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Treatment effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® on the spectrum of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int Psychogeriatr 2018; 30:285-293. [PMID: 28931444 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610217001892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED ABSTRACTBackground:In randomized controlled trials, Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® has been found to be effective in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). METHODS To assess the effects of EGb 761® on specific BPSD, we analyzed data from all randomized, placebo-controlled, at least 20-week, trials of EGb 761® enrolling patients with dementia (probable Alzheimer's disease (AD), probable vascular dementia or probable AD with cerebrovascular disease) who had clinically significant BPSD (Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) total score at least 6). Data were pooled and joint analyses of NPI single item composite and caregiver distress scores were performed by meta-analysis with a fixed effects model. RESULTS Four trials involving 1628 patients (EGb 761®, 814; placebo, 814) were identified; treatment duration was 22 or 24 weeks; the daily dose of EGb 761® was 240 mg in all trials. Pooled analyses including data from the full analysis sets of all trials (EGb 761®, 796 patients; placebo, 802 patients) revealed significant superiority of EGb 761® over placebo in total scores and 10 single symptom scores. Regarding caregiver distress scores, EGb 761®-treated patients improved significantly more than those receiving placebo in all symptoms except delusions, hallucinations, and elation/euphoria. The benefit of EGb 761® mainly consists of improvement in symptoms present at baseline, but the incidence of some symptoms was also decreased. CONCLUSIONS Twenty two- to twenty four-week treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® improved BPSD (except psychotic-like features) and caregiver distress caused by such symptoms.
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Özdemir Z, Bildziukevich U, Wimmerová M, Macůrková A, Lovecká P, Wimmer Z. Plant Adaptogens: Natural Medicaments for 21st
Century? ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zülal Özdemir
- University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology; Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds; Technická 5 16628 Prague 6 Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Isotope Laboratory; Vídeňská 1083 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Uladzimir Bildziukevich
- University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology; Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds; Technická 5 16628 Prague 6 Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Isotope Laboratory; Vídeňská 1083 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Martina Wimmerová
- University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology; Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds; Technická 5 16628 Prague 6 Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Isotope Laboratory; Vídeňská 1083 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Anna Macůrková
- University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology; Technická 5 16628 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Petra Lovecká
- University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology; Technická 5 16628 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Wimmer
- University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology; Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds; Technická 5 16628 Prague 6 Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Isotope Laboratory; Vídeňská 1083 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
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Kong Y, Li K, Fu T, Wan C, Zhang D, Song H, Zhang Y, Liu N, Gan Z, Yuan L. Quercetin ameliorates Aβ toxicity in Drosophila AD model by modulating cell cycle-related protein expression. Oncotarget 2018; 7:67716-67731. [PMID: 27626494 PMCID: PMC5356514 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder characterized by β amyloid (Aβ) deposition and neurofibril tangles. It has been reported that a bioflavonoid, quercetin, could ameliorate AD phenotypes in C. elegans and mice. However, the mechanism underlying the ameliorative effect of quercetin is not fully understood yet. Drosophila models could recapitulate AD-like phenotypes, such as shortened lifespan, impaired locomotive ability as well as defects in learning and memory. So in this study, we investigated the effects of quercetin on AD in Drosophila model and explored the underlying mechanisms. We found quercetin could effectively intervene in AD pathogenesis in vivo. Mechanism study showed quercetin could restore the expression of genes perturbed by Aβ accumulation, such as those involved in cell cycle and DNA replication. Cyclin B, an important cell cycle protein, was chosen to test whether it participated in the AD ameliorative effects of quercetin. We found that cyclin B RNAi in the brain could alleviate AD phenotypes. Taken together, the current study suggested that the neuroprotective effects of quercetin were mediated at least partially by targeting cell cycle-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Li
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tingting Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Wan
- State Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- State Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, China
| | - Hang Song
- State Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- State Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, China
| | - Na Liu
- State Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, China
| | - Zhenji Gan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liudi Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,State Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, China
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54
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Sangiovanni E, Brivio P, Dell'Agli M, Calabrese F. Botanicals as Modulators of Neuroplasticity: Focus on BDNF. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:5965371. [PMID: 29464125 PMCID: PMC5804326 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5965371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in different central nervous system (CNS) diseases suggests that this neurotrophin may represent an interesting and reliable therapeutic target. Accordingly, the search for new compounds, also from natural sources, able to modulate BDNF has been increasingly explored. The present review considers the literature on the effects of botanicals on BDNF. Botanicals considered were Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell, Coffea arabica L., Crocus sativus L., Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxim., Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (green tea), Ginkgo biloba L., Hypericum perforatum L., Olea europaea L. (olive oil), Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Rhodiola rosea L., Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Vitis vinifera L., Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, and Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton. The effect of the active principles responsible for the efficacy of the extracts is reviewed and discussed as well. The high number of articles published (more than one hundred manuscripts for 14 botanicals) supports the growing interest in the use of natural products as BDNF modulators. The studies reported strengthen the hypothesis that botanicals may be considered useful modulators of BDNF in CNS diseases, without high side effects. Further clinical studies are mandatory to confirm botanicals as preventive agents or as useful adjuvant to the pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Sangiovanni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Brivio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Dell'Agli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Calabrese
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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55
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Gorji N, Moeini R, Memariani Z. Almond, hazelnut and walnut, three nuts for neuroprotection in Alzheimer's disease: A neuropharmacological review of their bioactive constituents. Pharmacol Res 2017; 129:115-127. [PMID: 29208493 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
An increase in the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder is an almost obvious issue in the world. Researches on natural products for finding effective drugs to prevent the disease are in progress. There is special attention to the three types of nuts including almond, hazelnut and walnut in manuscripts of traditional Persian medicine (PM) as the preventive agents against brainatrophy and memory loss. The purpose of this study is a pharmacological review of their bioactive constituents and introducing the value of these nuts as the effective supplements and natural medicinal foods in AD patients. Databases including PubMed and ScienceDirect were searched in title, abstract and keywords from year 2000 to present for AD-related researches on these tree nuts, their major phytochemicals and their mechanisms of action. As result, almond, hazelnut and walnut provide macronutrients, micronutrients, and phytochemicals which affect several pathways in AD pathogenesis such as amyloidogenesis, tau phosphorylation, oxidative stress, cholinergic pathways, and some non-target mechanisms including cholesterol lowering and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as effect on neurogenesis. These nuts are recommended in PM for their brain-protective activity and particularly reversing brain atrophy in case of hazelnut. The therapeutical statements of PM scholars mentioned in their books are based on their clinical observations with support of a long history of experiences. Beyond the molecular activities attributed to the phytochemicals, the use of these tree nuts could be more considered in scientific researches as the effective nutrients for prevention or even management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Gorji
- Traditional Medicine & Medical History Research Center, Health Research Center, Department of Persian Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Reihaneh Moeini
- Traditional Medicine & Medical History Research Center, Health Research Center, Department of Persian Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Zahra Memariani
- Traditional Medicine & Medical History Research Center, Health Research Center, Department of Persian Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Qin W, Chen S, Yang S, Xu Q, Xu C, Cai J. The Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Neural Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation. Aging Dis 2017; 8:792-811. [PMID: 29344417 PMCID: PMC5758352 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are special types of cells with the potential for self-renewal and multi-directional differentiation. NSCs are regulated by multiple pathways and pathway related transcription factors during the process of proliferation and differentiation. Numerous studies have shown that the compound medicinal preparations, single herbs, and herb extracts in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have specific roles in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs. In this study, we investigate the markers of NSCs in various stages of differentiation, the related pathways regulating the proliferation and differentiation, and the corresponding transcription factors in the pathways. We also review the influence of TCM on NSC proliferation and differentiation, to facilitate the development of TCM in neural regeneration and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qin
- 1Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Shiya Chen
- 1Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Shasha Yang
- 1Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Qian Xu
- 2College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Chuanshan Xu
- 3School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jing Cai
- 2College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
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57
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Wang Y, Li W, Wang M, Lin C, Li G, Zhou X, Luo J, Jin D. Quercetin reduces neural tissue damage and promotes astrocyte activation after spinal cord injury in rats. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:2298-2306. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeyang Wang
- Department of Orthopedic, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong ProvinceThe Third Clinical Medical College of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of Spine SurgeryGuangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, 510317GuangzhouChina
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of OrthopedicGuangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Mingsen Wang
- Department of Orthopedic, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Puning CityOrthopaedic Hospital of Puning CityPuningChina
| | - Chuangxin Lin
- Department of Orthopedic, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong ProvinceThe Third Clinical Medical College of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Guitao Li
- Department of Orthopedic, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityThe Third Clinical Medical College of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaozhong Zhou
- Department of OrthopedicGuangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Junnan Luo
- Department of OrthopedicGuangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Dadi Jin
- Department of Orthopedic, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong ProvinceThe Third Clinical Medical College of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Kim JI, Jeon SG, Kim KA, Kim JJ, Song EJ, Jeon Y, Kim E, Lee KB, Kwak JH, Moon M. Platycodon grandiflorus Root Extract Improves Learning and Memory by Enhancing Synaptogenesis in Mice Hippocampus. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070794. [PMID: 28737698 PMCID: PMC5537907 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. (PG) has long been used as an ingredient of foods and is known to have beneficial effects on cognitive functions as well. The present study examined the effect of each PG extract (PGE) from root, aerial part, and seeds on cognitive functions in mice. Changes in spatial learning and memory using a Y-maze test, and markers of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptogenesis were examined. Moreover, changes in neuritogenesis and activation of the ERK1/2 pathway were investigated. Results indicated that mice administered PGE (root) showed increased spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze test and synaptogenesis in the hippocampus. In addition, PGE (root) and platycodin D, the major bioactive compound from the PG root, significantly stimulated neuritic outgrowth by phosphorylation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in vitro. These results indicate that the PGE (root), containing platycodin D, enhances cognitive function through synaptogenesis via activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Il Kim
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Jeju National University, Jeju-si 63243, Korea.
