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Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Multiple Cerebral and Spinal Cavernous Malformations of a Patient with Dementia and Tetraparesis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12030677. [PMID: 35328230 PMCID: PMC8946930 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12030677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cavernomas are rare cerebrovascular malformations that usually occur in sporadic forms with solitary lesions located most often in the hemispheric white matter, but also in the infratentorial or spinal region. Multiple lesions at different CNS levels are considered a hallmark for the familial form of the disease. The diagnostic modality of choice for cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We present an intriguing case of a 65-year-old male admitted to our hospital with tetraparesis and cognitive impairment where highly sensitive MRI sequences identified many cerebral cavernous lesions at the supra-, infratentorial and cervical–thoracic spine levels, some of them with recent signs of bleeding in a patient with oral anticoagulant therapy due to atrial fibrillation. The mechanism of cognitive impairment in this patient is most probably the interruption of strategic white matter tracts, as it is known to happen in other subcortical vascular pathologies. MRI can be helpful not only in mapping the anatomical distribution of lesions, but also in weighing the risks and making decisions regarding whether or not to continue oral anticoagulant therapy.
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Karaaslan B, Gülsuna B, Erol G, Dağli Ö, Emmez H, Kurt G, Çeltikçi E, Börcek AÖ. Stereotactic radiosurgery for cerebral cavernous malformation: comparison of hemorrhage rates before and after stereotactic radiosurgery. J Neurosurg 2022; 136:655-661. [PMID: 34450585 DOI: 10.3171/2021.2.jns21138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cerebral cavernous malformation (CM) is an angiographically occult vascular pathology. Although microsurgery is the gold standard treatment to control the symptoms of CM, resection carries high risk in some situations, especially eloquent areas. The objective was to evaluate annual hemorrhage rates (AHRs) before and after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) treatment of cerebral CM in different locations. METHODS A total of 195 patients (119 women and 76 men) with CM treated at the Gazi University Gamma Knife Center between April 2005 and June 2017 were analyzed. The mean ± SD follow-up period was 67.4 ± 31.1 months (range 12 days to 170 months). AHR before SRS, AHR after SRS, morbidity associated with radiation, seizure control rate after SRS, lesion volume, coexistence with developmental venous anomaly, and SRS treatment parameters were analyzed, with evaluation of radiological data and clinical charts performed retrospectively. The seizure control rate was assessed using the Engel outcome scale. RESULTS The AHR before SRS was 15.3%. Application of SRS to these patients significantly reduced the AHR rates to 2.6% during the first 2 years after treatment and to 1.4% thereafter. Favorable seizure control (Engel class I and II) after radiosurgery was achieved in 23 patients (88.5%) with epilepsy. Radiation-related temporary complications occurred in 15.4% of patients, and permanent morbidity occurred in 4.6%. CONCLUSIONS SRS is a safe and effective treatment modality for reducing the hemorrhage risk of CM. The authors suggest that SRS should be considered for the treatment of patients with CM, high surgical risks, and hemorrhage history, instead of a using a wait-and-see policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Karaaslan
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; and
| | - Beste Gülsuna
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; and
| | - Gökberk Erol
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; and
| | - Özlem Dağli
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; and
| | - Hakan Emmez
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; and
| | - Gökhan Kurt
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; and
| | - Emrah Çeltikçi
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; and
| | - Alp Özgün Börcek
- 2Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Ganz JC. Cavernous malformations. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2022; 268:115-132. [PMID: 35074077 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cavernous malformations are relatively common intracerebral malformations of which we only became properly aware after the introduction of MRI. They may be sporadic or familial. Familial CMs may be multiple and new lesions appear over time requiring intermittent MR control. Many sporadic CMs have no symptoms. The commonest location is in the supratentorial cerebral parenchyma presenting with epilepsy. The best treatment is microsurgery. A small proportion are in the brainstem and may rebleed and even be lethal. Treatment includes microsurgery and radiosurgery. Microsurgery cures the patient but has substantial problems with complications, deterioration and partial removal. Radiosurgery has taken time to demonstrate that it can over 2 years substantially reduce the risk of rebleeds without the risks of microsurgery. Both methods have a part to play in the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Ganz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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Ren J, Jiang N, Bian L, Dmytriw AA, Zeng G, He C, Sun L, Li X, Ma Y, Yu J, Li G, Ye M, Hu P, Li J, Yang F, Li Q, Ling F, Zhang H, Hong T. Natural History of Spinal Cord Cavernous Malformations: A Multicenter Cohort Study. Neurosurgery 2022; 90:390-398. [PMID: 35049523 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000001842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The natural history of spinal cord cavernous malformations (SCCMs) remains relatively unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the natural history for hemorrhagic risks and neurological outcomes, as well as relevant predicting factors, of SCCMs. METHODS All patients between 2002 and 2019 with diagnosis of SCCMs were identified retrospectively. An observational study of patients with conservative management was performed to reveal the natural history of SCCMs. RESULTS We identified 305 patients in the full cohort, including 126 patients who were conservatively treated for at least 6 months (median observational period, 24.0 months). Forty-five hemorrhage events occurred during 527 person-years of follow-up, yielding an annual hemorrhage rate of 8.5% per person-year. The 1-, 2-, and 5-year cumulative risks of hemorrhage were 13.9%, 26.1%, and 35.1%, respectively. Prior hemorrhage (hazard ratio [HR] = 12.948, P = .012) and pediatric patients (HR = 2.841, P = .031) were independent predictors of hemorrhage in the long-term follow-up. Familial form (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 30.695, P = .010) and subsequent hemorrhage events (adjusted OR = 16.333, P = .000) were independent risk factors for worsening of neurological function, and baseline neurological status (adjusted OR = 78.984, P = .000) and presence of subsequent hemorrhage (adjusted OR = 9.611, P = .001) were significantly associated with neurological outcomes. CONCLUSION The natural history of SCCMs varies. Baseline characteristics, such as pediatric patients, familial form, and baseline neurological status, as well as prior and subsequent hemorrhagic events, significantly affect the natural history of the SCCMs, which prompts a differentiated treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Lisong Bian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Haidian Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Adam A Dmytriw
- Neuroendovascular Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gao Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Liyong Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjie Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxing Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Guilin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing United Family Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qianwen Li
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Ling
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
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Alvear-Quito N, Ceja-Espinosa A, Navarro-Garcia de Llano JP, Ponce-Ayala A, Nathal E. Hypothalamic Cavernous Malformation: Surgical Technique and Literature Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e21511. [PMID: 35223287 PMCID: PMC8862613 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.21511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic cavernous malformation (HCM) is rare, and to our knowledge, there are only 28 cases reported in the literature. An 18-year-old male presented two years ago with a severe headache followed by right eye blindness. Following imaging studies, a bleeding hypothalamic cavernoma was discovered together with another incidental cavernoma in the brain. We sustained the diagnosis of cavernomatosis, and conservative treatment was indicated. A year later, he presented severe headache and vomit; for this reason, the patient underwent a new MRI which showed a new bleeding episode of the HCM lesion. We carried out an endocrinological assessment, and microsurgical resection was recommended. Although visual impairment persisted as expected in the postoperative period, he showed good clinical recovery overall. Hypothalamic location of a cavernous malformation is infrequent, accounting for only 1% or less of these lesions, and are known to cause a variety of symptoms inducing headache, visual disturbance, and less frequently, hypothalamus dysfunction. Surgical intervention can be considered after a second symptomatic bleed, always assessing the risk of non-favorable postsurgical outcomes against the intrinsic risk that these malformations imply. Case reports like this are essential to reach a consensus towards the best treatment option for HCM.
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Santos AN, Rauschenbach L, Saban D, Chen B, Darkwah Oppong M, Herten A, Hadice Gull H, Rieß C, Deuschl C, Schmidt B, Jabbarli R, Wrede KH, Zhu Y, Frank B, Sure U, Dammann P. Multiple Cerebral Cavernous Malformations – Clinical Course of Confirmed, Assumed and Non‐Familial Disease. Eur J Neurol 2022; 29:1427-1434. [DOI: 10.1111/ene.15253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro N. Santos
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
| | - Laurèl Rauschenbach
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
| | - Dino Saban
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
| | - Bixia Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
| | - Marvin Darkwah Oppong
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
| | - Annika Herten
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
| | - Hanah Hadice Gull
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
| | - Christoph Rieß
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
| | - Cornelius Deuschl
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology University Hospital Essen Germany
| | - Börge Schmidt
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology University Hospital of Essen Essen Germany
| | - Ramazan Jabbarli
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
| | - Karsten H. Wrede
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
| | - Benedikt Frank
- Department of Neurology University Hospital Essen Germany
| | - Ulrich Sure
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
| | - Philipp Dammann
- Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
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Kikuta KI, Isozaki M, Higashino Y, Kodera T, Arishima H, Matsuda K, Yamauchi T, Yamada S, Akazawa A, Kidoguchi M, Umeda H, Tsukinowa Y, Hagiwara R. Functional Outcomes of Microsurgical Resection for Cavernous Malformations of the Brainstem. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg 2022; 44:121-132. [PMID: 35107676 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-87649-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Long-term functional outcomes of microsurgical resection for cavernous malformations of the brainstem (CMB) have been largely unknown. Favorable outcomes after CMB surgery might be related to the achievement of complete resection and mRS at 1 month after the surgery. Preoperative sensory, cerebellar, trigeminal nerve, and lower cranial nerve symptoms tended to improve after surgery.We evaluated 25 consecutive patients with CMB surgically treated at our center between 2006 and 2021. The subjects included 11 men and 14 women, with ages ranging from 13 to 61 years (mean ± SD = 37 ± 12 years). Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores and neurological symptoms of the patients were evaluated before surgery, 1 month after surgery, and at the final follow-up at the outpatient clinic. The mean number of previous hemorrhages was 7 ± 1.0 and the mean lesion size was 21 ± 8 mm. The mRS scores on admission and at the final follow-up were 2.9 points and 1.7 points, respectively. The mRS scores at the final follow-up were significantly improved compared to those on admission. There was no statistical difference between the preoperative mRS and mRS at 1 month after the operation. Multivariable analysis indicated that mRS scores at 1 month after surgery were the most significant predictive factors for favorable outcomes. Complete resection was achieved in 24 of 33 operations. Incomplete resection was significantly related to the frequency of subsequent recurrent hemorrhage and high mRS scores at the final follow-up. Preoperative sensory, cerebellar, trigeminal nerve, and lower cranial nerve symptoms improved significantly after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Kikuta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Makoto Isozaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Higashino
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kodera
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Arishima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Ken Matsuda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamauchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Yamada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Ayumi Akazawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Masamune Kidoguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hideto Umeda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yu Tsukinowa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Ryota Hagiwara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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Surgical Management of Cavernous Malformations and Venous Anomalies. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Swamy H, Glading AJ. Contribution of protein-protein interactions to the endothelial barrier-stabilizing function of KRIT1. J Cell Sci 2021; 135:274104. [PMID: 34918736 PMCID: PMC8917353 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Krev-interaction trapped 1 (KRIT1) is an endothelial scaffold protein that promotes adherens junction (AJ) stability. The precise mechanism by which KRIT1 promotes barrier stabilization is unclear. We tested the ability of a panel of KRIT1 constructs containing mutations that inhibit Rap1 binding, ICAP1 binding, disrupt KRIT1's protein tyrosine binding domain (PTB), or direct KRIT1 to the plasma membrane, either alone or in combination, to restore barrier function in KRIT1-deficient endothelial cells. We found that ablating the 192NPAY195 motif or disrupting the PTB domain was sufficient to restore AJ protein localization and barrier function to control levels, irrespective of the junctional localization of KRIT1 or Rap1 binding. The ability of our KRIT1 constructs to rescue AJ/barrier function in KRIT1 depleted endothelial cells correlated with decreased 1 integrin activity and maintenance of cortical actin fibers. Together, our findings indicate that Rap1 binding, ICAP1 binding, and junctional localization are not required for the ability of KRIT1 to stabilize endothelial contacts, and suggest that the ability of KRIT1 to limit integrin activity may be involved in barrier stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Swamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Angela J Glading
