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Baker T, Johnson H, Kotapati S, Moshyk A, Hamilton M, Kurt M, Paly VF. Cost-Utility of Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab in First-Line Treatment of Advanced Melanoma in the United States: An Analysis Using Long-Term Overall Survival Data from Checkmate 067. PHARMACOECONOMICS - OPEN 2022; 6:697-710. [PMID: 36006606 PMCID: PMC9440167 DOI: 10.1007/s41669-022-00348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost-utility of nivolumab plus ipilimumab (NIVO + IPI) versus other first-line therapies for advanced melanoma in the United States (US) from the third-party payer perspective. METHODS This analysis estimated total expected life-years (LYs), quality-adjusted LYs (QALYs), and costs for first-line treatments of advanced melanoma during a 30-year time horizon using indirect treatment comparisons based on time-varying hazard ratios (HRs) and a three-state partitioned survival model. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival reference curves were extrapolated based on 5-year follow-up from the phase III Checkmate 067 trial (NCT01844505). Comparators of NIVO + IPI were NIVO, IPI, pembrolizumab, dabrafenib plus trametinib, encorafenib plus binimetinib (ENCO + BINI), and vemurafenib plus cobimetinib. Drug acquisition costs, treatment administration costs, follow-up time, subsequent therapy data, and adverse event frequencies were obtained from published sources. Utility weights were estimated from Checkmate 067, which compared NIVO + IPI or NIVO monotherapy with IPI monotherapy as first-line therapy in advanced melanoma. A 3% annual discount rate was applied to costs and outcomes. Sensitivity scenarios for BRAF-mutant subgroups were conducted. RESULTS NIVO + IPI was estimated to generate the longest OS and the highest total costs versus all comparators, accruing 6.99 LYs, 5.70 QALYs, and $469,469 over the 30-year time horizon. The incremental cost utility of NIVO + IPI versus comparators ranged from $2130 per QALY (versus ENCO + BINI) to $76,169 per QALY (versus NIVO). In all base-case and most sensitivity analyses, the incremental cost-utility ratios for NIVO + IPI were below $100,000 per QALY. CONCLUSIONS NIVO + IPI is estimated to be a life-extending and cost-effective treatment versus other therapies in the US, with base-case incremental cost-utility ratios below $100,000 per QALY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Baker
- Global Health Economics, Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, ICON plc, ICON Clinical Research, 4131 Parklake Ave., Suite 600, Raleigh, NC, 27612, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - Murat Kurt
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Victoria Federico Paly
- Global Health Economics, Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, ICON plc, ICON Clinical Research, 731Arbor Way, Suite 100, Blue Bell, PA, 19422, USA
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Sharafi F, Hasani SA, Alesaeidi S, Kahrizi MS, Adili A, Ghoreishizadeh S, Shomali N, Tamjidifar R, Aslaminabad R, Akbari M. A comprehensive review about the utilization of immune checkpoint inhibitors and combination therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: an updated review. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:269. [PMID: 35999569 PMCID: PMC9400240 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02682-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A pharmacological class known as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has been developed as a potential treatment option for various malignancies, including HCC. In HCC, ICIs have demonstrated clinically significant advantages as monotherapy or combination therapy. ICIs that target programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1), as well as cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), have made significant advances in cancer treatment. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), several ICIs are being tested in clinical trials, and the area is quickly developing. As immunotherapy-related adverse events (irAEs) linked with ICI therapy expands and gain worldwide access, up-to-date management guidelines become crucial to the safety profile of ICIs. This review aims to describe the evidence for ICIs in treating HCC, emphasizing the use of combination ICIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Sharafi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Abaei Hasani
- Cancer Research Center, Department of General Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Alesaeidi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Adili
- Senior Adult Oncology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Oncology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Navid Shomali
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rozita Tamjidifar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, 35100, Turkey
- Department of Stem Cell, Institute of Health Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, 35100, Turkey
| | - Ramin Aslaminabad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, 35100, Turkey
| | - Morteza Akbari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Taskaynatan H, Gunenc D, Ön S, Mizrak A, Samancilar O, Karaca B. Immunotherapy-induced granulomatous reaction in patients with melanoma. Melanoma Res 2022; 32:286-290. [PMID: 35752875 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent a new era in stage IV melanoma treatment. These agents are generally well tolerated but have specific side effects. The granulomatous reaction is one of such ICI-related adverse events. In this report, we present the cases of three patients with stage IV melanoma who all developed mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy during ICI treatment. While a complete response was observed in one patient, near complete responses were observed in the other two patients. Amid these favorable outcomes, all patients developed mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy approximately 6 months after the initiation of immunotherapy. Biopsies were performed to explore the underlying pathology of the lymph nodes, which revealed granulomatous reactions rather than metastases. Hence, immunotherapy was continued in all patients. The development of granulomatous lymphadenitis associated with ICIs may mimic disease recurrence/progression clinically and radiographically. Awareness of such type of adverse event is crucial to decide whether to continue therapy or not.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damla Gunenc
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tulay Aktas Oncology Hospital
| | - Sercan Ön
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tulay Aktas Oncology Hospital
| | - Ali Mizrak
- Department of Medical Pathology, School of Medicine, Ege University
| | - Ozgur Samancilar
- Clinic of Thoracic Surgery, Medicana International Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Burcak Karaca
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tulay Aktas Oncology Hospital
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Lu Z, Ni K, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Li Y, Yan J, Song Q, Liu M, Xu Y, Yu Z, Guo T, Ma L. An in-library ligation strategy and its application in CRISPR/Cas9 screening of high-order gRNA combinations. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:6575-6586. [PMID: 35670669 PMCID: PMC9226518 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous targeting multiple genes is a big advantage of CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) genome editing but challenging to achieve in CRISPR screening. The crosstalk among genes or gene products is a common and fundamental mechanism to ensure cellular stability and functional diversity. However, the screening approach to map high-order gene combinations to the interesting phenotype is still lacking. Here, we developed a universal in-library ligation strategy and applied it to generate multiplexed CRISPR library, which could perturb four pre-designed targets in a cell. We conducted in vivo CRISPR screening for potential guide RNA (gRNA) combinations inducing anti-tumor immune responses. Simultaneously disturbing a combination of three checkpoints in CD8+ T cells was demonstrated to be more effective than disturbing Pdcd1 only for T cell activation in the tumor environment. This study developed a novel in-library ligation strategy to facilitate the multiplexed CRISPR screening, which could extend our ability to explore the combinatorial outcomes from coordinated gene behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhike Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Ke Ni
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yangfan Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Yini Li
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianfeng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Qingkai Song
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Yujun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Zhenxing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tiannan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Lijia Ma
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