| | - Seong Gak Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Kyoung Ah Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Jwa-Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun, Chungbuk 28024, Korea.
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
- LES Corporation Inc., 4 Munhwawon-ro 46beon-gil Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34167, Korea.
| | - Eun Ji Song
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Yukyoung Jeon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Eunbin Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Kyung Bok Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Jong Hwan Kwak
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
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59
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Ayyalasomayajula N, Suresh C. Mechanistic comparison of current pharmacological treatments and novel phytochemicals to target amyloid peptides in Alzheimer’s and neurodegenerative diseases. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 21:682-694. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1345425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Challa Suresh
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500007, India
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60
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Chutko LS, Surushkina SY, Yakovenko EA, Kropotov YD, Sergeev AV. [Diagnosis and treatment of cognitive impairment in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2017. [PMID: 28638024 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2017117519-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To qualify cognitive impairment in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and evaluate the efficacy of memoplant in the treatment of this pathology. MATERIAL AND METHODS The authors present the results of the clinical, psychological and electroencephalographic examination of 40 patients with ADHD, aged from 18 to 45 years. All patients received memoplant in dose of 240 mg a day for 8 weeks. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Adult patients with ADHD were characterized by both subjective and objective disorders of memory and attention. The results of the electroencephalographic study suggested the dysfunction of the frontal-thalamic regulatory system and the lack of non-specific activation of the reticular formation. After treatment, clinical improvement was observed in 24 patients (60.0%). Repeated psychological and neuropsychological examinations showed a reduction of inattention and improvement of memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Chutko
- Bekhterev Institute of Human Brain Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - S Yu Surushkina
- Bekhterev Institute of Human Brain Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E A Yakovenko
- Bekhterev Institute of Human Brain Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yu D Kropotov
- Bekhterev Institute of Human Brain Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A V Sergeev
- Bekhterev Institute of Human Brain Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Thielens NM, Tedesco F, Bohlson SS, Gaboriaud C, Tenner AJ. C1q: A fresh look upon an old molecule. Mol Immunol 2017; 89:73-83. [PMID: 28601358 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Originally discovered as part of C1, the initiation component of the classical complement pathway, it is now appreciated that C1q regulates a variety of cellular processes independent of complement activation. C1q is a complex glycoprotein assembled from 18 polypeptide chains, with a C-terminal globular head region that mediates recognition of diverse molecular structures, and an N-terminal collagen-like tail that mediates immune effector mechanisms. C1q mediates a variety of immunoregulatory functions considered important in the prevention of autoimmunity such as the enhancement of phagocytosis, regulation of cytokine production by antigen presenting cells, and subsequent alteration in T-lymphocyte maturation. Furthermore, recent advances indicate additional roles for C1q in diverse physiologic and pathologic processes including pregnancy, tissue repair, and cancer. Finally, C1q is emerging as a critical component of neuronal network refinement and homeostatic regulation within the central nervous system. This review summarizes the classical functions of C1q and reviews novel discoveries within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Tedesco
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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Li ZY, Chung YH, Shin EJ, Dang DK, Jeong JH, Ko SK, Nah SY, Baik TG, Jhoo JH, Ong WY, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. YY-1224, a terpene trilactone-strengthened Ginkgo biloba, attenuates neurodegenerative changes induced by β-amyloid (1-42) or double transgenic overexpression of APP and PS1 via inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:94. [PMID: 28449688 PMCID: PMC5408406 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginkgo biloba has been reported to possess free radical-scavenging antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory properties. In our pilot study, YY-1224, a terpene trilactone-strengthened extract of G. biloba, showed anti-inflammatory, neurotrophic, and antioxidant effects. RESULTS We investigated the pharmacological potential of YY-1224 in β-amyloid (Aβ) (1-42)-induced memory impairment using cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) knockout (-/-) and APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic (APP/PS1 Tg) mice. Repeated treatment with YY-1224 significantly attenuated Aβ (1-42)-induced memory impairment in COX-2 (+/+) mice, but not in COX-2 (-/-) mice. YY-1224 significantly attenuated Aβ (1-42)-induced upregulation of platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor gene expression, reactive oxygen species, and pro-inflammatory factors. In addition, YY-1224 significantly inhibited Aβ (1-42)-induced downregulation of PAF-acetylhydrolase-1 (PAF-AH-1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) gene expression. These changes were more pronounced in COX-2 (+/+) mice than in COX-2 (-/-) mice. YY-1224 significantly attenuated learning impairment, Aβ deposition, and pro-inflammatory microglial activation in APP/PS1 Tg mice, whereas it significantly enhanced PAF-AH and PPARγ expression. A preferential COX-2 inhibitor, meloxicam, did not affect the pharmacological activity by YY-1224, suggesting that the COX-2 gene is a critical mediator of the neuroprotective effects of YY-1224. The protective activity of YY-1224 appeared to be more efficacious than a standard G. biloba extract (Gb) against Aβ insult. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the protective effects of YY-1224 against Aβ toxicity may be associated with its PAF antagonistic- and PPARγ agonistic-potential as well as inhibition of the Aβ-mediated pro-inflammatory switch of microglia phenotypes through suppression of COX-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yi Li
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Chung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Duy-Khanh Dang
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kwon Ko
- Department of Oriental Medical Food and Nutrition, Semyung University, Jecheon, 27136 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gon Baik
- R&D Center, Yuyu Pharma, Seoul, 04598 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyeong Jhoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Wei-Yi Ong
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260 Singapore
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Nabeshima Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8503 Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341 Republic of Korea
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Baral S, Pariyar R, Kim J, Lee HS, Seo J. Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide promotes the proliferation and migration of neural stem cells. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 52:39-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Sreenivasmurthy SG, Liu JY, Song JX, Yang CB, Malampati S, Wang ZY, Huang YY, Li M. Neurogenic Traditional Chinese Medicine as a Promising Strategy for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020272. [PMID: 28134846 PMCID: PMC5343808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal neurogenesis plays a critical role in the formation of new neurons during learning and memory development. Attenuation of neurogenesis in the brain is one of the primary causes of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and, conversely, modulating the process of hippocampal neurogenesis benefit patients with AD. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), particularly herbal medicine, has been in use for thousands of years in Asia and many regions of the world for the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarize the role of neurotrophic factors, signal transducing factors, epigenetic modulators and neurotransmitters in neurogenesis, and we also discuss the functions of several Chinese herbs and their active molecules in activating multiple pathways involved in neurogenesis. TCM herbs target pathways such as Notch, Wnt, Sonic Hedgehog and receptor tyrosine kinase pathway, leading to activation of a signaling cascade that ultimately enhances the transcription of several important genes necessary for neurogenesis. Given these pathway activating effects, the use of TCM herbs could be an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravan Gopalkrishnashetty Sreenivasmurthy
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jing-Yi Liu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ju-Xian Song
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chuan-Bin Yang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Sandeep Malampati
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zi-Ying Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ying-Yu Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Min Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