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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Samadian M, Maroufi SF, Bakhtevari MH, Borghei-Razavi H. An isolated cavernous malformation of the sixth cranial nerve: A case report and review of literature. Surg Neurol Int 2021; 12:563. [PMID: 34877049 PMCID: PMC8645491 DOI: 10.25259/sni_811_2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Isolated cavernous malformation (CM) of the abducens nerve has not been reported in the literature. Herein, the authors address the clinical importance of these lesions and review the reported cases of CM from 2014 to 2020. Case Description A 21-year-old man presented with binocular diplopia and headache from 2 months before his admission. The neurological examination revealed right-sided abducens nerve palsy. The brain MRI revealed an extra-axial pontomedullary lesion suggestive of a CM. The lesion was surgically removed. During the operation, the abducens nerve was resected considering the lesion could not be separated from the nerve and an anastomosis was performed using an interposition nerve graft and fibrin glue. Pathological examination of the resected lesion revealed that it was originated from within the nerve. The patient's condition improved in postoperative follow-ups. Conclusion Surgical resection of the cranial nerves CMs is appropriate when progressive neurological deficits are present. If the lesion is originated from within the nerve, we suggest resection of the involved nerve and performing anastomosis. Novel MRI sequences might help surgeons to be prepared for such cases and fibrin glue can serve as an appropriate tool to perform anastomosis when end-to-end sutures are impossible to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Samadian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Farzad Maroufi
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Valiasr, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Borghei-Razavi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic-Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
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Virtual endoscopy assisted pure ventriculoscopic resection of cavernomas occluding foramen of Monroe: Technical note and literature review. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 94:226-232. [PMID: 34863442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cavernomas at Foramen of Monroe (FoM) are rare cases among the intracranial cavernomas. Pure ventriculoscopic removal of cavernoma at FoM through a single burr hole is challenging and rarely reported. METHODS We herein introduced the virtual endoscopy (VE) assisted ventriculoscopic resection to treat the cavernomas at FoM. Two cases diagnosed with cavernomas at FoM, a 31-year-old male patient (case 1) and a 26-year-old male patient (case 2), were included. Both of them suffered from headache, nausea and vomiting. The pre-operative MRI revealed masses at the FoM. We reconstructed the VE on a free and open-source platform (3D Slicer) for the pre-surgical evaluation. And then ventriculoscopic operation through a single burr hole was made to remove the cavernomas at FoM. RESULTS The VE displayed a 14×19×16 mm lesion in case 1 and an 18×20×29 mm lesion in case 2 and both cases revealed some attachment between the lesions and the periventricular tissue. The ventriculoscopic operations indicated by VE were performed to achieve total resection of the cavernomas without neurological deficit. CONCLUSIONS Although the neuroendoscopic treatment to cavernoma at FoM through a single burr hole was rarely reported among the previous literatures, it was a quite effective and useful method in our cases. And the application of VE before ventriculoscopic operation could help to provide a three-dimensional and panorama view of the intraventricular lesions.
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Shroff K, Deopujari C, Karmarkar V, Mohanty C. Paediatric giant cavernomas: report of three cases with a review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:3835-3845. [PMID: 34247276 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-021-05286-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cavernous angiomas of the brain (CCM) are being increasingly diagnosed, especially in the paediatric age group. Though classic presentations with haemorrhage or seizures are well recognised, presentation as a large lesion with mass effect is rare and creates difficulty in diagnosis as well as management. METHODS Our cases of paediatric giant CCMs that presented as a 'mass lesion' are reported here, and the PubMed database for giant CCMs in the paediatric population is reviewed. All articles where the size of the lesion was reported to be > 4 cm were selected for analysis to study the varying modes of presentation, treatment, and outcome; to gain a proper perspective on this distinct entity of 'giant CCMs'. RESULTS Analysis of a total of 53 cases (inclusive of our 3 cases) reported so far showed slight male preponderance (58.49%). The largest reported lesion was 14 cm in largest diameter. Most of the lesions (83.02%) occurred in the supratentorial region. In the infratentorial region, paediatric giant CCMs were more commonly seen in the cerebellum than in the brainstem. Seizures were observed in 47.17% at presentation. Features of mass effect were the mode of presentation in all our cases, and literature analysis has shown raised intracranial pressure in 37.74% (20 patients) and focal neurological deficit in 33.96% (18 patients) at presentation. Macrocephaly was seen in younger children up to the age of 7 years (16.98% or 9 patients). Gross total resection was carried out (with a good outcome) in all our cases and in 36 of the other 49 analysed patients who were operated on. DISCUSSION About one-fourth of CCMs occur in paediatric patients. Giant CCMs are rare but can present in children even in the immediate post-natal period. Features of a mass lesion such as raised intracranial pressure, macrocephaly, and focal neurological deficit are much more common than their smaller counterparts. Their appearance on imaging also often causes diagnostic dilemmas with other intracranial mass lesions. Timely surgery with standard microsurgical principles leads to a favourable outcome in the majority. CONCLUSION Giant CCMs, though rare, often present as a diagnostic challenge. Presentation with mass effect is common, and complete microsurgical excision remains the mainstay of treatment. Though transient neurological deficits may be encountered with this strategy, the long-term outcome remains favourable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Shroff
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences, New Marine Lines, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, 400020
| | - Chandrashekhar Deopujari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences, New Marine Lines, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, 400020.
| | - Vikram Karmarkar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences, New Marine Lines, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, 400020
| | - Chandan Mohanty
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences, New Marine Lines, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, 400020
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63
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Flemming KD, Chiang CC, Brown RD, Lanzino G. Safety of select headache medications in patients with cerebral and spinal cavernous malformations. CEPHALALGIA REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/25158163211062254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with cerebral or spinal cavernous malformations (CM) and a primary headache disorder are often limited in medication options due to concern for bleeding risk. Methods: From a prospective cohort of CM patients (2015–2020), demographics, mode of clinical presentation, and radiographic data were collected. Follow up of patients was performed with electronic medical record review, in person visits and/or written surveys. Select medication use was ascertained from the time of the CM diagnosis to a censor date of first prospective symptomatic hemorrhage, complete surgical excision of sporadic form CM, or death. The influence of non-aspirin NSAID (NA-NSAID), triptan, or OnabotulinumtoxinA on prospective hemorrhage risk was assessed. Results: As of August 20, 2020, 329 patients with spinal or cerebral CM (58% female; 20.1% familial; 42.2% initial presentation due to hemorrhage; 27.4% brainstem) were included. During a follow-up of 1799.9 patient years, 92 prospective hemorrhages occurred. Use of NA-NSAIDs, triptans, and OnabotulinumtoxinA after the diagnosis of CM was unassociated with an increased risk of prospective hemorrhage. Conclusions: Use of triptans and NA-NSAIDs, does not precipitate CM hemorrhage. Similarly, we did not find that OnabotulinumtoxinA precipitated CM hemorrhage in a limited number of patients at doses <200 units per session.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert D Brown
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Venugopal V, Sumi S. Molecular Biomarkers and Drug Targets in Brain Arteriovenous and Cavernous Malformations: Where Are We? Stroke 2021; 53:279-289. [PMID: 34784742 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.035654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular malformations of the brain (VMB) comprise abnormal development of blood vessels. A small fraction of VMBs causes hemorrhages with neurological morbidity and risk of mortality in patients. Most often, they are symptomatically silent and are detected at advanced stages of disease progression. The most common forms of VMBs are arteriovenous and cavernous malformations in the brain. Radiopathological features of these diseases are complex with high phenotypic variability. Early detection of these malformations followed by preclusion of severe neurological deficits such as hemorrhage and stroke is crucial in the clinical management of patients with VMBs. The technological advances in high-throughput omics platforms have currently infused a zest in translational research in VMBs. Besides finding novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets, these studies have withal contributed significantly to the understanding of the etiopathogenesis of VMBs. Here we discuss the recent advances in predictive and prognostic biomarker research in sporadic and familial arteriovenous malformations as well as cerebral cavernous malformations. Furthermore, we analyze the clinical applicability of protein and noncoding RNA-based molecular-targeted therapies which may have a potentially key role in disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vani Venugopal
- Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - S Sumi
- Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Balzano RF, Mannatrizio D, Castorani G, Perri M, Pennelli AM, Izzo R, Popolizio T, Guglielmi G. Imaging of Cerebral Microbleeds: Primary Patterns and Differential Diagnosis. CURRENT RADIOLOGY REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40134-021-00390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Trybula SJ, Youngblood MW, Kemeny HR, Clark JR, Karras CL, Hartsell WF, Tomita T. Radiation Induced Cavernomas in the Treatment of Pediatric Medulloblastoma: Comparative Study Between Proton and Photon Radiation Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:760691. [PMID: 34707999 PMCID: PMC8542782 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.760691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation induced cavernomas among children with medulloblastoma are common following external beam radiation (XRT) treatment with either photon or proton beams. However, with the increased utilization of proton beam therapy over the last decade we sought to determine if there was any difference in the development or natural history of these cavernous malformations (CM) or CM-like lesions. We performed a retrospective analysis of 79 patients from 2003 to 2019 who had undergone resection of medulloblastoma and subsequent XRT (30 photon or 49 proton beam therapy). The average age of patients at radiation treatment was 8.7 years old. Average follow up for patients who received photon beam therapy was 105 months compared to 56.8 months for proton beam therapy. A total of 68 patients (86.1%) developed post-radiation CMs, including 26 photon and 42 proton patients (86.7% and 85.7% respectively). The time to cavernoma development was significantly different, with a mean of 40.2 months for photon patients and 18.2 months for proton patients (p = 1.98 x 10-4). Three patients, one who received photon and two who received proton beam radiation, required surgical resection of a cavernoma. Although CM or CM-like lesions are detected significantly earlier in patients after receiving proton beam therapy, there appears to be no significant difference between the two radiation therapy modalities in the development of significant CM requiring surgical resection or intervention other than continued follow up and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Joy Trybula
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mark W Youngblood
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hanna R Kemeny
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Clark
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Constantine L Karras
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - William F Hartsell
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Tadanori Tomita
