51
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Differences in the molecular signatures of mucosal-associated invariant T cells and conventional T cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7094. [PMID: 31068647 PMCID: PMC6506535 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells exhibit different characteristics from those of TCRα7.2− conventional T cells. They play important roles in various inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. MAIT cells express a single T cell receptor alpha chain, TCRα7.2 segment associated with Jα33 and CDR3 with fixed length, which recognizes bacteria-derived vitamin B metabolites. However, the characteristics of MAIT cells and TCRα7.2+ CD161− T cells have never been compared. Here, we performed RNA sequencing to compare the properties of MAIT cells, TCRα7.2− conventional T cells and TCRα7.2+ CD161− T cells. Genome-wide transcriptomes of MAIT cells, TCRα7.2− conventional T cells, and TCRα7.2+ CD161− T cells were compared and analyzed using causal network analysis. This is the first report comparing the transcriptomes of MAIT cells, TCRα7.2− conventional T cells and TCRα7.2+ CD161− T cells. We also identified the predominant signaling pathways of MAIT cells, which differed from those of TCRα7.2− conventional T cells and TCRα7.2+ CD161− T cells, through a gene set enrichment test and upstream regulator analysis and identified the genes responsible for the characteristic MAIT cell phenotypes. Our study advances the complete understanding of MAIT biology.
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52
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MR1-dependent antigen presentation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 84:58-64. [PMID: 30449535 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
MR1 is a non-classical class I molecule that is highly conserved among mammals. Though discovered in 1995, only recently have MR1 ligands and antigens for MR1-restricted T cells been described. Unlike the traditional class I molecules HLA-A, -B, and -C, little MR1 is on the cell surface. Rather, MR1 resides in discrete intracellular vesicles and the endoplasmic reticulum, and can present non-peptidic small molecules such as those found in the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway. Since mammals do not synthesize riboflavin, MR1 can serve as a sensor of the microbial metabolome and could be key to the early detection of intracellular infection. This review will summarize the current understanding of MR1-dependent antigen presentation.
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53
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Chen P, Deng W, Li D, Zeng T, Huang L, Wang Q, Wang J, Zhang W, Yu X, Duan D, Wang J, Xia H, Chen H, Huang W, Li J, Zhang D, Zhong XP, Gao J. Circulating Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in a Large Cohort of Healthy Chinese Individuals From Newborn to Elderly. Front Immunol 2019; 10:260. [PMID: 30838000 PMCID: PMC6389679 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, which are enriched in human blood and express a semi-invariant TCR chain, play important roles in conditions such as infectious diseases and cancer. The influence of age on levels and functional characteristics of circulating MAIT cells have not been fully addressed. Here we have collected blood samples from a large cohort of healthy Chinese individuals from newborn (cord blood) to the elderly and assessed the levels of circulating MAIT cells as well as their phenotype, activation and apoptosis status, and cytokine expression profiles after in vitro stimulation. We found that the frequencies of circulating MAIT cells gradually increased in blood from newborns as they progressed into adulthood (20–40 years old) but then decreased during further progression toward old age (>60 years old). The lowered numbers of circulating MAIT cells in the elderly was correlated with a gradual increase of apoptosis. A majority of circulating MAIT cells expressed the chemokine receptors CCR5 and CCR6, and most also expressed CD8 and CD45RO. Few expressed CD69 in cord blood, but the frequency increased with age. Upon in vitro activation with PMA plus ionomycin or IL12 plus IL18, fewer MAIT cells isolated from the young adult group expressed IFN-γ, IL17A and Granzyme B then cells from other age groups while the proportion of cells that expressed TNF-α was similar. Taken together, our data provide information for guiding the assessment of normal levels and phenotypes of MAIT cells at different ages in healthy individuals and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhai Deng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tai Zeng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jinli Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weiguang Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Deming Duan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jinle Wang
- Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Hong Xia
- First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Hanbin Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou, China
| | - Wesley Huang
- San Marino High School, San Marino, CA, United States
| | - Jingao Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Dahong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jimin Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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54
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Host Defenses to Extracellular Bacteria. Clin Immunol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6896-6.00027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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55
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56
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Huang W, He W, Shi X, He X, Dou L, Gao Y. The Role of CD1d and MR1 Restricted T Cells in the Liver. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2424. [PMID: 30425710 PMCID: PMC6218621 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is one of the most important immunological organs that remains tolerogenic in homeostasis yet promotes rapid responses to pathogens in the presence of a systemic infection. The composition of leucocytes in the liver is highly distinct from that of the blood and other lymphoid organs, particularly with respect to enrichment of innate T cells, i.e., invariant NKT cells (iNKT cells) and Mucosal-Associated Invariant T cells (MAIT cells). In recent years, studies have revealed insights into their biology and potential roles in maintaining the immune-environment in the liver. As the primary liver-resident immune cells, they are emerging as significant players in the human immune system and are associated with an increasing number of clinical diseases. As such, innate T cells are promising targets for modifying host defense and inflammation of various liver diseases, including viral, autoimmune, and those of tumor origin. In this review, we emphasize and discuss some of the recent discoveries and advances in the biology of innate T cells, their recruitment and diversity in the liver, and their role in various liver diseases, postulating on their potential application in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyong Huang
- Organ Transplantation Unit, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing He
- Organ Transplantation Unit, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Shi
- Organ Transplantation Unit, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoshun He
- Organ Transplantation Unit, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lang Dou
- Organ Transplantation Unit, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifang Gao
- Organ Transplantation Unit, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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57
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Atif M, Warner S, Oo YH. Linking the gut and liver: crosstalk between regulatory T cells and mucosa-associated invariant T cells. Hepatol Int 2018; 12:305-314. [PMID: 30027532 PMCID: PMC6097019 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-018-9882-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The gut–liver axis is increasingly considered to play a vital part in the progression of chronic inflammatory gut and liver diseases. Hence, a detailed understanding of the local and systemic regulatory mechanisms is crucial to develop novel therapeutic approaches. In this review, we discuss in-depth the roles of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAITs) within the context of inflammatory bowel disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Tregs are crucial in maintaining peripheral tolerance and preventing autoimmunity. MAIT cells have a unique ability to rapidly recognize microbial metabolites and mount a local immune response and act as a ‘biliary firewall’ at the gut and biliary epithelial barrier. We also outline how current knowledge can be exploited to develop novel therapies to control the propagation of chronic gut- and liver-related inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. We specifically focus on the nature of the Tregs’ cell therapy product and outline an adjunctive role for low-dose IL-2. All in all, it is clear that translational immunology is at crucial crossroads. The success of ongoing clinical trials in cellular therapies for inflammatory gut and liver conditions could revolutionize the treatment of these conditions and the lives of our patients in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Atif
