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Li C, Li X, Shi Z, Wu P, Fu J, Tang J, Qing L. Exosomes from LPS-preconditioned bone marrow MSCs accelerated peripheral nerve regeneration via M2 macrophage polarization: Involvement of TSG-6/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Exp Neurol 2022; 356:114139. [PMID: 35690131 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-preconditioned mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possessed strong immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory functions by secreting exosomes as major paracrine effectors. However, the specific effect of exosomes from LPS pre-MSCs (LPS pre-Exos) on peripheral nerve regeneration has yet to be documented. Here, we established a sciatic nerve injury model in rats and an inflammatory model in RAW264.7 cells to explore the potential mechanism between LPS pre-Exos and peripheral nerve repair. The local injection of LPS pre-Exos into the nerve injury site resulted in an accelerated functional recovery, axon regeneration and remyelination, and an enhanced M2 Macrophage polarization. Consistent with the data in vivo, LPS pre-Exos were able to shift the pro-inflammation macrophage into a pro-regeneration macrophage. Notably, TNF stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) was found to be highly enriched in LPS pre-Exos. We obtained si TSG-6 Exo by the knockdown of TSG-6 in LPS pre-Exos to demonstrate the role of TSG-6 in macrophage polarization, and found that TSG-6 served as a critical mediator in LPS pre-Exos-induced regulatory effects through the inhibition of NF-ΚΒ and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3). In conclusion, our findings suggested that LPS pre-Exos promoted macrophage polarization toward an M2 phenotype by shuttling TSG-6 to inactivate the NF-ΚΒ/NLRP3 signaling axis, and could provide a potential therapeutic avenue for peripheral nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Department of Pathology, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China; Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhen Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Panfeng Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinfei Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juyu Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liming Qing
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Ashammakhi N, GhavamiNejad A, Tutar R, Fricker A, Roy I, Chatzistavrou X, Hoque Apu E, Nguyen KL, Ahsan T, Pountos I, Caterson EJ. Highlights on Advancing Frontiers in Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2022; 28:633-664. [PMID: 34210148 PMCID: PMC9242713 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The field of tissue engineering continues to advance, sometimes in exponential leaps forward, but also sometimes at a rate that does not fulfill the promise that the field imagined a few decades ago. This review is in part a catalog of success in an effort to inform the process of innovation. Tissue engineering has recruited new technologies and developed new methods for engineering tissue constructs that can be used to mitigate or model disease states for study. Key to this antecedent statement is that the scientific effort must be anchored in the needs of a disease state and be working toward a functional product in regenerative medicine. It is this focus on the wildly important ideas coupled with partnered research efforts within both academia and industry that have shown most translational potential. The field continues to thrive and among the most important recent developments are the use of three-dimensional bioprinting, organ-on-a-chip, and induced pluripotent stem cell technologies that warrant special attention. Developments in the aforementioned areas as well as future directions are highlighted in this article. Although several early efforts have not come to fruition, there are good examples of commercial profitability that merit continued investment in tissue engineering. Impact statement Tissue engineering led to the development of new methods for regenerative medicine and disease models. Among the most important recent developments in tissue engineering are the use of three-dimensional bioprinting, organ-on-a-chip, and induced pluripotent stem cell technologies. These technologies and an understanding of them will have impact on the success of tissue engineering and its translation to regenerative medicine. Continued investment in tissue engineering will yield products and therapeutics, with both commercial importance and simultaneous disease mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
| | - Amin GhavamiNejad
- Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie L. Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rumeysa Tutar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Annabelle Fricker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ipsita Roy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xanthippi Chatzistavrou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Ehsanul Hoque Apu
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kim-Lien Nguyen
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Taby Ahsan
- RoosterBio, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ippokratis Pountos
- Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J. Caterson
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Nemours/Alfred I. du Pont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
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Zargar MJ, Kaviani S, Vasei M, Soufi Zomorrod M, Heidari Keshel S, Soleimani M. Therapeutic role of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in respiratory disease. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:194. [PMID: 35550188 PMCID: PMC9096764 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02866-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles found in various tissues, blood circulation, and tissue fluids, secreted into the extracellular environment by fusing a multivesicular body with a plasma membrane. Various cell types release these vesicles to contribute to many cellular functions, including intercellular communication, cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, response to stress, and immune system signaling. These natural nanoparticles have therapeutic effects in various diseases and exhibit a behavior similar to the cell from which they originated. In the meantime, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells have attracted the attention of many researchers and physicians due to their unique ability to modulate the immune system, repair tissue and reduce inflammation. Numerous clinical and preclinical studies have examined the effect of MSC-derived exosomes in various diseases, and their results have been published in prestigious journals. This review article discusses the biogenesis and sources of exosomes, MSC-derived exosomes, the use of these exosomes in regenerative medicine, and treatments based on exosomes derived from stem cells in respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Jahedi Zargar
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Kaviani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Vasei
- Cell Therapy Based Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Soufi Zomorrod
- Applied Cell Science and Hematology Department, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Heidari Keshel
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Science, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Applied Cell Science and Hematology Department, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Science, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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A Comprehensive Cancer-Associated MicroRNA Expression Profiling and Proteomic Analysis of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022; 19:1013-1031. [PMID: 35511336 PMCID: PMC9478013 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-022-00450-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have enormous therapeutic potential owing to their multi-lineage differentiation and self-renewal properties. MSCs express growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and non-coding regulatory RNAs with immunosuppressive, anti-tumor, and migratory properties. MSCs also release several anti-cancer molecules via extracellular vesicles, that act as pro-apoptotic/tumor suppressor factors. This study aimed to identify the stem cell-derived secretome that could exhibit anti-cancer properties through molecular profiling of cargos in MSC-derived exosomes.
Methods: Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) were isolated from umbilical cord tissues and culture expanded. Subsequently, exosomes were isolated from hUCMSC conditioned medium and characterized by DLS, electron microscopy. Western blot for exosome surface marker protein CD63 expression was performed. The miRNA profiling of hUCMSCs and hUCMSC-derived exosomes was performed, followed by functional enrichment analysis. Results: The tri-lineage differentiation potential, fibroblastic morphology, and strong expression of pluripotency genes indicated that isolated fibroblasts are MSCs. The isolated extracellular vesicles were 133.8 ± 42.49 nm in diameter, monodispersed, and strongly expressed the exosome surface marker protein CD63. The miRNA expression profile and gene ontology (GO) depicted the differential expression patterns of high and less-expressed miRNAs that are crucial to be involved in the regulation of apoptosis. The LCMS/MS data and GO analysis indicate that hUCMSC secretomes are involved in several oncogenic and inflammatory signaling cascades. Conclusion: Primary human MSCs released miRNAs and growth factors via exosomes that are increasingly implicated in intercellular communications, and hUCMSC-exosomal miRNAs have a critical influence in regulating cell death and apoptosis of cancer cells. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13770-022-00450-8.
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Yu Z, Hao R, Du J, Wu X, Chen X, Zhang Y, Li W, Gu Z, Yang H. A human cornea-on-a-chip for the study of epithelial wound healing by extracellular vesicles. iScience 2022; 25:104200. [PMID: 35479406 PMCID: PMC9035703 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zitong Yu
- Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Rui Hao
- Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jing Du
- Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wu
- Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Medical AI, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhongze Gu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Corresponding author
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56
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Rad LM, Yumashev AV, Hussen BM, Jamad HH, Ghafouri-Fard S, Taheri M, Rostami S, Niazi V, Hajiesmaeili M. Therapeutic Potential of Microvesicles in Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine of Ocular Diseases With an Especial Focus on Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Microvesicles. Front Genet 2022; 13:847679. [PMID: 35422841 PMCID: PMC9001951 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.847679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
These days, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), because of immunomodulatory and pro-angiogenic abilities, are known as inevitable factors in regenerative medicine and cell therapy in different diseases such as ocular disorder. Moreover, researchers have indicated that exosome possess an essential potential in the therapeutic application of ocular disease. MSC-derived exosome (MSC-DE) have been identified as efficient as MSCs for treatment of eye injuries due to their small size and rapid diffusion all over the eye. MSC-DEs easily transfer their ingredients such as miRNAs, proteins, and cytokines to the inner layer in the eye and increase the reconstruction of the injured area. Furthermore, MSC-DEs deliver their immunomodulatory cargos in inflamed sites and inhibit immune cell migration, resulting in improvement of autoimmune uveitis. Interestingly, therapeutic effects were shown only in animal models that received MSC-DE. In this review, we summarized the therapeutic potential of MSCs and MSC-DE in cell therapy and regenerative medicine of ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Moallemi Rad
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Alexey V Yumashev
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq.,Center of Research and Strategic Studies, Lebanese French University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Hazha Hadayat Jamad
- Department of Biology, College of Education, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Samaneh Rostami
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciecnes, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Vahid Niazi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Hajiesmaeili
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Critical Care Quality Improvement Research Center, Loghman Hakin Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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57
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Soltani S, Mansouri K, Emami Aleagha MS, Moasefi N, Yavari N, Shakouri SK, Notararigo S, Shojaeian A, Pociot F, Yarani R. Extracellular Vesicle Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:865782. [PMID: 35464488 PMCID: PMC9024141 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.865782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic disorder characterized by immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic insulin-producing β-cells. The primary treatment for T1D is multiple daily insulin injections to control blood sugar levels. Cell-free delivery packets with therapeutic properties, extracellular vesicles (EVs), mainly from stem cells, have recently gained considerable attention for disease treatments. EVs provide a great potential to treat T1D ascribed to their regenerative, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. Here, we summarize the latest EV applications for T1D treatment and highlight opportunities for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setareh Soltani
- Clinical Research Development Center, Taleghani and Imam Ali Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Kamran Mansouri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sajad Emami Aleagha
- Medical Technology Research Center (MTRC), School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Narges Moasefi
- Medical Technology Research Center (MTRC), School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Niloofar Yavari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Seyed Kazem Shakouri
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sara Notararigo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ali Shojaeian
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical, Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Reza Yarani
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical, Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Reza Yarani, ;
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58
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Subramaniam MD, Chirayath RB, Iyer M, Nair AP, Vellingiri B. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON): a potential therapeutic approach for future. Int Ophthalmol 2022; 42:2949-2964. [PMID: 35357640 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-022-02267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optic neuropathy has become a new typical syndromic multi-system disease that leads to optic atrophy. This review discusses potential treatments and advances of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), a sporadic genetic disorder. LHON is caused due to slight mutations in mitochondria leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, causing vision loss. There are no current significant treatments that have been proven to work for LHON. METHODS However, extensive review was carried out on capable studies that have shown potential treatment sensory systems and are being evaluated currently. Some of these studies are in clinical trials, whereas other ones are still being planned. Here, we focus more on treatment based on mesenchymal stem cells-mediated mitochondrial transfer via various techniques. We discuss different mitochondrial transfer modes and possible ways to understand the mitochondria transfer technique's phenotypic characteristics. CONCLUSION It is clearly understood that transfer of healthy mitochondria from MSC to target cell would regulate the range of reactive oxygen species and ATP'S, which are majorly responsible for mutation upon irregulating. Therefore, mitochondrial transfer is suggested and discussed in this review with various aspects. The graphical abstract represents different means of mitochondrial transport like (a) Tunnelling nanotubules, (b) Extracellular vesicles, (c) Cell fusion and (d) Gap junctions. In (a) Tunnelling nanotubules, the signalling pathways TNF- α/TNF αip2 and NFkB/TNF αep2 are responsible for forming tunnels. Also, Miro protein acts as cargo for the transport of mitochondria with myosin's help in the presence of RhoGTPases [35]. In (b) Extracellular vesicles, the RhoA ARF6 contributes to Actin/Cytoskeletal rearrangement leading to the shedding of microvesicles. Coming to (c) Cell fusion when there is a high amount of ATP, the cells tend to fuse when in close proximity leading to the transfer of mitochondria via EFF-1/HAP2 [48]. In (d) Gap Junctions, Connexin43 is responsible for the intracellular channel in the presence of more ATP [86].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohana Devi Subramaniam
- SN ONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, 600 006, India.