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Effect of Chinese Herbal Medicine on Alzheimer's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 135:29-56. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Zhang HF, Huang LB, Zhong YB, Zhou QH, Wang HL, Zheng GQ, Lin Y. An Overview of Systematic Reviews of Ginkgo biloba Extracts for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:276. [PMID: 27999539 PMCID: PMC5138224 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extracts (GBEs) have been recommended to improve cognitive function and to prevent cognitive decline, but earlier evidence was inconclusive. Here, we evaluated all systematic reviews of GBEs for prevention of cognitive decline, and intervention of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Six databases from their inception to September 2015 were searched. Ten systematic reviews were identified, including reviews about Alzheimer's disease (n = 3), about vascular dementia (n = 1), about both Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia (n = 2), about Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and mixed dementia (n = 3), and a review about MCI (n = 1). Based on the overview quality assessment questionnaire, eight studies were scored with at least 5 points, while the other two scored 4 points and 3 points, respectively. Medication with GBEs showed improvement in cognition, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and daily activities, and the effect was dose-dependent. Efficacy was convincingly demonstrated only when high daily dose (240 mg) was applied. Compared with placebo, overall adverse events and serious adverse events were at the same level as placebo, with less adverse events in favor of GBE in the subgroup of Alzheimer's disease patients, and fewer incidences in vertigo, tinnitus, angina pectoris, and headache. In conclusion, there is clear evidence to support the efficacy of GBEs for MCI and dementia, whereas the question on efficacy to prevent cognitive decline is still open. In addition, GBEs seem to be generally safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Li-Bo Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan-Biao Zhong
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Qi-Hui Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Hui-Lin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
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Suganthy N, Devi KP, Nabavi SF, Braidy N, Nabavi SM. Bioactive effects of quercetin in the central nervous system: Focusing on the mechanisms of actions. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:892-908. [PMID: 27756054 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin, a ubiquitous flavonoid that is widely distributed in plants is classified as a cognitive enhancer in traditional and oriental medicine. The protective effects of quercetin for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and cerebrovascular diseases have been demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The free radical scavenging activity of quercetin has been well-documented, wherein quercetin has been observed to exhibit protective effects against oxidative stress mediated neuronal damage by modulating the expression of NRF-2 dependent antioxidant responsive elements, and attenuation of neuroinflammation by suppressing NF-κB signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT-1). Several in vitro and in vivo studies have also shown that quercetin destabilizes and enhances the clearance of abnormal protein such as beta- amyloid peptide and hyperphosphorlyated tau, the key pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Quercetin enhances neurogenesis and neuronal longevity by modulating a broad number of kinase signaling cascades such as phophoinositide 3- kinase (P13-kinase), AKT/PKB tyrosine kinase and Protein kinase C (PKC). Quercetin has also been well reported for its ability to reverse cognitive impairment and memory enhancement during aging. The current review focuses on summarizing the recent findings on the neuroprotective effect of quercetin, its mechanism of action and its possible roles in the prevention of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natarajan Suganthy
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Alagappa University (Science Campus), Karaikudi 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kasi Pandima Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University (Science Campus), Karaikudi 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Shi J, Tan YL, Wang ZR, An HM, Li J, Wang YC, Lv MH, Yan SX, Wu JQ, Soares JC, De Yang F, Zhang XY. Ginkgo biloba and vitamin E ameliorate haloperidol-induced vacuous chewingmovement and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in a rat tardive dyskinesia model. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 148:53-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Patel SS, Mahindroo N, Udayabanu M. Urtica dioica leaves modulates hippocampal smoothened-glioma associated oncogene-1 pathway and cognitive dysfunction in chronically stressed mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:676-686. [PMID: 27470568 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of Urtica dioica (UD) extract against chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced associative memory dysfunction and attempted to explore the possible mechanism. Male Swiss albino mice (25-30g) were divided into six groups, viz. group-I received 0.3% carboxymethyl cellulose and served as control (CTRL), group II was exposed to CUS (21days) and received vehicle (CUS), group III was subjected to CUS and received Hypericum perforatum extract (350mg/kg, p.o.) (CUS+HYP), group IV received Hypericum perforatum extract (350mg/kg, p.o.) (CTRL+HYP); group V was subjected to CUS and received UD extract (50mg/kg, p.o.) (CUS+UD), group VI received UD extract (50mg/kg, p.o.) (CTRL+UD). CUS significantly induced body weight loss (p<0.05) and associative memory impairment in step down task (p<0.05) as compared to control mice. CUS significantly downregulated Smo (p<0.05), Gli1 (p<0.01), cyclin D1 (p<0.05), BDNF (p<0.01), TrKB (p<0.01) and MAPK1 (p<0.01) mRNA expression in hippocampus as compared to control mice. CUS significantly increased the levels of TBARS (p<0.01) and nitric oxide (p<0.001), and decreased catalase (p<0.001) and total thiol (p<0.01) in plasma resulting in oxidative stress and inflammation. Chronic UD administration significantly reverted CUS mediated body weight loss (p<0.05) and cognitive impairment (p<0.05). UD administration significantly decreased the levels of TBARS (p<0.01) and nitric oxide (p<0.05), and increased the levels of catalase (p<0.01) and total thiol (p<0.05) in plasma. Chronic UD administration significantly upregulated hippocampal Smo (p<0.05), Gli1 (p<0.001), cyclin D1 (p<0.05), BDNF (p<0.05), TrKB (p<0.05) and MAPK1 (p<0.05) in stressed mice. Further, UD extract did not reverse cyclopamine induced downregulation of Gli1 and Ptch1 mRNA in hippocampal slices. UD modulated Smo-Gli1 pathway in the hippocampus as well as exerted anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. UD extract might prove to be effective for stress mediated neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita Sharan Patel
- Department of Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, 173234, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neeraj Mahindroo
- Department of Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, 173234, Himachal Pradesh, India; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Malairaman Udayabanu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, 173234, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Rangarajan P, Karthikeyan A, Dheen ST. Role of dietary phenols in mitigating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Neuromolecular Med 2016; 18:453-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-016-8430-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Liu LJ, Zhong M, Wang Q, Wang F, Shen LX, Li W. Estrogen-like Properties of Quercetin Protect Rat Hippocampal Neurons by Estrogen Receptor Alpha. INT J PHARMACOL 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2016.523.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Matias I, Buosi AS, Gomes FCA. Functions of flavonoids in the central nervous system: Astrocytes as targets for natural compounds. Neurochem Int 2016; 95:85-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Zhu J, Shi R, Chen S, Dai L, Shen T, Feng Y, Gu P, Shariff M, Nguyen T, Ye Y, Rao J, Xing G. The Relieving Effects of BrainPower Advanced, a Dietary Supplement, in Older Adults with Subjective Memory Complaints: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2016; 2016:7898093. [PMID: 27190539 PMCID: PMC4842387 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7898093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Subjective memory complaints (SMCs) are common in older adults that can often predict further cognitive impairment. No proven effective agents are available for SMCs. The effect of BrainPower Advanced, a dietary supplement consisting of herbal extracts, nutrients, and vitamins, was evaluated in 98 volunteers with SMCs, averaging 67 years of age (47-88), in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Subjective hypomnesis/memory loss (SML) and attention/concentration deficits (SAD) were evaluated before and after 12-week supplementation of BrainPower Advanced capsules (n = 47) or placebo (n = 51), using a 5-point memory questionnaire (1 = no/slight, 5 = severe). Objective memory function was evaluated using 3 subtests of visual/audio memory, abstraction, and memory recall that gave a combined total score. The BrainPower Advanced group had more cases of severe SML (severity ⩾ 3) (44/47) and severe SAD (43/47) than the placebo group (39/51 and 37/51, < 0.05, < 0.05, resp.) before the treatment. BrainPower Advanced intervention, however, improved a greater proportion of the severe SML (29.5%)(13/44) (P < 0.01) and SAD (34.9%)(15/43)(P < 0.01) than placebo (5.1% (2/39) and 13.5% (5/37), resp.). Thus, 3-month BrainPower Advanced supplementation appears to be beneficial to older adults with SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfen Zhu
- Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Rong Shi
- School of Public Health, Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Su Chen
- Si-Tang Community Health Service Center of Shanghai, Shanghai 200431, China
| | - Lihua Dai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tian Shen
- Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Pingping Gu
- Southern California Kaiser Sunset, 4867 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Mina Shariff
- Department of Research, DRM Resources, 1683 Sunflower Avenue, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - Tuong Nguyen
- Department of Research, DRM Resources, 1683 Sunflower Avenue, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - Yeats Ye
- Maryland Population Research Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jianyu Rao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Guoqiang Xing
- Imaging Institute of Rehabilitation and Development of Brain Function, North Sichuan Medical University, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong 637000, China
- Lotus Biotech.com LLC, John Hopkins University-MCC, 9601 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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Chutko LS, Surushkina SY, Yakovenko EA, Rozhkova AV, Anisimova TI, Bondarchuk YL. [The efficacy of cytoflavin in the treatment of burnout syndrome]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2016; 115:66-70. [PMID: 26525625 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201511510166-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of cytoflavin in the treatment of patients with burnout syndrome. MATERIAL AND METHODS Authors performed clinical, psychological and neurophysiological examinations of 60 patients, aged 34-43 years. Results of pharmacological therapy with cytoflavin (30 patients) or ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate (30 patients) were compared. Control examination was conducted immediately after treatment and then after 30 days to assess the stability of the resulting effect. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The higher efficacy of cytoflavin (improvement in 80% of cases) as compared to ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate (improvement in 70% of cases) was identified. After cytoflavin treatment, the improvement was more persistent. These clinical results are confirmed by the results of psychological and neurophysiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Chutko