- Centre for Liver Research and National Institute of Health Research Liver Biomedical Research Centre Birmingham, Institute of Immunology and lmmunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Academic Department of Surgery, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Suz Warner
- Centre for Liver Research and National Institute of Health Research Liver Biomedical Research Centre Birmingham, Institute of Immunology and lmmunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ye H Oo
- Centre for Liver Research and National Institute of Health Research Liver Biomedical Research Centre Birmingham, Institute of Immunology and lmmunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. .,Liver Transplant and Hepatobiliary Unit, University Hospital of Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
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58
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Rudak PT, Choi J, Haeryfar SMM. MAIT cell-mediated cytotoxicity: Roles in host defense and therapeutic potentials in infectious diseases and cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:473-486. [PMID: 29668066 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ri0118-023r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional, innate-like T lymphocytes that sense the presence of MHC-related protein 1 (MR1)-restricted ligands and select inflammatory cues. Consequently, they release potent immunomodulatory mediators, including IFN-γ, TNF-α, and/or IL-17. MAIT cells can also be viewed as killer cells. They display several NK cell-associated receptors, carry granules containing cytotoxic effector molecules, and swiftly upregulate perforin and granzymes upon activation. Accordingly, MAIT cells are capable of lysing MR1-expressing cells infected with a variety of pathogenic bacteria in in vitro settings and may also mount cytotoxic responses during microbial infections in vivo. Of note, MAIT cell hyperactivation during certain infections may impede their ability to elicit inflammatory and/or cytotoxic responses to secondary stimuli. In addition, MAIT cells isolated from within and from the margin of tumor masses exhibit diminished functions. We propose that MAIT cell-mediated cytotoxicity can be induced, bolstered, or restored to assist in clearing infections and potentially in reducing tumor loads. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of MAIT cells' lytic functions and highlight the pressing questions that need to be addressed in future investigations. We also offer a picture, however hypothetical at this point, of how harnessing the full cytotoxic potentials of MAIT cells may be a valuable approach in the immunotherapy of infectious and malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Rudak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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59
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The Brain-Intestinal Mucosa-Appendix- Microbiome-Brain Loop. Diseases 2018; 6:diseases6020023. [PMID: 29614774 PMCID: PMC6023457 DOI: 10.3390/diseases6020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain and the gut are connected from early fetal life. The mother's exposure to microbial molecules is thought to exert in utero developmental effects on the fetus. These effects could importantly underpin the groundwork for subsequent pathophysiological mechanisms for achieving immunological tolerance and metabolic equilibrium post birth, events that continue through to 3-4 years of age. Furthermore, it is understood that the microbiome promotes cues that instruct the neonate's mucosal tissues and skin in the language of molecular and cellular biology. Post birth mucosal lymphoid tissue formation and maturation (most probably including the vermiform appendix) is microbiota-encouraged co-establishing the intestinal microbiome with a developing immune system. Intestinal mucosal tissue maturation loops the brain-gut-brain and is postulated to influence mood dispositions via shifts in the intestinal microbiome phyla. A plausible appreciation is that dysregulated pro-inflammatory signals from intestinal resident macrophages could breach the loop by providing adverse mood signals via vagus nerve afferents to the brain. In this commentary, we further suggest that the intestinal resident macrophages act as an upstream traffic controller of translocated microbes and metabolites in order to maintain local neuro-endocrine-immunological equilibrium. When macrophages are overwhelmed through intestinal microbiome and intestinal epithelial cell dysbiosis, pro-inflammatory signals are sustained, which may then lead to mood disorders. The administration of probiotics as an adjunctive medicine co-administered with antidepressant medications in improving depressed mood may have biological and clinical standing.
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60
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Fisher EL, Otto M, Cheung GYC. Basis of Virulence in Enterotoxin-Mediated Staphylococcal Food Poisoning. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:436. [PMID: 29662470 PMCID: PMC5890119 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins are a superfamily of secreted virulence factors that share structural and functional similarities and possess potent superantigenic activity causing disruptions in adaptive immunity. The enterotoxins can be separated into two groups; the classical (SEA-SEE) and the newer (SEG-SElY and counting) enterotoxin groups. Many members from both these groups contribute to the pathogenesis of several serious human diseases, including toxic shock syndrome, pneumonia, and sepsis-related infections. Additionally, many members demonstrate emetic activity and are frequently responsible for food poisoning outbreaks. Due to their robust tolerance to denaturing, the enterotoxins retain activity in food contaminated previously with S. aureus. The genes encoding the enterotoxins are found mostly on a variety of different mobile genetic elements. Therefore, the presence of enterotoxins can vary widely among different S. aureus isolates. Additionally, the enterotoxins are regulated by multiple, and often overlapping, regulatory pathways, which are influenced by environmental factors. In this review, we also will focus on the newer enterotoxins (SEG-SElY), which matter for the role of S. aureus as an enteropathogen, and summarize our current knowledge on their prevalence in recent food poisoning outbreaks. Finally, we will review the current literature regarding the key elements that govern the complex regulation of enterotoxins, the molecular mechanisms underlying their enterotoxigenic, superantigenic, and immunomodulatory functions, and discuss how these activities may collectively contribute to the overall manifestation of staphylococcal food poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie L Fisher
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gordon Y C Cheung
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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61
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Orme IM, Henao-Tamayo MI. Trying to See the Forest through the Trees: Deciphering the Nature of Memory Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:461. [PMID: 29568298 PMCID: PMC5852080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of vaccination against tuberculosis and other diseases is to establish a heightened state of acquired specific resistance in which the memory immune response is capable of mediating an accelerated and magnified expression of protection to the pathogen when this is encountered at a later time. In the earliest studies in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, memory immunity and the cells that express this were definable both in terms of kinetics of emergence, and soon thereafter by the levels of expression of markers including CD44, CD62L, and the chemokine receptor CCR7, allowing the identification of effector memory and central memory T cell subsets. Despite these initial advances in knowledge, more recent information has not revealed more clarity, but instead, has created a morass of complications—complications that, if not resolved, could harm correct vaccine design. Here, we discuss two central issues. The first is that we have always assumed that memory is induced in the same way, and consists of the same T cells, regardless of whether that immunity is generated by BCG vaccination, or by exposure to M. tuberculosis followed by effective chemotherapy. This assumption is almost certainly incorrect. Second, a myriad of additional memory subsets have now been described, such as resident, stem cell-like, tissue specific, among others, but as yet we know nothing about the relative importance of each, or whether if a new vaccine needs to induce all of these, or just some, to be fully effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Orme
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Marcela I Henao-Tamayo
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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62