| | - Ruth Bright Chirayath
- SN ONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, 600 006, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- SN ONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, 600 006, India
| | - Aswathy P Nair
- SN ONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, 600 006, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, India
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Wan R, Hussain A, Behfar A, Moran SL, Zhao C. The Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes in Soft Tissue Repair and Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073869. [PMID: 35409228 PMCID: PMC8998690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue defects are common following trauma and tumor extirpation. These injuries can result in poor functional recovery and lead to a diminished quality of life. The healing of skin and muscle is a complex process that, at present, leads to incomplete recovery and scarring. Regenerative medicine may offer the opportunity to improve the healing process and functional outcomes. Barriers to regenerative strategies have included cost, regulatory hurdles, and the need for cell-based therapies. In recent years, exosomes, or extracellular vesicles, have gained tremendous attention in the field of soft tissue repair and regeneration. These nanosized extracellular particles (30-140 nm) can break the cellular boundaries, as well as facilitate intracellular signal delivery in various regenerative physiologic and pathologic processes. Existing studies have established the potential of exosomes in regenerating tendons, skeletal muscles, and peripheral nerves through different mechanisms, including promoting myogenesis, increasing tenocyte differentiation and enhancing neurite outgrowth, and the proliferation of Schwann cells. These exosomes can be stored for immediate use in the operating room, and can be produced cost efficiently. In this article, we critically review the current advances of exosomes in soft tissue (tendons, skeletal muscles, and peripheral nerves) healing. Additionally, new directions for clinical applications in the future will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rou Wan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (R.W.); (A.H.); (S.L.M.)
| | - Arif Hussain
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (R.W.); (A.H.); (S.L.M.)
| | - Atta Behfar
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Van Cleve Cardiac Regenerative Medicine Program, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Steven L. Moran
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (R.W.); (A.H.); (S.L.M.)
| | - Chunfeng Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Correspondence:
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The Role of Exosomes in Inflammatory Diseases and Tumor-Related Inflammation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061005. [PMID: 35326456 PMCID: PMC8947057 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a decisive role in inducing tumorigenesis, promoting tumor development, tumor invasion and migration. The interaction of cancer cells with their surrounding stromal cells and inflammatory cells further forms an inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME). The large number of cells present within the TME, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), macrophages, neutrophils, etc., play different roles in the changing TME. Exosomes, extracellular vesicles released by various types of cells, participate in a variety of inflammatory diseases and tumor-related inflammation. As an important communication medium between cells, exosomes continuously regulate the inflammatory microenvironment. In this review, we focused on the role of exosomes in inflammatory diseases and tumor-related inflammation. In addition, we also summarized the functions of exosomes released by various cells in inflammatory diseases and in the TME during the transformation of inflammatory diseases to tumors. We discussed in depth the potential of exosomes as targets and tools to treat inflammatory diseases and tumor-related inflammation.
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61
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Yan C, Yu J. Noncoding RNA in Extracellular Vesicles Regulate Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2021.806001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To achieve the desired outcome in tissue engineering regeneration, mesenchymal stem cells need to undergo a series of biological processes, including differentiating into the ideal target cells. The extracellular vesicle (EV) in the microenvironment contributes toward determining the fate of the cells with epigenetic regulation, particularly from noncoding RNA (ncRNA), and exerts transportation and protective effects on ncRNAs. We focused on the components and functions of ncRNA (particularly microRNA) in the EVs. The EVs modified by the ncRNA favor tissue regeneration and pose a potential challenge.
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Mecocci S, Ottaviani A, Razzuoli E, Fiorani P, Pietrucci D, De Ciucis CG, Dei Giudici S, Franzoni G, Chillemi G, Cappelli K. Cow Milk Extracellular Vesicle Effects on an In Vitro Model of Intestinal Inflammation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030570. [PMID: 35327370 PMCID: PMC8945533 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer nano-dimensional spherical structures and act mainly as signaling mediators between cells, in particular modulating immunity and inflammation. Milk-derived EVs (mEVs) can have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, and milk is one of the most promising food sources of EVs. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate bovine mEVs anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effects on an in vitro co-culture (Caco-2 and THP-1) model of intestinal inflammation through gene expression evaluation with RT-qPCR and cytokine release through ELISA. After establishing a pro-inflammatory environment due to IFN-γ and LPS stimuli, CXCL8, IL1B, TNFA, IL12A, IL23A, TGFB1, NOS2, and MMP9 were significantly up-regulated in inflamed Caco-2 compared to the basal co-culture. Moreover, IL-17, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α release was increased in supernatants of THP-1. The mEV administration partially restored initial conditions with an effective anti-inflammatory activity. Indeed, a decrease in gene expression and protein production of most of the tested cytokines was detected, together with a significant gene expression decrease in MMP9 and the up-regulation of MUC2 and TJP1. These results showed a fundamental capability of mEVs to modulate inflammation and their potential beneficial effect on the intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Mecocci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
- Sports Horse Research Center (CRCS), University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessio Ottaviani
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Razzuoli
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39-24, 16129 Genova, Italy;
- Correspondence: (E.R.); (G.C.); (K.C.); Tel.: +39-010-542274 (E.R.); +39-0761-357429 (G.C.); +39-075-5857722 (K.C.)
| | - Paola Fiorani
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, CNR, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Daniele Pietrucci
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, IBIOM, National Research Council, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Chiara Grazia De Ciucis
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39-24, 16129 Genova, Italy;
| | - Silvia Dei Giudici
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (S.D.G.); (G.F.)
| | - Giulia Franzoni
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (S.D.G.); (G.F.)
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, IBIOM, National Research Council, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.R.); (G.C.); (K.C.); Tel.: +39-010-542274 (E.R.); +39-0761-357429 (G.C.); +39-075-5857722 (K.C.)
| | - Katia Cappelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
- Sports Horse Research Center (CRCS), University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.R.); (G.C.); (K.C.); Tel.: +39-010-542274 (E.R.); +39-0761-357429 (G.C.); +39-075-5857722 (K.C.)