- Bekhterev Institute of Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg
| | - S Yu Surushkina
- Bekhterev Institute of Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg
| | - E A Yakovenko
- Bekhterev Institute of Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg
| | - A V Rozhkova
- Bekhterev Institute of Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg
| | - T I Anisimova
- Bekhterev Institute of Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg
| | - Yu L Bondarchuk
- Bekhterev Institute of Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg
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Guo M, Suo Y, Gao Q, Du H, Zeng W, Wang Y, Hu X, Jiang X. The protective mechanism of Ginkgolides and Ginkgo flavonoids on the TNF-α induced apoptosis of rat hippocampal neurons and its mechanisms in vitro. Heliyon 2015; 1:e00020. [PMID: 27441214 PMCID: PMC4939806 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2015.e00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the neuroprotective mechanism of Ginkgolides or Ginkgo flavonoids on the TNF-α induced apoptosis of cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Materials and methods Primary hippocampal neurons were isolated from rat brains and cultured with (model group) or without (control group) addition of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α, final concentration of 40 ng/ml) to induce apoptosis. TNF-α induced cultures were divided into model group, Ginkgolides pre-treatment group (20 μg/ml) and Ginkgo flavonoids pre-treatment group (12 μg/ml). CCK8 was used to assess cell viability while Hoechst 33258 staining, Flow cytometry and TUNEL kits were all employed to determine apoptotic neurons. Expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-7, Caspase-8, Caspase-9 and Cytc were estimated by qRT-PCR. Results Cell viability was significantly improved in Ginkgolides pre-treatment group or Ginkgo flavonoids pre-treatment group compared with that in model group. Apoptotic neurons were significantly less in Ginkgolides pre-treatment group or Ginkgo flavonoids pre-treatment group than those in model group. Transcription levels of caspase-7, caspase-8, caspase-3, caspase-9, Bax and Cytc were down-regulated, while transcription levels of Bcl-2 was up-regulated in Ginkgolides pre-treatment or Ginkgo flavonoids pre-treatment group than those in model group. Conclusions Ginkgolides and Ginkgo flavonoids might protect against apoptosis of hippocampal neurons through inhibiting death receptor pathway or mitochondrial pathway under TNF-α background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maojuan Guo
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Yanrong Suo
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Qing Gao
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Huan Du
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Wenyun Zeng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Yijing Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Xiantong Hu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
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Effects of Ginko biloba leaf extract on the neurogenesis of the hippocampal dentate gyrus in the elderly mice. Anat Sci Int 2015; 91:280-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12565-015-0297-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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77
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Liu X, Hao W, Qin Y, Decker Y, Wang X, Burkart M, Schötz K, Menger MD, Fassbender K, Liu Y. Long-term treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 improves symptoms and pathology in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 46:121-31. [PMID: 25637484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by extracellular deposits of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) and microglia-dominated neuroinflammation. The therapeutic options for AD are currently limited. In this study, we investigated the antiinflammatory effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 when administered to TgCRND8 AD mice, which overexpress human Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein (APP) specifically in neurons. We gave APP-transgenic mice EGb 761 as a dietary supplement for 2 or 5months. Plasma concentrations of EGb 761 components in mice were in the same range as such concentrations in humans taking EGb 761 at the recommended dose (240mg daily). Treatment with EGb 761 for 5months significantly improved the cognitive function of the mice as measured by the Barnes Maze test. It also attenuated the loss of synaptic structure proteins, such as PSD-95, Munc18-1, and SNAP25. Treatment with EGb 761 for 5months inhibited microglial inflammatory activation in the brain. The effects of treatment with EGb 761 for 2months were weak and not statistically significant. Moreover, EGb 761 activated autophagy in microglia. Treatment with EGb 761 decreased Aβ-induced microglial secretion of TNF-α and IL-1β and activation of caspase-1, both of which were abolished by the inhibition of autophagy. Treatment with EGb 761 also reduced the concentrations of NLRP3 protein that colocalized with LC3-positive autophagosomes or autolysosomes in microglia. Additionally, long-term treatment with EGb 761 may reduce cerebral Aβ pathology by inhibiting β-secretase activity and Aβ aggregation. Therefore, long-term treatment with G. biloba extract EGb 761, a clinically available and well-tolerated herbal medication, ameliorates AD pathology by antiinflammatory and Aβ-directed mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of the Saarland, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany; German Institute for Dementia Prevention (DIDP), University of the Saarland, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Wenlin Hao
- Department of Neurology, University of the Saarland, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany; German Institute for Dementia Prevention (DIDP), University of the Saarland, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Yiren Qin
- Department of Neurology, University of the Saarland, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany; German Institute for Dementia Prevention (DIDP), University of the Saarland, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany; The Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China
| | - Yann Decker
- Department of Neurology, University of the Saarland, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany; German Institute for Dementia Prevention (DIDP), University of the Saarland, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Putuo People's Hospital, 200060 Shanghai, China
| | - Martin Burkart
- Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, 76227 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Karl Schötz
- Preclinical Research, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, 76227 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael D Menger
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, University of the Saarland, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Klaus Fassbender
- Department of Neurology, University of the Saarland, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany; German Institute for Dementia Prevention (DIDP), University of the Saarland, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of the Saarland, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany; German Institute for Dementia Prevention (DIDP), University of the Saarland, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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Chrbolka P, Paluch Z, Alušík Š. Current perspectives of tinnitus and its therapeutic options. Eur Geriatr Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurger.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nam SM, Kim JW, Yoo DY, Yim HS, Kim DW, Choi JH, Kim W, Jung HY, Won MH, Hwang IK, Seong JK, Yoon YS. Physical exercise ameliorates the reduction of neural stem cell, cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in senescent mice induced by D-galactose. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:116. [PMID: 25359614 PMCID: PMC4219098 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-014-0116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aging negatively affects adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and exercise attenuates the age-related reduction in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. In the present study, we used senescent mice induced by D-galactose to examine neural stem cells, cell proliferation, and neuronal differentiation with or without exercise treatment. D-galactose (100 mg/kg) was injected to six-week-old C57BL/6 J mice for 6 weeks to induce the senescent model. During these periods, the animals were placed on a treadmill and acclimated to exercise for 1 week. Then treadmill running was conducted for 1 h/day for 5 consecutive days at 10-12 m/min for 5 weeks. Results Body weight and food intake did not change significantly after D-galactose administration with/without treadmill exercise, although body weight and food intake was highest after treadmill exercise in adult animals and lowest after treadmill exercise in D-galactose-induced senescent model animals. D-galactose treatment significantly decreased the number of nestin (a neural stem cell marker), Ki67 (a cell proliferation marker), and doublecortin (DCX, a differentiating neuroblast marker) positive cells compared to those in the control group. In contrast, treadmill exercise significantly increased Ki67- and DCX-positive cell numbers in both the vehicle- and D-galactose treated groups. In addition, phosphorylated cAMP-response element binding protein (pCREB) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was significantly decreased in the D-galactose treated group, whereas exercise increased their expression in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in both the vehicle- and D-galactose-treated groups. Conclusion These results suggest that treadmill exercise attenuates the D-galactose-induced reduction in neural stem cells, cell proliferation, and neuronal differentiation by enhancing the expression of pCREB and BDNF in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12868-014-0116-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Nam
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea.