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Awad W, Le Nours J, Kjer-Nielsen L, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J. Mucosal-associated invariant T cell receptor recognition of small molecules presented by MR1. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:588-597. [PMID: 29393543 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I related molecule MR1 is a monomorphic and evolutionary conserved antigen (Ag)-presenting molecule that shares the overall architecture of MHC-I and CD1 proteins. However, in contrast to MHC-I and the CD1 family that present peptides and lipids, respectively, MR1 specifically presents small organic molecules. During microbial infection of mammalian cells, MR1 captures and presents vitamin B precursors, derived from the microbial biosynthesis of riboflavin, on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. These MR1-Ag complexes are recognized by the mucosal-associated invariant T cell receptor (MAIT TCR), which subsequently leads to MAIT cell activation. Recently, MR1 was shown to trap chemical scaffolds including drug and drug-like molecules. Here, we review this metabolite Ag-presenting molecule and further define the key molecular interactions underlying the recognition and reactivity of MAIT TCRs to MR1 in an Ag-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Lars Kjer-Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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63
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Innate and adaptive T cells in influenza disease. Front Med 2018; 12:34-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s11684-017-0606-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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64
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Osman RA, Griebel PJ. CD335 (NKp46) + T-Cell Recruitment to the Bovine Upper Respiratory Tract during a Primary Bovine Herpesvirus-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1393. [PMID: 29114252 PMCID: PMC5660870 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine natural killer (NK) cells were originally defined by the NK activation receptor CD335 [natural killer cell p46-related protein (NKp46)], but following the discovery of NKp46 expression on human T-cells, the definition of conventional bovine NK cells was modified to CD335+CD3− cells. Recently, a bovine T-cell population co-expressing CD335 was identified and these non-conventional T-cells were shown to produce interferon (IFN)-γ and share functional properties with both conventional NK cells and T-cells. It is not known, however, if CD335+ bovine T-cells are recruited to mucosal surfaces and what chemokines play a role in recruiting this unique T-cell subpopulation. In this study, bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), which is closely related to herpes simplex virus-1, was used to investigate bovine lymphocyte cell populations recruited to the upper respiratory tract following a primary respiratory infection. Immunohistochemical staining with individual monoclonal antibodies revealed significant (P < 0.05) recruitment of CD335+, CD3+, and CD8+ lymphocyte populations to the nasal turbinates on day 5 following primary BHV-1 infection. Dual-color immunofluorescence revealed that cells recruited to nasal turbinates were primarily T-cells that co-expressed both CD335 and CD8. This non-conventional T-cell population represented 77.5% of CD355+ cells and 89.5% of CD8+ cells recruited to nasal turbinates on day 5 post-BHV-1 infection. However, due to diffuse IFN-γ staining of nasal turbinate tissue, it was not possible to directly link increased IFN-γ production following BHV-1 infection with the recruitment of non-conventional T-cells. Transcriptional analysis revealed CCL4, CCL5, and CXCL9 gene expression was significantly (P < 0.05) upregulated in nasal turbinate tissue following BHV-1 infection. Therefore, no single chemokine was associated with recruitment of non-conventional T-cells. In conclusion, the specific recruitment of CD335+ and CD8+ non-conventional T-cells to viral-infected tissue suggests that these cells may play an important role in either the clearance of a primary BHV-1 infection or regulating host responses during viral infection. The early recruitment of non-conventional T-cells following a primary viral infection may enable the host to recognize viral-infected cells through NKp46 while retaining the possibility of establishing T-cell immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahwa A Osman
- Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-Intervac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Philip John Griebel
- Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-Intervac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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65
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Legoux F, Salou M, Lantz O. Unconventional or Preset αβ T Cells: Evolutionarily Conserved Tissue-Resident T Cells Recognizing Nonpeptidic Ligands. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2017; 33:511-535. [PMID: 28661722 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100616-060725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A majority of T cells bearing the αβ T cell receptor (TCR) are specific for peptides bound to polymorphic classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Smaller subsets of T cells are reactive toward various nonpeptidic ligands associated with nonpolymorphic MHC class-Ib (MHC-Ib) molecules. These cells have been termed unconventional for decades, even though only the composite antigen is different from the one seen by classical T cells. Herein, we discuss the identity of these particular T cells in light of the coevolution of their TCR and MHC-Ib restricting elements. We examine their original thymic development: selection on hematopoietic cells leading to the acquisition of an original differentiation program. Most of these cells acquire memory cell features during thymic maturation and exhibit unique patterns of migration into peripheral nonlymphoid tissues to become tissue resident. Thus, these cells are termed preset T cells, as they also display a variety of effector functions. They may act as microbial or danger sentinels, fight microbes, or regulate tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Legoux
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U 932, 75005 Paris, France; , ,
| | - Marion Salou
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U 932, 75005 Paris, France; , ,
| | - Olivier Lantz
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U 932, 75005 Paris, France; , , .,Center of Clinical Investigations, CIC-1428 IGR/Curie, 75005 Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'immunologie clinique, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
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66
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Berkson JD, Prlic M. The MAIT conundrum - how human MAIT cells distinguish bacterial colonization from infection in mucosal barrier tissues. Immunol Lett 2017; 192:7-11. [PMID: 28987476 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We review the recent human mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell literature to examine the signals that control MAIT cell activation. We discuss these signals in context of MAIT cell function in mucosal barrier tissues and address how MAIT cells avoid responding to commensal bacteria, while maintaining responsiveness to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D Berkson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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67
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are considered chronic inflammatory diseases. While early publications have reported the implication of innate immune cells such as macrophages to promote systemic inflammation and metabolic dysfunctions, recent publications underline the alterations of the T cell compartment in human obesity and type 2 diabetes. These recent findings are the focus of this review. RECENT FINDINGS In humans, obesity and T2D induce the expansion of proinflammatory T cells such as CD4 Th1, Th17, and CD8 populations, whereas innate T cells such as MAIT and iNKT cells are decreased. These alterations reflect a loss of total T cell homeostasis that may contribute to tissue and systemic inflammation. Whether these changes are adaptive to nutritional variations and/or contribute to the progression of metabolic diseases remains to be clarified. T cell phenotyping may improve obese and/or T2D patient stratification with therapeutic and prognostic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sothea Touch
- INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Team 6 Nutriomics, 75013, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, 75005, Paris, France
- ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Karine Clément
- INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Team 6 Nutriomics, 75013, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, 75005, Paris, France
- ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, 75013, Paris, France
- Nutrition, Endocrinology and Cardiology Departments, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien André
- INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Team 6 Nutriomics, 75013, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, 75005, Paris, France.
- ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, 75013, Paris, France.
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68
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Franciszkiewicz K, Salou M, Legoux F, Zhou Q, Cui Y, Bessoles S, Lantz O. MHC class I-related molecule, MR1, and mucosal-associated invariant T cells. Immunol Rev 2017; 272:120-38. [PMID: 27319347 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The MHC-related 1, MR1, molecule presents a new class of microbial antigens (derivatives of the riboflavin [Vitamin B2] biosynthesis pathway) to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. This raises many questions regarding antigens loading and intracellular trafficking of the MR1/ligand complexes. The MR1/MAIT field is also important because MAIT cells are very abundant in humans and their frequency is modified in many infectious and non-infectious diseases. Both MR1 and the invariant TCRα chain expressed by MAIT cells are strikingly conserved among species, indicating important functions. Riboflavin is synthesized by plants and most bacteria and yeasts but not animals, and its precursor derivatives activating MAIT cells are short-lived unless bound to MR1. The recognition of MR1 loaded with these compounds is therefore an exquisite manner to detect invasive bacteria. Herein, we provide an historical perspective of the field before describing the main characteristics of MR1, its ligands, and the few available data regarding its cellular biology. We then summarize the current knowledge of MAIT cell differentiation and discuss the definition of MAIT cells in comparison to related subsets. Finally, we describe the phenotype and effector activities of MAIT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qian Zhou
- Institut curie, Inserm U932, Paris, France
| | - Yue Cui
- Institut curie, Inserm U932, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Lantz
- Institut curie, Inserm U932, Paris, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations, CICBT1428 IGR/Curie, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie Clinique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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69
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Multiple Sclerosis: Immunopathology and Treatment Update. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7070078. [PMID: 28686222 PMCID: PMC5532591 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7070078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) has changed over the last 20 years. All immunotherapeutic drugs target relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) and it still remains a medical challenge in MS to develop a treatment for progressive forms. The most common injectable disease-modifying therapies in RRMS include β-interferons 1a or 1b and glatiramer acetate. However, one of the major challenges of injectable disease-modifying therapies has been poor treatment adherence with approximately 50% of patients discontinuing the therapy within the first year. Herein, we go back to the basics to understand the immunopathophysiology of MS to gain insights in the development of new improved drug treatments. We present current disease-modifying therapies (interferons, glatiramer acetate, dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide, fingolimod, mitoxantrone), humanized monoclonal antibodies (natalizumab, ofatumumb, ocrelizumab, alentuzumab, daclizumab) and emerging immune modulating approaches (stem cells, DNA vaccines, nanoparticles, altered peptide ligands) for the treatment of MS.
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70
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Liu J, Brutkiewicz RR. The Toll-like receptor 9 signalling pathway regulates MR1-mediated bacterial antigen presentation in B cells. Immunology 2017; 152:232-242. [PMID: 28518215 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are conserved T cells that express a semi-invariant T-cell receptor (Vα7.2 in humans and Vα19 in mice). The development of MAIT cells requires the antigen-presenting MHC-related protein 1 (MR1), as well as commensal bacteria. The mechanisms that regulate the functional expression of MR1 molecules and their loading with bacterial antigen in antigen-presenting cells are largely unknown. We have found that treating B cells with the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist CpG increases MR1 surface expression. Interestingly, activation of TLR9 by CpG-A (but not CpG-B) enhances MR1 surface expression. This is limited to B cells and not other types of cells such as monocytes, T or natural killer cells. Knocking-down TLR9 expression by short hairpin RNA reduces MR1 surface expression and MR1-mediated bacterial antigen presentation. CpG-A triggers early endosomal TLR9 activation, whereas CpG-B is responsible for late endosomal/lysosomal activation of TLR9. Consistently, blocking endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi protein transport, rather than lysosomal acidification, suppressed MR1 antigen presentation. Overall, our results indicate that early endosomal TLR9 activation is important for MR1-mediated bacterial antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyun Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Randy R Brutkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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71
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Shaler CR, Choi J, Rudak PT, Memarnejadian A, Szabo PA, Tun-Abraham ME, Rossjohn J, Corbett AJ, McCluskey J, McCormick JK, Lantz O, Hernandez-Alejandro R, Haeryfar SM. MAIT cells launch a rapid, robust and distinct hyperinflammatory response to bacterial superantigens and quickly acquire an anergic phenotype that impedes their cognate antimicrobial function: Defining a novel mechanism of superantigen-induced immunopathology and immunosuppression. PLoS Biol 2017. [PMID: 28632753 PMCID: PMC5478099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Superantigens (SAgs) are potent exotoxins secreted by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. They target a large fraction of T cell pools to set in motion a "cytokine storm" with severe and sometimes life-threatening consequences typically encountered in toxic shock syndrome (TSS). Given the rapidity with which TSS develops, designing timely and truly targeted therapies for this syndrome requires identification of key mediators of the cytokine storm's initial wave. Equally important, early host responses to SAgs can be accompanied or followed by a state of immunosuppression, which in turn jeopardizes the host's ability to combat and clear infections. Unlike in mouse models, the mechanisms underlying SAg-associated immunosuppression in humans are ill-defined. In this work, we have identified a population of innate-like T cells, called mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, as the most powerful source of pro-inflammatory cytokines after exposure to SAgs. We have utilized primary human peripheral blood and hepatic mononuclear cells, mouse MAIT hybridoma lines, HLA-DR4-transgenic mice, MAIThighHLA-DR4+ bone marrow chimeras, and humanized NOD-scid IL-2Rγnull mice to demonstrate for the first time that: i) mouse and human MAIT cells are hyperresponsive to SAgs, typified by staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB); ii) the human MAIT cell response to SEB is rapid and far greater in magnitude than that launched by unfractionated conventional T, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) or γδ T cells, and is characterized by production of interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-2, but not IL-17A; iii) high-affinity MHC class II interaction with SAgs, but not MHC-related protein 1 (MR1) participation, is required for MAIT cell activation; iv) MAIT cell responses to SEB can occur in a T cell receptor (TCR) Vβ-specific manner but are largely contributed by IL-12 and IL-18; v) as MAIT cells are primed by SAgs, they also begin to develop a molecular signature consistent with exhaustion and failure to participate in antimicrobial defense. Accordingly, they upregulate lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-3 (TIM-3), and/or programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), and acquire an anergic phenotype that interferes with their cognate function against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli; vi) MAIT cell hyperactivation and anergy co-utilize a signaling pathway that is governed by p38 and MEK1/2. Collectively, our findings demonstrate a pathogenic, rather than protective, role for MAIT cells during infection. Furthermore, we propose a novel mechanism of SAg-associated immunosuppression in humans. MAIT cells may therefore provide an attractive therapeutic target for the management of both early and late phases of severe SAg-mediated illnesses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/metabolism