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Kusuma GD, Li A, Zhu D, McDonald H, Inocencio IM, Chambers DC, Sinclair K, Fang H, Greening DW, Frith JE, Lim R. Effect of 2D and 3D Culture Microenvironments on Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Potencies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:819726. [PMID: 35237601 PMCID: PMC8882622 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.819726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic benefits of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are now widely believed to come from their paracrine signalling, i.e. secreted factors such as cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Cell-free therapy using EVs is an active and emerging field in regenerative medicine. Typical 2D cultures on tissue culture plastic is far removed from the physiological environment of MSCs. The application of 3D cell culture allows MSCs to adapt to their cellular environment which, in turn, influences their paracrine signalling activity. In this study we evaluated the impact of 3D MSCs culture on EVs secretion, cargo proteome composition, and functional assessment in immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties.MSC-EVs from 2D and 3D cultures expressed classical EV markers CD81, CD63, and CD9 with particle diameter of <100 nm. There were distinct changes in immunomodulatory potencies where 3D cultures exhibited reduced indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity and significantly reduced macrophage phagocytosis. Administration of 2D and 3D EVs following double dose bleomycin challenge in aged mice showed a marked increase of bodyweight loss in 3D group throughout days 7–28. Histopathological observations of lung tissues in 3D group showed increased collagen deposition, myofibroblast differentiation and leukocytes infiltrations. Assessment of lung mechanics showed 3D group did not improve lung function and instead exhibited increased resistance and tissue damping. Proteome profiling of MSC-EV composition revealed molecular enrichment of EV markers (compared to parental cells) and differential proteome between EVs from 2D and 3D culture condition associated with immune-based and fibrosis/extracellular matrix/membrane organization associated function.This study provides insight into distinct variation in EV protein composition dependent on the cellular microenvironment of the parental cells, which could have implications in their therapeutic effect and potency. Overall, this work suggests that EVs produced from 3D MSC cultures did not enhance typical MSC-EV properties expected from 2D cultures (immunomodulation, anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory). The outcome highlights critical differences between MSC-EVs obtained from different culture microenvironments, which should be considered when scaling up MSC culture for clinical manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina D. Kusuma
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Gina D. Kusuma, ; Rebecca Lim,
| | - Anqi Li
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dandan Zhu
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hannah McDonald
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ishmael M. Inocencio
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel C. Chambers
- Queensland Lung Transplant Service, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kenneth Sinclair
- Queensland Lung Transplant Service, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Haoyun Fang
- Molecular Proteomics, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David W. Greening
- Molecular Proteomics, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica E. Frith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca Lim
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Gina D. Kusuma, ; Rebecca Lim,
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64
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Malekpour K, Hazrati A, Zahar M, Markov A, Zekiy AO, Navashenaq JG, Roshangar L, Ahmadi M. The Potential Use of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Derived Exosomes for Orthopedic Diseases Treatment. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:933-951. [PMID: 34169411 PMCID: PMC8224994 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are conditions that can affect muscles, bones, and joints. These disorders are very painful and severely limit patients' mobility and are more common in the elderly. MSCs are multipotent stem cells isolated from embryonic (such as the umbilical cord) and mature sources (such as adipose tissue and bone marrow). These cells can differentiate into various cells such as osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, NP-like cells, Etc. Due to MSC characteristics such as immunomodulatory properties, ability to migrate to the site of injury, recruitment of cells involved in repair, production of growth factors, and large amount production of extracellular vesicles, these cells have been used in many regenerative-related medicine studies. Also, MSCs produce different types of EVs, such as exosomes, to the extracellular environment. Exosomes reflect MSCs' characteristics and do not have cell therapy-associated problems because they are cell-free. These vesicles carry proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids to the host cell and change their function. This review focuses on MSCs and MSCs exosomes' role in repairing dense connective tissues such as tendons, cartilage, invertebrate disc, bone fracture, and osteoporosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosar Malekpour
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hazrati
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marziah Zahar
- Social Security Centre of Excellence, School of Business Management, College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok Kedah, Malaysia
| | | | - Angelina Olegovna Zekiy
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Leila Roshangar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Ahmadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Willis GR, Reis M, Gheinani AH, Fernandez-Gonzalez A, Taglauer ES, Yeung V, Liu X, Ericsson M, Haas E, Mitsialis SA, Kourembanas S. Extracellular Vesicles Protect the Neonatal Lung from Hyperoxic Injury through the Epigenetic and Transcriptomic Reprogramming of Myeloid Cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 204:1418-1432. [PMID: 34699335 PMCID: PMC8865710 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202102-0329oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC)-small extracellular vesicle (MEx) treatment has shown promise in experimental models of neonatal lung injury. The molecular mechanisms by which MEx afford beneficial effects remain incompletely understood. Objectives: To investigate the therapeutic mechanism of action through assessment of MEx biodistribution and impact on immune cell phenotypic heterogeneity. Methods: MEx were isolated from the conditioned medium of human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly-derived MSCs. Newborn mice were exposed to hyperoxia (HYRX, 75% O2) from birth and returned to room air at Postnatal Day 14 (PN14). Mice received either a bolus intravenous MEx dose at PN4 or bone marrow-derived myeloid cells (BMDMy) pretreated with MEx. Animals were killed at PN4, PN7, PN14, or PN28 to characterize MEx biodistribution or for assessment of pulmonary parameters. The therapeutic role of MEx-educated BMDMy was determined in vitro and in vivo. Measurements and Main Results: MEx therapy ameliorated core histological features of HYRX-induced neonatal lung injury. Biodistribution and mass cytometry studies demonstrated that MEx localize in the lung and interact with myeloid cells. MEx restored the apportion of alveolar macrophages in the HYRX-injured lung and concomitantly suppressed inflammatory cytokine production. In vitro and ex vivo studies revealed that MEx promoted an immunosuppressive BMDMy phenotype. Functional assays demonstrated that the immunosuppressive actions of BMDMy are driven by phenotypically and epigenetically reprogrammed monocytes. Adoptive transfer of MEx-educated BMDMy, but not naive BMDMy, restored alveolar architecture, blunted fibrosis and pulmonary vascular remodeling, and improved exercise capacity. Conclusions: MEx ameliorate hyperoxia-induced neonatal lung injury though epigenetic and phenotypic reprogramming of myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth R. Willis
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Monica Reis
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ali Hashemi Gheinani
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Angeles Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth S. Taglauer
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vincent Yeung
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xianlan Liu
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maria Ericsson
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Eric Haas
- Mass Cytometry Core, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - S. Alex Mitsialis
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stella Kourembanas
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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66
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Luo L, Wu Z, Wang Y, Li H. Regulating the production and biological function of small extracellular vesicles: current strategies, applications and prospects. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:422. [PMID: 34906146 PMCID: PMC8670141 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01171-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have confirmed the great application potentials of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) in biological medical field, especially in tissue repair and regeneration. However, the production capability of sEVs by noncancerous cells is very limited, while their dosage requirements in disease treatments are usually very high. Meanwhile, as cell aging, the sEV production capability of cells decreases and the biological function of sEVs changes accordingly. In addition, for special applications, sEVs carrying desired bioactive substances should be designed to perform their expected biological function. Therefore, improving the production of sEVs and precisely regulating their biological function are of great significance for promoting the clinical applications of sEVs. In this review, some of the current classic strategies in affecting the cellular behaviors of donor cells and subsequently regulating the production and biological function of their sEVs are summarized, including gene engineering methods, stress-inducing conditions, chemical regulators, physical methods, and biomaterial stimulations. Through applying these strategies, increased yield of sEVs with required biological function can be obtained for disease treatment and tissue repair, such as bone regeneration, wound healing, nerve function recovery and cancer treatment, which could not only reduce the harvest cost of sEV but promote the practical applications of sEVs in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Luo
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zhi Wu
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Haiyan Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe St, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia.
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67
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Transcriptomic Characterization of Cow, Donkey and Goat Milk Extracellular Vesicles Reveals Their Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312759. [PMID: 34884564 PMCID: PMC8657891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk extracellular vesicles (mEVs) seem to be one of the main maternal messages delivery systems. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are micro/nano-sized membrane-bound structures enclosing signaling molecules and thus acting as signal mediators between distant cells and/or tissues, exerting biological effects such as immune modulation and pro-regenerative activity. Milk is also a unique, scalable, and reliable source of EVs. Our aim was to characterize the RNA content of cow, donkey, and goat mEVs through transcriptomic analysis of mRNA and small RNA libraries. Over 10,000 transcripts and 2000 small RNAs were expressed in mEVs of each species. Among the most represented transcripts, 110 mRNAs were common between the species with cow acting as the most divergent. The most represented small RNA class was miRNA in all the species, with 10 shared miRNAs having high impact on the immune regulatory function. Functional analysis for the most abundant mRNAs shows epigenetic functions such as histone modification, telomere maintenance, and chromatin remodeling for cow; lipid catabolism, oxidative stress, and vitamin metabolism for donkey; and terms related to chemokine receptor interaction, leukocytes migration, and transcriptional regulation in response to stress for goat. For miRNA targets, shared terms emerged as the main functions for all the species: immunity modulation, protein synthesis, cellular cycle regulation, transmembrane exchanges, and ion channels. Moreover, donkey and goat showed additional terms related to epigenetic modification and DNA maintenance. Our results showed a potential mEVs immune regulatory purpose through their RNA cargo, although in vivo validation studies are necessary.