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Goldman JW, Piha-Paul SA, Curti B, Pedersen KS, Bauer TM, Groenland SL, Carvajal RD, Chhaya V, Kirby G, McGlinchey K, Hammond SA, Streicher KL, Townsley D, Chae YK, Voortman J, Marabelle A, Powderly J. Safety and tolerability of MEDI0562, an OX40 agonist monoclonal antibody, in combination with durvalumab or tremelimumab in adult patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:3709-3719. [PMID: 35699623 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-3016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Combination therapies targeting immunological checkpoints have shown promise in treating multiple tumor types. We report safety and tolerability of MEDI0562, a humanized IgG1K OX40 monoclonal antibody, in combination with durvalumab (anti-PD-L1), or tremelimumab (anti-CTLA-4), in adult patients with previously treated advanced solid tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In this phase 1, multicenter, open-label study, patients received escalating doses of MEDI0562 (2.25, 7.5, or 22.5 mg) every two weeks (Q2W) in combination with durvalumab (1500 mg) or tremelimumab (75 or 225 mg) Q4W, intravenously, until unacceptable toxicity or progressive disease. Tumor assessments were performed Q8W. The primary objective was to evaluate safety and tolerability. RESULTS Among the 27 and 31 patients who received MEDI0562 + durvalumab or MEDI0562 + tremelimumab, 74.1% and 67.7% reported a treatment-related adverse event (AE), and 22.2% and 19.4% experienced a treatment‑emergent AE that led to discontinuation, respectively. The maximum tolerated dose of MEDI0562 + durvalumab was 7.5 mg MEDI0562 + 1500 mg durvalumab; the maximum administered dose of MEDI0562 + tremelimumab was 22.5 mg MEDI0562 + 225 mg tremelimumab. Three patients in the MEDI0562 + durvalumab arm had a partial response. The mean percentage of Ki67+CD4+ and Ki67+CD8+ memory T cells increased by >100% following the first dose of MEDI0562 + durvalumab or tremelimumab in all dose cohorts. A decrease in OX40+FOXP3 T regulatory cells was observed in a subset of patients with available paired biopsies. CONCLUSIONS Following dose escalation, moderate toxicity was observed in both treatment arms, with no clear efficacy signals demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarina A Piha-Paul
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Brendan Curti
- Providence Cancer Center and Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Portland, OR, United States
| | | | - Todd M Bauer
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute / Tennessee Oncology, PLLC., Nashville, TN, United States
| | | | | | - Vaishali Chhaya
- AstraZeneca (United States), Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Gray Kirby
- AstraZeneca (United States), Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Kelly McGlinchey
- AstraZeneca (United Kingdom), Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
| | | | | | | | - Young Kwang Chae
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jens Voortman
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - John Powderly
- Carolina BioOncology Institute, Huntersville, NC, United States
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Zhang J, Tavakoli H, Ma L, Li X, Han L, Li X. Immunotherapy discovery on tumor organoid-on-a-chip platforms that recapitulate the tumor microenvironment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 187:114365. [PMID: 35667465 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has achieved remarkable success over the past decade by modulating patients' own immune systems and unleashing pre-existing immunity. However, only a minority of cancer patients across different cancer types are able to benefit from immunotherapy treatment; moreover, among those small portions of patients with response, intrinsic and acquired resistance remains a persistent challenge. Because the tumor microenvironment (TME) is well recognized to play a critical role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and the suppression of the immune system and responses to immunotherapy, understanding the interactions between the TME and the immune system is a pivotal step in developing novel and efficient cancer immunotherapies. With unique features such as low reagent consumption, dynamic and precise fluid control, versatile structures and function designs, and 3D cell co-culture, microfluidic tumor organoid-on-a-chip platforms that recapitulate key factors of the TME and the immune contexture have emerged as innovative reliable tools to investigate how tumors regulate their TME to counteract antitumor immunity and the mechanism of tumor resistance to immunotherapy. In this comprehensive review, we focus on recent advances in tumor organoid-on-a-chip platforms for studying the interaction between the TME and the immune system. We first review different factors of the TME that recent microfluidic in vitro systems reproduce to generate advanced tools to imitate the crosstalk between the TME and the immune system. Then, we discuss their applications in the assessment of different immunotherapies' efficacy using tumor organoid-on-a-chip platforms. Finally, we present an overview and the outlook of engineered microfluidic platforms in investigating the interactions between cancer and immune systems, and the adoption of patient-on-a-chip models in clinical applications toward personalized immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Hamed Tavakoli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Xiaochun Li
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Lichun Han
- Xi'an Daxing Hospital, Xi'an 710016, China
| | - XiuJun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA; Border Biomedical Research Center, Forensic Science, & Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
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Zhao LP, Hu JH, Hu D, Wang HJ, Huang CG, Luo RH, Zhou ZH, Huang XY, Xie T, Lou JS. Hyperprogression, a challenge of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors treatments: potential mechanisms and coping strategies. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:112949. [PMID: 35447545 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is now a mainstay in cancer treatments. Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapies have opened up a new venue of advanced cancer immunotherapy. However, hyperprogressive disease (HPD) induced by PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors caused a significant decrease in the overall survival (OS) of the patients, which compromise the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Therefore, HPD has become an urgent issue to be addressed in the clinical uses of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. The mechanisms of HPD remain unclear, and possible predictive factors of HPD are not well understood. In this review, we summarized the potential mechanisms of HPD and coping strategies that can effectively reduce the occurrence and development of HPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Jun-Hu Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Die Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Hao-Jie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Chang-Gang Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Ru-Hua Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Zhao-Huang Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Xin-Yun Huang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
| | - Jian-Shu Lou
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Zhejiang 311121, China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
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Wu C, Lorenzo G, Hormuth DA, Lima EABF, Slavkova KP, DiCarlo JC, Virostko J, Phillips CM, Patt D, Chung C, Yankeelov TE. Integrating mechanism-based modeling with biomedical imaging to build practical digital twins for clinical oncology. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2022; 3:021304. [PMID: 35602761 PMCID: PMC9119003 DOI: 10.1063/5.0086789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Digital twins employ mathematical and computational models to virtually represent a physical object (e.g., planes and human organs), predict the behavior of the object, and enable decision-making to optimize the future behavior of the object. While digital twins have been widely used in engineering for decades, their applications to oncology are only just emerging. Due to advances in experimental techniques quantitatively characterizing cancer, as well as advances in the mathematical and computational sciences, the notion of building and applying digital twins to understand tumor dynamics and personalize the care of cancer patients has been increasingly appreciated. In this review, we present the opportunities and challenges of applying digital twins in clinical oncology, with a particular focus on integrating medical imaging with mechanism-based, tissue-scale mathematical modeling. Specifically, we first introduce the general digital twin framework and then illustrate existing applications of image-guided digital twins in healthcare. Next, we detail both the imaging and modeling techniques that provide practical opportunities to build patient-specific digital twins for oncology. We then describe the current challenges and limitations in developing image-guided, mechanism-based digital twins for oncology along with potential solutions. We conclude by outlining five fundamental questions that can serve as a roadmap when designing and building a practical digital twin for oncology and attempt to provide answers for a specific application to brain cancer. We hope that this contribution provides motivation for the imaging science, oncology, and computational communities to develop practical digital twin technologies to improve the care of patients battling cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyue Wu