- Antigens, Bacterial/toxicity
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/drug effects
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Clonal Anergy/drug effects
- Crosses, Genetic
- Enterotoxins/metabolism
- Enterotoxins/toxicity
- Female
- Humans
- Hybridomas
- Immunity, Innate
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Immunological
- Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells/cytology
- Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells/drug effects
- Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells/immunology
- Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells/metabolism
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Staphylococcus aureus/immunology
- Staphylococcus aureus/metabolism
- Streptococcus pyogenes/immunology
- Streptococcus pyogenes/metabolism
- Superantigens/metabolism
- Superantigens/toxicity
- Transplantation Chimera/blood
- Transplantation Chimera/immunology
- Transplantation Chimera/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Shaler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick T. Rudak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arash Memarnejadian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter A. Szabo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mauro E. Tun-Abraham
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra J. Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John K. McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olivier Lantz
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie and INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Roberto Hernandez-Alejandro
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - S.M. Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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72
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Pincikova T, Paquin-Proulx D, Sandberg JK, Flodström-Tullberg M, Hjelte L. Vitamin D treatment modulates immune activation in cystic fibrosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 189:359-371. [PMID: 28470739 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent inflammatory response in cystic fibrosis (CF) airways is believed to play a central role in the progression of lung damage. Anti-inflammatory treatment may slow lung disease progression, but adverse side effects have limited its use. Vitamin D has immunoregulatory properties. We randomized 16 CF patients to receive vitamin D2, vitamin D3 or to serve as controls, and investigated the effect of vitamin D supplementation on soluble immunological parameters, myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and T cell activation. Three months of vitamin D treatment were followed by two washout months. Vitamin D status at baseline was correlated negatively with haptoglobin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and immunoglobulin A concentration. Total vitamin D dose per kg bodyweight correlated with the down-modulation of the co-stimulatory receptor CD86 on mDCs. Vitamin D treatment was associated with reduced CD279 (PD-1) expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, as well as decreased frequency of CD8+ T cells co-expressing the activation markers CD38 and human leucocyte antigen D-related (HLA-DR) in a dose-dependent manner. There was a trend towards decreased mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT) cell frequency in patients receiving vitamin D and free serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (free-s25OHD) correlated positively with CD38 expression by these cells. At the end of intervention, the change in free-s25OHD was correlated negatively with the change in CD279 (PD-1) expression on MAIT cells. Collectively, these data indicate that vitamin D has robust pleiotropic immunomodulatory effects in CF. Larger studies are needed to explore the immunomodulatory treatment potential of vitamin D in CF in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pincikova
- Stockholm CF Center, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Paquin-Proulx
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J K Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Flodström-Tullberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Hjelte
- Stockholm CF Center, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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73
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Tchilian E, Holzer B. Harnessing Local Immunity for an Effective Universal Swine Influenza Vaccine. Viruses 2017; 9:v9050098. [PMID: 28475122 PMCID: PMC5454411 DOI: 10.3390/v9050098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus infections are a global health threat to humans and are endemic in pigs, contributing to decreased weight gain and suboptimal reproductive performance. Pigs are also a source of new viruses of mixed swine, avian, and human origin, potentially capable of initiating human pandemics. Current inactivated vaccines induce neutralising antibody against the immunising strain but rapid escape occurs through antigenic drift of the surface glycoproteins. However, it is known that prior infection provides a degree of cross-protective immunity mediated by cellular immune mechanisms directed at the more conserved internal viral proteins. Here we review new data that emphasises the importance of local immunity in cross-protection and the role of the recently defined tissue-resident memory T cells, as well as locally-produced, and sometimes cross-reactive, antibody. Optimal induction of local immunity may require aerosol delivery of live vaccines, but it remains unclear how long protective local immunity persists. Nevertheless, a universal vaccine might be extremely useful for disease prevention in the face of a pandemic. As a natural host for influenza A viruses, pigs are both a target for a universal vaccine and an excellent model for developing human influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elma Tchilian
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
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74
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MR1-restricted mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells respond to mycobacterial vaccination and infection in nonhuman primates. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:802-813. [PMID: 27759023 PMCID: PMC5397382 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies on mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAITs) in nonhuman primates (NHP), a physiologically relevant model of human immunity, are handicapped due to a lack of macaque MAIT-specific reagents. Here we show that while MR1 ligand-contact residues are conserved between human and multiple NHP species, three T-cell receptor contact-residue mutations in NHP MR1 diminish binding of human MR1 tetramers to macaque MAITs. Construction of naturally loaded macaque MR1 tetramers facilitated identification and characterization of macaque MR1-binding ligands and MAITs, both of which mirrored their human counterparts. Using the macaque MR1 tetramer we show that NHP MAITs activated in vivo in response to both Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. These results demonstrate that NHP and human MR1 and MAITs function analogously, and establish a preclinical animal model to test MAIT-targeted vaccines and therapeutics for human infectious and autoimmune disease.