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68
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Raghav A, Ali SG, Jeong GB, Gautam KA, Banday S, Mateen QN, Tripathi P, Giri R, Agarwal S, Singh M, Khan HM. Newer Horizon of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy in the Management of SARS-CoV-2-Associated Mucormycosis: A Safe Hope for Future Medicine. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:738983. [PMID: 34707590 PMCID: PMC8543035 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.738983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2-infected patients are reported to show immunocompromised behavior that gives rise to a wide variety of complications due to impaired innate immune response, cytokine storm, and thrombo-inflammation. Prolonged use of steroids, diabetes mellitus, and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) are some of the factors responsible for the growth of Mucorales in such immunocompromised patients and, thus, can lead to a life-threatening condition referred to as mucormycosis. Therefore, an early diagnosis and cell-based management cosis is the need of the hour to help affected patients overcome this severe condition. In addition, extended exposure to antifungal drugs/therapeutics is found to initiate hormonal and neurological complications. More recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used to exhibit immunomodulatory function and proven to be beneficial in a clinical cell-based regenerative approach. The immunomodulation ability of MSCs in mucormycosis patient boosts the immunity by the release of chemotactic proteins. MSC-based therapy in mucormycosis along with the combination of short-term antifungal drugs can be utilized as a prospective approach for mucormycosis treatment with promising outcomes. However, preclinical and in mucormyIn mucormycosis, the hyphae of clinical trials are needed to establish the precise mechanism of MSCs in mucormycosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Raghav
- Multidiscplinary Research Unit, Department of Health Research, MoHFW, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur, India
| | - Syed Ghazanfar Ali
- Viral Research Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Goo-Bo Jeong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Getbeol-ro Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kirti Amresh Gautam
- Multidiscplinary Research Unit, Department of Health Research, MoHFW, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur, India
| | - Shahid Banday
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Qazi Noorul Mateen
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Richa Giri
- Department of Medicine, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur, India
| | | | - Manish Singh
- Department of Neurosciences, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur, India
| | - Haris M Khan
- Viral Research Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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69
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Kakizaki M, Yamamoto Y, Nakayama S, Kameda K, Nagashima E, Ito M, Suyama T, Matsuzaki Y, Chiba T, Sumiyoshi H, Inagaki Y, Kotani A. Human hepatocyte-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate the carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in mice. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1010. [PMID: 34707093 PMCID: PMC8551237 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute liver injury (ALI) induced by chemicals or viruses can progress rapidly to acute liver failure (ALF), often resulting in death of patients without liver transplantation. Since liver transplantation is limited due to a paucity of donors, expensive surgical costs, and severe immune rejection, novel therapies are required to treat liver injury. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are used for cellular communication, carrying RNAs, proteins, and lipids and delivering them intercellularly after being endocytosed by target cells. Recently, it was reported that EVs secreted from human hepatocytes have an ability to modulate the immune responses; however, these roles of EVs secreted from human hepatocytes were studied only with in vitro experiments. In the present study, we evidenced that EVs secreted from human hepatocytes attenuated the CCL4-induced ALI by inhibiting the recruitment of monocytes through downregulation of chemokine receptor in the bone marrow and recruitment of neutrophils through the reduction of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) and CXCL2 expression levels in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Kakizaki
- grid.265061.60000 0001 1516 6626Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 259-1193 Japan ,Division of Hematological Malignancy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Kanagawa, 259-1193 Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yamamoto
- grid.265061.60000 0001 1516 6626Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 259-1193 Japan ,Division of Hematological Malignancy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Kanagawa, 259-1193 Japan
| | - Shunya Nakayama
- grid.265061.60000 0001 1516 6626Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 259-1193 Japan ,Division of Hematological Malignancy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Kanagawa, 259-1193 Japan
| | - Kazuaki Kameda
- grid.265061.60000 0001 1516 6626Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 259-1193 Japan ,Division of Hematological Malignancy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Kanagawa, 259-1193 Japan ,grid.415020.20000 0004 0467 0255Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, 330-8503 Japan
| | - Etsuko Nagashima
- grid.265061.60000 0001 1516 6626Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 259-1193 Japan ,Division of Hematological Malignancy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Kanagawa, 259-1193 Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ito
- grid.265061.60000 0001 1516 6626Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 259-1193 Japan
| | - Takashi Suyama
- grid.411621.10000 0000 8661 1590Department of Life Science, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane Japan
| | - Yumi Matsuzaki
- grid.411621.10000 0000 8661 1590Department of Life Science, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Chiba
- grid.136304.30000 0004 0370 1101Department of Gastroenterology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670 Japan
| | - Hideaki Sumiyoshi
- grid.265061.60000 0001 1516 6626Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 259-1193 Japan ,grid.265061.60000 0001 1516 6626Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University, Kanagawa, 259-1193 Japan ,Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Kanagawa, 259-1193 Japan
| | - Yutaka Inagaki
- grid.265061.60000 0001 1516 6626Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 259-1193 Japan ,grid.265061.60000 0001 1516 6626Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University, Kanagawa, 259-1193 Japan ,Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Kanagawa, 259-1193 Japan
| | - Ai Kotani
- grid.265061.60000 0001 1516 6626Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 259-1193 Japan ,Division of Hematological Malignancy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Kanagawa, 259-1193 Japan
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Pant T, Juric M, Bosnjak ZJ, Dhanasekaran A. Recent Insight on the Non-coding RNAs in Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: Regulatory and Therapeutic Role in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:737512. [PMID: 34660740 PMCID: PMC8517144 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.737512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering over the past few decades have paved the path for cell-free therapy. Numerous stem cell types, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), have been reported to impart therapeutic effects via paracrine secretion of exosomes. The underlying factors and the associated mechanisms contributing to these MSC-derived exosomes' protective effects are, however, poorly understood, limiting their application in the clinic. The exosomes exhibit a diversified repertoire of functional non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and have the potential to transfer these biologically active transcripts to the recipient cells, where they are found to modulate a diverse array of functions. Altered expression of the ncRNAs in the exosomes has been linked with the regenerative potential and development of various diseases, including cardiac, neurological, skeletal, and cancer. Also, modulating the expression of ncRNAs in these exosomes has been found to improve their therapeutic impact. Moreover, many of these ncRNAs are expressed explicitly in the MSC-derived exosomes, making them ideal candidates for regenerative medicine, including tissue engineering research. In this review, we detail the recent advances in regenerative medicine and summarize the evidence supporting the altered expression of the ncRNA repertoire specific to MSCs under different degenerative diseases. We also discuss the therapeutic role of these ncRNA for the prevention of these various degenerative diseases and their future in translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Pant
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Matea Juric
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Zeljko J Bosnjak
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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Krampera M, Le Blanc K. Mesenchymal stromal cells: Putative microenvironmental modulators become cell therapy. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1708-1725. [PMID: 34624232 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An exceptional safety profile has been shown in a large number of cell therapy clinical trials that use mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). However, reliable potency assays are still lacking to predict MSC immunosuppressive efficacy in the clinical setting. Nevertheless, MSCs are approved in Japan and Europe for the treatment of graft-versus-host and Crohn's fistular diseases, but not in the United States for any clinical indication. We discuss potential mechanisms of action for the therapeutic effects of MSC transplantation, experimental models that dissect tissue modulating function of MSCs, and approaches for identifying MSC effects in vivo by integrating biomarkers of disease and MSC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Krampera
- Section of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Katarina Le Blanc
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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72
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Herman S, Fishel I, Offen D. Intranasal delivery of mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles for the treatment of neurological diseases. Stem Cells 2021; 39:1589-1600. [PMID: 34520591 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by a progressive degeneration of cells and deficiencies in neural functions. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising therapy for diseases and disorders of the CNS. Increasing evidence suggests that their beneficial abilities can be attributed to their paracrine secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Administration of EVs that contain a mixture of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, resembling the secretome of MSCs, has been shown to mimic most of the effects of the parental cells. Moreover, the small size and safety profile of EVs provide a number of advantages over cell transplantation. Intranasal (IN) administration of EVs has been established as an effective and reliable way to bypass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and deliver drugs to the CNS. In addition to pharmacological drugs, EVs can be loaded with a diverse range of cargo designed to modulate gene expression and protein functions in recipient cells, and lead to immunomodulation, neurogenesis, neuroprotection, and degradation of protein aggregates. In this review, we will explore the proposed physiological pathways by which EVs migrate through the nasal route to the CNS where they can actively target a region of injury or inflammation and exert their therapeutic effects. We will summarize the functional outcomes observed in animal models of neurological diseases following IN treatment with MSC-derived EVs. We will also examine key mechanisms that have been suggested to mediate the beneficial effects of EV-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shay Herman
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Idan Fishel
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel Offen
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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73
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Hezam K, Mo R, Wang C, Liu Y, Li Z. Anti-inflammatory Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Secretomes in Pneumonia. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 23:1153-1167. [PMID: 34493193 DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210907115126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitor cells that play crucial roles in the microenvironment of injured tissues. The potential therapeutics of MSCs have attracted extensive attention for several diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. MSC-extracellular vesicles have been isolated from MSC-conditioned media (MSC-CM) with similar functional effects as parent MSCs. The therapeutic role of MSCs can be achieved through the balance between the inflammatory and regenerative microenvironments. Clinical settings of MSCs and their extracellular vesicles remain promising for many diseases, such as ARDS and pneumonia. However, their clinical applications remain limited due to the cost of growing and storage facilities of MSCs with a lack of standardized MSC-CM. This review highlights the proposed role of MSCs in pulmonary diseases and discusses the recent advances of MSC application for pneumonia and other lung disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Hezam
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin. China
| | - Rigen Mo
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin. China
| | - Chen Wang
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin. China
| | - Yue Liu
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin. China
| | - Zongjin Li
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin. China
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74
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Ghollasi M, Ghasembaglou S, Rahban D, Korani M, Motallebnezhad M, Asadi M, Zarredar H, Salimi A. Prospects for Manipulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tumor Therapy: Anti-Angiogenesis Property on the Spotlight. Int J Stem Cells 2021; 14:351-365. [PMID: 34456189 PMCID: PMC8611310 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc20146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between the tumor microenvironment and the tumor cells confers a condition that accelerate or decelerate the development of tumor. Of these cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the potential to modulate the tumor cells. MSCs have been established with double functions, whereby contribute to a tumorigenic or anti-tumor setting. Clinical studies have indicated the potential of MSCs to be used as tool in treating the human cancer cells. One of the advantageous features of MSCs that make them as a well-suited tool for cancer therapy is the natural tumor-trophic migration potential. A key specification of the tumor development has been stablished to be angiogenesis. As a result, manipulation of angiogenesis has become an attractive approach for cancer therapy. This review article will seek to clarify the anti-angiogenesis strategy in modulating the MSCs to treat the tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Ghollasi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Ghasembaglou
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Rahban
- Department of Nanomedicine, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Korani
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Motallebnezhad
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Asadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Basic Oncology, Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Habib Zarredar
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Salimi
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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75
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Immunomodulatory Effects of Canine Adipose Tissue Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Stimulated CD4 + T Cells Isolated from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:2993043. [PMID: 34447855 PMCID: PMC8384509 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2993043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory characteristics. Many studies have suggested that the immunomodulation of ADSCs is largely mediated by secreted paracrine factors. Various factors are secreted from ADSCs, among which extracellular vesicles are considered to play a major role in the communication between ADSCs and target cells. Several studies have reported the function of canine ADSC-derived extracellular vesicles (cADSC-EVs), but few studies have reported the immunomodulatory effects of cADSC-EVs on immune cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cADSC-EVs on in vitro-stimulated CD4+ T cells isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). cADSC-EVs were isolated from cADSCs under naive conditions or primed conditions by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interferon-γ (IFNγ). The expression levels of several microRNAs in cADSC-EVs were altered by priming with TNFα and IFNγ. Culturing PBMCs stimulated with concanavalin A in the presence of naive or primed cADSC-EVs inhibited the differentiation of PBMCs and CD4+ T cells and promoted apoptosis of PBMCs. CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+CD8+ T cells were decreased, while CD3+CD4-CD8- T cells were increased. T helper (Th) 1, Th2, Th17, and regulatory T (Treg) cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. cADSC-EVs inhibited the proliferation of Th1 and Th17 cells and enhanced Th2 and Treg cell proliferation. However, CD4+ T cells that had incorporated labeled cADSC-EVs comprised only a few percent of all cells. Therefore, these responses of stimulated CD4+ T cells may be due to not only direct effects of cADSC-EVs but also to indirect effects through interactions between cADSC-EVs and other immune cells. In conclusion, cADSC-EVs exert immunosuppressive effects on stimulated CD4+ T cells in vitro. These findings may be useful for further studies of immune diseases.