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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Lanfranconi S, Piergallini L, Ronchi D, Valcamonica G, Conte G, Marazzi E, Manenti G, Bertani GA, Locatelli M, Triulzi F, Bresolin N, Scola E, Comi GP. Clinical, neuroradiological and genetic findings in a cohort of patients with multiple Cerebral Cavernous Malformations. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1871-1878. [PMID: 34357553 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00809-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) consist of clusters of irregular dilated capillaries and represent the second most common type of vascular malformation affecting the central nervous system. CCM might be asymptomatic or cause cerebral hemorrhage, seizures, recurrent headaches and focal neurologic deficits. Causative mutations underlining CCM have been reported in three genes: KRIT1/CCM1, MGC4607/CCM2 and PDCD10/CCM3. Therapeutic avenues are limited to surgery. Here we present clinical, neuroradiological and molecular findings in a cohort of familial and sporadic CCM patients. Thirty subjects underwent full clinical and radiological assessment. Molecular analysis was performed by direct sequencing and MLPA analysis. Twenty-eight of 30 subjects (93%) experienced one or more typical CCM disturbances with cerebral/spinal hemorrhage being the most common (43%) presenting symptom. A molecular diagnosis was achieved in 87% of cases, with three novel mutations identified. KRIT1/CCM1 patients displayed higher risk of de novo CCMs appearance and bleedings. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) showed that infratentorial region was more frequently affected in mutated subjects while brainstem was often spared in patients with negative genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lanfranconi
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Piergallini
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Ronchi
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Valcamonica
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Conte
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Marazzi
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Manenti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Andrea Bertani
- Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Locatelli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Triulzi
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nereo Bresolin
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Scola
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Pietro Comi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Fox CK, Nelson J, McCulloch CE, Weinsheimer S, Pawlikowska L, Hart B, Mabray MC, Zafar A, Morrison L, Zabramski JM, Akers A, Kim H. Seizure Incidence Rates in Children and Adults With Familial Cerebral Cavernous Malformations. Neurology 2021; 97:e1210-e1216. [PMID: 34389651 PMCID: PMC8480481 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Seizure incidence rates related to familial cerebral cavernous malformation (FCCM) are not well described, especially for children. To measure the seizure incidence rate, examine seizure predictors, and characterize epilepsy severity, we studied a cohort of children and adults with FCCM enrolled in the Brain Vascular Malformation Consortium (BVMC). METHODS Seizure data were collected from participants with FCCM in the BVMC at enrollment and during follow-up. We estimated seizure probability by age and tested whether cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) counts or genotype were associated with earlier seizure onset. RESULTS The study cohort included 479 FCCM cases. Median age at enrollment was 42.5 years (interquartile range 22.5-55.0) and 19% were children (<18 years old). Median large CCM count was 3 (interquartile range 1-5). Among 393 with genotyping, mutations were as follows: CCM1 (Common Hispanic Mutation) (88%), another CCM1 mutation (5%), CCM2 mutations (5%), and CCM3 mutations (2%). Prior to or during the study, 202 (42%) had a seizure. The cumulative incidence of a childhood seizure was 20.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 17.0-23.4) and by age 80 years was 60.4% (95% CI 54.2-65.7). More total CCMs (hazard ratio [HR] 1.24 per SD unit increase, 95% CI 1.1-1.4) or more large CCMs (HR 1.5 per SD unit increase, 95% CI 1.2-1.9) than expected for age and sex increased seizure risk. A CCM3 mutation also increased risk compared to other mutations (HR 3.11, 95% CI 1.15-8.45). Individuals with a seizure prior to enrollment had increased hospitalization rates during follow-up (incidence rate ratio 10.9, 95% CI 2.41-49.32) compared to patients without a seizure history. DISCUSSION Individuals with FCCM have a high seizure incidence and those with more CCMs or CCM3 genotype are at greater risk. Seizures increase health care utilization in FCCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine K Fox
- From the Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (C.K.F.), Center for Cerebrovascular Research (C.K.F., J.N., C.E.M., S.W., L.P., H.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (C.E.M., H.K.), and Institute for Human Genetics (S.W., L.P.), University of California San Francisco; Departments of Radiology (B.H., M.C.M.) and Neurology (L.M.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Department of Medicine (A.Z.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.Z.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; and Angioma Alliance (A.A., H.K.), Durham, NC.
| | - Jeffrey Nelson
- From the Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (C.K.F.), Center for Cerebrovascular Research (C.K.F., J.N., C.E.M., S.W., L.P., H.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (C.E.M., H.K.), and Institute for Human Genetics (S.W., L.P.), University of California San Francisco; Departments of Radiology (B.H., M.C.M.) and Neurology (L.M.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Department of Medicine (A.Z.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.Z.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; and Angioma Alliance (A.A., H.K.), Durham, NC
| | - Charles E McCulloch
- From the Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (C.K.F.), Center for Cerebrovascular Research (C.K.F., J.N., C.E.M., S.W., L.P., H.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (C.E.M., H.K.), and Institute for Human Genetics (S.W., L.P.), University of California San Francisco; Departments of Radiology (B.H., M.C.M.) and Neurology (L.M.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Department of Medicine (A.Z.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.Z.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; and Angioma Alliance (A.A., H.K.), Durham, NC
| | - Shantel Weinsheimer
- From the Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (C.K.F.), Center for Cerebrovascular Research (C.K.F., J.N., C.E.M., S.W., L.P., H.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (C.E.M., H.K.), and Institute for Human Genetics (S.W., L.P.), University of California San Francisco; Departments of Radiology (B.H., M.C.M.) and Neurology (L.M.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Department of Medicine (A.Z.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.Z.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; and Angioma Alliance (A.A., H.K.), Durham, NC
| | - Ludmila Pawlikowska
- From the Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (C.K.F.), Center for Cerebrovascular Research (C.K.F., J.N., C.E.M., S.W., L.P., H.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (C.E.M., H.K.), and Institute for Human Genetics (S.W., L.P.), University of California San Francisco; Departments of Radiology (B.H., M.C.M.) and Neurology (L.M.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Department of Medicine (A.Z.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.Z.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; and Angioma Alliance (A.A., H.K.), Durham, NC
| | - Blaine Hart
- From the Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (C.K.F.), Center for Cerebrovascular Research (C.K.F., J.N., C.E.M., S.W., L.P., H.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (C.E.M., H.K.), and Institute for Human Genetics (S.W., L.P.), University of California San Francisco; Departments of Radiology (B.H., M.C.M.) and Neurology (L.M.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Department of Medicine (A.Z.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.Z.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; and Angioma Alliance (A.A., H.K.), Durham, NC
| | - Marc C Mabray
- From the Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (C.K.F.), Center for Cerebrovascular Research (C.K.F., J.N., C.E.M., S.W., L.P., H.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (C.E.M., H.K.), and Institute for Human Genetics (S.W., L.P.), University of California San Francisco; Departments of Radiology (B.H., M.C.M.) and Neurology (L.M.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Department of Medicine (A.Z.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.Z.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; and Angioma Alliance (A.A., H.K.), Durham, NC
| | - Atif Zafar
- From the Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (C.K.F.), Center for Cerebrovascular Research (C.K.F., J.N., C.E.M., S.W., L.P., H.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (C.E.M., H.K.), and Institute for Human Genetics (S.W., L.P.), University of California San Francisco; Departments of Radiology (B.H., M.C.M.) and Neurology (L.M.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Department of Medicine (A.Z.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.Z.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; and Angioma Alliance (A.A., H.K.), Durham, NC
| | - Leslie Morrison
- From the Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (C.K.F.), Center for Cerebrovascular Research (C.K.F., J.N., C.E.M., S.W., L.P., H.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (C.E.M., H.K.), and Institute for Human Genetics (S.W., L.P.), University of California San Francisco; Departments of Radiology (B.H., M.C.M.) and Neurology (L.M.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Department of Medicine (A.Z.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.Z.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; and Angioma Alliance (A.A., H.K.), Durham, NC
| | - Joseph M Zabramski
- From the Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (C.K.F.), Center for Cerebrovascular Research (C.K.F., J.N., C.E.M., S.W., L.P., H.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (C.E.M., H.K.), and Institute for Human Genetics (S.W., L.P.), University of California San Francisco; Departments of Radiology (B.H., M.C.M.) and Neurology (L.M.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Department of Medicine (A.Z.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.Z.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; and Angioma Alliance (A.A., H.K.), Durham, NC
| | - Amy Akers
- From the Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (C.K.F.), Center for Cerebrovascular Research (C.K.F., J.N., C.E.M., S.W., L.P., H.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (C.E.M., H.K.), and Institute for Human Genetics (S.W., L.P.), University of California San Francisco; Departments of Radiology (B.H., M.C.M.) and Neurology (L.M.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Department of Medicine (A.Z.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.Z.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; and Angioma Alliance (A.A., H.K.), Durham, NC
| | - Helen Kim
- From the Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (C.K.F.), Center for Cerebrovascular Research (C.K.F., J.N., C.E.M., S.W., L.P., H.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (C.E.M., H.K.), and Institute for Human Genetics (S.W., L.P.), University of California San Francisco; Departments of Radiology (B.H., M.C.M.) and Neurology (L.M.), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Department of Medicine (A.Z.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery (J.M.Z.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ; and Angioma Alliance (A.A., H.K.), Durham, NC
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Shen CC, Sun MH, Yang MY, You WC, Sheu ML, Chen YJ, Chen YJ, Sheehan J, Pan HC. Outcome of intracerebral cavernoma treated by Gamma Knife radiosurgery based on a double-blind assessment of treatment indication. Radiat Oncol 2021; 16:164. [PMID: 34454542 PMCID: PMC8401103 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-021-01885-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefit and the risk profile of Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) for intracerebral cavernoma remains incompletely defined in part due to the natural history of low incidence of bleeding and spontaneous regression of this vascular malformation. In this study, we retrieved cases from a prospectively collected database to assess the outcome of intracerebral cavernoma treated with GKRS using a double blinded review process for treatment. METHODS From 2003 to 2018, there were 94 cases of cavernoma treated by GKRS in the doubly blinded assessments by two experienced neurological and approved for GKRS treatment. All the patients received GKRS with margin dose of 11-12 (Gray) Gy and afterwards were assessed for neurological outcome, radiologic response, and quality of life. RESULTS The median age of the patients was 48 (15-85) years with median follow up of 77 (26-180) months post SRS. The mean target volume was 1.93 ± 3.45 cc. In those who has pre-SRS epilepsy, 7 of 16 (43.7%) achieved seizure freedom (Engel I/II) and 9 of 16 (56.3%) achieved decreased seizures (Engel III) after SRS. Rebleeding occurred in 2 cases (2.1%) at 13 and 52 months post SRS. The radiologic assessment demonstrated 20 (21.3%) cases of decreased cavernoma volume, 69 (73.4%) were stable, and 5 (7.3%) increased size. Eighty-seven of 94 (92.5%) cases at the last follow up achieve improvement in their quality of life, but 7 cases (7.4%) showed a deterioration. In statistical analysis, the effective seizure control class (Engel I/II) was highly correlated with patient harboring a single lesion (p < 0.05) and deep seated location of the cavernoma (p < 0.01). New neurological deficits were highly correlated with decreased mental (p < 0.001) and physical (p < 0.05) components of quality of life testing, KPS (p < 0.001), deep seated location (p < 0.01), and increased nidus volume (p < 0.05). Quality of life deterioration either in physical component (p < 0.01), mental component (p < 0.01), and KPS (p < 0.05) was highly correlated with increased cavernoma volume. CONCLUSION Low margin dose GKRS for intracerebral cavernoma offers reasonable seizure control and improved quality of life while conferring a low risk of treatment complications including adverse radiation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Chyi Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Basic Medical Education Center, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming Hsi Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Yin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Weir-Chiang You
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meei-Ling Sheu
- Institute of Biomedical Science, National Chung-Hsin University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ju Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying Ju Chen
- College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jason Sheehan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Hung-Chuan Pan