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kalina P. Slavkova
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | | | | | - Caleb M. Phillips
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Debra Patt
- Texas Oncology, Austin, Texas 78731, USA
| | - Caroline Chung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Arnold M, Singh D, Laversanne M, Vignat J, Vaccarella S, Meheus F, Cust AE, de Vries E, Whiteman DC, Bray F. Global Burden of Cutaneous Melanoma in 2020 and Projections to 2040. JAMA Dermatol 2022; 158:495-503. [PMID: 35353115 PMCID: PMC8968696 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2022.0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 160.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Importance Despite many cases being preventable, cutaneous melanoma remains the most serious skin cancer worldwide. Understanding the scale and profile of the disease is vital to concentrate and reinforce global prevention efforts. Objective To examine global patterns of cutaneous melanoma in 2020 and to provide projected estimates of cases and deaths by 2040. Design, Setting, and Participants This population-based study used the GLOBOCAN 2020 database for global epidemiological assessment of new cases and deaths due to invasive melanoma. Main Outcomes and Measures Age-standardized incidence and mortality rates were calculated per 100 000 person-years by country, world region, and 4-tier level of human development. Estimated numbers of cases and deaths were calculated for the year 2040. Results A worldwide total of 325 000 new melanoma cases (174 000 males, 151 000 females) and 57 000 deaths (32 000 males, 25 000 females) was estimated for 2020. Large geographic variations existed across countries and world regions, with the highest incidence rates among males (42 per 100 000 person-years) and females (31 per 100 000 person-years) observed in Australia/New Zealand, followed by Western Europe (19 per 100 000 person-years for males and females), North America (18 per 100 000 person-years for males, 14 per 100 000 person-years for females), and Northern Europe (17 per 100 000 person-years for males, 18 per 100 000 person-years for females). Melanoma continued to be rare in most African and Asian countries, with incidence rates commonly less than 1 per 100 000 person-years. Mortality rates peaked at 5 per 100 000 person-years in New Zealand, and geographic variations were less pronounced than for incidence. Melanoma was more frequent among males than females in most world regions. If 2020 rates continue, the burden from melanoma is estimated to increase to 510 000 new cases (a roughly 50% increase) and to 96 000 deaths (a 68% increase) by 2040. Conclusions and Relevance This epidemiological assessment suggests that melanoma remains an important challenge to cancer control and public health globally, especially in fair-skinned populations of European descent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Arnold
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Deependra Singh
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Mathieu Laversanne
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Jerome Vignat
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Salvatore Vaccarella
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Filip Meheus
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Anne E. Cust
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney with Cancer Council New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Esther de Vries
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
| | - David C. Whiteman
- Cancer Control Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Freddie Bray
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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Kiuru M, Kriner MA, Wong S, Zhu G, Terrell JR, Li Q, Hoang M, Beechem J, McPherson JD. High-Plex Spatial RNA Profiling Reveals Cell Type‒Specific Biomarker Expression during Melanoma Development. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:1401-1412.e20. [PMID: 34699906 PMCID: PMC9714472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of melanoma is critical for improved survival. However, the biomarkers of early melanoma evolution and their origin within the tumor and its microenvironment, including the keratinocytes, are poorly defined. To address this, we used spatial transcript profiling that maintains the morphological tumor context to measure the expression of >1,000 RNAs in situ in patient-derived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections in primary melanoma and melanocytic nevi. We profiled 134 regions of interest (each 200 μm in diameter) enriched in melanocytes, neighboring keratinocytes, or immune cells. This approach captured distinct expression patterns across cell types and tumor types during melanoma development. Unexpectedly, we discovered that S100A8 is expressed by keratinocytes within the tumor microenvironment during melanoma growth. Immunohistochemistry of 252 tumors showed prominent keratinocyte-derived S100A8 expression in melanoma but not in benign tumors and confirmed the same pattern for S100A8's binding partner S100A9, suggesting that injury to the epidermis may be an early and readily detectable indicator of melanoma development. Together, our results establish a framework for high-plex, spatial, and cell type‒specific resolution of gene expression in archival tissue applicable to the development of biomarkers and characterization of tumor microenvironment interactions in tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Kiuru
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | | | - Samantha Wong
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Guannan Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA,Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jessica R. Terrell
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Center for Oncology Hematology Outcomes Research and Training (COHORT) and Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | | | | | - John D. McPherson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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Nel AE, Mei KC, Liao YP, Lu X. Multifunctional Lipid Bilayer Nanocarriers for Cancer Immunotherapy in Heterogeneous Tumor Microenvironments, Combining Immunogenic Cell Death Stimuli with Immune Modulatory Drugs. ACS NANO 2022; 16:5184-5232. [PMID: 35348320 PMCID: PMC9519818 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the contribution of cancer cells, the solid tumor microenvironment (TME) has a critical role in determining tumor expansion, antitumor immunity, and the response to immunotherapy. Understanding the details of the complex interplay between cancer cells and components of the TME provides an unprecedented opportunity to explore combination therapy for intervening in the immune landscape to improve immunotherapy outcome. One approach is the introduction of multifunctional nanocarriers, capable of delivering drug combinations that provide immunogenic stimuli for improvement of tumor antigen presentation, contemporaneous with the delivery of coformulated drug or synthetic molecules that provide immune danger signals or interfere in immune-escape, immune-suppressive, and T-cell exclusion pathways. This forward-looking review will discuss the use of lipid-bilayer-encapsulated liposomes and mesoporous silica nanoparticles for combination immunotherapy of the heterogeneous immune landscapes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and triple-negative breast cancer. We describe how the combination of remote drug loading and lipid bilayer encapsulation is used for the synthesis of synergistic drug combinations that induce immunogenic cell death, interfere in the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, inhibit the indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1) immune metabolic pathway, restore spatial access to activated T-cells to the cancer site, or reduce the impact of immunosuppressive stromal components. We show how an integration of current knowledge and future discovery can be used for a rational approach to nanoenabled cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- André E. Nel
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kuo-Ching Mei
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yu-Pei Liao
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiangsheng Lu