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75
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Salerno-Goncalves R, Luo D, Fresnay S, Magder L, Darton TC, Jones C, Waddington CS, Blohmke CJ, Angus B, Levine MM, Pollard AJ, Sztein MB. Challenge of Humans with Wild-type Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Elicits Changes in the Activation and Homing Characteristics of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:398. [PMID: 28428786 PMCID: PMC5382150 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal infections by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) are rare in industrialized countries. However, they remain a major public health problem in the developing world with an estimated 26.9 million new cases annually and significant mortality when untreated. Recently, we provided the first direct evidence that CD8+ MAIT cells are activated and have the potential to kill cells exposed to S. Typhi, and that these responses are dependent on bacterial load. However, MAIT cell kinetics and function during bacterial infections in humans remain largely unknown. In this study, we characterize the human CD8+ MAIT cell immune response to S. Typhi infection in subjects participating in a challenge clinical trial who received a low- or high dose of wild-type S. Typhi. We define the kinetics of CD8+ MAIT cells as well as their levels of activation, proliferation, exhaustion/apoptosis, and homing potential. Regardless of the dose, in volunteers resistant to infection (NoTD), the levels of CD8+ MAIT cells after S. Typhi challenge fluctuated around their baseline values (day 0). In contrast, volunteers susceptible to the development of typhoid disease (TD) exhibited a sharp decline in circulating MAIT cells during the development of typhoid fever. Interestingly, MAIT cells from low-dose TD volunteers had higher levels of CD38 coexpressing CCR9, CCR6, and Ki67 during the development of typhoid fever than high-dose TD volunteers. No substantial perturbations on the levels of these markers were observed in NoTD volunteers irrespective of the dose. In sum, we describe, for the first time, that exposure to an enteric bacterium, in this case S. Typhi, results in changes in MAIT cell activation, proliferation, and homing characteristics, suggesting that MAIT cells are an important component of the human host response to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Luo
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie Fresnay
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laurence Magder
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas C Darton
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire Jones
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire S Waddington
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christoph J Blohmke
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Brian Angus
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Myron M Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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76
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Ishimori A, Harada N, Chiba A, Harada S, Matsuno K, Makino F, Ito J, Ohta S, Ono J, Atsuta R, Izuhara K, Takahashi K, Miyake S. Circulating activated innate lymphoid cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells are associated with airflow limitation in patients with asthma. Allergol Int 2017; 66:302-309. [PMID: 27575652 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A variety of innate subsets of lymphoid cells such as natural killer (NK) cells, several populations of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells as innate-like T lymphocytes are involved in asthma and may have important effector functions in asthmatic immune responses. In the present study, we investigated whether NK cells, ILCs, and MAIT cells in the peripheral blood of patients with asthma would be associated with clinical asthma parameters. METHODS We recruited 75 adult patients with mild to severe asthma. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells in peripheral venous blood samples from the patients were purified and stained with different combinations of appropriate antibodies. The cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS The percentage of activated (i.e., CD69+) NK cells in the total NK cell population was negatively correlated with FEV1% which is calculated by the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/the forced vital capacity (FVC). The percentages of CD69+ ILC1s and ILC2s were negatively correlated with FEV1% and %FEV1. The percentage of CD69+ ILC3s was positively correlated with BMI, and the percentage of CD69+ MAIT cells was negatively correlated with FEV1%. Moreover, the percentage of CD69+ NK cells, ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s, and MAIT cells were positively correlated with each other. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, our data showed that activated NK cells, ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s, and MAIT cells were positively correlated with each other and may be associated with airflow limitation in patients with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Ishimori
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Harada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Asako Chiba
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sonoko Harada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Research Institute for Diseases of Old Ages, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Matsuno
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Makino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Ohta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan
| | - Junya Ono
- Shino-Test Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryo Atsuta
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Izuhara
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Miyake
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Lovelace ES, Maurice NJ, Miller HW, Slichter CK, Harrington R, Magaret A, Prlic M, De Rosa S, Polyak SJ. Silymarin suppresses basal and stimulus-induced activation, exhaustion, differentiation, and inflammatory markers in primary human immune cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171139. [PMID: 28158203 PMCID: PMC5291532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Silymarin (SM), and its flavonolignan components, alter cellular metabolism and inhibit inflammatory status in human liver and T cell lines. In this study, we hypothesized that SM suppresses both acute and chronic immune activation (CIA), including in the context of HIV infection. SM treatment suppressed the expression of T cell activation and exhaustion markers on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from chronically-infected, HIV-positive subjects. SM also showed a trend towards modifying CD4+ T cell memory subsets from HIV+ subjects. In the HIV-negative setting, SM treatment showed trends towards suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines from non-activated and pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-activated primary human monocytes, and non-activated and cytokine- and T cell receptor (TCR)-activated mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. The data suggest that SM elicits broad anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory activity in primary human immune cells. By using novel compounds to alter cellular inflammatory status, it may be possible to regulate inflammation in both non-disease and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica S. Lovelace
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Maurice
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Hannah W. Miller
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Chloe K. Slichter
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Robert Harrington
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Amalia Magaret
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Stephen De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Polyak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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78