- Department of Medical Research and Neurosurgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650 Taiwan Boulevard Sec.4, Taichung, 40705, Taiwan. .,Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Pongeluppi RI, de Souza SNF, Neder L, Furlanetti L, Colli BO, Ballestero MFM, de Oliveira RS. Adult giant cerebellar cavernous malformations: case report and review of the literature. Br J Neurosurg 2021; 37:1-6. [PMID: 34406083 DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2021.1961685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cavernous malformations are vascular malformations that can occur anywhere in the central nervous system (CNS). Giant cavernous malformations (GCM) are extremely rare in adults, especially in the posterior fossa. Herein, we described a 48-year-old male who presented with vertigo and postural instability for three months. Neuroimaging revealed a 131.15 cm3 heterogeneous midline upper cerebellar lesion. After a suboccipital craniotomy, a gross total resection (GTR) was accomplished. Histopathologic examination revealed a huge cavernous malformation. Only 27 GCM adult cases were reported in the English-based literature. Only two patients had cerebellar lesions and, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of cerebellar vermis GCM. We concluded that cerebellar GCM (CGCM) in adults are exceedingly rare and indolent lesions. These lesions can radiologically and clinically mimic neoplastic lesions that have to be considered in the differential diagnosis. GTR is the mainstay of treatment and, whenever possible, should be attempted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Inácio Pongeluppi
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Stephanie Naomi Funo de Souza
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luciano Neder
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luciano Furlanetti
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Benedicto Oscar Colli
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Matheus Fernando Manzolli Ballestero
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Santos de Oliveira
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Are radiation-induced cavernomas clinically relevant findings? Results from long-term follow-up with brain magnetic resonance imaging of childhood cancer survivors. Radiol Oncol 2021; 55:274-283. [PMID: 34384013 PMCID: PMC8366727 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2021-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Radiation-induced cavernomas (RIC) after cranial radiotherapy have an unknown risk of hemorrhage. Zabramski magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) classification is touted as being able to indicate non-radiation-induced cavernomas hemorrhage risk. The aim of our study was to assess the hemorrhage risk of RIC during long-term follow-up of childhood cancer survivors based on brain MRI examinations. PATIENTS AND METHODS We analyzed retrospectively long-term follow-up data of 36 childhood cancer survivors after initial diagnosis with acute leukemia (n = 18) or brain tumor (n = 18), all treated with cranial radiotherapy. Detected RIC in long-term follow-up brain MRI (1.5 or 3 Tesla) were classified following the Zabramski MRI classification and were categorized into "high" (Zabramski type I, II or V) or "low" (type III or IV) risk of hemorrhage. RESULTS 18 patients (50%) showed RIC with a significant relation to the original tumor entity (p = 0.023) and the cumulative radiation dose to the brain (p = 0.016): all 9 childhood cancer survivors diagnosed with medulloblastoma developed RIC. We classified RIC in only 3/36 childhood cancer survivors (8%) (1 patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia [Zabramski type II] and 2 patients with medulloblastoma [type I and type II]) as high risk for hemorrhage, the remaining RIC were classified as Zabramski type IV with low risk for hemorrhage. None of the childhood cancer survivors with RIC showed symptomatic hemorrhages. CONCLUSIONS RIC are common late effects in childhood cancer survivors treated with cranial radiotherapy affecting half of these patients. However, only a few RIC (occurring in 8% of all reviewed childhood cancer survivors) were classified as high risk for hemorrhage and none of the childhood cancer survivors with RIC developed symptomatic hemorrhages. Thus, we conclude that RIC are low-risk findings in brain MRI and the course is mainly benign.
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72
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Zakirov BA, Konovalov NA, Belousova OB, Kaprovoy SV. [Surgical treatment of spinal cord cavernous malformations]. ZHURNAL VOPROSY NEĬROKHIRURGII IMENI N. N. BURDENKO 2021; 85:104-113. [PMID: 34156212 DOI: 10.17116/neiro202185031104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cavernous malformations (CMs) of central nervous system are vascular malformations usually localized in the brain and rarely in the spinal cord. To date, these malformations are well studied. However, some problems of the management of this pathology are still unresolved. This is due to rare localization of intramedullary CMs in the spinal cord and difficult treatment of spinal pathology per se. To date, about 1000 cases of spinal CM are described in the literature. This review is devoted to natural course of disease and postoperative outcomes. These data allow getting a complete picture of modern concepts of the treatment of spinal CMs and formulating the questions requiring further discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Zakirov
- Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - N A Konovalov
- Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - O B Belousova
- Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - S V Kaprovoy
- Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russia
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73
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Shoubash L, Baldauf J, Matthes M, Kirsch M, Rath M, Felbor U, Schroeder HWS. Long-term outcome and quality of life after CNS cavernoma resection: eloquent vs. non-eloquent areas. Neurosurg Rev 2021; 45:649-660. [PMID: 34164745 PMCID: PMC8827309 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-021-01572-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to analyze the long-term quality of life after surgery of cavernoma. A monocentric retrospective study was conducted on 69 patients with cavernoma treated microsurgically between 2000 and 2016. The eloquence was adopted from Spetzler-Martin definition. A most recent follow-up was elicited between 2017 and 2019, in which the quality of life (QoL) was evaluated with the Short Form-12 questionnaire (SF12). Forty-one lesions were in eloquent group (EG), 22 in non-eloquent group (NEG), 3 in orbit, and 3 in the spinal cord. Postoperative worsening of the modified Rankin scale (mRS) occurred in 19.5% of cases in EG versus 4.5% in NEG. After a mean follow-up of 6.5 years (SD 4.6), the neurological status was better or unchanged compared to baseline in 85.4% of EG and 100% of NEG. Regarding QoL assessment of 44 patients (EG n = 27, NEG n = 14) attended the last follow-up. Patients after eloquent cavernoma resection reported a non-inferior QoL in most SF12 domains (except for physical role) compared to NEG. However, they reported general health perception inferior to norms, which was affected by the limited physical and emotional roles. At a late follow-up, the surgical morbidity was transient in the NEG and mostly recovered in the EG. The QoL comparison between eloquent and non-eloquent cavernomas created interesting and new data after prolonged follow-up. These results add value for decision-making as well as patient counseling for future encountered cases. Preoperative evaluation of QoL is recommended for future studies to assess QoL dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loay Shoubash
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Jörg Baldauf
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marc Matthes
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Kirsch
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Rath
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ute Felbor
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry W S Schroeder
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
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74
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Fernando PM, Munasinghe BM, Jayamanne MDCJP, Jayasundara KA, Arambepola WSNWBMAG, Pranavan S, Ranathunge ND. Cerebral cavernous malformation in a child leading to a fatal subarachnoid hemorrhage - "silent but sinister:" A case report and literature review. Surg Neurol Int 2021; 12:253. [PMID: 34221584 PMCID: PMC8247693 DOI: 10.25259/sni_248_2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs), otherwise known as cavernous hemangiomas/ cavernomas, are a type of vascular malformation. It is the third most common cerebral vascular malformation, histologically characterized by ectatic, fibrous, blood filled “caverns” with thin-walled vasculature without intervening normal brain parenchyma. Case Description: Herein, we present a case of an original, spontaneous hemorrhage from a sporadic form of CCM without associated gross developmental venous anomaly in an 11-year-old child, which is an extremely rare occurrence, with the special emphasis on the demographic data of the affected population, risk factors associated with hemorrhage, and correlation of histopathological and radiological findings with an in-depth literature review. Conclusion: The significant majority of the CCM are clinically occult. Hence, the development of risk assessment tools and guidelines for timely neurosurgical intervention poses a greater clinical challenge for medical experts rendering the management of the affected individuals with CCM in an anecdotal situation. Presentation of life-threatening rebleeds and neurological deficits in the diagnosed population albeit uncommon is possibly preventable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasindu M Fernando
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, District General Hospital, Mannar, Sri Lanka
| | - B M Munasinghe
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, District General Hospital, Mannar, Sri Lanka
| | | | - K A Jayasundara
- Department of Paediatrics, District General Hospital, Mannar, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Selliah Pranavan
- Department of Forensic Pathology District General Hospital, Mannar, Sri Lanka
| | - N D Ranathunge
- Department of Pathology, District General Hospital, Mannar, Sri Lanka
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75
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Fontanella MM, Bacigaluppi S, Doglietto F, Zanin L, Agosti E, Panciani P, Belotti F, Saraceno G, Spena G, Draghi R, Fiorindi A, Cornali C, Biroli A, Kivelev J, Chiesa M, Retta SF, Gasparotti R, Kato Y, Hernesniemi J, Rigamonti D. An international call for a new grading system for cerebral and cerebellar cavernomas. J Neurosurg Sci 2021; 65:239-246. [PMID: 34184861 DOI: 10.23736/s0390-5616.21.05433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Surgical indications for cerebral cavernous malformations remain significantly center- and surgeon-dependent. Available grading systems are potentially limited, as they do not include epileptological and radiological data. A novel grading system is proposed for supratentorial and cerebellar cavernomas: it considers neuroradiological features (bleeding, increase in size), neurological status (focal deficits and seizures), location of the lesion and age of the patient. The score ranges from -1 to 10; furthermore, surgery should be considered when a score of 4 or higher is present. Based on neuroradiological characteristics, 0 points are assigned if the CCM is stable in size at different neuroradiological controls, 1 point if there is an increase in volume during follow-up, 2 points if intra- or extra-lesional bleeding <1 cm is present and 3 points if the CCM produced a hematoma >1 cm. Regarding focal neurological deficits, 0 points are assigned if absent and 2 points if present. For seizures, 0 points are assigned if absent, 1 point if present, but controlled by medications, and 2 points if drug resistant. We considered the site of the CCM, and in case of deep-seated lesions in a critical area (basal ganglia, thalamus) 1 point (-1) is subtracted, while for subcortical or deep cerebellar lesions 0 points are assigned, for CCMs in a cortical critical area 1 point is assigned and in case of lesions in cortical not in critical area or superficial cerebellar area, 2 points are assigned. As far as age is concerned, 0 points are assigned for patients older than 50 years and 1 point for patients younger than 50. In conclusion, a novel grading for surgical decision making in cerebral cavernomas, based on the experience of selected neurosurgeons, basic scientists, and patients, is suggested with the aim of further improving and standardizing the treatment of CCMs. The aim of this paper was also to call for both retrospective and prospective multicenter studies with the aim of testing the efficacy of the grading system in different centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco M Fontanella
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Doglietto
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luca Zanin
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy -
| | - Edoardo Agosti
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Panciani
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Belotti
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Saraceno
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Riccardo Draghi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fiorindi
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudio Cornali
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Biroli
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Juri Kivelev
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Saverio F Retta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,CCM Italian Research Network, National Coordination Center at the Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Gasparotti
- Unit of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Yoko Kato
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujita Health University Aichi, Toyoake, Japan
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76
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Asymptomatic Familial Multiple Cerebral Cavernous Malformation in a 73-Year-Old Woman. Case Rep Radiol 2021; 2021:9974776. [PMID: 34094613 PMCID: PMC8163527 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9974776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are dilated blood vessels which can develop sporadically or in familial form and are the commonest malformations of blood vessels in the spinal cord and brain. The familial form is an autosomal dominant gene mutation disorder. This condition can be diagnosed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scan, but the modality of choice is MRI because of its high sensitivity. We report a case of a 73-year-old woman with an asymptomatic multiple familial cerebral cavernous malformation (FCCM) which was previously misdiagnosed as multiple cerebral metastases on CT scan. A brain MRI performed correctly diagnosed her condition as FCCM based on the typical MRI appearances. In order not to misdiagnose brain lesions like CCM on CT scan, for cerebral metastases in resource-poor settings, radiologists must recommend advanced imaging modalities like MRI for further evaluation, thereby avoiding unnecessary invasive surgical biopsies.