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76
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Hovhannisyan L, Czechowska E, Gutowska-Owsiak D. The Role of Non-Immune Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Allergy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:702381. [PMID: 34489951 PMCID: PMC8417238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), and especially exosomes, have been shown to mediate information exchange between distant cells; this process directly affects the biological characteristics and functionality of the recipient cell. As such, EVs significantly contribute to the shaping of immune responses in both physiology and disease states. While vesicles secreted by immune cells are often implicated in the allergic process, growing evidence indicates that EVs from non-immune cells, produced in the stroma or epithelia of the organs directly affected by inflammation may also play a significant role. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms of allergy to which those EVs contribute, with a particular focus on small EVs (sEVs). Finally, we also give a clinical perspective regarding the utilization of the EV-mediated communication route for the benefit of allergic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Hovhannisyan
- University of Gdansk, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of in vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Czechowska
- University of Gdansk, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Danuta Gutowska-Owsiak
- University of Gdansk, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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77
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Heidari N, Abbasi-Kenarsari H, Namaki S, Baghaei K, Zali MR, Ghaffari Khaligh S, Hashemi SM. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell-secreted exosome alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis by Treg cell induction and inflammatory cytokine reduction. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:5906-5920. [PMID: 33728664 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is an inflammatory condition that results in gastrointestinal tract damage. Various factors, including environmental and genetic agents, disrupt the function of the intestinal immune system that can lead to IBD. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) display an immunoregulatory function and demonstrate regenerative potential by paracrine action. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory effects of MSCs' derived exosomes in the acute form of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Exosomes were isolated from adipose-derived MSCs. Acute colitis was induced by DSS. The exosome was used by intraperitoneal injection into mice with acute colitis. Stool consistency, body weight changes, bleeding severity, colon length, and weight were examined. At the experimental endpoint (Day 7), the changes in the colon tissue were evaluated. The level of cytokines of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-17 (IL-17), IL-4, IL-12, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and, IL-10, and Treg cells percentage were assayed. Results showed that exosome administration diminished colon shortening, bodyweight loss, bleeding, and colon injury. The levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12, and IL-17 were decreased, and the level of TGF-β, IL-4, and IL-10 were increased in lymph node and spleen of mice treated with exosome. Percentages of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Treg cells were grown in the lymph node and spleen of mice treated with exosomes. Overall, current data suggest that MSC-derived exosome could regulate the Treg population and improves inflammation in DSS-induced acute colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Heidari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hajar Abbasi-Kenarsari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Namaki
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaveh Baghaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorder Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Disease Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Mahmoud Hashemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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78
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Karpman D, Tontanahal A. Extracellular vesicles in renal inflammatory and infectious diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 171:42-54. [PMID: 33933600 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles can mediate cell-to-cell communication, or relieve the parent cell of harmful substances, in order to maintain cellular integrity. The content of extracellular vesicles includes miRNAs, mRNAs, growth factors, complement factors, cytokines, chemokines and receptors. These may contribute to inflammatory and infectious diseases by the exposure or transfer of potent effectors that induce vascular inflammation by leukocyte recruitment and thrombosis. Furthermore, vesicles release cytokines and induce their release from cells. Extracellular vesicles possess immune modulatory and anti-microbial properties, and induce receptor signaling in the recipient cell, not least by the transfer of pro-inflammatory receptors. Additionally, the vesicles may carry virulence factors systemically. Extracellular vesicles in blood and urine can contribute to the development of kidney diseases or exhibit protective effects. In this review we will describe the role of EVs in inflammation, thrombosis, immune modulation, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, renal tubular regeneration and infection. Furthermore, we will delineate their contribution to renal ischemia/reperfusion, vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, thrombotic microangiopathies, IgA nephropathy, acute kidney injury, urinary tract infections and renal transplantation. Due to their content of miRNAs and growth factors, or when loaded with nephroprotective modulators, extracellular vesicles have the potential to be used as therapeutics for renal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Karpman
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 22185, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Ashmita Tontanahal
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 22185, Lund, Sweden
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79
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Aarts J, Boleij A, Pieters BCH, Feitsma AL, van Neerven RJJ, Ten Klooster JP, M'Rabet L, Arntz OJ, Koenders MI, van de Loo FAJ. Flood Control: How Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Can Help to Improve the Intestinal Barrier Function and Break the Gut-Joint Axis in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:703277. [PMID: 34394100 PMCID: PMC8356634 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.703277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies provided compelling evidence that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in the regulation of the immune response, acting as both enhancers and dampeners of the immune system, depending on the source and type of vesicle. Research, including ours, has shown anti-inflammatory effects of milk-derived EVs, using human breast milk as well as bovine colostrum and store-bought pasteurized cow milk, in in vitro systems as well as therapeutically in animal models. Although it is not completely elucidated which proteins and miRNAs within the milk-derived EVs contribute to these immunosuppressive capacities, one proposed mechanism of action of the EVs is via the modulation of the crosstalk between the (intestinal) microbiome and their host health. There is increasing awareness that the gut plays an important role in many inflammatory diseases. Enhanced intestinal leakiness, dysbiosis of the gut microbiome, and bowel inflammation are not only associated with intestinal diseases like colitis and Crohn's disease, but also characteristic for systemic inflammatory diseases such as lupus, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Strategies to target the gut, and especially its microbiome, are under investigation and hold a promise as a therapeutic intervention for these diseases. The use of milk-derived EVs, either as stand-alone drug or as a drug carrier, is often suggested in recent years. Several research groups have studied the tolerance and safety of using milk-derived EVs in animal models. Due to its composition, milk-derived EVs are highly biocompatible and have limited immunogenicity even cross species. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that milk-derived EVs, when taken up in the gastro-intestinal tract, stay intact after absorption, indicating excellent stability. These characteristics make milk-derived EVs very suitable as drug carriers, but also by themselves, these EVs already have a substantial immunoregulatory function, and even without loading, these vesicles can act as therapeutics. In this review, we will address the immunomodulating capacity of milk-derived EVs and discuss their potential as therapy for RA patients. Review criteria The search terms "extracellular vesicles", "exosomes", "microvesicles", "rheumatoid arthritis", "gut-joint axis", "milk", and "experimental arthritis" were used. English-language full text papers (published between 1980 and 2021) were identified from PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The reference list for each paper was further searched to identify additional relevant articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Aarts
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Boleij
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Bartijn C H Pieters
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - R J Joost van Neerven
- FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, Netherlands.,Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jean Paul Ten Klooster
- Research Centre for Healthy and Sustainable Living, Innovative Testing in Life Sciences and Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Laura M'Rabet
- Research Centre for Healthy and Sustainable Living, Innovative Testing in Life Sciences and Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Onno J Arntz
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marije I Koenders
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Fons A J van de Loo
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, Netherlands
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80
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Zhang X, Xie Q, Ye Z, Li Y, Che Z, Huang M, Zeng J. Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Tuberculosis: Clinical Challenges and Opportunities. Front Immunol 2021; 12:695278. [PMID: 34367155 PMCID: PMC8340780 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.695278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the communicable diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, affecting nearly one-third of the world's population. However, because the pathogenesis of TB is still not fully understood and the development of anti-TB drug is slow, TB remains a global public health problem. In recent years, with the gradual discovery and confirmation of the immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), more and more studies, including our team's research, have shown that MSCs seem to be closely related to the growth status of Mtb and the occurrence and development of TB, which is expected to bring new hope for the clinical treatment of TB. This article reviews the relationship between MSCs and the occurrence and development of TB and the potential application of MSCs in the treatment of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Zhang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Qi Xie
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Ziyu Ye
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yanyun Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhengping Che
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Mingyuan Huang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jincheng Zeng
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Research for Department of Education of Guangdong Province, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Antitumor Active Substance Research and Development, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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81
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Chen J, Li C, Liang Z, Li C, Li Y, Zhao Z, Qiu T, Hao H, Niu R, Chen L. Human mesenchymal stromal cells small extracellular vesicles attenuate sepsis-induced acute lung injury in a mouse model: the role of oxidative stress and the mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor kappa B pathway. Cytotherapy 2021; 23:918-930. [PMID: 34272174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Acute lung injury (ALI) secondary to sepsis is a complex disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their conditioned medium have been demonstrated to reduce alveolar inflammation, improve lung endothelial barrier permeability and modulate oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro. Recently, MSCs have been found to release small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) that can deliver functionally active biomolecules into recipient cells. The authors' study was designed to determine whether sEVs released by MSCs would be effective in sepsis-induced ALI mice and to identify the potential mechanisms. METHODS A total of 6 h after cercal ligation and puncture, the mice received saline, sEV-depleted conditioned medium (sEVD-CM) or MSC sEVs via the tail vein. RESULTS The administration of MSC sEVs improved pulmonary microvascular permeability and inhibited both histopathological changes and the infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils into lung tissues. In addition, the activities of antioxidant enzymes were significantly increased in the group treated with sEVs compared with the saline and sEVD-CM groups, whereas lipid peroxidation was significantly decreased. Furthermore, sEVs were found to possibly inhibit phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor kappa B (MAPK/NF-κB) pathway and degradation of IκB but increase the activities of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase 1. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that one of the effective therapeutic mechanisms of sEVs against sepsis-induced ALI may be associated with upregulation of anti-oxidative enzymes and inhibition of MAPK/NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Center of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chonghui Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical College, Beijing, China; Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixin Liang
- Center of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chunsun Li
- Center of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqin Li
- Center of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Center of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Qiu
- Center of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haojie Hao
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruichao Niu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Liangan Chen
- Center of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical College, Beijing, China.