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Hotz MJ, O'Halloran EA, Hill MV, Hayden K, Zaladonis AG, Deng M, Olszanski AJ, Reddy SS, Wu H, Luo B, Farma JM. Tumor mutational burden and somatic mutation status to predict disease recurrence in advanced melanoma. Melanoma Res 2022; 32:112-119. [PMID: 35213415 PMCID: PMC9109603 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tumor mutational burden (TMB) has recently been identified as a biomarker of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in many cancers, including melanoma. Co-assessment of TMB with inflammatory markers and genetic mutations may better predict disease outcomes. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential for TMB and somatic mutations in combination to predict the recurrence of disease in advanced melanoma. A retrospective review of 85 patients with stage III or IV melanoma whose tumors were analyzed by next-generation sequencing was conducted. Fisher's exact test was used to assess differences in TMB category by somatic mutation status as well as recurrence locations. Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox-proportional regression model were used for survival analyses. The most frequently detected mutations were TERT (32.9%), CDKN2A (28.2%), KMT2 (25.9%), BRAF V600E (24.7%), and NRAS (24.7%). Patients with TMB-L + BRAFWT status were more likely to have a recurrence [hazard ratio (HR), 3.43; confidence interval (CI), 1.29-9.15; P = 0.01] compared to TMB-H + BRAF WT. Patients with TMB-L + NRASmut were more likely to have a recurrence (HR, 5.29; 95% CI, 1.44-19.45; P = 0.01) compared to TMB-H + NRAS WT. TMB-L tumors were associated with local (P = 0.029) and in-transit (P = 0.004) recurrences. Analysis of TMB alone may be insufficient in understanding the relationship between melanoma's molecular profile and the body's immune system. Classification into BRAFmut, NRASmut, and tumor mutational load groups may aid in identifying patients who are more likely to have disease recurrence in advanced melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan J Hotz
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Maureen V Hill
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Valley Health, Winchester, Virginia
| | - Kelly Hayden
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Angela G Zaladonis
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Sanjay S Reddy
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center
| | | | - Biao Luo
- Cancer Biology Division, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Al-Mterin MA, Alsalman A, Elkord E. Inhibitory Immune Checkpoint Receptors and Ligands as Prognostic Biomarkers in COVID-19 Patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:870283. [PMID: 35432324 PMCID: PMC9008255 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.870283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2. During T-cell activation, the immune system uses different checkpoint pathways to maintain co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory signals. In COVID-19, expression of immune checkpoints (ICs) is one of the most important manifestations, in addition to lymphopenia and inflammatory cytokines, contributing to worse clinical outcomes. There is a controversy whether upregulation of ICs in COVID-19 patients might lead to T-cell exhaustion or activation. This review summarizes the available studies that investigated IC receptors and ligands in COVID-19 patients, as well as their effect on T-cell function. Several IC receptors and ligands, including CTLA-4, BTLA, TIM-3, VISTA, LAG-3, TIGIT, PD-1, CD160, 2B4, NKG2A, Galectin-9, Galectin-3, PD-L1, PD-L2, LSECtin, and CD112, were upregulated in COVID-19 patients. Based on the available studies, there is a possible relationship between disease severity and increased expression of IC receptors and ligands. Overall, the upregulation of some ICs could be used as a prognostic biomarker for disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alhasan Alsalman
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Eyad Elkord
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
- Biomedical Research Center, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Fatima S, Ma Y, Safrachi A, Haider S, Spring KJ, Vafaee F, Scott KF, Roberts TL, Becker TM, de Souza P. Harnessing Liquid Biopsies to Guide Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1669. [PMID: 35406441 PMCID: PMC8997025 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy (IO), involving the use of immune checkpoint inhibition, achieves improved response-rates and significant disease-free survival for some cancer patients. Despite these beneficial effects, there is poor predictability of response and substantial rates of innate or acquired resistance, resulting in heterogeneous responses among patients. In addition, patients can develop life-threatening adverse events, and while these generally occur in patients that also show a tumor response, these outcomes are not always congruent. Therefore, predicting a response to IO is of paramount importance. Traditionally, tumor tissue analysis has been used for this purpose. However, minimally invasive liquid biopsies that monitor changes in blood or other bodily fluid markers are emerging as a promising cost-effective alternative. Traditional biomarkers have limitations mainly due to difficulty in repeatedly obtaining tumor tissue confounded also by the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of tumours. Liquid biopsy has the potential to circumvent tumor heterogeneity and to help identifying patients who may respond to IO, to monitor the treatment dynamically, as well as to unravel the mechanisms of relapse. We present here a review of the current status of molecular markers for the prediction and monitoring of IO response, focusing on the detection of these markers in liquid biopsies. With the emerging improvements in the field of liquid biopsy, this approach has the capacity to identify IO-eligible patients and provide clinically relevant information to assist with their ongoing disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadma Fatima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (Y.M.); (S.H.); (K.J.S.); (K.F.S.); (T.L.R.); (T.M.B.); (P.d.S.)
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (A.S.); (F.V.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Yafeng Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (Y.M.); (S.H.); (K.J.S.); (K.F.S.); (T.L.R.); (T.M.B.); (P.d.S.)
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- Centre for Circulating Tumor Cell Diagnosis and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Azadeh Safrachi
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (A.S.); (F.V.)
| | - Sana Haider
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (Y.M.); (S.H.); (K.J.S.); (K.F.S.); (T.L.R.); (T.M.B.); (P.d.S.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Kevin J. Spring
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (Y.M.); (S.H.); (K.J.S.); (K.F.S.); (T.L.R.); (T.M.B.); (P.d.S.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Vafaee
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (A.S.); (F.V.)
- UNSW Data Science Hub, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Kieran F. Scott
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (Y.M.); (S.H.); (K.J.S.); (K.F.S.); (T.L.R.); (T.M.B.); (P.d.S.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Tara L. Roberts
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (Y.M.); (S.H.); (K.J.S.); (K.F.S.); (T.L.R.); (T.M.B.); (P.d.S.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Therese M. Becker
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (Y.M.); (S.H.); (K.J.S.); (K.F.S.); (T.L.R.); (T.M.B.); (P.d.S.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- Centre for Circulating Tumor Cell Diagnosis and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Paul de Souza
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (Y.M.); (S.H.); (K.J.S.); (K.F.S.); (T.L.R.); (T.M.B.); (P.d.S.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
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Carpenter EL, Becker AL, Indra AK. NRF2 and Key Transcriptional Targets in Melanoma Redox Manipulation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061531. [PMID: 35326683 PMCID: PMC8946769 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes are dendritic, pigment-producing cells located in the skin and are responsible for its protection against the deleterious effects of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), which include DNA damage and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS). They do so by synthesizing photoprotective melanin pigments and distributing them to adjacent skin cells (e.g., keratinocytes). However, melanocytes encounter a large burden of oxidative stress during this process, due to both exogenous and endogenous sources. Therefore, melanocytes employ numerous antioxidant defenses to protect themselves; these are largely regulated by the master stress response transcription factor, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). Key effector transcriptional targets of NRF2 include the components of the glutathione and thioredoxin antioxidant systems. Despite these defenses, melanocyte DNA often is subject to mutations that result in the dysregulation of the proliferative mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the cell cycle. Following tumor initiation, endogenous antioxidant systems are co-opted, a consequence of elevated oxidative stress caused by metabolic reprogramming, to establish an altered redox homeostasis. This altered redox homeostasis contributes to tumor progression and metastasis, while also complicating the application of exogenous antioxidant treatments. Further understanding of melanocyte redox homeostasis, in the presence or absence of disease, would contribute to the development of novel therapies to aid in the prevention and treatment of melanomas and other skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L. Carpenter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.L.C.); (A.L.B.)
| | - Alyssa L. Becker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.L.C.); (A.L.B.)
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Arup K. Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (E.L.C.); (A.L.B.)