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77
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Beucler N, Boissonneau S, Ruf A, Fuentes S, Carron R, Dufour H. Crossed brainstem syndrome revealing bleeding brainstem cavernous malformation: an illustrative case. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:204. [PMID: 34016062 PMCID: PMC8136125 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02223-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the nineteenth century, a great variety of crossed brainstem syndromes (CBS) have been described in the medical literature. A CBS typically combines ipsilateral cranial nerves deficits to contralateral long tracts involvement such as hemiparesis or hemianesthesia. Classical CBS seem in fact not to be so clear-cut entities with up to 20% of patients showing different or unnamed combinations of crossed symptoms. In terms of etiologies, acute brainstem infarction predominates but CBS secondary to hemorrhage, neoplasm, abscess, and demyelination have been described. The aim of this study was to assess the proportion of CBS caused by a bleeding episode arising from a brainstem cavernous malformation (BCM) reported in the literature. CASE PRESENTATION We present the case of a typical Foville syndrome in a 65-year-old man that was caused by a pontine BCM with extralesional bleeding. Following the first bleeding episode, a conservative management was decided but the patient had eventually to be operated on soon after the second bleeding event. DISCUSSION A literature review was conducted focusing on the five most common CBS (Benedikt, Weber, Foville, Millard-Gubler, Wallenberg) on Medline database from inception to 2020. According to the literature, hemorrhagic BCM account for approximately 7 % of CBS. Microsurgical excision may be indicated after the second bleeding episode but needs to be carefully weighted up against the risks of the surgical procedure and openly discussed with the patient. CONCLUSIONS In the setting of a CBS, neuroimaging work-up may not infrequently reveal a BCM requiring complex multidisciplinary team management including neurosurgical advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Beucler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Timone University Hospital, APHM, 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13005, Marseille, France. .,Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, French Military Health Service Academy, 1 place Alphonse Laveran, 75230, Paris Cedex 5, France.
| | - Sébastien Boissonneau
- Department of Neurosurgery, Timone University Hospital, APHM, 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13005, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, France
| | - Aurélia Ruf
- Emergency Department, Timone University Hospital, APHM, 264 Rue Saint-Pierre, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Fuentes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Timone University Hospital, APHM, 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Carron
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, France.,Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Timone University Hospital, APHM, 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Henry Dufour
- Department of Neurosurgery, Timone University Hospital, APHM, 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13005, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, MMG, Marseille, France
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78
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Weng J, Yang Y, Song D, Huo R, Li H, Chen Y, Nam Y, Zhou Q, Jiao Y, Fu W, Yan Z, Wang J, Xu H, Di L, Li J, Wang S, Zhao J, Wang J, Cao Y. Somatic MAP3K3 mutation defines a subclass of cerebral cavernous malformation. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:942-950. [PMID: 33891857 PMCID: PMC8206158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are vascular disorders that affect up to 0.5% of the total population. About 20% of CCMs are inherited because of familial mutations in CCM genes, including CCM1/KRIT1, CCM2/MGC4607, and CCM3/PDCD10, whereas the etiology of a majority of simplex CCM-affected individuals remains unclear. Here, we report somatic mutations of MAP3K3, PIK3CA, MAP2K7, and CCM genes in CCM lesions. In particular, somatic hotspot mutations of PIK3CA are found in 11 of 38 individuals with CCMs, and a MAP3K3 somatic mutation (c.1323C>G [p.Ile441Met]) is detected in 37.0% (34 of 92) of the simplex CCM-affected individuals. Strikingly, the MAP3K3 c.1323C>G mutation presents in 95.7% (22 of 23) of the popcorn-like lesions but only 2.5% (1 of 40) of the subacute-bleeding or multifocal lesions that are predominantly attributed to mutations in the CCM1/2/3 signaling complex. Leveraging mini-bulk sequencing, we demonstrate the enrichment of MAP3K3 c.1323C>G mutation in CCM endothelium. Mechanistically, beyond the activation of CCM1/2/3-inhibited ERK5 signaling, MEKK3 p.Ile441Met (MAP3K3 encodes MEKK3) also activates ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 pathways because of mutation-induced MEKK3 kinase activity enhancement. Collectively, we identified several somatic activating mutations in CCM endothelium, and the MAP3K3 c.1323C>G mutation defines a primary CCM subtype with distinct characteristics in signaling activation and magnetic resonance imaging appearance.
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79
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Martín-Noguerol T, Concepción-Aramendia L, Lim CT, Santos-Armentia E, Cabrera-Zubizarreta A, Luna A. Conventional and advanced MRI evaluation of brain vascular malformations. J Neuroimaging 2021; 31:428-445. [PMID: 33856735 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular malformations (VMs) of the central nervous system (CNS) include a wide range of pathological conditions related to intra and extracranial vessel abnormalities. Although some VMs show typical neuroimaging features, other VMs share and overlap pathological and neuroimaging features that hinder an accurate differentiation between them. Hence, it is not uncommon to misclassify different types of VMs under the general heading of arteriovenous malformations. Thorough knowledge of the imaging findings of each type of VM is mandatory to avoid these inaccuracies. Conventional MRI sequences, including MR angiography, have allowed the evaluation of CNS VMs without using ionizing radiation. Newer MRI techniques, such as susceptibility-weighted imaging, black blood sequences, arterial spin labeling, and 4D flow imaging, have an added value of providing physiopathological data in real time regarding the hemodynamics of VMs. Beyond MR images, new insights using 3D printed models are being incorporated as part of the armamentarium for a noninvasive evaluation of VMs. In this paper, we briefly review the pathophysiology of CNS VMs, focusing on the MRI findings that may be helpful to differentiate them. We discuss the role of each conventional and advanced MRI sequence for VMs assessment and provide some insights about the value of structured reports of 3D printing to evaluate VMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cc Tchoyoson Lim
- Neuroradiology Department, National Neuroscience Institute and Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | | | - Antonio Luna
- MRI Unit, Radiology Department, HT Medica, Jaén, Spain
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80
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Aydin S, Esen Aydin A, Yuksel O, Tanriverdi T. Secondary Parkinsonism in a Patient With a Cerebral Cavernous Hemangioma Treated With Stereotactic Radiosurgery. Cureus 2021; 13:e14128. [PMID: 33927936 PMCID: PMC8075824 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary parkinsonism is defined with some symptoms similar to idiopathic Parkinson's disease, but with different etiologies. And cerebral cavernous hemangioma is one of the rare cases. A 51-year-old, male patient was consulted with tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia on the right upper extremity. The Hoehn and Yahr Parkinson's scale was Stage І. Radiological evaluations showed a deep-seated cerebral cavernous hemangioma at the left posterior insular region. The patient received stereotactic radiosurgery (CyberKnife®, Accuray Incorporated, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Clinical and radiological improvements revealed within follow-up, respectively. Stereotactic radiosurgery may be an alternative treatment for secondary parkinsonism by reducing the risk of re-bleeding and reducing its size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seckin Aydin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Prof. Dr. Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Aysegul Esen Aydin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Odhan Yuksel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baskent University School Medicine, Alanya Teaching and Medical Research Center, Alanya, TUR
| | - Taner Tanriverdi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, İstanbul, TUR
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81
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Li D, Zheng JJ, Weng JC, Liu PP, Wu ZY, Zhang LW, Zhang JT, Wang L, Wu Z. Neurological outcomes of untreated brainstem cavernous malformations in a prospective observational cohort and literature review. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2021; 6:501-510. [PMID: 33737399 PMCID: PMC8717781 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2020-000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Haemorrhages of brainstem cavernous malformations (CMs) can lead to neurological deficits, the natural history of which is uncertain. The study aimed to evaluate the neurological outcomes of untreated brainstem CMs and to identify the adverse factors associated with worsened outcomes. Methods From 2009 to 2015, 698 patients (321 women) with brainstem CMs were entered into the prospective cohort after excluding patients lost to follow-up (n=43). All patients were registered, clinical data were collected and scheduled follow-up was performed. Results After a median follow-up of 60.9 months, prospective haemorrhages occurred in 167 patients (23.9%). The mean modified Rankin Scale scores at enrolment and at censoring time were 1.6 and 1.2. Neurological status was improved, unchanged and worsened in 334 (47.9%), 293 (42.0%) and 71 (10.2%) patients, respectively; 233 (33.4%) recovered to normal levels. Lesions crossing the axial midpoint (relative risk (RR) 2.325, p=0.003) and developmental venous anomaly (DVA) (RR 1.776, p=0.036) were independently significantly related to worsened outcomes. The percentage of worsened outcomes was 5.3% (18 of 337) in low-risk patients (neither DVA nor crossing the axial point) and increased to 26.0% (13 of 50) in high-risk patients (with both DVA and crossing the axial point). The percentage of worsened outcomes significantly increased as the number of prospective haemorrhages increased (from 1.5% (8 of 531, if 0 prospective ictus) to 37.5% (48 of 128, if 1 ictus) and 38.5% (15 of 39, if >1 ictus)). Conclusions The neurological outcomes of untreated brainstem CMs were improved/unchanged in majority of patients (89.8%) with a fatality rate of 1.7% in our cohort, which seemed to be favourable. Radiological features significantly predicted worsened outcomes. Our results provide evidence for clinical consultation and individualised treatment. The referral bias of our cohort was underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Li
- Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Jie Zheng
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Cong Weng
- Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Pan-Pan Liu
- Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ze-Yu Wu
- Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Wei Zhang
- Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Ting Zhang
- Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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82
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Hong T, Xiao X, Ren J, Cui B, Zong Y, Zou J, Kou Z, Jiang N, Meng G, Zeng G, Shan Y, Wu H, Chen Z, Liang J, Xiao X, Tang J, Wei Y, Ye M, Sun L, Li G, Hu P, Hui R, Zhang H, Wang Y. Somatic MAP3K3 and PIK3CA mutations in sporadic cerebral and spinal cord cavernous malformations. Brain 2021; 144:2648-2658. [PMID: 33729480 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cavernous malformations (CMs) affecting the central nervous system occur in approximately 0.16% to 0.4% of the general population. The majority (85%) of the CMs are in a sporadic form, but the genetic background of sporadic CMs remains enigmatic. Of the 81 patients, 73 (90.1%) patients were detected carrying somatic missense variants in 2 genes: MAP3K3 and PIK3CA by whole-exome sequencing (WES). The mutation spectrum correlated with lesion size (P = 0.001), anatomical distribution (P < 0.001), MRI appearance (P = 0.004) and haemorrhage events (P = 0.006). PIK3CA mutation was a significant predictor of overt haemorrhage events (P = 0.003, OR = 11.252, 95% CI = 2.275-55.648). Enrichment of endothelial cell (EC) population was associated with a higher fractional abundance of the somatic mutations. Overexpression of the MAP3K3 mutation perturbed angiogenesis of EC models in vitro and zebrafish embryos in vivo. Distinct transcriptional signatures between different genetic subgroups of sporadic CMs were identified by single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and verified by pathological staining. Significant apoptosis in MAP3K3 mutation carriers and overexpression of GDF15 and SERPINA5 in PIK3CA mutation carriers contributed to their phenotype. We identified activating MAP3K3 and PIK3CA somatic mutations in the majority (90.1%) of sporadic CMs and PIK3CA mutations could confer a higher risk for overt haemorrhage. Our data provide insights into genomic landscapes, propose a mechanistic explanation and underscore the possibility of a molecular classification for sporadic CMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuru Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zou
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zqi Kou
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Guolu Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Gao Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhi Shan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jiantao Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xinru Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yukui Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Liyong Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Guilin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Rutai Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China International Neuroscience Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Clinical Imaging of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations: Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2152:85-96. [PMID: 32524546 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0640-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This is a review of imaging techniques used to evaluate cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) and imaging findings associated with CCMs. This chapter includes discussion of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging sequences, appearance of CCMs and associated hemorrhage and key features to evaluate on imaging studies.
