immobilized lipases: kinetic studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2003.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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81
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82
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Srivastava S, Madras G, Modak J. Esterification of myristic acid in supercritical carbon dioxide. J Supercrit Fluids 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0896-8446(02)00191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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83
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84
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Hari Krishna S, Karanth NG. LIPASES AND LIPASE-CATALYZED ESTERIFICATION REACTIONS IN NONAQUEOUS MEDIA. CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2002. [DOI: 10.1081/cr-120015481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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85
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Güvenç A, Kapucu N, Mehmetoğlu Ü. The production of isoamyl acetate using immobilized lipases in a solvent-free system. Process Biochem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(02)00099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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86
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Srivastava S, Modak J, Madras G. Enzymatic Synthesis of Flavors in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Ind Eng Chem Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ie010651j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shireesh Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Jayant Modak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Giridhar Madras
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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87
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Senanayake SPJN, Shahidi F. Structured lipids via lipase-catalyzed incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid into borage (Borago officinalis L.) and evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) oils. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:477-483. [PMID: 11804516 DOI: 10.1021/jf010757p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic acidolysis of borage oil (BO) or evening primrose oil (EPO) with eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3; EPA) was studied. Of the six lipases that were tested in the initial screening, nonspecific lipase PS-30 from Pseudomonas sp. resulted in the highest incorporation of EPA into both oils. This enzyme was further studied for the influence of enzyme load, temperature, time, type of organic solvent, and mole ratio of substrates. The products from the acidolysis reaction were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). The highest incorporation of EPA in both oils occurred at 45-55 degrees C and at 150-250 enzyme activity units. One unit of lipase activity was defined as nanomoles of fatty acids (oleic acid equivalents) produced per minute per gram of enzyme. Time course studies indicated that EPA incorporation was increased up to 26.8 and 25.2% (after 24 h) in BO and EPO, respectively. Among the solvents examined, n-hexane served best for the acidolysis of EPA with both oils. The effect of the mole ratio of oil to EPA was studied from 1:1 to 1:3. As the mole ratio of EPA increased, the incorporation increased from 25.2-26.8 to 37.4-39.9% (after 24 h). The highest EPA incorporations of 39.9 and 37.4% in BO and EPO, respectively, occurred at the stoichiometric mole ratio of 1:3 for oil to EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P J Namal Senanayake
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3X9 Canada
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88
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89
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Curioni P, Bosset J. Key odorants in various cheese types as determined by gas chromatography-olfactometry. Int Dairy J 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0958-6946(02)00124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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90
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91
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92
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Bluemke W, Schrader J. Integrated bioprocess for enhanced production of natural flavors and fragrances by Ceratocystis moniliformis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; 17:137-42. [PMID: 11377274 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-0344(01)00072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An integrated bioprocess (IBP) for production and recovery of de novo synthesized aroma compounds was carried out by interlinking a pervaporation membrane module with a producing bioreactor. The main aroma products of the fungus Ceratocystis moniliformis were ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, citronellol and geraniol. In situ product removal (ISPR) using pervaporation leads to decreased product concentrations in the bioreactor and increased microbial growth rates. As a result, by circumventing inhibiting product concentrations and thus intensifying aroma production, total yield of aroma compounds produced is higher in an IBP compared with batch cultivation. In addition, permeates obtained from pervaporation consist of highly enriched mixtures of produced flavors and fragrances.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bluemke
- GKSS Research Center, Max-Planck-Strasse, D-21502, Geesthacht, Germany.