| | - Jong Whi Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea.
| | - Dae Young Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea.
| | - Hee Sun Yim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea.
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea.
| | - Jung Hoon Choi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea.
| | - Woosuk Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea.
| | - Hyo Young Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea.
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea.
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea.
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea.
| | - Yeo Sung Yoon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea.
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Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) promotes peripheral nerve regeneration and neovascularization after acellular nerve allografts in a rat model. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 35:273-82. [PMID: 25319407 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether or not ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) enhances peripheral nerve regeneration and vascularization after repair using acellular nerve allografts (ANA). Seventy-two Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three experimental groups: a unilateral 15-mm sciatic nerve defect was created and repaired with an autologous graft (autograft group); the same defect was repaired with an 18 mm ANA with an i.p. injection of normal saline for 10 days (saline group); and in the final group, the same defect was repaired with an 18 mm ANA with an i.p. injection of EGb 761 for 10 days (EGb 761 group). Axon outgrowth and vascularization were evaluated by immunocytochemistry 14 days post-implantation. The expression of genes associated with angiogenesis was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) seven days post-implantation. Compared with the saline group, rats in the EGb 761 group significantly increased the number of myelinated fibers and the average diameter of the nerves within the graft. There is no significant difference between the EGb 761 group and the autograft group. The expression of CD34 and NF200 was significantly higher in the EGb 761 group than in the saline group. Additionally, EGb 761 treatment increased the expression of several angiogenesis-related genes, including Vegf, SOX18, Prom 1, and IL-6. In conclusion, ANA repair with EGb 761 treatment demonstrates effects on peripheral nerve regeneration and vascularization that are equal to those of autologous graft repair, and that are superior to ANA repair alone.
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Jiang M, Li J, Peng Q, Liu Y, Liu W, Luo C, Peng J, Li J, Yung KKL, Mo Z. Neuroprotective effects of bilobalide on cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury are associated with inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediator production and down-regulation of JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK activation. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:167. [PMID: 25256700 PMCID: PMC4189683 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0167-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways are implicated in inflammatory and apoptotic processes of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. Hence, MAPK pathways represent a promising therapeutic target. Exploring the full potential of inhibitors of MAPK pathways is a useful therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke. Bilobalide, a predominant sesquiterpene trilactone constituent of Ginkgo biloba leaves, has been shown to exert powerful neuroprotective properties, which are closely related to both anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways. We investigated the neuroprotective roles of bilobalide in the models of middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) and oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) of cerebral I/R injury. Moreover, we attempted to confirm the hypothesis that its protection effect is via modulation of pro-inflammatory mediators and MAPK pathways. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to MCAO for 2 h followed by reperfusion for 24 h. Bilobalide was administered intraperitoneally 60 min before induction of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). After reperfusion, neurological deficit scores, infarct volume, infarct weight, and brain edema were assessed. Ischemic penumbrae of the cerebral cortex were harvested to determine superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide, TNF-α, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), p-ERK1/2, p-JNK1/2, and p-p38 MAPK concentration. Similarly, the influence of bilobalide on the expression of nitric oxide, TNF-α, IL-1β, p-ERK1/2, p-JNK1/2, and p-p38 MAPK was also observed in an OGD/R in vitro model of I/R injury. RESULTS Pretreatment with bilobalide (5, 10 mg/kg) significantly decreased neurological deficit scores, infarct volume, infarct weight, brain edema, and concentrations of MDA, nitric oxide, TNF-α, IL-1β, and increased SOD activity. Furthermore, bilobalide (5, 10 mg/kg) pretreatment significantly down-regulated both p-JNK1/2 and p-p38 MAPK expression, whereas they had no effect on p-ERK1/2 expression in the ischemic penumbra. Supporting these observations in vivo, pretreatment with bilobalide (50, 100 μM) significantly down-regulated nitric oxide, TNF-α, IL-1β, p-JNK1/2, and p-p38 MAPK expression, but did not change p-ERK1/2 expression in rat cortical neurons after OGD/R injury. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that the neuroprotective effects of bilobalide on cerebral I/R injury are associated with its inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediator production and down-regulation of JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK activation.