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84
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Agosti E, Doglietto F, Fontanella MM. Letter to the Editor. Bleeding risk after cavernous malformation surgery: remnant or recurrence? J Neurosurg 2021; 135:978-979. [PMID: 33711810 DOI: 10.3171/2020.12.jns204192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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85
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Ricci C, Cerase A, Riolo G, Manasse G, Battistini S. KRIT1 Gene in Patients with Cerebral Cavernous Malformations: Clinical Features and Molecular Characterization of Novel Variants. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:1876-1883. [PMID: 33651268 PMCID: PMC8421287 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01814-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are vascular malformations that may result in headaches, seizures, focal neurological deficits, and hemorrhage. CCMs occur sporadically (80%) or in familial form (20%), with autosomal dominant inheritance. Among the three CCM-related genes, mutations in KRIT1 account for 53–65% of familial cases and more than 100 different mutations have been identified so far. In the present work, we describe the clinical, neuroradiological, and genetic findings of sixteen CCM Italian patients, 13 belonging to 4 unrelated families and 3 sporadic cases. Six distinct KRIT1 gene variants, two novel (c.1730+1_1730+3del, c.1664 C>T) and four previously described (c.966G>A, c.1255-1G>A c.1197_1200del, c.1255-1_1256del), were identified, including a possible de novo mutation. All the variants resulted in a premature stop codon. Cerebral 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging showed multiple CCMs in all the mutation carriers for whom it was available, including sporadic cases. One patient had also cutaneous angiomas. Among the mutation carriers, symptomatic patients constituted 66% and a variable phenotypic expression was observed. Our data confirms phenotypic variability and incomplete penetrance of neurological symptoms in KRIT1-positive families, expands the mutational spectrum of this gene, and highlights how sporadic cases with multiple lesions need an approach similar to individuals with familial CCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ricci
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alfonso Cerase
- Neuroimaging Unit - Diagnostic and Functional Neuroradiology, Department of Neurological and Motor Sciences, Azienda ospedaliero-universitaria Senese University Hospital, Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Riolo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuditta Manasse
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Battistini
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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86
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Li D, Wu ZY, Liu PP, Ma JP, Huo XL, Wang L, Zhang LW, Wu Z, Zhang JT. Natural history of brainstem cavernous malformations: prospective hemorrhage rate and adverse factors in a consecutive prospective cohort. J Neurosurg 2021; 134:917-928. [DOI: 10.3171/2019.12.jns192856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVEGiven the paucity of data on the natural history of brainstem cavernous malformations (CMs), the authors aimed to evaluate the annual hemorrhage rate and hemorrhagic risk of brainstem CMs.METHODSNine hundred seventy-nine patients diagnosed with brainstem CMs were referred to Beijing Tiantan Hospital from 2006 to 2015; 224 patients were excluded according to exclusion criteria, and 47 patients were lost to follow-up. Thus, this prospective observational cohort included 708 cases (324 females). All patients were registered, clinical data were recorded, and follow-up was completed.RESULTSSix hundred ninety (97.5%) of the 708 patients had a prior hemorrhage, 514 (72.6%) had hemorrhagic presentation, and developmental venous anomaly (DVA) was observed in 241 cases (34.0%). Two hundred thirty-seven prospective hemorrhages occurred in 175 patients (24.7%) during 3400.2 total patient-years, yielding a prospective annual hemorrhage rate of 7.0% (95% CI 6.2%–7.9%), which decreased to 4.7% after the 1st year. Multivariate Cox regression analysis after adjusting for sex and age identified hemorrhagic presentation (HR 1.574, p = 0.022), DVA (HR 1.678, p = 0.001), mRS score ≥ 2 on admission (HR 1.379, p = 0.044), lesion size > 1.5 cm (HR 1.458, p = 0.026), crossing the axial midpoint (HR 1.446, p = 0.029), and superficially seated location (HR 1.307, p = 0.025) as independent adverse factors for prospective hemorrhage, but history of prior hemorrhage was not significant. The annual hemorrhage rates were 8.3% and 4.3% in patients with and without hemorrhagic presentation, respectively; the rate was 9.9%, 6.0%, and 1.0% in patients with ≥ 2, only 1, and 0 prior hemorrhages, respectively; and the rate was 9.2% in patients with both hemorrhagic presentation and focal neurological deficit on admission.CONCLUSIONSThe study reported an annual hemorrhage rate of 7.0% exclusively for brainstem CMs, which significantly increased if patients presented with both hemorrhagic presentation and focal neurological deficit (9.2%), or any other risk factor. Patients with a risk factor for hemorrhage needed close follow-up regardless of the number of prior hemorrhages. It should be noted that the referral bias in this study could have overestimated the annual hemorrhage rate. This study improved the understanding of the natural history of brainstem CMs, and the results are important for helping patients and physicians choose a suitable treatment option based on the risk factors and stratified annual rates.Clinical trial registration no.: ChiCTR-POC-17011575 (http://www.chictr.org.cn/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Li
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing; and
| | - Ze-Yu Wu
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing; and
| | - Pan-Pan Liu
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing; and
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, The Municipal Hospital of Weihai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun-Peng Ma
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing; and
| | - Xu-Lei Huo
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing; and
| | - Liang Wang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing; and
| | - Li-Wei Zhang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing; and
| | - Zhen Wu
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing; and
| | - Jun-Ting Zhang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing; and
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Oldenburg J, Malinverno M, Globisch MA, Maderna C, Corada M, Orsenigo F, Conze LL, Rorsman C, Sundell V, Arce M, Smith RO, Yau ACY, Billström GH, Mägi CÖ, Beznoussenko GV, Mironov AA, Fernando D, Daniel G, Olivari D, Fumagalli F, Lampugnani MG, Dejana E, Magnusson PU. Propranolol Reduces the Development of Lesions and Rescues Barrier Function in Cerebral Cavernous Malformations: A Preclinical Study. Stroke 2021; 52:1418-1427. [PMID: 33618555 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.029676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Joppe Oldenburg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (J.O., M.A.G., L.L.C., C.R., V.S., M.A., R.O.S., A.C.Y.Y., E.D., P.U.M.), Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Matteo Malinverno
- Vascular Biology Unit (M.M., C.M., M.C., F.O., G.V.B., M.G.L., E.D.), The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Ascencion Globisch
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (J.O., M.A.G., L.L.C., C.R., V.S., M.A., R.O.S., A.C.Y.Y., E.D., P.U.M.), Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Claudio Maderna
- Vascular Biology Unit (M.M., C.M., M.C., F.O., G.V.B., M.G.L., E.D.), The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Corada
- Vascular Biology Unit (M.M., C.M., M.C., F.O., G.V.B., M.G.L., E.D.), The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Orsenigo
- Vascular Biology Unit (M.M., C.M., M.C., F.O., G.V.B., M.G.L., E.D.), The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Lei Liu Conze
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (J.O., M.A.G., L.L.C., C.R., V.S., M.A., R.O.S., A.C.Y.Y., E.D., P.U.M.), Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Rorsman
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (J.O., M.A.G., L.L.C., C.R., V.S., M.A., R.O.S., A.C.Y.Y., E.D., P.U.M.), Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Veronica Sundell
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (J.O., M.A.G., L.L.C., C.R., V.S., M.A., R.O.S., A.C.Y.Y., E.D., P.U.M.), Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Maximiliano Arce
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (J.O., M.A.G., L.L.C., C.R., V.S., M.A., R.O.S., A.C.Y.Y., E.D., P.U.M.), Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Ross O Smith
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (J.O., M.A.G., L.L.C., C.R., V.S., M.A., R.O.S., A.C.Y.Y., E.D., P.U.M.), Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Anthony C Y Yau
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (J.O., M.A.G., L.L.C., C.R., V.S., M.A., R.O.S., A.C.Y.Y., E.D., P.U.M.), Uppsala University, Sweden
| | | | - Caroline Öhman Mägi
- Department of Materials and Science and Engineering, Applied Materials Science (C.O.M.), Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Galina V Beznoussenko
- Vascular Biology Unit (M.M., C.M., M.C., F.O., G.V.B., M.G.L., E.D.), The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, Milan, Italy.,Electron Microscopic Laboratory (G.V.B., A.A.M.), The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexander A Mironov
- Electron Microscopic Laboratory (G.V.B., A.A.M.), The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Dinesh Fernando
- Department of Biomaterials and Technology/Wood Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala (D.F., G.D.)
| | - Geoffrey Daniel
- Department of Biomaterials and Technology/Wood Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala (D.F., G.D.)
| | - Davide Olivari
- Cardiopulmonary Physiopathology Laboratory, Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Instituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy (D.O., F.F.)
| | - Francesca Fumagalli
- Cardiopulmonary Physiopathology Laboratory, Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Instituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy (D.O., F.F.)
| | - Maria Grazia Lampugnani
- Vascular Biology Unit (M.M., C.M., M.C., F.O., G.V.B., M.G.L., E.D.), The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, Milan, Italy.,Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy (M.G.L.)
| | - Elisabetta Dejana
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (J.O., M.A.G., L.L.C., C.R., V.S., M.A., R.O.S., A.C.Y.Y., E.D., P.U.M.), Uppsala University, Sweden.,Vascular Biology Unit (M.M., C.M., M.C., F.O., G.V.B., M.G.L., E.D.), The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Italy (E.D.)
| | - Peetra U Magnusson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (J.O., M.A.G., L.L.C., C.R., V.S., M.A., R.O.S., A.C.Y.Y., E.D., P.U.M.), Uppsala University, Sweden
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88
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Reith W, Kettner M. [Spinal cord vascular diseases]. Radiologe 2021; 61:258-262. [PMID: 33599788 DOI: 10.1007/s00117-021-00828-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Spinal vascular malformations include various entities, including spinal dural arteriovenous (AV) fistulas, acquired malformations and cavernous hemangiomas, and spinal arteriovenous malformations. AV fistula refers to a spinal cord vascular malformation in which there is a short-circuit connection between a dural artery and a perimedullary vein superficial to the myelon. The condition is relatively rare, initial clinical symptoms are often misinterpreted, and a definitive diagnosis is often delayed by 12 months or more. However, early diagnosis is important to prevent progression of clinical symptoms, which may include paraplegia. Early magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is helpful, showing intramedullary edema in the T2-weighted sequences and superficial, markedly dilated veins. Treatment consists of ligation of the AV fistula, either surgically or by embolization. Cavernous hemangiomas, consisting of a large number of closely located immature blood vessels, are also relatively rare and have a low risk of bleeding (approximately 0.2-0.5%). Venous hemorrhage may also occur, resulting in clinical symptoms (including paraplegia).