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Bianchini E, De Biasi S, Simone AM, Ferraro D, Sola P, Cossarizza A, Pinti M. Invariant natural killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells in multiple sclerosis. Immunol Lett 2017; 183:1-7. [PMID: 28119072 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system, and in several countries is a leading cause of permanent neurological disability in young adults, particularly women. MS is considered an autoimmune disease, caused by an aberrant immune response to environmental triggers in genetically susceptible subjects. However, the contribution of the innate or of the adaptive immune system to the development and progression of the disease has not yet been fully elucidated. Innate-like T lymphocytes are unconventional T cells that bridge the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, because they use a T cell receptor to sense external ligands, but behave like innate cells when they rapidly respond to stimuli. These cells could play an important role in the pathogenesis of MS. Here, we focus on invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, and we review the current knowledge on their biology and possible involvement in MS. Although several studies have evaluated the frequency and functions of iNKT and MAIT cells both in MS patients and in experimental mouse models, contradictory observations have been reported, and it is not clear whether they exert a protective or a pro-inflammatory and harmful role. A better understanding of how immune cells are involved in MS, and of their interactions could be of great interest for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bianchini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Simone
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurosciences, Nuovo Ospedale Civile Sant'Agostino Estense, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Diana Ferraro
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurosciences, Nuovo Ospedale Civile Sant'Agostino Estense, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Patrizia Sola
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurosciences, Nuovo Ospedale Civile Sant'Agostino Estense, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
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79
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Abstract
Peptide-specific conventional T cells have been major targets for designing most antimycobacterial vaccines. Immune responses mediated by conventional T cells exhibit a delayed onset upon primary infection and are highly variable in different human populations. In contrast, innate-like T cells quickly respond to pathogens and display effector functions without undergoing extensive clonal expansion. Specifically, the activation of innate-like T cells depends on the promiscuous interaction of highly conserved antigen-presenting molecules, non-peptidic antigens, and likely semi-invariant T cell receptors. In antimicrobial immune responses, mucosal-associated invariant T cells are activated by riboflavin precursor metabolites presented by major histocompatibility complex-related protein I, while lipid-specific T cells including natural killer T cells are activated by lipid metabolites presented by CD1 proteins. Multiple innate-like T cell subsets have been shown to be protective or responsive in mycobacterial infections. Through rapid cytokine secretion, innate-like T cells function in early defense and memory response, offering novel advantages over conventional T cells in the design of anti-tuberculosis strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouxiong Huang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, OH , USA
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80
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Wang JJ, Macardle C, Weedon H, Beroukas D, Banovic T. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells are reduced and functionally immature in the peripheral blood of primary Sjögren's syndrome patients. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2444-2453. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing J. Wang
- Department of Immunology; SA Pathology; Flinders Medical Centre; Bedford Park South Australia
- Department of Immunology; Flinders University; Bedford Park South Australia
| | - Cindy Macardle
- Department of Immunology; SA Pathology; Flinders Medical Centre; Bedford Park South Australia
- Department of Immunology; Flinders University; Bedford Park South Australia
| | - Helen Weedon
- Rheumatology Research Unit; Repatriation General Hospital; Daw Park Adelaide South Australia
| | - Dimitra Beroukas
- Department of Immunology; SA Pathology; Flinders Medical Centre; Bedford Park South Australia
- Department of Immunology; Flinders University; Bedford Park South Australia
| | - Tatjana Banovic
- Department of Immunology; SA Pathology; Flinders Medical Centre; Bedford Park South Australia
- Department of Immunology; Flinders University; Bedford Park South Australia
- Department of Immunology; SA Pathology; IMVS; Adelaide South Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy; Royal Adelaide Hospital; Adelaide South Australia
- Discipline of Pediatrics; School of Pediatrics and Reproductive Health; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia
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81
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Schrager LK, Izzo A, Velmurugan K. Immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis and novel mechanisms of vaccine activity. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 99 Suppl 1:S3-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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82
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Kaufmann SHE. EFIS lecture. Immune response to tuberculosis: How to control the most successful pathogen on earth. Immunol Lett 2016; 175:50-7. [PMID: 27181094 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health threat and general agreement exists that better control measures are needed. These include better diagnostics, drugs and vaccines. In particular, vaccines will be critical for better TB control. Based on knowledge about protective immunity against TB, a vaccine was created, VPM1002, which shows high protective efficacy and safety in experimental animal models. The vaccine has proven safe and immunogenic in human adults and neonates and is currently assessed in clinical trials in the context of HIV exposure. As a next step, a phase III efficacy trial in adults and a phase IIb efficacy trial in neonates are being planned. Biosignatures that differentially diagnose TB disease versus latent infection with high sensitivity and specificity have been designed. Most recently, a prognostic biosignature which predicts progression from latent infection to active TB has been identified. Biosignatures are not only of great value for improved diagnosis and prognosis of TB, they can also provide guidelines for better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying disease. Accordingly, distinct biomarkers of diagnostic and prognostic value but of unknown biological function are being characterized functionally. In this way, deeper insights have been obtained on the role of type I interferon and of neutrophils in TB in experimental animal models of TB. In conclusion, clinical and basic research further supported by computational biology can complement each other in the pursuit of knowledge-based development of improved intervention measures for TB control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany.
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83
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Toubal A, Lehuen A. Lights on MAIT cells, a new immune player in liver diseases. J Hepatol 2016; 64:1008-1010. [PMID: 26867492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amine Toubal
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; UMR8104, CNRS, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Lehuen
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; UMR8104, CNRS, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Département de Diabétologie, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
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84
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The Importance of First Impressions: Early Events in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Influence Outcome. mBio 2016; 7:e00342-16. [PMID: 27048801 PMCID: PMC4817258 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00342-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a major health threat in much of the world. New vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis are essential for preventing infection, disease, and transmission. However, the host immune responses that need to be induced by an effective vaccine remain unclear. Increasingly, it has become clear that early events in infection are of major importance in the eventual outcome of the infection. Studying such events in humans is challenging, as they occur within the lung and thoracic lymph nodes, and any clinical signs of early infection are relatively nonspecific. Nonetheless, clinical studies and animal models of tuberculosis have provided new insights into the local events that occur in the first few weeks of tuberculosis. Development of an effective vaccine requires a clear understanding of the successful (and detrimental) early host responses against M. tuberculosis, with the goal to improve upon natural immune responses and prevent infection or disease.