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Prasad J, Baitharu I, Sharma AK, Dutta R, Prasad D, Singh SB. Quercetin reverses hypobaric hypoxia-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration and improves memory function in the rat. High Alt Med Biol 2014; 14:383-94. [PMID: 24377346 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2013.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Inadequate oxygen availability at high altitude causes elevated oxidative stress, resulting in hippocampal neurodegeneration and memory impairment. Though oxidative stress is known to be a major cause of neurodegeneration in hypobaric hypoxia, neuroprotective and ameliorative potential of quercetin, a flavonoid with strong antioxidant properties in reversing hypobaric hypoxia-induced memory impairment has not been studied. Four groups of male adult Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to hypobaric hypoxia for 7 days in an animal decompression chamber at an altitude of 7600 meters. Rats were supplemented with quercetin orally by gavage during 7 days of hypoxic exposure. Spatial working memory was assessed by a Morris Water Maze before and after exposure to hypobaric hypoxia. Changes in oxidative stress markers and apoptotic marker caspase 3 expression in hippocampus were assessed. Histological assessment of neurodegeneration was performed by cresyl violet and fluoro Jade B staining. Our results showed that quercetin supplementation during exposure to hypobaric hypoxia decreased reactive oxygen species levels and consequent lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus by elevating antioxidant status and free radical scavenging enzyme system. There was reduction in caspase 3 expression, and decrease in the number of pyknotic and fluoro Jade B-positive neurons in hippocampus after quercetin supplementation during hypoxic exposure. Behavioral studies showed that quercetin reversed the hypobaric hypoxia-induced memory impairment. These findings suggest that quercetin provides neuroprotection to hippocampal neurons during exposure to hypobaric hypoxia through antioxidative and anti-apoptotic mechanisms, and possesses promising therapeutic potential to ameliorate hypoxia-induced memory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsna Prasad
- 1 Defense Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences , Defense Research Development Organization, Ministry of Defense, Timarpur, Delhi, India
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Chen F, Li L, Xu F, Sun Y, Du F, Ma X, Zhong C, Li X, Wang F, Zhang N, Li C. Systemic and cerebral exposure to and pharmacokinetics of flavonols and terpene lactones after dosing standardized Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts to rats via different routes of administration. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:440-57. [PMID: 23808355 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Flavonols and terpene lactones are putatively responsible for the properties of Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts that relate to prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease and cerebral insufficiency. Here, we characterized rat systemic and cerebral exposure to these ginkgo compounds after dosing, as well as the compounds' pharmacokinetics. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats received single or multiple doses of ShuXueNing injection (prepared from GBE50 for intravenous administration) or GBE50 (a standardized extract of G. biloba leaves for oral administration). Brain delivery of the ginkgo compounds was assessed with microdialysis. Various rat samples were analysed using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. KEY RESULTS Slow terminal elimination features of the flavonols counterbalanced the influence of poor oral bioavailability on their systemic exposure levels, which also resulted in significant accumulation of the compounds in plasma during the subchronic treatment with ShuXueNing injection and GBE50. Unlike the flavonols, the terpene lactones had poor enterohepatic circulation due to their rapid renal excretion and unknown metabolism. The flavonol glycosides occurred as major forms in plasma after dosing with ShuXueNing injection, while the flavonol aglycone conjugates were predominant in plasma after dosing with GBE50. Cerebral exposure was negligible for the flavonols and low for the terpene lactones. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Unlike the significant systemic exposure levels, the levels of cerebral exposure to the flavonols and terpene lactones are low. The elimination kinetic differences between the two classes of ginkgo compounds influence their relative systemic exposure levels. The information gained is relevant to linking ginkgo administration to the medicinal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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Protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 against noise trauma-induced hearing loss and tinnitus development. Neural Plast 2014; 2014:427298. [PMID: 25028612 PMCID: PMC4083883 DOI: 10.1155/2014/427298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) and resulting comorbidities like subjective tinnitus are common diseases in modern societies. A substance shown to be effective against NIHL in an animal model is the Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761. Further effects of the extract on the cellular and systemic levels of the nervous system make it a promising candidate not only for protection against NIHL but also for its secondary comorbidities like tinnitus. Following an earlier study we here tested the potential effectiveness of prophylactic EGb 761 treatment against NIHL and tinnitus development in the Mongolian gerbil. We monitored the effects of EGb 761 and noise trauma-induced changes on signal processing within the auditory system by means of behavioral and electrophysiological approaches. We found significantly reduced NIHL and tinnitus development upon EGb 761 application, compared to vehicle treated animals. These protective effects of EGb 761 were correlated with changes in auditory processing, both at peripheral and central levels. We propose a model with two main effects of EGb 761 on auditory processing, first, an increase of auditory brainstem activity leading to an increased thalamic input to the primary auditory cortex (AI) and second, an asymmetric effect on lateral inhibition in AI.
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85
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Liu M, Guo J, Wang J, Zhang L, Pang T, Liao H. Bilobalide Induces Neuronal Differentiation of P19 Embryonic Carcinoma Cells via Activating Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 34:913-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Shen J, Chen X, Chen X, Deng R. Targeting Neurogenesis: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy for Post-Stroke Treatment with Chinese Herbal Medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1159/000362638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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87
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Ansari N, Khodagholi F. Natural products as promising drug candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: molecular mechanism aspect. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 11:414-29. [PMID: 24381531 PMCID: PMC3744904 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11311040005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder to date, with no curative or preventive therapy. Histopathological hallmarks of AD include deposition of β-amyloid plaques and formation of neurofibrillary tangles. Extent studies on pathology of the disease have made important discoveries regarding mechanism of disease and potential therapeutic targets. Many cellular changes including oxidative stress, disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis, inflammation, metabolic disturbances, and accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins can lead to programmed cell death in AD. Despite intensive research, only five approved drugs are available for the management of AD. Hence, there is a need to look at alternative therapies. Use of natural products and culinary herbs in medicine has gained popularity in recent years. Several natural substances with neuroprotective effects have been widely studied. Most of these compounds have remarkable antioxidant properties and act mainly by scavenging free radical species. Some of them increase cell survival and improve cognition by directly affecting amyloidogenesis and programmed cell death pathways. Further studies on these natural products and their mechanism of action, parallel with the use of novel pharmaceutical drug design and delivery techniques, enable us to offer an addition to conventional medicine. This review discussed some natural products with potential neuroprotective properties against Aβ with respect to their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Ansari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Yin B, Liang H, Chen Y, Chu K, Huang L, Fang L, Matro E, Jiang W, Luo B. EGB1212 Post-treatment Ameliorates Hippocampal CA1 Neuronal Death and Memory Impairment Induced by Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2013; 41:1329-41. [PMID: 24228604 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x13500894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracts of Ginkgo biloba have been used in traditional medicines for centuries, and have potential for clinical applications in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, standardized extracts have proven protective only as pre-treatments, and the major mechanisms of action remain unclear. We explored the potential of the novel extract EGB1212, which meets the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) 31 standardization criteria for pharmaceutical use, as a post-treatment after global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (GCI/R) injury in a rat model. The pre-treated group was administered EGB1212 for 7 d prior to common carotid artery occlusion (i.e., ischemia, for 20 min). Post-treated rats received the same but starting 2 h after ischemia and continuing for 7 d. Seven days after GCI/R, brains of each group were processed for H&E staining of hippocampal CA1 neurons. Remaining rats underwent the Morris water maze and Y-maze tests of spatial learning and memory, beginning eight days after reperfusion. To assess hippocampal autophagy, light chain (LC)-3-I/LC3-II and Akt/pAkt were determined via a Western blot of rat hippocampi harvested 12, 24, or 72 h after reperfusion. EGB1212 pre- and post-treatments both improved neuronal survival and spatial learning and memory functions. Pre-treatment effectively reduced LC3-II levels and post-treatment resulted in significantly elevated pAkt levels. We conclude that EGB1212 exerted significant neuroprotection in GCI/R in both preventative and post-treatment settings. This extract shows great potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yin
- Brain Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Hui Liang
- Brain Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Yigang Chen
- Brain Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Ketan Chu
- Brain Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Li Huang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pharmaceutical Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310052, China
| | - Ling Fang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pharmaceutical Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310052, China
| | - Erik Matro