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Affiliation(s)
- W Reith
- Klinik für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Neuroradiologie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Straße, 66424, Homburg-Saar, Deutschland.
| | - M Kettner
- Klinik für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Neuroradiologie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Straße, 66424, Homburg-Saar, Deutschland
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89
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Jagathesan T, OBrien M. Aeromedical Implications of Cerebral Cavernomas. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2021; 92:120-123. [PMID: 33468293 DOI: 10.3357/amhp.5747.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cavernomas, cavernous angiomas, or cerebral cavernous malformations are clusters of endothelium-lined blood vessels usually found in the brain. With the increasing use of radiological imaging, these are being detected incidentally in asymptomatic aircrew. The UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) experience of cavernomas is described and the aeromedical concerns, that is, the risk of epilepsy, hemorrhage, and the development of a neurological deficit, are considered.METHODS: A search of the CAA database between 1990 and 2020 was performed for the term cavernoma. The gender, age at diagnosis, class of certification held, clinical presentation, location, and size of the lesion were noted. A PubMed literature review for papers with complications of cavernoma was performed.RESULTS: Six cases of cavernoma have been declared to the CAA: five professional pilots and one private pilot. Five were men and one was a woman. The age range was between 38 and 60 yr, with a mean of 48 yr. Two cases presented with clinical symptoms and four were asymptomatic. Complication rates for seizure and hemorrhage were extracted from the published literature together with the significance of other factors such as cavernoma size, family history, multiplicity, and the development of new lesions.DISCUSSION: A policy for the medical certification of aircrew with cavernomas that have presented with clinical symptoms and those that are detected incidentally is proposed.Jagathesan T, OBrien M. Aeromedical implications of cerebral cavernomas. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(2):120123.
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90
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Sabayan B, Lineback C, Viswanathan A, Leslie‐Mazwi TM, Shaibani A. Central nervous system vascular malformations: A clinical review. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:504-522. [PMID: 33434339 PMCID: PMC7886037 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CNS vascular malformation is an umbrella term that encompasses a wide variety of pathologies, with a wide range of therapeutic and diagnostic importance. This range spans lesions with a risk of devastating neurological compromise to lesions with a slow, static or benign course. Advances in neurovascular imaging along with increased utilization of these advances, have resulted in more frequent identification of these lesions. In this article, we provide an overview on definitions and classifications of CNS vascular malformations and outline the etiologic, diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic features for each entity. This review covers intracranial and spinal cord vascular malformations and discusses syndromes associated with CNS vascular malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Sabayan
- Department of NeurologyNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Department of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Christina Lineback
- Department of NeurologyNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Anand Viswanathan
- Department of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Thabele M. Leslie‐Mazwi
- Departments of Neurosurgery and NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ali Shaibani
- Department of RadiologyNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
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91
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Hart BL, Mabray MC, Morrison L, Whitehead KJ, Kim H. Systemic and CNS manifestations of inherited cerebrovascular malformations. Clin Imaging 2021; 75:55-66. [PMID: 33493737 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular malformations occur in both sporadic and inherited patterns. This paper reviews imaging and clinical features of cerebrovascular malformations with a genetic basis. Genetic diseases such as familial cerebral cavernous malformations and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia often have manifestations in bone, skin, eyes, and visceral organs, which should be recognized. Genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying the inherited disorders are becoming better understood, and treatments are likely to follow. An interaction between the intestinal microbiome and formation of cerebral cavernous malformations has emerged, with possible treatment implications. Two-hit mechanisms are involved in these disorders, and additional triggering mechanisms are part of the development of malformations. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia encompasses a variety of vascular malformations, with widely varying risks, and a more recently recognized association with cortical malformations. Somatic mutations are implicated in the genesis of some sporadic malformations, which means that discoveries related to inherited disorders may aid treatment of sporadic cases. This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge of these conditions, salient features regarding mechanisms of development, and treatment prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine L Hart
- Department of Radiology, MSC10 5530, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Marc C Mabray
- Department of Radiology, MSC10 5530, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Leslie Morrison
- Department of Neurology, MSC10 5620, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA.
| | - Kevin J Whitehead
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, 50 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; George E. Wahlen Salt Lake City VA Medical Center, 500 Foothill Boulevard, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA.
| | - Helen Kim
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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92
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Abstract
Hemorrhagic stroke comprises about 20% of all strokes, with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) being the most common type. Frequency of ICH is increased where hypertension is untreated. ICH in particularly has a disproportionately high risk of early mortality and long-term disability. Until recently, there has been a paucity of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to provide evidence for the efficacy of various commonly considered interventions in ICH, including acute blood pressure management, coagulopathy reversal, and surgical hematoma evacuation. Evidence-based guidelines do exist for ICH and these form the basis for a framework of care. Current approaches emphasize control of extremely high blood pressure in the acute phase, rapid reversal of vitamin K antagonists, and surgical evacuation of cerebellar hemorrhage. Lingering questions, many of which are the topic of ongoing clinical research, include optimizing individual blood pressure targets, reversal strategies for newer anticoagulant medications, and the role of minimally invasive surgery. Risk stratification models exist, which derive from findings on clinical exam and neuroimaging, but care should be taken to avoid a self-fulfilling prophecy of poor outcome from limiting treatment due to a presumed poor prognosis. Cerebral venous thrombosis is an additional subtype of hemorrhagic stroke that has a unique set of causes, natural history, and treatment and is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Montaño
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Daniel F Hanley
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - J Claude Hemphill
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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Li Y, Khahera A, Kim J, Mandel M, Han SS, Steinberg GK. Basal ganglia cavernous malformations: case series and systematic review of surgical management and long-term outcomes. J Neurosurg 2021; 135:1113-1121. [PMID: 33385997 DOI: 10.3171/2020.7.jns2098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reports on basal ganglia cavernous malformations (BGCMs) are rare. Here, the authors report on their experience in resecting these malformations to offer insight into this infrequent disease subtype. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed a prospectively managed departmental database of all deep-seated cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) treated at Stanford between 1987 and 2019 and included for further analysis those with a radiographic diagnosis of BGCM. Moreover, a systematic literature review was undertaken using the PubMed and Web of Science databases. RESULTS The departmental database search yielded 331 patients with deep-seated CCMs, 44 of whom had a BGCM (13.3%). Headache was the most common presenting sign (53.5%), followed by seizure (32.6%) and hemiparesis (27.9%). Lesion location involved the caudate nucleus in 21.4% of cases compared to 78.6% of cases within the lentiform nucleus. Caudate BGCMs were larger on presentation and were more likely to present to the ependymal surface (p < 0.001) with intraventricular hemorrhage and hydrocephalus (p = 0.005 and 0.007, respectively). Dizziness and diplopia were also more common with lesions involving the caudate. Because of their anatomical location, caudate BGCMs were preferentially treated via an interhemispheric approach and were less likely to be associated with worsening perioperative deficits than lentiform BGCMs (p = 0.006 and 0.045, respectively). Ten patients (25.6%) were clinically worse in the immediate postoperative period, 4 (10.2%) of whom continued to suffer permanent morbidity at the last follow-up. A long-term good outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score 0-1) was attained in 74.4% of cases compared to the 69.2% of patients who had presented with an mRS score 0-1. Relative to their presenting mRS score, 89.8% of patients had an improved or unchanged status at the last follow-up. The median postoperative follow-up was 11 months (range 1-252 months). Patient outcomes after resection did not differ among surgical approaches; however, patients presenting with hemiparesis and lesions involving the globus pallidus or posterior limb of the internal capsule were more likely to suffer neurological deficits during the immediate perioperative period. Patients who had undergone awake surgeries were more likely to suffer neurological decline at the early as well as the late follow-up. When adjusting for awake craniotomy as a potential confounder of lesion location, a BGCM involving the posterior limb was predictive of developing early postoperative deficits, but this finding did not persist at the long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Surgery is a safe and effective treatment modality for managing BGCMs, with an estimated long-term permanent morbidity rate of around 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Li
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine and Stanford Health Center, Stanford
| | | | - Jason Kim
- 3University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | - Mauricio Mandel
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine and Stanford Health Center, Stanford
| | - Summer S Han
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine and Stanford Health Center, Stanford.,4Department of Medicine, Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Gary K Steinberg
- 1Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine and Stanford Health Center, Stanford
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Brzegowy K, Kowalska N, Solewski B, Musiał A, Kasprzycki T, Herman-Sucharska I, Walocha JA. Prevalence and anatomical characteristics of developmental venous anomalies: an MRI study. Neuroradiology 2020; 63:1001-1008. [PMID: 33230619 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-020-02612-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Developmental venous anomalies (DVAs) are extreme anatomical venous variations formed by multiple radiating medullary veins, which converge centripetally into a single collecting vein. Their coexistence with symptomatic cavernous malformations (CMs) has been reported in the literature. The aim of this study was to assess the characteristics of DVAs using MRI. METHODS A total of 6948 head MRIs of adult Caucasian patients were retrospectively analyzed to determine the number and locations of DVAs. We collected the data on the termination of the collecting vein, the prevalence of DVA-related CMs, and MRI FLAIR signal-hyperintensity corresponding to the location of the DVA. RESULTS At least one DVA was identified in 7.46% of the patients. The prevalence decreased with age, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of - 0.7328. A total of 599 DVAs were identified. Multiple DVAs were found in 10.92% of the patients with DVAs. The DVAs were identified more often in the supratentorial region (73.12%, p < 0.0001), and the most common location was the frontal lobe (35.23%). The collecting vein usually drained into the superficial cerebral veins (68.78%). CMs were observed in 4.14% of the patients with DVAs, and the prevalence showed a positive correlation with age. Signal-intensity abnormalities were identified in the vicinity of 5.18% DVAs. CONCLUSION Knowledge about characteristics of DVAs and associated anomalies is essential for neuroradiologists and neurosurgeons. The large number of currently available diagnostic studies enables us to assess anatomical variants on a great number of subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Brzegowy
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Natalia Kowalska
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bernard Solewski
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Musiał
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kasprzycki
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Izabela Herman-Sucharska
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.,Voxel Diagnostic Medical Center, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy A Walocha
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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95
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Yu Z, Huang B, Liang R. Radiation-induced cavernous malformation after stereotactic radiosurgery for cavernous sinus meningioma: a case report. BMC Neurol 2020; 20:422. [PMID: 33218314 PMCID: PMC7678286 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-020-01995-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Radiation-induced cavernous malformation (RICM) is a rare sequela of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) treatment of intracranial tumors. To date, no study reported on RICM after SRS for meningiomas originating from the skull base. The relationship between locus of initial meningioma and RICM has not been studied. Case presentation A 57-year-old woman presented with persistent headaches and blepharoptosis at initial episode. MRI disclosed a right parasellar lesion, diagnosed as a cavernous sinus meningioma (CSM). After receiving a single-fractionated SRS, headache relieved, but blepharoptosis did not significantly improve. Three years and three months later, she returned with headaches and dizziness. MRI showed an enlarged CSM. Moreover, a new mass-like lesion, suspected hemangioma, appeared in the nearby right temporal lobe. After surgical removal of the new lesion and the CSM, the patient’s neurological symptoms significantly improved. Pathology confirmed CSM and temporal RICM. Conclusions We report the first rare case of RICM occurring after SRS for CSM. The RICM may be in the same region as the initial tumor. Surgical intervention was preferred for symptomatic RICM and initial meningioma. We recommend long-term regular followup MRIs for patients with meningioma after SRS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuan Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Gulou District, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Gulou District, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Risheng Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Gulou District, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, China.