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82
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Manzo G. Specific and Aspecific Molecular Checkpoints as Potential Targets for Dismantling Tumor Hierarchy and Preventing Relapse and Metastasis Through Shielded Cytolytic Treatments. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:665321. [PMID: 34295890 PMCID: PMC8291084 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.665321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
I have recently theorized that several similarities exist between the tumor process and embryo development. Starting from an initial cancer stem cell (CSC0), similar to an embryonic stem cell (ESC), after implantation in a niche, primary self-renewing CSCs (CSC1s) would arise, which then generate secondary proliferating CSCs (CSC2s). From these epithelial CSCs, tertiary mesenchymal CSCs (CSC3s) would arise, which, under favorable stereotrophic conditions, by asymmetric proliferation, would generate cancer progenitor cells (CPCs) and then cancer differentiated cells (CDCs), thus giving a defined cell heterogeneity and hierarchy. CSC1s-CSC2s-CSC3s-CPCs-CDCs would constitute a defined "tumor growth module," able to generate new tumor modules, forming a spherical avascular mass, similar to a tumor sphere. Further growth in situ of this initial tumor would require implantation in the host and vascularization through the overexpression of some aspecific checkpoint molecules, such as CD44, ID, LIF, HSP70, and HLA-G. To expand and spread in the host tissues, this vascularized tumor would then carry on a real growth strategy based on other specific checkpoint factors, such as those contained in the extracellular vesicles (EVs), namely, microRNAs, messenger RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and integrins. These EV components would be crucial in tumor progression because they can mediate intercellular communications in the surrounding microenvironment and systemically, dictating to recipient cells a new tumor-enslaved phenotype, thus determining pre-metastatic conditions. Moreover, by their induction properties, the EV contents could also frustrate in time the effects of cytolytic tumor therapies, where EVs released by killed CSCs might enter other cancer and non-cancer cells, thus giving chemoresistance, non-CSC/CSC transition (recurrence), and metastasis. Thus, antitumor cytotoxic treatments, "shielded" from the EV-specific checkpoints by suitable adjuvant agents, simultaneously targeting the aforesaid aspecific checkpoints should be necessary for dismantling the hierarchic tumor structure, avoiding recurrence and preventing metastasis.
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83
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Mohammadi MR, Rodriguez SM, Luong JC, Li S, Cao R, Alshetaiwi H, Lau H, Davtyan H, Jones MB, Jafari M, Kessenbrock K, Villalta SA, de Vos P, Zhao W, Lakey JRT. Exosome loaded immunomodulatory biomaterials alleviate local immune response in immunocompetent diabetic mice post islet xenotransplantation. Commun Biol 2021; 4:685. [PMID: 34083739 PMCID: PMC8175379 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02229-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foreign body response (FBR) to biomaterials compromises the function of implants and leads to medical complications. Here, we report a hybrid alginate microcapsule (AlgXO) that attenuated the immune response after implantation, through releasing exosomes derived from human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells (XOs). Upon release, XOs suppress the local immune microenvironment, where xenotransplantation of rat islets encapsulated in AlgXO led to >170 days euglycemia in immunocompetent mouse model of Type 1 Diabetes. In vitro analyses revealed that XOs suppressed the proliferation of CD3/CD28 activated splenocytes and CD3+ T cells. Comparing suppressive potency of XOs in purified CD3+ T cells versus splenocytes, we found XOs more profoundly suppressed T cells in the splenocytes co-culture, where a heterogenous cell population is present. XOs also suppressed CD3/CD28 activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and reduced their cytokine secretion including IL-2, IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-22, and TNFα. We further demonstrate that XOs mechanism of action is likely mediated via myeloid cells and XOs suppress both murine and human macrophages partly by interfering with NFκB pathway. We propose that through controlled release of XOs, AlgXO provide a promising new platform that could alleviate the local immune response to implantable biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rezaa Mohammadi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Stem Cell Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Cam Luong
- Sue and Bill Stem Cell Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Shiri Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rui Cao
- Sue and Bill Stem Cell Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hamad Alshetaiwi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hien Lau
- Sue and Bill Stem Cell Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hayk Davtyan
- Sue and Bill Stem Cell Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mathew Blurton Jones
- Sue and Bill Stem Cell Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mahtab Jafari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kai Kessenbrock
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - S Armando Villalta
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Paul de Vos
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Section Immunoendocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Weian Zhao
- Sue and Bill Stem Cell Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan R T Lakey
- Sue and Bill Stem Cell Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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84
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Banimohamad‐Shotorbani B, Farajpour H, Sefat F, Khosroshahi SA, Shafaei H, Heidari keshel S. Efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cells and cellular products in improvement of symptoms for COVID-19 and similar lung diseases. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2168-2183. [PMID: 33629351 PMCID: PMC8014656 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
At the end of 2019, respiratory coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) appeared and spread rapidly in the world. Besides several mutations, the outcome of this pandemic was the death up to 15% of hospitalized patients. Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy as a therapeutic strategy seemed successful in treatment of several diseases. Not only mesenchymal stromal cells of several tissues, but also their secreted extracellular vesicles and even secretome indicated beneficial therapeutic function. All of these three options were studied for treatment of COVID-19 as well as those respiratory diseases that have similar symptom. Fortunately, most of the outcomes were promising and optimistic. In this paper, we review in-vivo and clinical studies which have been used different sources of mesenchymal stromal cell, secreted extracellular vesicles, and secretome to improve and treat symptoms of COVID-19 and similar lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Banimohamad‐Shotorbani
- Student Research CommitteeUniversity of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical SciencesTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Hekmat Farajpour
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Farshid Sefat
- Department of Biomedical and Electronics Engineering, School of EngineeringUniversity of BradfordBradfordUK
- School of Engineering, Interdisciplinary Research Center in Polymer Science & Technology (Polymer IRC)University of BradfordBradfordUK
| | - Shiva Ahdi Khosroshahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical SciencesTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Hajar Shafaei
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical SciencesTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Saeed Heidari keshel
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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85
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Miotti G, Parodi PC, Zeppieri M. Stem cell therapy in ocular pathologies in the past 20 years. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:366-385. [PMID: 34136071 PMCID: PMC8176844 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i5.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapies are successfully used in various fields of medicine. This new approach of research is also expanding in ophthalmology. Huge investments, resources and important clinical trials have been performed in stem cell research and in potential therapies. In recent years, great strides have been made in genetic research, which permitted and enhanced the differentiation of stem cells. Moreover, the possibility of exploiting stem cells from other districts (such as adipose, dental pulp, bone marrow stem cells, etc.) for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases, renders this topic fascinating. Furthermore, great strides have been made in biomedical engineering, which have proposed new materials and three-dimensional structures useful for cell therapy of the eye. The encouraging results obtained on clinical trials conducted on animals have given a significant boost in the creation of study protocols also in humans. Results are limited to date, but clinical trials continue to evolve. Our attention is centered on the literature reported over the past 20 years, considering animal (the most represented in literature) and human clinical trials, which are limiting. The aim of our review is to present a brief overview of the main types of treatments based on stem cells in the field of ophthalmic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Miotti
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - Pier Camillo Parodi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - Marco Zeppieri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy
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86
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Li D, Gupta P, Sgaglione NA, Grande DA. Exosomes Derived from Non-Classic Sources for Treatment of Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Injury of the Knee: In Vivo Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10092001. [PMID: 34066986 PMCID: PMC8124969 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10092001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis of the knee is one of the most common chronic, debilitating musculoskeletal conditions. Current conservative treatment modalities such as weight loss, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and intra-articular steroid injections often only provide temporary pain relief and are unsatisfactory for long-term management. Though end stage osteoarthritis of the knee can be managed with total knee arthroplasty (TKA), finding alternative non-surgical options to delay or prevent the need for TKA are needed due to the increased healthcare costs and expenditures associated with TKA. Exosomes have been of particular interest given recent findings highlighting that stem cells may at least partially mediate some of their effects through the release of extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes. As such, better understanding the biological mechanisms and potential therapeutic effects of these exosomes is necessary. Here, we review in vivo studies that highlight the potential clinical use of exosomes derived from non-classical sources (not bone marrow or adipose derived MSCs derived MSCs) for osteoarthritis of the knee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Orthopedic Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA;
| | - Puneet Gupta
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA;
| | - Nicholas A. Sgaglione
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, NY 11040, USA;
| | - Daniel A. Grande
- Orthopedic Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA;
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, NY 11040, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(516)-562-1138
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87
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Limoli PG, Limoli C, Vingolo EM, Franzone F, Nebbioso M. Mesenchymal stem and non-stem cell surgery, rescue, and regeneration in glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:275. [PMID: 33957957 PMCID: PMC8101217 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02351-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) is an anatomofunctional impairment of the optic nerve triggered by glaucoma. Recently, growth factors (GFs) have been shown to produce retinal neuroenhancement. The suprachoroidal autograft of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by the Limoli retinal restoration technique (LRRT) has proven to achieve retinal neuroenhancement by producing GF directly into the choroidal space. This retrospectively registered clinical study investigated the visual function changes in patients with GON treated with LRRT. Methods Twenty-five patients (35 eyes) with GON in progressive disease conditions were included in the study. Each patient underwent a comprehensive ocular examination, including the analysis of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) for far and near visus, sensitivity by Maia microperimetry, and the study of the spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). The patients were divided into two groups: a control group, consisting of 21 eyes (average age 72.2 years, range 50–83), and an LRRT group, consisting of 14 eyes (average age 67.4, range 50–84). Results After 6 months, the BCVA, close-up visus, and microperimetric sensitivity significantly improved in the LRRT-treated group (p<0.05), whereas the mean increases were not statistically significant in controls (p>0.5). Conclusions Patients with GON treated with LRRT showed a significant increase in visual performance (VP) both in BCVA and sensitivity and an improvement of residual close-up visus, in the comparison between the LRRT results and the control group. Further studies will be needed to establish the actual significance of the reported findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Celeste Limoli
- Low Vision Research Centre of Milan, Piazza Sempione 3, 20145, Milan, Italy
| | - Enzo Maria Vingolo
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Franzone
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcella Nebbioso
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Sense Organs, Ocular Electrophysiology Centre, Umberto I Policlinic, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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88