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Linus Pauling Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Correspondence:
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Huang Z, Yang J, Qiu W, Huang J, Chen Z, Han Y, Ye C. HAUS5 Is A Potential Prognostic Biomarker With Functional Significance in Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:829777. [PMID: 35280773 PMCID: PMC8913513 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.829777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer (BRCA) has become the most frequently appearing, lethal, and aggressive cancer with increasing morbidity and mortality. Previously, it was discovered that the HAUS5 protein is involved in centrosome integrity, spindle assembly, and the completion of the cytoplasmic division process during mitosis. By encouraging chromosome misdivision and aneuploidy, HAUS5 has the potential to cause cancer. The significance of HAUS5 in BRCA and the relationship between its expression and clinical outcomes or immune infiltration remains unclear. Methods Pan-cancer was analyzed by TIMER2 web and the expression differential of HAUS5 was discovered. The prognostic value of HAUS5 for BRCA was evaluated with KM plotter and confirmed with Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset. Following that, we looked at the relationship between the high and low expression groups of HAUS5 and breast cancer clinical indications. Signaling pathways linked to HAUS5 expression were discovered using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). The relative immune cell infiltrations of each sample were assessed using the CIBERSORT algorithm and ESTIMATE method. We evaluated the Tumor Mutation Burden (TMB) value between the two sets of samples with high and low HAUS5 expression, as well as the differences in gene mutations between the two groups. The proliferation changes of BRCA cells after knockdown of HAUS5 were evaluated by fluorescence cell counting and colony formation assay. Result HAUS5 is strongly expressed in most malignancies, and distinct associations exist between HAUS5 and prognosis in BRCA patients. Upregulated HAUS5 was associated with poor clinicopathological characteristics such as tumor T stage, ER, PR, and HER2 status. mitotic prometaphase, primary immunodeficiency, DNA replication, cell cycle related signaling pathways were all enriched in the presence of elevated HAUS5 expression, according to GSEA analysis. The BRCA microenvironment’s core gene, HAUS5, was shown to be related with invading immune cell subtypes and tumor cell stemness. TMB in the HAUS5-low expression group was significantly higher than that in the high expression group. The mutation frequency of 15 genes was substantially different in the high expression group compared to the low expression group. BRCA cells’ capacity to proliferate was decreased when HAUS5 was knocked down. Conclusion These findings show that HAUS5 is a positive regulator of BRCA progression that contributes to BRCA cells proliferation. As a result, HAUS5 might be a novel prognostic indicator and therapeutic target for BRCA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Huang
- Breast Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiasheng Yang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, China
| | - Wenjing Qiu
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhirong Chen
- Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Han
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Changsheng Ye
- Breast Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Medulloblastoma: Immune microenvironment and targeted nano-therapy. OPENNANO 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2022.100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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68
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Taghizadeh H, Prager GW. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2022; 22:639-650. [PMID: 35168521 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666220215144235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BTC is a rare and aggressive cancer disease bearing an overall dismal prognosis with only finite therapy options. Only combination chemotherapy regimens achieve disease control which is often only short-lived since the tumor tissue exhibits a high resistance to chemotherapy. The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors in recent years has significantly improved the survival of cancer patients and thus, has been integrated in the therapeutic management of several solid tumors, including melanoma, colorectal carcinoma (CRC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Investigation of the tumor biology of BTC and results of preliminary studies have shown that BTC may also be amenable to immunomodulation. In this review, we seek to give a comprehensive overview about the role, potential and clinical significance of ICPI in the management of BTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Taghizadeh
- Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald W Prager
- Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Austria
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Bausart M, Préat V, Malfanti A. Immunotherapy for glioblastoma: the promise of combination strategies. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:35. [PMID: 35078492 PMCID: PMC8787896 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) treatment has remained almost unchanged for more than 20 years. The current standard of care involves surgical resection (if possible) followed by concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In recent years, immunotherapy strategies have revolutionized the treatment of many cancers, increasing the hope for GBM therapy. However, mostly due to the high, multifactorial immunosuppression occurring in the microenvironment, the poor knowledge of the neuroimmune system and the presence of the blood-brain barrier, the efficacy of immunotherapy in GBM is still low. Recently, new strategies for GBM treatments have employed immunotherapy combinations and have provided encouraging results in both preclinical and clinical studies. The lessons learned from clinical trials highlight the importance of tackling different arms of immunity. In this review, we aim to summarize the preclinical evidence regarding combination immunotherapy in terms of immune and survival benefits for GBM management. The outcomes of recent studies assessing the combination of different classes of immunotherapeutic agents (e.g., immune checkpoint blockade and vaccines) will be discussed. Finally, future strategies to ameliorate the efficacy of immunotherapy and facilitate clinical translation will be provided to address the unmet medical needs of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Bausart
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Préat
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Alessio Malfanti
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
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Healey Bird B, Nally K, Ronan K, Clarke G, Amu S, Almeida AS, Flavin R, Finn S. Cancer Immunotherapy with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors-Biomarkers of Response and Toxicity; Current Limitations and Future Promise. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:124. [PMID: 35054292 PMCID: PMC8775044 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors are monoclonal antibodies that are used to treat over one in three cancer patients. While they have changed the natural history of disease, prolonging life and preserving quality of life, they are highly active in less than 40% of patients, even in the most responsive malignancies such as melanoma, and cause significant autoimmune side effects. Licenced biomarkers include tumour Programmed Death Ligand 1 expression by immunohistochemistry, microsatellite instability, and tumour mutational burden, none of which are particularly sensitive or specific. Emerging tumour and immune tissue biomarkers such as novel immunohistochemistry scores, tumour, stromal and immune cell gene expression profiling, and liquid biomarkers such as systemic inflammatory markers, kynurenine/tryptophan ratio, circulating immune cells, cytokines and DNA are discussed in this review. We also examine the influence of the faecal microbiome on treatment outcome and its use as a biomarker of response and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Healey Bird
- School of Medicine, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
- Bon Secours Hospital, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Ken Nally
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland;
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (G.C.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Karine Ronan
- Department of Oncology, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, D04 T6F4 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (G.C.); (A.S.A.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Sylvie Amu
- Cancer Research at UCC, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland;
| | - Ana S. Almeida
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (G.C.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Richard Flavin
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland; (R.F.); (S.F.)
- St. James’s Hospital Dublin, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen Finn
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland; (R.F.); (S.F.)
- St. James’s Hospital Dublin, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland
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Enhancing immunotherapy in cancer by targeting emerging immunomodulatory pathways. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2022; 19:37-50. [PMID: 34580473 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-021-00552-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 178.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and clinical implementation of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting CTLA4, PD-1 and PD-L1 has revolutionized the treatment of cancer, as recognized by the 2018 Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology. This groundbreaking new approach has improved the outcomes of patients with various forms of advanced-stage cancer; however, the majority of patients receiving these therapies, even in combination, do not derive clinical benefit. Further development of agents targeting additional immune checkpoints, co-stimulatory receptors and/or co-inhibitory receptors that control T cell function is therefore critical. In this Review, we discuss the translational potential and clinical development of agents targeting both co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory T cell receptors. Specifically, we describe their mechanisms of action, and provide an overview of ongoing clinical trials involving novel ICIs including those targeting LAG3, TIM3, TIGIT and BTLA as well as agonists of the co-stimulatory receptors GITR, OX40, 41BB and ICOS. We also discuss several additional approaches, such as harnessing T cell metabolism, in particular via adenosine signalling, inhibition of IDO1, and targeting changes in glucose and fatty acid metabolism. We conclude that further efforts are needed to optimize the timing of combination ICI approaches and, most importantly, to individualize immunotherapy based on both patient-specific and tumour-specific characteristics.