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85
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Bröker BM, Mrochen D, Péton V. The T Cell Response to Staphylococcus aureus. Pathogens 2016; 5:pathogens5010031. [PMID: 26999219 PMCID: PMC4810152 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a dangerous pathogen and a leading cause of both nosocomial and community acquired bacterial infection worldwide. However, on the other hand, we are all exposed to this bacterium, often within the first hours of life, and usually manage to establish equilibrium and coexist with it. What does the adaptive immune system contribute toward lifelong control of S. aureus? Will it become possible to raise or enhance protective immune memory by vaccination? While in the past the S. aureus-specific antibody response has dominated this discussion, the research community is now coming to appreciate the role that the cellular arm of adaptive immunity, the T cells, plays. There are numerous T cell subsets, each with differing functions, which together have the ability to orchestrate the immune response to S. aureus and hence to tip the balance between protection and pathology. This review summarizes the state of the art in this dynamic field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara M Bröker
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Sauerbruchstraße DZ7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Daniel Mrochen
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Sauerbruchstraße DZ7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Vincent Péton
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Sauerbruchstraße DZ7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
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86
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Li Y, Wang Z, Liu X, Tang J, Peng B, Wei Y. X-ray Irradiated Vaccine Confers protection against Pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18823. [PMID: 26879055 PMCID: PMC4754647 DOI: 10.1038/srep18823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative bacterium and one of the leading causes of nosocomial infection worldwide, however, no effective vaccine is currently available in the market. Here, we demonstrate that inactivation of the bacteria by X-ray irradiation inhibits its replication capability but retained antigenic expression functionally thus allowing its use as a potential vaccine. Mice immunized by this vaccine were challenged by the parental strain, the O-antigen-homologous strain PAO-1 (O2/O5) and heterologous strain PAO-6 (O6) in an acute pneumonia model. We further measured the protective effect of the vaccine, as well as host innate and cellular immunity responses. We found immunized mice could protect against both strains. Notably, the antiserum only had significant protective role against similar bacteria, while adoptive transfer of lymphocytes significantly controlled the spread of the virulent heterologous serogroup PAO-6 infection, and the protective role could be reversed by CD4 rather than CD8 antibody. We further revealed that vaccinated mice could rapidly recruit neutrophils to the airways early after intranasal challenge by PAO-6, and the irradiated vaccine was proved to be protective by the generated CD4(+) IL-17(+) Th17 cells. In conclusion, the generation of inactivated but metabolically active microbes is a promising strategy for safely vaccinating against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Labortary of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Cheng Du, China
| | - Zhenling Wang
- State Key Labortary of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Cheng Du, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- State Key Labortary of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Cheng Du, China
| | - Jianying Tang
- State Key Labortary of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Cheng Du, China
| | - Bin Peng
- State Key Labortary of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Cheng Du, China.,Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- State Key Labortary of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Cheng Du, China
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87
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Ling L, Lin Y, Zheng W, Hong S, Tang X, Zhao P, Li M, Ni J, Li C, Wang L, Jiang Y. Circulating and tumor-infiltrating mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in colorectal cancer patients. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20358. [PMID: 26837580 PMCID: PMC4738248 DOI: 10.1038/srep20358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are important for immune defense against infectious pathogens and regulate the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases. However, their roles in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) are still unclear. This study examined the phenotype, distribution, clinical relevance and potential function of MAIT cells in CRC patients. We found that the percentages of circulating memory CD8+ MAIT cells were significantly reduced while tumor infiltrating MAIT cells were increased, especially in patients with advanced CRC. The serum CEA levels were positively correlated with the percentages of tumor infiltrating MAIT cells in CRC patients, but negatively correlated with the percentages of circulating MAIT in advanced CRC patients. Activated circulating MAIT cells from CRC patients produced lower IFN-γ, but higher IL-17. Furthermore, higher levels of Vα7.2-Jα33, IFN-γ and IL-17A were expressed in the CRC tissues. Co-culture of activated MAIT cells with HCT116 cells enhanced IL-17 expression and induced HCT116 cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase in a contact- and dose-dependent manner, which was abrogated by treatment with anti-MR1. Therefore, MAIT cells preferably infiltrate into the solid tumor in CRC patients and may participate in the immune surveillance of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limian Ling
- Department of Colorectal &Anal Surgery, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Yuyang Lin
- Department of Colorectal &Anal Surgery, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Wenwen Zheng
- Department of Colorectal &Anal Surgery, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Sen Hong
- Department of Colorectal &Anal Surgery, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Xiuqi Tang
- Department of Colorectal &Anal Surgery, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Pingwei Zhao
- Department of Colorectal &Anal Surgery, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education; the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Jingsong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education; the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Chenguang Li
- Department of Colorectal &Anal Surgery, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Colorectal &Anal Surgery, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Yanfang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education; the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130032, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
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88
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Smith DG, Williams SJ. Immune sensing of microbial glycolipids and related conjugates by T cells and the pattern recognition receptors MCL and Mincle. Carbohydr Res 2016; 420:32-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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89
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Haeryfar SMM, Mallevaey T. Editorial: CD1- and MR1-Restricted T Cells in Antimicrobial Immunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:611. [PMID: 26697007 PMCID: PMC4666986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University , London, ON , Canada ; Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University , London, ON , Canada ; Centre for Human Immunology, Western University , London, ON , Canada ; Lawson Health Research Institute , London, ON , Canada
| | - Thierry Mallevaey
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada
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90
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Reply: To PMID 25946569. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:E30-1. [PMID: 26540278 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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91
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Park YW, Kee SJ. Mucosal-associated Invariant T cells: A New Player in Innate Immunity. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2015. [DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2015.22.6.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Wook Park
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seung-Jung Kee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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