- Brain Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Weijian Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Chinese People's Liberation Army, Second Artillery General Hospital, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Benyan Luo
- Brain Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
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Oberbauer E, Urmann C, Steffenhagen C, Bieler L, Brunner D, Furtner T, Humpel C, Bäumer B, Bandtlow C, Couillard-Despres S, Rivera FJ, Riepl H, Aigner L. Chroman-like cyclic prenylflavonoids promote neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth and are neuroprotective. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:1953-62. [PMID: 24070601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids target a variety of pathophysiological mechanisms and are therefore increasingly considered as compounds encompassed with therapeutic potentials in diseases such as cancer, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases and mood disorders. Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) is rich in flavonoids such as the flavanone 8-prenylnaringenin, which is the most potent phytoestrogen identified so far, and the prenylchalcone xanthohumol, which has potent tumor-preventive, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. In the present study, we questioned whether hops-derived prenylflavonoids and synthetic derivatives thereof act on neuronal precursor cells and neuronal cell lines to induce neuronal differentiation, neurite outgrowth and neuroprotection. Therefore, mouse embryonic forebrain-derived neural precursors and Neuro2a neuroblastoma-derived cells were stimulated with the prenylflavonoids of interest, and their potential to activate the promoter of the neuronal fate-specific doublecortin gene and to stimulate neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth was analyzed. In this screening, we identified highly "neuroactive" compounds, which we termed "enhancement of neuronal differentiation factors" (ENDFs). The most potent molecule, ENDF1, was demonstrated to promote neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells and neurite outgrowth of cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons and protected neuronal PC12 cells from cobalt chloride-induced as well as cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis of Meynert from deafferentation-induced cell death. The results indicate that hops-derived prenylflavonoids such as ENDFs might be powerful molecules to promote neurogenesis, neuroregeneration and neuroprotection in cases of chronic neurodegenerative diseases, acute brain and spinal cord lesion and age-associated cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Oberbauer
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Liu CM, Zheng GH, Cheng C, Sun JM. Quercetin protects mouse brain against lead-induced neurotoxicity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:7630-7635. [PMID: 23855546 DOI: 10.1021/jf303387d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin (QE), the major bioflavonoid in the human diet, has been reported to have many benefits and medicinal properties. However, its protective effects against lead (Pb)-induced neurotoxicity have not been clarified. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of QE on neurotoxicity in mice exposed to Pb. Mice were exposed to lead acetate (20 mg/kg body weight/day) intragastrically with or without QE (15 and 30 mg/kg body weight/day) coadministration for 3 months. The data showed that QE significantly prevented Pb-induced neurotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Exploration of the underlying mechanisms of QE action revealed that QE administration decreased Pb contents in blood (13.2, 19.1%) and brain (17.1, 20.0%). QE markedly increased NO production (39.1, 61.1%) and PKA activity (51.0, 57.8%) in brains of Pb-treated mice. Additionally, QE remarkably suppressed Pb-induced oxidative stress in mouse brain. Western blot analysis showed that QE increased the phosphorylations of Akt, CaMKII nNOS, eNOS, and CREB in brains of Pb-treated mice. The results suggest that QE can inhibit Pb-induced neurotoxicity and partly restore PKA, Akt, NOS, CaMKII, and CREB activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Min Liu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University , No. 101 Shanghai Road, Tangshan New Area, Xuzhou City 221116, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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Antiapoptotic Effects of EGb 761. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:495703. [PMID: 23983787 PMCID: PMC3745884 DOI: 10.1155/2013/495703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extracts have long been used in Chinese traditional medicine for hundreds of years. The most significant extract obtained from Ginkgo biloba leaves has been EGb 761, a widely used phytopharmaceutical product in Europe. EGb 761 is a well-defined mixture of active compounds, which contains two main active substances: flavonoid glycosides (24-26%) and terpene lactones (6-8%). These compounds have shown antiapoptotic effects through the protection of mitochondrial membrane integrity, inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome c release, enhancement of antiapoptotic protein transcription, and reduction of caspase transcription and DNA fragmentation. Other effects include the reduction of oxidative stress (which has been related to the occurrence of vascular, degenerative, and proliferative diseases), coupled to strong induction of phase II-detoxifying and cellular defense enzymes by Nrf2/ARE activation, in addition to the modulation of transcription factors, such as CREB, HIF-1 α , NF- κ B, AP-1, and p53, involved in the apoptosis process. This work reviews experimental results about the antiapoptotic effects induced by the standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves (EGb 761).
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Stefani M, Rigacci S. Protein folding and aggregation into amyloid: the interference by natural phenolic compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:12411-57. [PMID: 23765219 PMCID: PMC3709793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140612411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid aggregation is a hallmark of several degenerative diseases affecting the brain or peripheral tissues, whose intermediates (oligomers, protofibrils) and final mature fibrils display different toxicity. Consequently, compounds counteracting amyloid aggregation have been investigated for their ability (i) to stabilize toxic amyloid precursors; (ii) to prevent the growth of toxic oligomers or speed that of fibrils; (iii) to inhibit fibril growth and deposition; (iv) to disassemble preformed fibrils; and (v) to favor amyloid clearance. Natural phenols, a wide panel of plant molecules, are one of the most actively investigated categories of potential amyloid inhibitors. They are considered responsible for the beneficial effects of several traditional diets being present in green tea, extra virgin olive oil, red wine, spices, berries and aromatic herbs. Accordingly, it has been proposed that some natural phenols could be exploited to prevent and to treat amyloid diseases, and recent studies have provided significant information on their ability to inhibit peptide/protein aggregation in various ways and to stimulate cell defenses, leading to identify shared or specific mechanisms. In the first part of this review, we will overview the significance and mechanisms of amyloid aggregation and aggregate toxicity; then, we will summarize the recent achievements on protection against amyloid diseases by many natural phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Stefani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, Florence 50134, Italy; E-Mail:
- Research Centre on the Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration, Viale Morgagni 50, Florence 50134, Italy
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-55-275-8307; Fax: +39-55-275-8905
| | - Stefania Rigacci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, Florence 50134, Italy; E-Mail:
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93
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Compensating for synaptic loss in Alzheimer’s disease. J Comput Neurosci 2013; 36:19-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s10827-013-0462-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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94
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Ude C, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Wurglics M. Ginkgo biloba Extracts: A Review of the Pharmacokinetics of the Active Ingredients. Clin Pharmacokinet 2013; 52:727-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s40262-013-0074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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95
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Ho L, Ferruzzi MG, Janle EM, Wang J, Gong B, Chen TY, Lobo J, Cooper B, Wu QL, Talcott ST, Percival SS, Simon JE, Pasinetti GM. Identification of brain-targeted bioactive dietary quercetin-3-O-glucuronide as a novel intervention for Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 2013; 27:769-81. [PMID: 23097297 PMCID: PMC3545533 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-212118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and preclinical studies indicate that polyphenol intake from moderate consumption of red wines may lower the relative risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia. There is limited information regarding the specific biological activities and cellular and molecular mechanisms by which wine polyphenolic components might modulate AD. We assessed accumulations of polyphenols in the rat brain following oral dosage with a Cabernet Sauvignon red wine and tested brain-targeted polyphenols for potential beneficial AD disease-modifying activities. We identified accumulations of select polyphenolic metabolites in the brain. We demonstrated that, in comparison to vehicle-control treatment, one of the brain-targeted polyphenol metabolites, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, significantly reduced the generation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides by primary neuron cultures generated from the Tg2576 AD mouse model. Another brain-targeted metabolite, malvidin-3-O-glucoside, had no detectable effect on Aβ generation. Moreover, in an in vitro analysis using the photo-induced cross-linking of unmodified proteins (PICUP) technique, we found that quercetin-3-O-glucuronide is also capable of interfering with the initial protein-protein interaction of Aβ(1-40) and Aβ(1-42) that is necessary for the formation of neurotoxic oligomeric Aβ species. Lastly, we found that quercetin-3-O-glucuronide treatment, compared to vehicle-control treatment, significantly improved AD-type deficits in hippocampal formation basal synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation, possibly through mechanisms involving the activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinases and the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Brain-targeted quercetin-3-O-glucuronide may simultaneously modulate multiple independent AD disease-modifying mechanisms and, as such, may contribute to the benefits of dietary supplementation with red wines as an effective intervention for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lap Ho
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bing Gong
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Bruce Cooper
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Qing Li Wu
- Department of Plant Biology and Plant Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Stephen T. Talcott
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texa, USA; and