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Immune suppressive checkpoint interactions in the tumour microenvironment of primary liver cancers. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:10-23. [PMID: 34400801 PMCID: PMC8727557 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers, and the third most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The therapeutic options for the main types of primary liver cancer-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA)-are very limited. HCC and CCA are immunogenic cancers, but effective immune-mediated tumour control is prevented by their immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. Despite the critical involvement of key co-inhibitory immune checkpoint interactions in immunosuppression in liver cancer, only a minority of patients with HCC respond to monotherapy using approved checkpoint inhibitor antibodies. To develop effective (combinatorial) therapeutic immune checkpoint strategies for liver cancer, in-depth knowledge of the different mechanisms that contribute to intratumoral immunosuppression is needed. Here, we review the co-inhibitory pathways that are known to suppress intratumoral T cells in HCC and CCA. We provide a detailed description of insights from preclinical studies in cellular crosstalk within the tumour microenvironment that results in interactions between co-inhibitory receptors on different T-cell subsets and their ligands on other cell types, including tumour cells. We suggest alternative immune checkpoints as promising targets, and draw attention to the possibility of combined targeting of co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory pathways to abrogate immunosuppression.
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Boone CE, Wang L, Gautam A, Newton IG, Steinmetz NF. Combining nanomedicine and immune checkpoint therapy for cancer immunotherapy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1739. [PMID: 34296535 PMCID: PMC8906799 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a pillar of the cancer therapy armamentarium. Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) is a mainstay of modern immunotherapy. Although ICT monotherapy has demonstrated remarkable clinical efficacy in some patients, the majority do not respond to treatment. In addition, many patients eventually develop resistance to ICT, disease recurrence, and toxicity from off-target effects. Combination therapy is a keystone strategy to overcome the limitations of monotherapy. With the integration of ICT and any therapy that induces tumor cell lysis and release of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), ICT is expected to strengthen the coordinated innate and adaptive immune responses to TAA release and promote systemic, cellular antitumor immunity. Nanomedicine is well poised to facilitate combination ICT. Nanoparticles with delivery and/or immunomodulation capacities have been successfully combined with ICT in preclinical applications. Delivery nanoparticles protect and control the targeted release of their cargo. Inherently immunomodulatory nanoparticles can facilitate immunogenic cell death, modification of the tumor microenvironment, immune cell mimicry and modulation, and/or in situ vaccination. Nanoparticles are frequently multifunctional, combining multiple treatment strategies into a single platform with ICT. Nanomedicine and ICT combinations have great potential to yield novel, powerful treatments for patients with cancer. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA 92039, USA
| | - Aayushma Gautam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA 92039, USA
| | - Isabel G. Newton
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA 92039, USA,Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive San Diego, CA 92161
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Abstract
Melanoma is the most lethal skin cancer that originates from the malignant transformation of melanocytes. Although melanoma has long been regarded as a cancerous malignancy with few therapeutic options, increased biological understanding and unprecedented innovations in therapies targeting mutated driver genes and immune checkpoints have substantially improved the prognosis of patients. However, the low response rate and inevitable occurrence of resistance to currently available targeted therapies have posed the obstacle in the path of melanoma management to obtain further amelioration. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying melanoma pathogenesis more comprehensively, which might lead to more substantial progress in therapeutic approaches and expand clinical options for melanoma therapy. In this review, we firstly make a brief introduction to melanoma epidemiology, clinical subtypes, risk factors, and current therapies. Then, the signal pathways orchestrating melanoma pathogenesis, including genetic mutations, key transcriptional regulators, epigenetic dysregulations, metabolic reprogramming, crucial metastasis-related signals, tumor-promoting inflammatory pathways, and pro-angiogenic factors, have been systemically reviewed and discussed. Subsequently, we outline current progresses in therapies targeting mutated driver genes and immune checkpoints, as well as the mechanisms underlying the treatment resistance. Finally, the prospects and challenges in the development of melanoma therapy, especially immunotherapy and related ongoing clinical trials, are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 of West Changle Road, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huina Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 of West Changle Road, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunying Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 of West Changle Road, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Wan Z, Sun R, Liu YW, Li S, Sun J, Li J, Zhu J, Moharil P, Zhang B, Ren P, Ren G, Zhang M, Ma X, Dai S, Yang D, Lu B, Li S. Targeting metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 for cancer immunotherapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj4226. [PMID: 34890233 PMCID: PMC8664261 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj4226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report a novel role of metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (GRM4) in suppressing antitumor immunity. We revealed in three murine syngeneic tumor models (B16, MC38, and 3LL) that either genetic knockout (Grm4−/−) or pharmacological inhibition led to significant delay in tumor growth. Mechanistically, perturbation of GRM4 resulted in a strong antitumor immunity by promoting natural killer (NK), CD4+, and CD8+ T cells toward an activated, proliferative, and functional phenotype. Single-cell RNA sequencing and T cell receptor profiling further defined the clonal expansion and immune landscape changes in CD8+ T cells. We further showed that Grm4−/− intrinsically activated interferon-γ production in CD8+ T cells through cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP)/cAMP response element binding protein–mediated pathway. Our study appears to be of clinical significance as a signature of NKhigh-GRM4low and CD8high-GRM4low correlated with improved survival in patients with melanoma. Targeting GRM4 represents a new approach for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoya Wan
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Runzi Sun
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yang-Wuyue Liu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Sihan Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jiang Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Junjie Zhu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Pearl Moharil
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Bei Zhang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Pengfei Ren
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Guolian Ren
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Min Zhang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Shuangshuang Dai
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Da Yang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Binfeng Lu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Song Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Kumar AR, Devan AR, Nair B, Vinod BS, Nath LR. Harnessing the immune system against cancer: current immunotherapy approaches and therapeutic targets. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:8075-8095. [PMID: 34671902 PMCID: PMC8605995 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06752-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is a rapidly evolving concept that has been given the tag "fifth pillar" of cancer therapy while radiation therapy, chemotherapy, surgery and targeted therapy remain the other four pillars. This involves the stimulation of the immune system to control tumor growth and it specifically targets the neoplastic cells rather than the normal cells. Conventional chemotherapy has many limitations which include drug resistance, recurrence of cancer and severe adverse effects. Immunology has made major treatment breakthroughs for several cancers such as colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, stomach cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia etc. Currently, therapeutic strategies harnessing the immune system involve Checkpoint inhibitors, Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR T cells), Monoclonal antibodies, Cancer vaccines, Cytokines, Radio-immunotherapy and Oncolytic virus therapy. The molecular characterization of several tumor antigens (TA) indicates that these TA can be utilized as promising candidates in cancer immunotherapy strategies. Here in this review, we highlight and summarize the different categories of emerging cancer immunotherapies along with the immunologically recognized tumor antigens involved in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayana R Kumar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Aswathy R Devan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Bhagyalakshmi Nair
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Balachandran S Vinod
- Department of Biochemistry, Sree Narayana College, Kollam, Kerala, 691001, India.
| | - Lekshmi R Nath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India.