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93
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Hari Krishna S, Divakar S, Prapulla SG, Karanth NG. Enzymatic synthesis of isoamyl acetate using immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei. J Biotechnol 2001; 87:193-201. [PMID: 11334663 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(00)00432-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of important reaction parameters for enhancing isoamyl acetate formation through lipase-catalyzed esterification of isoamyl alcohol were investigated in this study. Increase in substrate (acid) concentration led to decrease in conversions. A critical enzyme concentration of 3 g l(-1) was detected for a substrate concentration of 0.06 M (each of alcohol and acid). Solvents with partition coefficient higher than 1000 (log P>3.0) supported enzyme activity to give high conversions. Acetic acid at higher concentrations could not be esterified easily probably owing to its role in lowering the microaqueous pH of the enzyme. Extraneous water/buffer addition decreased the isoamyl acetate yields slightly ( approximately 10%) at 0.005-0.01% v/v of the reaction mixture and drastically (>40%) at above 0.01% v/v. Buffer saturation of the organic solvent employed improved esterification (upto two-fold), particularly at moderately higher substrate concentrations (>0.18 M). Employing acetic anhydride instead of acetic acid resulted in a two-fold increase in the yields (at 0.25 M substrate). Use of excess nucleophile (alcohol) concentration by increasing the alcohol/acid molar ratio resulted in higher conversions in shorter duration (upto eight-fold even at 1.5 M acetic acid). Yields above 80% were achieved with substrate concentrations as high as 1.5 M and more than 150 g l(-1) isoamyl acetate concentrations were obtained employing a relatively low enzyme concentration of 10 g l(-1). The operational stability of lipase was also observed to be reasonably high enabling ten reuses of the biocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hari Krishna
- Fermentation Technology and Bioengineering Department, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570 013, India
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94
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95
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Lomascolo A, Asther M, Navarro D, Antona C, Delattre M, Lesage-Meessen L. Shifting the biotransformation pathways of L-phenylalanine into benzaldehyde by Trametes suaveolens CBS 334.85 using HP20 resin. Lett Appl Microbiol 2001; 32:262-7. [PMID: 11298938 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2001.0873a.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The biotransformation of L-phenylalanine into benzaldehyde (bitter almond aroma) was studied in the strain Trametes suaveolens CBS 334.85. METHODS AND RESULTS Cultures of this fungus were carried out in the absence or in the presence of HP20 resin, a highly selective adsorbent for aromatic compounds. For the identification of the main catabolic pathways of L-phenylalanine, a control medium (without L-phenylalanine) was supplemented with each of the aromatic compounds, previously detected in the culture broth, as precursors. Trametes suaveolens CBS 334.85 was shown to biosynthesize benzyl and p-hydroxybenzyl derivatives, particularly benzaldehyde, and large amounts of 3-phenyl-1-propanol, benzyl and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohols as the products of both cinnamate and phenylpyruvate pathways. CONCLUSION The addition of HP20 resin, made it possible to direct the catabolism of L- phenylalanine to benzaldehyde, the desired target compound, and to trap it before its transformation into benzyl alcohol. In these conditions, benzaldehyde production was increased 21-fold, from 33 to 710 mg l-1 corresponding to a molar yield of 31%. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These results showed the good potential of Trametes suaveolens as a biotechnological agent to synthesize natural benzaldehyde which is one of the most important aromatic aldehydes used in the flavour industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lomascolo
- Unité de Biotechnologie des Champignons filamenteux de l'INRA, IFR de Biotechnologie Agro-industriel de Marseille, Universités de Provence et de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France.
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96
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van der Vlugt-Bergmans CJ, van der Werf MJ. Genetic and biochemical characterization of a novel monoterpene epsilon-lactone hydrolase from Rhodococcus erythropolis DCL14. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:733-41. [PMID: 11157238 PMCID: PMC92642 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.2.733-741.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A monoterpene epsilon-lactone hydrolase (MLH) from Rhodococcus erythropolis DCL14, catalyzing the ring opening of lactones which are formed during degradation of several monocyclic monoterpenes, including carvone and menthol, was purified to apparent homogeneity. It is a monomeric enzyme of 31 kDa that is active with (4R)-4-isopropenyl-7-methyl-2-oxo-oxepanone and (6R)-6-isopropenyl-3-methyl-2-oxo-oxepanone, lactones derived from (4R)-dihydrocarvone, and 7-isopropyl-4-methyl-2-oxo-oxepanone, the lactone derived from menthone. Both enantiomers of 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-methyl-2-oxo-oxepanone were converted at equal rates, suggesting that the enzyme is not stereoselective. Maximal enzyme activity was measured at pH 9.5 and 30 degrees C. Determination of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of purified MLH enabled cloning of the corresponding gene by a combination of PCR and colony screening. The gene, designated mlhB (monoterpene lactone hydrolysis), showed up to 43% similarity to members of the GDXG family of lipolytic enzymes. Sequencing of the adjacent regions revealed two other open reading frames, one encoding a protein with similarity to the short-chain dehydrogenase reductase family and the second encoding a protein with similarity to acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenases. Both enzymes are possibly also involved in the monoterpene degradation pathways of this microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J van der Vlugt-Bergmans
- Division of Industrial Microbiology, Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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97
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Larráyoz P, Addis M, Gauch R, Bosset JO. Comparison of dynamic headspace and simultaneous distillation extraction techniques used for the analysis of the volatile components in three European PDO ewes’ milk cheeses. Int Dairy J 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0958-6946(01)00144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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98
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Huang CJ, Lee SL, Chou CC. Production of 2-phenylethanol, a flavor ingredient, by Pichia fermentans L-5 under various culture conditions. Food Res Int 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0963-9969(00)00164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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99
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Sahasrabudhe NA, Sankpal NV. Production of organic acids and metabolites of fungi for food industry. AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5334(01)80016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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100
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Biotransformation of terpenoids by microorganisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(01)80007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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