| | - Susan S. Percival
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida, USA
| | - James E. Simon
- Department of Plant Biology and Plant Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Giulio Maria Pasinetti
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
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96
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Benoit ME, Hernandez MX, Dinh ML, Benavente F, Vasquez O, Tenner AJ. C1q-induced LRP1B and GPR6 proteins expressed early in Alzheimer disease mouse models, are essential for the C1q-mediated protection against amyloid-β neurotoxicity. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:654-65. [PMID: 23150673 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.400168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement protein C1q is induced in the brain in response to a variety of neuronal injuries, including Alzheimer disease (AD), and blocks fibrillar amyloid-β (fAβ) neurotoxicity in vitro. Here, we show that C1q protects immature and mature primary neurons against fAβ toxicity, and we report for the first time that C1q prevents toxicity induced by oligomeric forms of amyloid-β (Aβ). Gene expression analysis reveals C1q-activated phosphorylated cAMP-response element-binding protein and AP-1, two transcription factors associated with neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth, and increased LRP1B and G protein-coupled receptor 6(GPR6) expression in fAβ-injured neurons. Silencing of cAMP-response element-binding protein, LRP1B or GPR6 expression inhibited C1q-mediated neuroprotection from fAβ-induced injury. In addition, C1q altered the association of oligomeric Aβ and fAβ with neurons. In vivo, increased hippocampal expression of C1q, LRP1B, and GPR6 is observed as early as 2 months of age in the 3 × Tg mouse model of AD, whereas no such induction of LRP1B and GPR6 was seen in C1q-deficient AD mice. In contrast, expression of C1r and C1s, proteases required to activate the classical complement pathway, and C3 showed a significant age-dependent increase only after 10-13 months of age when Aβ plaques start to accumulate in this AD model. Thus, our results identify pathways by which C1q, up-regulated in vivo early in response to injury without the coordinate induction of other complement components, can induce a program of gene expression that promotes neuroprotection and thus may provide protection against Aβ in preclinical stages of AD and other neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Benoit
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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97
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Mu J, Ostrowski RP, Soejima Y, Rolland WB, Krafft PR, Tang J, Zhang JH. Delayed hyperbaric oxygen therapy induces cell proliferation through stabilization of cAMP responsive element binding protein in the rat model of MCAo-induced ischemic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 51:133-43. [PMID: 23146993 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatments that could extend the therapeutic window of opportunity for stroke patients are urgently needed. Early administration of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has been proven neuroprotective in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in rodents. Our aim was to determine: 1) whether delayed HBOT after permanent MCAo (pMCAo) can still convey neuroprotection and restorative cell proliferation, and 2) whether these beneficial effects rely on HBO-induced activation of protein phosphatase-1γ (PP1-γ) leading to a decreased phosphorylation and ubiquitination of CREB and hence its stabilization. The experiments were performed in one hundred thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats with the body weight ranging from 240 to 270 g. Permanent MCAo was induced with the intraluminal filament occluding the right middle cerebral artery (MCA). In the first experiment, HBOT (2.5 ATA, 1h daily for 10 days) was started 48 h after pMCAo. Neurobehavioral deficits and infarct size as well as cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) expression and BrdU-DAB staining in the hippocampus and the peri-infarct region were evaluated on day 14 and day 28 post-MCAo. In the second experiment, HBOT (2.5 ATA, 1h) was started 3h after pMCAo. The effects of CREB siRNA or PP1-γ siRNA on HBO-induced infarct size alterations and target protein expression were studied. HBOT started with 48 h delay reduced infarct size, ameliorated neurobehavioral deficits and increased protein expression of CREB, resulting in increased cell proliferations in the hippocampus and peri-infarct region, on day 14 and day 28 post-MCAo. In the acute experiment pMCAo resulted in cerebral infarction and functional deterioration and reduced brain expression of PP1-γ, which led to increased phosphorylation and ubiquitination of CREB 24h after MCAo. However HBOT administered 3h after ischemia reversed these molecular events and resulted in CREB stabilization, infarct size reduction and neurobehavioral improvement. Gene silencing with CREB siRNA or PP1-γ siRNA reduced acute beneficial effects of HBO. In conclusion, delayed daily HBOT presented as potent neuroprotectant in pMCAo rats, increased CREB expression and signaling activity, and bolstered regenerative type cell proliferation in the injured brain. As shown in the acute experiment these effects of HBO were likely to be mediated by reducing ubiquitin-dependent CREB degradation owing to HBO-induced activation of PP1γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Mu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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98
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Zhang XY, Zhang WF, Zhou DF, Chen DC, Xiu MH, Wu HR, Haile CN, Kosten TA, Kosten TR. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and its Val66Met gene polymorphism predict tardive dyskinesia treatment response to Ginkgo biloba. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:700-6. [PMID: 22695185 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tardive dyskinesia (TD) has no well-accepted treatments or known pathophysiology, but low brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may play an important role in its pathophysiology. Ginkgo biloba (EGb-761) is a potent antioxidant that has neuroprotective effects mediated through enhancing BDNF levels. We hypothesized that treatment with EGb-761 would increase serum BDNF levels and reduce TD, particularly among schizophrenia patients who have the BDNF valine 66 to methionine (Val66Met) genotype (Val/Val). METHODS Serum BDNF levels and genotyping for the BDNF gene Val66Met polymorphism were assessed in Chinese schizophrenic patients with (n = 368) and without (n = 563) TD as well as healthy control subjects (n = 546). About half of the TD patients (n = 157) then participated in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-control 12-week treatment with 240 mg per day of EGb-761. Serum BDNF levels were measured again at posttreatment. Clinical efficacy was determined using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). RESULTS TD patients had lower BDNF levels than the non-TD patients and healthy controls. EGb-761 treatment improved symptoms of TD and increased BDNF levels compared with placebo treatment. Moreover, the improvement of AIMS total score correlated with the increase in BDNF levels. Furthermore, improvement in the AIMS score was greatest in those with the Val/Val allele and lowest with the Met/Met allele. CONCLUSIONS The BDNF system may be implicated in the pathophysiology of TD and its improvement with antioxidant treatment. Furthermore, patients with the genetic potential for greater BDNF release (Val/Val at 66) may obtain a greater reduction in TD from EGb-761 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yang Zhang
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
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99
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Jones QRD, Warford J, Rupasinghe HPV, Robertson GS. Target-based selection of flavonoids for neurodegenerative disorders. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:602-10. [PMID: 22980637 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Habitual consumption of dietary flavonoids known to improve mitochondrial bioenergetics and inhibit various secondary sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) reduces the risk for neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD), stroke, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Combining specific dietary flavonoids selected on the basis of oral bioavailability, brain penetration, and the inhibition of multiple processes responsible for excessive ROS production may be a viable approach for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Inclusion of flavonoids that raise cAMP levels in the brain may be of additional benefit by reducing the production of proinflammatory mediators and stimulating the transcriptional machinery necessary for mitochondrial biosynthesis. Preclinical models suggest that flavonoids reduce hearing loss resulting from treatment with the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin by opposing the excessive production of ROS and proinflammatory mediators implicated in PD, stroke, and AD. Flavonoid combinations optimized for efficacy in models of cisplatin-induced hearing loss (CIHL) may therefore have therapeutic utility for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinton R D Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, 1459 Oxford Street, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
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100
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Quercetin attenuates cell apoptosis in focal cerebral ischemia rat brain via activation of BDNF-TrkB-PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2777-86. [PMID: 22936120 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0871-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated that apoptosis play an important role in cerebral ischemic pathogenesis and may represent a target for treatment. Neuroprotective effect of quercetin has been shown in a variety of brain injury models including ischemia/reperfusion. It is not clear whether BDNF-TrkB-PI3K/Akt signaling pathway mediates the neuroprotection of quercetin, though there has been some reports on the quercetin increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level in brain injury models. We therefore first examined the neurological function, infarct volume and cell apoptosis in quercetin treated middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats. Then the protein expression of BDNF, cleaved caspase-3 and p-Akt were evaluated in either the absence or presence of PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) or tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) receptor antagonist (K252a) by immunohistochemistry staining and western blotting. Quercetin significantly improved neurological function, while it decreased the infarct volume and the number of TdT mediated dUTP nick end labeling positive cells in MCAO rats. The protein expression of BDNF, TrkB and p-Akt also increased in the quercetin treated rats. However, treatment with LY294002 or K252a reversed the quercetin-induced increase of BDNF and p-Akt proteins and decrease of cleaved caspase-3 protein in focal cerebral ischemia rats. These results demonstrate that quercetin can decrease cell apoptosis in the focal cerebral ischemia rat brain and the mechanism may be related to the activation of BDNF-TrkB-PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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