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Möller K, Fraune C, Blessin NC, Lennartz M, Kluth M, Hube-Magg C, Lindhorst L, Dahlem R, Fisch M, Eichenauer T, Riechardt S, Simon R, Sauter G, Büscheck F, Höppner W, Matthies C, Doh O, Krech T, Marx AH, Zecha H, Rink M, Steurer S, Clauditz TS. Tumor cell PD-L1 expression is a strong predictor of unfavorable prognosis in immune checkpoint therapy-naive clear cell renal cell cancer. Int Urol Nephrol 2021; 53:2493-2503. [PMID: 33797012 PMCID: PMC8599390 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-021-02841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PD-L1 expression predicts response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in renal cell carcinomas (RCC), but has also been suggested to be linked to poor patient outcome. METHODS We analyzed PD-L1 in > 1400 RCC in a tissue microarray format by immunohistochemistry. Results were compared with histological tumor type, parameters of cancer aggressiveness, and intratumoral CD8+ cytotoxic cells. RESULT At a cut-off level of 5% PD-L1 positive tumor cells, PD-L1 positivity was seen in 6.3% of 633 clear cell RCC (ccRCC), 18.2% of 165 papillary RCC, 18.8% of 64 chromophobe RCC, and 41.7% of 103 oncocytomas. In ccRCC, PD-L1 positivity was significantly linked to high ISUP (p < 0.0001), Fuhrman (p < 0.0001), Thoenes grade (p < 0.0001), distant metastasis (p = 0.0042), short recurrence-free (p < 0.0001), and overall survival (p = 0.0002). Intratumoral CD8+ lymphocytes were more frequent in PD-L1 positive (1055 ± 109) than in PD-L1 negative ccRCC (407 ± 28; p < 0.0001). PD-L positive immune cells were seen in 8.2% of all RCC and 13.9% of papillary RCC. In ccRCC, PD-L1 positive immune cells were linked to high numbers of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ cells (p < 0.0001), high ISUP (p < 0.0001), Fuhrman (p = 0.0027), and Thoenes grade (p < 0.0001), and poor tumor-specific survival (p = 0.0280). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that PD-L1 expression in highly immunogenic RCCs facilitates immune evasion and contributes to cancer aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Möller
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Fraune
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Niclas C Blessin
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Lennartz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Linnea Lindhorst
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roland Dahlem
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Margit Fisch
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till Eichenauer
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silke Riechardt
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Büscheck
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Cord Matthies
- Department of Urology, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ousman Doh
- Department of Urology, Regio Medical Center Elmshorn, Elmshorn, Germany
| | - Till Krech
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Andreas H Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Academic Hospital Fuerth, Fuerth, Germany
| | - Henrik Zecha
- Department of Urology, Albertinen Clinic, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Rink
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till S Clauditz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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Xu H, Chai SS, Lv P, Wang JJ. CNN3 in glioma: The prognostic factor and a potential immunotherapeutic target. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27931. [PMID: 34797350 PMCID: PMC8601287 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gliomas are the most intrinsic type of primary intracranial tumors. The protein encoded by The calponin 3 (CNN3) has been proven to be a member of the calponin family. Its relationships with cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, and colon cancer have been emphasized by several studies. Our research aims to explore the prognosis value and immunotherapeutic targetability of CNN3 in glioma patients using bioinformatics approach. METHODS CNN3 expression in glioma was analyzed based on GEO and TCGA datasets. Gene expression profiling with clinical information was employed to investigate the correlation between clinicopathological features of glioma patients and relative CNN3 expression levels. Survival analysis was conducted using Kaplan-Meier analysis and the Cox proportional-hazards regression model. Gene set enrichment analysis was conducted to select the pathways significantly enriched for CNN3 associations. Correlations between inflammatory activities, immune checkpoint molecules and CNN3 were probed by gene set variation analysis, correlograms, and correlation analysis. RESULTS CNN3 was enriched in gliomas, and high expression of CNN3 correlated with worse clinicopathological features and prognosis. Associations between CNN3 and several immune-related pathways were confirmed using a bioinformatics approach. Correlation analysis revealed that CNN3 was associated with inflammatory and immune activities, tumor microenvironment, and immune checkpoint molecules. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that high CNN3 expression levels predict poor prognosis, and CNN3 may be a promising immunotherapy target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of the Yangtze River Shipping, Wuhan, China
| | - Song-shan Chai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suizhou Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, China
| | - Jia-jing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Guiding immunotherapy combinations: Who gets what? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113962. [PMID: 34481029 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Although PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors have proven successful in a range of malignancies, there are subsets of patients that do not respond to these agents due to upregulation of adaptive and innate resistance mechanisms by the tumor and its surrounding microenvironment. As new immunotherapeutic strategies are developed, there is a need for rational implementation of novel immunotherapy combinations that target complementary mechanisms of immunotherapy resistance intrinsic to each patient and tumor type. In this short review, we cover mechanisms by which tumors evade the immune system, as well as summarize available clinical data on emerging therapeutic agents that target these defense mechanisms. Rational implementation of combination immunotherapy targeting patient- and malignancy-specific immune evasion mechanisms may thus lead to enhanced response rates and allow immunotherapy to be effective even in tumors that are historically considered poorly responsive to immunotherapy.