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Crippa S, Santi L, Berti M, De Ponti G, Bernardo ME. Role of ex vivo Expanded Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Determining Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Outcome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:663316. [PMID: 34017834 PMCID: PMC8129582 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.663316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Overall, the human organism requires the production of ∼1 trillion new blood cells per day. Such goal is achieved via hematopoiesis occurring within the bone marrow (BM) under the tight regulation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) homeostasis made by the BM microenvironment. The BM niche is defined by the close interactions of HSPCs and non-hematopoietic cells of different origin, which control the maintenance of HSPCs and orchestrate hematopoiesis in response to the body’s requirements. The activity of the BM niche is regulated by specific signaling pathways in physiological conditions and in case of stress, including the one induced by the HSPC transplantation (HSCT) procedures. HSCT is the curative option for several hematological and non-hematological diseases, despite being associated with early and late complications, mainly due to a low level of HSPC engraftment, impaired hematopoietic recovery, immune-mediated graft rejection, and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) in case of allogenic transplant. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are key elements of the BM niche, regulating HSPC homeostasis by direct contact and secreting several paracrine factors. In this review, we will explore the several mechanisms through which MSCs impact on the supportive activity of the BM niche and regulate HSPC homeostasis. We will further discuss how the growing understanding of such mechanisms have impacted, under a clinical point of view, on the transplantation field. In more recent years, these results have instructed the design of clinical trials to ameliorate the outcome of HSCT, especially in the allogenic setting, and when low doses of HSPCs were available for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Crippa
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ludovica Santi
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Margherita Berti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giada De Ponti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Maria Ester Bernardo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Faculty of Medicine, Milan, Italy
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89
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Xia Y, Hu G, Chen Y, Yuan J, Zhang J, Wang S, Li Q, Wang Y, Deng Z. Embryonic Stem Cell Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Modulate Regulatory T Cells to Protect against Ischemic Stroke. ACS NANO 2021; 15:7370-7385. [PMID: 33733738 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have been proved to promote neurological recovery after stroke. Recent studies demonstrate a phenomenal tissue repair ability in embryonic stem cell derived sEVs (ESC-sEVs). However, whether ESC-sEVs could protect against ischemic stroke remains unknown. Immune responses play an essential role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke, and modulating post-stroke immune responses ameliorates ischemia-induced brain damage. In this study, we aim to determine the therapeutic function of ESC-sEVs, specifically focusing on their role in immunomodulation after ischemic stroke. ESC-sEVs are intravenously administered after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. ESC-sEVs significantly decrease leukocyte infiltration, inflammatory cytokine expression, neuronal death, and infarct volume and alleviate long-term neurological deficits and tissue loss after ischemic stroke. Interestingly, ESC-sEVs induce a marked increase in regulatory T cells (Tregs) after stroke. Further, ESC-sEV-afforded immunomodulatory function and neuroprotection against stroke are dependent on Tregs, as the depletion of Tregs almost completely abrogates the protective effects. Mechanistically, proteomic analysis reveals the enrichment of TGF-β, Smad2, and Smad4 proteins in ESC-sEVs, which could be delivered to activate the TGF-β/Smad pathway in CD4+ T cells and therefore induce Treg expansion. ESC-sEVs modulate neuroinflammation and protect against ischemic stroke through the expansion of Tregs, a process that is partially dependent on the activation of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway by the transfer of TGF-β, Smad2, and Smad4. The results suggest ESC-sEVs might be a candidate for immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguo Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Guowen Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Ji Yuan
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Juntao Zhang
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Sifan Wang
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qing Li
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zhifeng Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
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90
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Pillalamarri N, Abdullah, Ren G, Khan L, Ullah A, Jonnakuti S, Ullah M. Exploring the utility of extracellular vesicles in ameliorating viral infection-associated inflammation, cytokine storm and tissue damage. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101095. [PMID: 33887552 PMCID: PMC8053440 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as potential mediators of intercellular communication. EVs are nano-sized, lipid membrane-bound vesicles that contains biological information in the form of proteins, metabolites and/or nucleic acids. EVs are key regulators of tissue repair mechanisms, such as in the context of lung injuries. Recent studies suggest that EVs have the ability to repair COVID19-associated acute lung damage. EVs hold great promise for therapeutic treatments, particularly in treating a potentially fatal autoimmune response and attenuate inflammation. They are known to boost lung immunity and are involved in the pathogenesis of various lung diseases, including viral infection. EV-based immunization technology has been proven to elicit robust immune responses in many models of infectious disease, including COVID-19. The field of EV research has tremendous potential in advancing our understanding about viral infection pathogenesis, and can be translated into anti-viral therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagavalli Pillalamarri
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Abdullah
- Molecular Medicine Department of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, United States
| | - Gang Ren
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Luqman Khan
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Asad Ullah
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Sriya Jonnakuti
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Mujib Ullah
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States; Molecular Medicine Department of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, United States.
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91
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Ziemkiewicz N, Hilliard G, Pullen NA, Garg K. The Role of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3265. [PMID: 33806895 PMCID: PMC8005179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration is highly dependent on the inflammatory response. A wide variety of innate and adaptive immune cells orchestrate the complex process of muscle repair. This review provides information about the various types of immune cells and biomolecules that have been shown to mediate muscle regeneration following injury and degenerative diseases. Recently developed cell and drug-based immunomodulatory strategies are highlighted. An improved understanding of the immune response to injured and diseased skeletal muscle will be essential for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ziemkiewicz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation, and Technology, Saint Louis University, 3507 Lindell Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA;
| | - Genevieve Hilliard
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA;
| | - Nicholas A. Pullen
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado, CO 80639, USA;
| | - Koyal Garg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parks College of Engineering, Aviation, and Technology, Saint Louis University, 3507 Lindell Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA;
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92
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Martire S, Montarolo F, Spadaro M, Perga S, Sforza ML, Marozio L, Frezet F, Bruno S, Chiabotto G, Deregibus MC, Camussi G, Botta G, Benedetto C, Bertolotto A. A First Phenotypic and Functional Characterization of Placental Extracellular Vesicles from Women with Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062875. [PMID: 33809077 PMCID: PMC8001892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is a unique situation of physiological immunomodulation, as well as a strong Multiple Sclerosis (MS) disease modulator whose mechanisms are still unclear. Both maternal (decidua) and fetal (trophoblast) placental cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are known to mediate cellular communication and modulate the maternal immune response. Their contribution to the MS disease course during pregnancy, however, is unexplored. Here, we provide a first phenotypic and functional characterization of EVs isolated from cultures of term placenta samples of women with MS, differentiating between decidua and trophoblast. In particular, we analyzed the expression profile of 37 surface proteins and tested the functional role of placental EVs on mono-cultures of CD14+ monocytes and co-cultures of CD4+ T and regulatory T (Treg) cells. Results indicated that placental EVs are enriched for surface markers typical of stem/progenitor cells, and that conditioning with EVs from samples of women with MS is associated to a moderate decrease in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines by activated monocytes and in the proliferation rate of activated T cells co-cultured with Tregs. Overall, our findings suggest an immunomodulatory potential of placental EVs from women with MS and set the stage for a promising research field aiming at elucidating their role in MS remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Martire
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy; (M.S.); (S.P.); (M.L.S.); (A.B.)
- Neurology-CRESM (Regional Reference Center for Multiple Sclerosis), AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Francesca Montarolo
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy; (M.S.); (S.P.); (M.L.S.); (A.B.)
- Neurology-CRESM (Regional Reference Center for Multiple Sclerosis), AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Michela Spadaro
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy; (M.S.); (S.P.); (M.L.S.); (A.B.)
- Neurology-CRESM (Regional Reference Center for Multiple Sclerosis), AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Simona Perga
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy; (M.S.); (S.P.); (M.L.S.); (A.B.)
- Neurology-CRESM (Regional Reference Center for Multiple Sclerosis), AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Ludovica Sforza
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy; (M.S.); (S.P.); (M.L.S.); (A.B.)
- Neurology-CRESM (Regional Reference Center for Multiple Sclerosis), AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Marozio
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (L.M.); (F.F.); (C.B.)
| | - Federica Frezet
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (L.M.); (F.F.); (C.B.)
| | - Stefania Bruno
- Department of Medical Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (S.B.); (G.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Giulia Chiabotto
- Department of Medical Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (S.B.); (G.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Maria Chiara Deregibus
- 2i3T Business Incubator and Technology Transfer, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (S.B.); (G.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Giovanni Botta
- Department of Pathology, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10124 Turin, Italy;
| | - Chiara Benedetto
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (L.M.); (F.F.); (C.B.)
| | - Antonio Bertolotto
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy; (M.S.); (S.P.); (M.L.S.); (A.B.)
- Neurology-CRESM (Regional Reference Center for Multiple Sclerosis), AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
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93
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Pi YN, Xia BR, Jin MZ, Jin WL, Lou G. Exosomes: Powerful weapon for cancer nano-immunoengineering. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 186:114487. [PMID: 33647264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy (CIT) that targets the tumor immune microenvironment is regarded as a revolutionary advancement in the fight against cancer. The success and failure of CIT are due to the complexity of the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Cancer nanomedicine is a potential adjuvant therapeutic strategy for immune-based combination therapy. Exosomes are natural nanomaterials that play a pivotal role in mediating intercellular communications and package delivery in the tumor microenvironment. They affect the immune response or the effectiveness of immunotherapy. In particular, exosomal PD-L1 promotes cancer progression and resistance to immunotherapy. Exosomes possess high bioavailability, biological stability, targeting specificity, low toxicity, and immune characteristics, which indicate their potential for cancer therapy. They can be engineered to act as effective cancer therapeutic tools that activate anti-tumor immune response and start immune surveillance. In the current review, we introduce the role of exosomes in a tumor immune microenvironment, highlight the application of engineered exosomes to CIT, and discuss the challenges and prospects for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Pi
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150086, PR China
| | - Bai-Rong Xia
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China
| | - Ming-Zhu Jin
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Ge Lou
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150086, PR China.
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94
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Lam G, Zhou Y, Wang JX, Tsui YP. Targeting mesenchymal stem cell therapy for severe pneumonia patients. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:139-154. [PMID: 33708343 PMCID: PMC7933990 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i2.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is the inflammation of the lungs and it is the world's leading cause of death for children under 5 years of age. The latest coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) virus is a prominent culprit to severe pneumonia. With the pandemic running rampant for the past year, more than 1590000 deaths has occurred worldwide up to December 2020 and are substantially attributable to severe pneumonia and induced cytokine storm. Effective therapeutic approaches in addition to the vaccines and drugs under development are hence greatly sought after. Therapies harnessing stem cells and their derivatives have been established by basic research for their versatile capacity to specifically inhibit inflammation due to pneumonia and prevent alveolar/pulmonary fibrosis while enhancing antibacterial/antiviral immunity, thus significantly alleviating the severe clinical conditions of pneumonia. In recent clinical trials, mesenchymal stem cells have shown effectiveness in reducing COVID-19-associated pneumonia morbidity and mortality; positioning these cells as worthy candidates for combating one of the greatest challenges of our time and shedding light on their prospects as a next-generation therapy to counter future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Lam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Research and Development, Help Therapeutics Co. Ltd., Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jia-Xian Wang
- Research and Development, Help Therapeutics Co. Ltd., Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yat-Ping Tsui
- Research and Development, Help Therapeutics Co. Ltd., Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu Province, China.