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96
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Cerebral cavernous malformation remnants after surgery: a single-center series with long-term bleeding risk analysis. Neurosurg Rev 2020; 44:2639-2645. [PMID: 33211201 PMCID: PMC8490209 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-020-01436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this work is to investigate the long-term bleeding risk of cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) remnants. A review of clinical, radiological, operative, and post-operative data of a cerebral cavernous malformation (CCMs) prospective database was performed. Fisher’s exact test and Mann-Whitney U-test were used to assess differences between non-hemorrhagic and hemorrhagic CCM remnants for 14 variables. Recursive partitioning analysis was performed to assess the order of variables most associated with CCM remnant bleeding. Twenty-four patients out of 126 had a CCM post-surgical remnant. Of these, 7 had at least one post-operative hemorrhagic event. The mean follow-up was 80.7 months (range 12–144). CCM post-surgical remnant bleeding presented mostly with acute headache (50%) and focal neurological deficit (25%); in the remaining cases, the hemorrhage was asymptomatic. Retreatment was performed in two patients, with surgery and radiosurgery, respectively; no treatment was performed in the majority of cases. All patients ranked as non-II, according to Zabramski classification, did not show any post-surgical bleeding. The presence of a pre-operative perilesional hemosiderin ring was highly significant in predicting post-surgical bleeding (sensitivity = 0.94, specificity = 0.88) and incorrectly predicted bleeding in only two of the 24 patients. This study provides an evaluation of clinical and radiological factors influencing the bleeding risk of a CCM post-surgical remnant in a homogeneous population. Perilesional hemosiderin ring and Zabramski Type II appear to strongly condition the bleeding risk of a CCM post-surgical remnant.
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97
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Geraldo AF, Messina SS, Tortora D, Parodi A, Malova M, Morana G, Gandolfo C, D'Amico A, Herkert E, Govaert P, Ramenghi LA, Rossi A, Severino M. Neonatal Developmental Venous Anomalies: Clinicoradiologic Characterization and Follow-Up. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2020; 41:2370-2376. [PMID: 33093132 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although developmental venous anomalies have been frequently studied in adults and occasionally in children, data regarding these entities are scarce in neonates. We aimed to characterize clinical and neuroimaging features of neonatal developmental venous anomalies and to evaluate any association between MR imaging abnormalities in their drainage territory and corresponding angioarchitectural features. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed parenchymal abnormalities and angioarchitectural features of 41 neonates with developmental venous anomalies (20 males; mean corrected age, 39.9 weeks) selected through a radiology report text search from 2135 neonates who underwent brain MR imaging between 2008 and 2019. Fetal and longitudinal MR images were also reviewed. Neurologic outcomes were collected. Statistics were performed using χ2, Fisher exact, Mann-Whitney U, or t tests corrected for multiple comparisons. RESULTS Developmental venous anomalies were detected in 1.9% of neonatal scans. These were complicated by parenchymal/ventricular abnormalities in 15/41 cases (36.6%), improving at last follow-up in 8/10 (80%), with normal neurologic outcome in 9/14 (64.2%). Multiple collectors (P = .008) and larger collector caliber (P < .001) were significantly more frequent in complicated developmental venous anomalies. At a patient level, multiplicity (P = .002) was significantly associated with the presence of ≥1 complicated developmental venous anomaly. Retrospective fetal detection was possible in 3/11 subjects (27.2%). CONCLUSIONS One-third of neonatal developmental venous anomalies may be complicated by parenchymal abnormalities, especially with multiple and larger collectors. Neuroimaging and neurologic outcomes were favorable in most cases, suggesting a benign, self-limited nature of these vascular anomalies. A congenital origin could be confirmed in one-quarter of cases with available fetal MR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Geraldo
- From the Neuroradiology Unit (A.F.G.), Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal.,Neuroradiology Unit (A.F.G., D.T., G.M., A.R., M.S.)
| | - S S Messina
- Radiology Unit (S.S.M.), Casa di Cura Regina Pacis, Palermo, Italy
| | - D Tortora
- Neuroradiology Unit (A.F.G., D.T., G.M., A.R., M.S.)
| | - A Parodi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (A.P., M.M., L.A.R.)
| | - M Malova
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (A.P., M.M., L.A.R.)
| | - G Morana
- Neuroradiology Unit (A.F.G., D.T., G.M., A.R., M.S.)
| | - C Gandolfo
- Interventional Unit (C.G.), IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - A D'Amico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate (A.D.), Universita' Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - E Herkert
- Division of Neonatology (E.H., P.G.), Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P Govaert
- Division of Neonatology (E.H., P.G.), Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L A Ramenghi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (A.P., M.M., L.A.R.)
| | - A Rossi
- Neuroradiology Unit (A.F.G., D.T., G.M., A.R., M.S.)
| | - M Severino
- Neuroradiology Unit (A.F.G., D.T., G.M., A.R., M.S.)
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Intracranial and extracranial vascular manifestations of patients with a clinical diagnosis of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome. Neuroradiology 2020; 63:409-415. [PMID: 33064164 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-020-02560-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE While numerous reports have demonstrated intracranial CNS anomalies associated with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, to our knowledge, there has not been a large consecutive study examining these anomalies. The aim of this study was to determine the spectrum of intracranial neurovascular manifestations in patients with a clinical diagnosis of Klippel-Tranaunay syndrome. METHODS Consecutive patients with a clinical diagnosis of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, as defined by the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies, who underwent brain contrast-enhanced CT/computed tomography angiography, MRI/magnetic resonance angiography, or digital subtraction angiography at our institution from 2000 to 2019 were included. Studies were evaluated by a neuroradiologist and a senior radiology resident for the presence of cavernous malformations, developmental venous anomalies, venous sinus developmental abnormalities, craniofacial venous malformations, intraosseous venous malformations, and intracranial/extracranial venous abnormalities. RESULTS Fifty patients with definite KTS were included. Thirty-four neurovascular anomalies were found in 17 patients (34.0%), including 8 with multiple anomalies. Nine patients had developmental venous anomalies (18.0%), 7 had craniofacial venous malformations (14.0), 6 had venous sinus developmental abnormalities (12.0%), 7 had intraosseous venous malformations (14.0%), and 2 had cavernous malformations (4.0%), and 9 patients had both intracranial venous abnormalities and craniofacial or calvarial findings (13.0%). CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome can involve a wide spectrum of intracranial neurovascular anomalies predominantly involving the venous system.
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99
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Dammann P, Herten A, Santos AN, Rauschenbach L, Chen B, Darkwah Oppong M, Schmidt B, Forsting M, Kleinschnitz C, Sure U. Multimodal outcome assessment after surgery for brainstem cavernous malformations. J Neurosurg 2020; 135:401-409. [PMID: 33065532 DOI: 10.3171/2020.6.jns201823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The object of this study was to assess outcome after surgery for brainstem cavernous malformations (BSCMs) using functional, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and psychological surveys to analyze the interrelation of these measurements, and to compare HRQOL and anxiety and depression scores with those in a healthy population. METHODS The authors performed a cross-sectional outcome study of all patients surgically treated for BSCM in their department between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2019. They assessed functional outcome via the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), health-related quality of life (HRQOL) via the SF-36 and 9-item Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (LISAT-9), cranial nerve and brainstem function using a questionnaire, symptom-based psychological outcome via the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and timepoint of a return to previous employment. They analyzed the correlation between absolute (mRS score ≤ 2) and relative (postoperative deterioration in initial mRS score) outcome endpoints and the interrelation of the outcome measures and performed a comparison of HRQOL and HADS scores with findings in a healthy population. RESULTS Seventy-four patients were eligible for inclusion in the study. HRQOL was impaired after surgery for BSCM compared to that in a healthy population. This impairment was substantial in patients with an unfavorable functional outcome (mRS > 2) but was also present in those with a favorable outcome (mRS ≤ 2) in selected domains. Psychological impairment was negligible in patients with a favorable outcome and grave in those with an unfavorable outcome. LISAT-9 results revealed that brainstem and cranial nerve symptoms reduce satisfaction mainly in self-care abilities for both unfavorable and favorable outcome patients. Among the brainstem and cranial nerve symptoms, balance impairment showed the most significant impact on HRQOL. Absolute outcome endpoints were superior to relative outcome endpoints in reflecting impairment in HRQOL after surgery. CONCLUSIONS The study data can improve patient counseling and decision-making in BSCM treatment and may function as a benchmark. The authors report outcomes after BSCM surgery in high detail, emphasizing the specific impact of cranial nerve and brainstem symptoms on HRQOL. When reporting BSCM surgery outcome, absolute outcome endpoints should be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annika Herten
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Essen
| | | | | | - Bixia Chen
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Essen
| | | | - Börge Schmidt
- 2Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen
| | - Michael Forsting
- 3Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen; and
| | - Christoph Kleinschnitz
- 4Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sure
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Essen
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100
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Cerebral cavernous malformation: Management and outcome during pregnancy and puerperium. A systematic review of literature. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2020; 50:101927. [PMID: 33035718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2020.101927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebral cavernomas malformations (CCMs) are vascular malformations that occur with an incidence of 0,4-0,8 % in general population. The most feared complication is cerebral hemorrhage. Currently there are no guidelines for pregnant women with CCMs. Some authors claimed that many physiological changes related to pregnancy could be linked to an high risk of rupture and bleeding of the cerebral cavernoma. However, more recent studies highlight that the presence of cerebral cavernomatosis is not a contraindication for pregnancy and that the risk of bleeding is similar in pregnant and in non-pregnant women. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of our work is to analyze, through the study of controversial findings in literature, all the information currently available trying to establish a common approach for management of women with cerebral cavernomatosis in pregnancy, during childbirth and in the puerperium. FINDINGS In accordance with existing literature, pregnancy does not appear to be a significant risk factor for the worsening of clinical manifestations associated with the presence of CCMs. Vaginal delivery is not contraindicated in patients with CCMs and there is no indication to perform cesarean section to reduce the incidence of hemorrhage. The only indication for neurosurgery of CCMs in pregnancy is the presence of rapidly progressive symptoms and should be postponed to the puerperium if arises after 30 weeks. The puerperium is a critical time for the woman with cavernomas for the possibility of bleeding and clinical observation must be continued. CONCLUSION The patients with a diagnosis of a CCMs can have a pregnancy without any particular risk to themselves and the fetus but should be addressed to highly specialized obstetrics center to assesses the initial individual risk related to their pathology and to follow the pregnancy.
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