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95
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Fuloria S, Subramaniyan V, Dahiya R, Dahiya S, Sudhakar K, Kumari U, Sathasivam K, Meenakshi DU, Wu YS, Sekar M, Malviya R, Singh A, Fuloria NK. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Regenerative Potential and Challenges. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:172. [PMID: 33668707 PMCID: PMC7996168 DOI: 10.3390/biology10030172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that stem cells exert regenerative potential via the release of extracellular vesicles. Mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles (MSCEVs) offer therapeutic benefits for various pathophysiological ailments by restoring tissues. Facts suggest that MSCEV action can be potentiated by modifying the mesenchymal stem cells culturing methodology and bioengineering EVs. Limited clinical trials of MSCEVs have questioned their superiority, culturing quality, production scale-up and isolation, and administration format. Translation of preclinically successful MSCEVs into a clinical platform requires paying attention to several critical matters, such as the production technique, quantification/characterization, pharmacokinetics/targeting/transfer to the target site, and the safety profile. Keeping these issues as a priority, the present review was designed to highlight the challenges in translating preclinical MSCEV research into clinical platforms and provide evidence for the regenerative potential of MSCEVs in various conditions of the liver, kidney, heart, nervous system, bone, muscle, cartilage, and other organs/tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur 42610, Malaysia; (V.S.); (Y.S.W.)
| | - Rajiv Dahiya
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago;
| | - Sunita Dahiya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA;
| | - Kalvatala Sudhakar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (LIT-Pharmacy), Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar 144411, India;
| | - Usha Kumari
- Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, Kedah 08100, Malaysia;
| | | | | | - Yuan Seng Wu
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur 42610, Malaysia; (V.S.); (Y.S.W.)
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh 30450, Malaysia;
| | - Rishabha Malviya
- Department of Pharmacy, SMAS, Galgotias University, Greater Noida 203201, India; (R.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, SMAS, Galgotias University, Greater Noida 203201, India; (R.M.); (A.S.)
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96
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Extracellular Vesicles from Thapsigargin-Treated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Ameliorated Experimental Colitis via Enhanced Immunomodulatory Properties. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020209. [PMID: 33670708 PMCID: PMC7922639 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic applications of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted considerable attention because of their immunomodulatory properties against immune-mediated, inflammatory diseases. Here, we demonstrated enhanced immunomodulatory properties of EVs secreted from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducer thapsigargin (TSG)-primed human Wharton's jelly-derived MSCs (WJ-MSCs). EVs from TSG-primed WJ-MSCs (TSG-EV) showed increased yield and expression of immunomodulatory factors, such as transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), and especially indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), compared to control EVs. TSG-EV showed a significantly enhanced immunosuppressive effect on human peripheral blood-derived T cell proliferation and Th1 and Th17 differentiation, whereas Treg and M2-type macrophage were enriched compared to a control EV-treated group. Furthermore, TSG-EV substantially mitigated mouse experimental colitis by reducing the inflammatory response and maintaining intestinal barrier integrity. A significant increase of Tregs and M2-type macrophages in colitic colons of a TSG-EV-treated mouse suggests an anti-inflammatory effect of TSG-EV in colitis model, possibly mediated by Treg and macrophage polarization. These data indicate that TSG treatment promoted immunomodulatory properties of EVs from WJ-MSCs, and TSG-EV may provide a new therapeutic approach for treatment of colitis.
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97
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Gobin J, Muradia G, Mehic J, Westwood C, Couvrette L, Stalker A, Bigelow S, Luebbert CC, Bissonnette FSD, Johnston MJW, Sauvé S, Tam RY, Wang L, Rosu-Myles M, Lavoie JR. Hollow-fiber bioreactor production of extracellular vesicles from human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells yields nanovesicles that mirrors the immuno-modulatory antigenic signature of the producer cell. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:127. [PMID: 33579358 PMCID: PMC7880218 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02190-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBM-MSCs) are currently investigated for their clinical effectiveness towards immune-mediated diseases. The large amounts of stem cell-derived EVs required for clinical testing suggest that bioreactor production systems may be a more amenable alternative than conventional EV production methods for manufacturing products for therapeutic use in humans. Methods To characterize the potential utility of these systems, EVs from four hBM-MSC donors were produced independently using a hollow-fiber bioreactor system under a cGMP-compliant procedure. EVs were harvested and characterized for size, concentration, immunophenotype, and glycan profile at three separate intervals throughout a 25-day period. Results Bioreactor-inoculated hBM-MSCs maintained high viability and retained their trilineage mesoderm differentiation capability while still expressing MSC-associated markers upon retrieval. EVs collected from the four hBM-MSC donors showed consistency in size and concentration in addition to presenting a consistent surface glycan profile. EV surface immunophenotypic analyses revealed a consistent low immunogenicity profile in addition to the presence of immuno-regulatory CD40 antigen. EV cargo analysis for biomarkers of immune regulation showed a high abundance of immuno-regulatory and angiogenic factors VEGF-A and IL-8. Conclusions Significantly, EVs from hBM-MSCs with immuno-regulatory constituents were generated in a large-scale system over a long production period and could be frequently harvested with the same quality and quantity, which will circumvent the challenge for clinical application. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02190-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gobin
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gauri Muradia
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jelica Mehic
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carole Westwood
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren Couvrette
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Stalker
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stewart Bigelow
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian C Luebbert
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frédéric St-Denis Bissonnette
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J W Johnston
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simon Sauvé
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roger Y Tam
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Rosu-Myles
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessie R Lavoie
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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98
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Human Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: A Key Player in Wound Healing. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 18:537-548. [PMID: 33547566 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) are an attractive resource for wound healing because their regenerative capacity improves injury repair. Recently, stem cell-derived exosomes have been shown to play a positive role in stem cell-based therapies. However, the effects of exosomes derived from AMSCs (AEXOs) on wound healing are unclear. In this study, we aimed to examine the role of AEXOs in attenuating inflammation and explore their effects in normal wound healing. METHODS We isolated exosomes from AMSCs and established a cellular model of inflammation by treatment with the inflammatory cytokines, interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha, to determine whether AEXOs can inhibit inflammation. We examined the wound healing effects of AEXOs in in vitro wound healing models and performed a miRNA array to understand the role of AEXOs in inflammation and wound healing. RESULTS A significant difference was observed in wound closure and the expression of anti-inflammatory and wound-healing-related factors between control and AEXO-treated cells. CONCLUSION Our results showed that besides alleviating the inflammation response, AEXOs also promote wound healing. Thus, AEXOs represent a novel, stem-cell-based, therapeutic strategy for wound healing.
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99
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Kahmini FR, Shahgaldi S. Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles as novel cell-free therapy for treatment of autoimmune disorders. Exp Mol Pathol 2021; 118:104566. [PMID: 33160961 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, new light has been shed on the efficiency of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The therapeutic functions of MSCs partly stem from their well-recognized ability to efficiently modulate immune responses and it is well substantiated that MSC secretory components, in particular extracellular vesicles (EVs), play a critical role in this immunomodulation. In fact, almost any cell type can generate and release EVs under both pathological and physiological conditions and these nano-sized particles are believed to greatly contribute to homeostasis and cell-cell communication through transportation of a wide variety of biomolecules including nucleic acid, signaling lipids, regulatory proteins, transcription factors, cytokines, and growth factors. Lamentably, despite exhibiting promising results in both animal experiments and clinical trials, MSC therapy is still largely restricted to the experimental stage due to its critical pitfalls and drawbacks such as safety issues, poor cell survival, immune rejection and high cost. On the other hand, MSC-derived EVs, which ideally reflect the exact biophysical features of MSCs, are considered to be much safer and more effective than MSCs themselves. Therefore, introducing alternative approaches based on MSC-derived EVs can offer appreciable promise in overcoming the limitations and practical challenges observed in cell-based therapy and thus the extracellular vesicles of MSCs may also provide a far more potent therapeutic strategy for immune-related disorders. In this review, we first focus on the properties of MSC-derived EVs and then we shall provide valuable insight regarding their beneficial therapeutic opportunities to further compare this alternative approach with conventional MSC therapy. Finally, we will attempt to summarize the current findings on the influences of MSC-derived EVs on autoimmune disorders, offering a potential alternative avenue towards treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rezaei Kahmini
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shahab Shahgaldi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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100
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Basiri A, Pazhouhnia Z, Beheshtizadeh N, Hoseinpour M, Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N. Regenerative Medicine in COVID-19 Treatment: Real Opportunities and Range of Promises. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:163-175. [PMID: 32564256 PMCID: PMC7305935 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-09994-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has attracted much attention around the world due to its rapid transmission among humans and relatively high mortality rate. Studies are increasing to find the best therapeutic approach for the disease and its management. Regenerative medicine offers various cell-tissue therapeutics and related products, such as stem cell therapy, natural killer (NK) cell therapy, Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, exosomes, and tissue products. Interestingly, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can reduce inflammatory symptoms and protect against cytokine storm, which critically contributes to the COVID-19 progression. Notably, having the potentials to exert cytotoxic effects on infected cells and induce interferon production probably make NK cells a candidate for COVID-19 cell therapy. Besides, exosomes are one of the crucial products of cells that can exert therapeutic effects through the induction of immune responses and neutralizing antibody titers. The paper aims to briefly consider current options for COVID-19 therapy to show that there is no specific cure for COVID-19, and then assess the real opportunities and range of promises regenerative medicine can provide for specific treatment of COVID-19. Graphical Abstract Therapeutic Potential of Regenerative Medicine against COVID19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arefeh Basiri
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technology in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Pazhouhnia
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Beheshtizadeh
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Hoseinpour
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amene Saghazadeh
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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