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80
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Cai C, Yunusa I, Tarhini A. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Atezolizumab Plus Cobimetinib and Vemurafenib for Treatment of BRAF V600 Variation Metastatic Melanoma. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2132262. [PMID: 34762112 PMCID: PMC8586909 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.32262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In the IMspire150 trial, triplet treatment with atezolizumab and vemurafenib plus cobimetinib significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) compared with vemurafenib plus cobimetinib alone for treatment of BRAF V600 variation metastatic melanoma. However, considering high cost of this combination, it is unclear if the incremental cost is worth the additional survival benefit. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of atezolizumab and vemurafenib plus cobimetinib vs vemurafenib plus cobimetinib alone in patients with newly diagnosed unresectable BRAF V600 variation metastatic melanoma from the US health care perspective. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This economic evaluation study used a 3-state partitioned survival model to assess the cost-effectiveness of the combination of atezolizumab with vemurafenib plus cobimetinib vs vemurafenib plus cobimetinib alone. The observed Kaplan-Meier curves for overall survival and PFS were digitized from the IMspire150 trial (January 2017-April 2018) and the long-term survivals (over a lifetime horizon) beyond the end of the trial were extrapolated using 7 different survival models. The cost and health preference data were collected from a literature review. This study was performed from March 2021 through June 2021. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The outcomes of interest were expected life-years (LYs) gained and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), expressed as cost per LYs and per QALYs saved. RESULTS Adding atezolizumab to vemurafenib and cobimetinib provided an additional 3.267 QALYs compared with the doublet regimen of vemurafenib plus cobimetinib, at an ICER of $271 669 per QALY, which is not considered cost-effective at the willingness-to-pay threshold of $150 000 per QALY. However, the scenario analyses found that atezolizumab combined with vemurafenib plus cobimetinib could be cost-effective at 20-year (ICER, $121 432 per QALY) and 30-year ($98 092 per QALY) time horizons when both strategies were stopped after 2 years of treatments, and over a lifetime horizon ($122 220 per QALY) when only immunotherapy with atezolizumab was stopped after 2 years of treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that the atezolizumab and vemurafenib plus cobimetinib regimen provides significant survival benefits over vemurafenib plus cobimetinib alone, and a price reduction would be encouraged to maximize the value of its survival gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Cai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Ismaeel Yunusa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Ahmad Tarhini
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
- Department of Immunology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa
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81
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Montoya S, Soong D, Nguyen N, Affer M, Munamarty SP, Taylor J. Targeted Therapies in Cancer: To Be or Not to Be, Selective. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1591. [PMID: 34829820 PMCID: PMC8615814 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of targeted therapies in recent years revealed several nonchemotherapeutic options for patients. Chief among targeted therapies is small molecule kinase inhibitors targeting key oncogenic signaling proteins. Through competitive and noncompetitive inhibition of these kinases, and therefore the pathways they activate, cancers can be slowed or completely eradicated, leading to partial or complete remissions for many cancer types. Unfortunately, for many patients, resistance to targeted therapies, such as kinase inhibitors, ultimately develops and can necessitate multiple lines of treatment. Drug resistance can either be de novo or acquired after months or years of drug exposure. Since resistance can be due to several unique mechanisms, there is no one-size-fits-all solution to this problem. However, combinations that target complimentary pathways or potential escape mechanisms appear to be more effective than sequential therapy. Combinations of single kinase inhibitors or alternately multikinase inhibitor drugs could be used to achieve this goal. Understanding how to efficiently target cancer cells and overcome resistance to prior lines of therapy became imperative to the success of cancer treatment. Due to the complexity of cancer, effective treatment options in the future will likely require mixing and matching these approaches in different cancer types and different disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Justin Taylor
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (S.M.); (D.S.); (N.N.); (M.A.); (S.P.M.)
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82
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Fractal and Multifractal Analysis of PET-CT Images for Therapy Assessment of Metastatic Melanoma Patients under PD-1 Inhibitors: A Feasibility Study. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205170. [PMID: 34680319 PMCID: PMC8533750 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal whole-body PET-CT scans with F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) in patients suffering from metastatic melanoma were analyzed and the tracer distribution in patients was compared with that of healthy controls. Nineteen patients with metastatic melanoma were scanned before, after two and after four cycles of treatment with PD-1 inhibitors (pembrolizumab, nivolumab) applied as monotherapy or as combination treatment with ipilimumab. For comparison eight healthy controls were analyzed. As quantitative measures for the comparison between controls and patients, the nonlinear fractal dimension (FD) and multifractal spectrum (MFS) were calculated from the digitized PET-CT scans. The FD and MFS measures, which capture the dispersion of the tracer in the body, decreased with disease progression, since the tracer particles tended to accumulate around metastatic sites in patients, while the measures increased when the patients' clinical condition ameliorate. The MFS measure gave better predictions and were consistent with the PET Response Evaluation Criteria for Immunotherapy (PERCIMT) in 81% of the cases, while FD agreed in 77% of all cases. These results agree, qualitatively, with a previous study of our group when treatment with ipilimumab monotherapy was considered.
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83
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Huang B, Bai Z, Ye X, Zhou C, Xie X, Zhong Y, Lin K, Ma L. Structural analysis and binding sites of inhibitors targeting the CD47/SIRPα interaction in anticancer therapy. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:5494-5503. [PMID: 34712395 PMCID: PMC8517548 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47)/signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα) is a negative innate immune checkpoint signaling pathway that restrains immunosurveillance and immune clearance, and thus has aroused wide interest in cancer immunotherapy. Blockade of the CD47/SIRPα signaling pathway shows remarkable antitumor effects in clinical trials. Currently, all inhibitors targeting CD47/SIRPα in clinical trials are biomacromolecules. The poor permeability and undesirable oral bioavailability of biomacromolecules have caused researchers to develop small-molecule CD47/SIRPα pathway inhibitors. This review will summarize the recent advances in CD47/SIRPα interactions, including crystal structures, peptides and small molecule inhibitors. In particular, we have employed computer-aided drug discovery (CADD) approaches to analyze all the published crystal structures and docking results of small molecule inhibitors of CD47/SIRPα, providing insight into the key interaction information to facilitate future development of small molecule CD47/SIRPα inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Zhaoshi Bai
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Baiziting 42, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Xinyue Ye
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Chenyu Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Yuejiao Zhong
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Baiziting 42, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Kejiang Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Lingman Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
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84
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Shen Z, Xiang Y, Vergara S, Chen A, Xiao Z, Santiago U, Jin C, Sang Z, Luo J, Chen K, Schneidman-Duhovny D, Camacho C, Calero G, Hu B, Shi Y. A resource of high-quality and versatile nanobodies for drug delivery. iScience 2021; 24:103014. [PMID: 34522857 PMCID: PMC8426283 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic and diagnostic efficacies of small biomolecules and chemical compounds are hampered by suboptimal pharmacokinetics. Here, we developed a repertoire of robust and high-affinity antihuman serum albumin nanobodies (NbHSA) that can be readily fused to small biologics for half-life extension. We characterized the thermostability, binding kinetics, and cross-species reactivity of NbHSAs, mapped their epitopes, and structurally resolved a tetrameric HSA-Nb complex. We parallelly determined the half-lives of a cohort of selected NbHSAs in an HSA mouse model by quantitative proteomics. Compared to short-lived control nanobodies, the half-lives of NbHSAs were drastically prolonged by 771-fold. NbHSAs have distinct and diverse pharmacokinetics, positively correlating with their albumin binding affinities at the endosomal pH. We then generated stable and highly bioactive NbHSA-cytokine fusion constructs “Duraleukin” and demonstrated Duraleukin's high preclinical efficacy for cancer treatment in a melanoma model. This high-quality and versatile Nb toolkit will help tailor drug half-life to specific medical needs. We provide a resource of high-affinity and versatile albumin nanobodies for drug delivery We systematically map albumin nanobody epitopes by hybrid structural approaches We parallelly measure the pharmacokinetics of nanobodies in a humanized mouse model We develop nanobody-cytokine conjugates “Duraleukin” for cancer immunotherapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuolun Shen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufei Xiang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sandra Vergara
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Apeng Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pediatric Neurosurgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhengyun Xiao
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ulises Santiago
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Changzhong Jin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhe Sang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,University of Pittsburgh-Carnegie Mellon University Joint Program for Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jiadi Luo
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kong Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dina Schneidman-Duhovny
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Life Sciences, University of Jerusalem, Tambaram, Israel
| | - Carlos Camacho
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Guillermo Calero
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Baoli Hu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pediatric Neurosurgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Cancer Biology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,University of Pittsburgh-Carnegie Mellon University Joint Program for Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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85
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Christie JD, Appel N, Canter H, Achi JG, Elliott NM, de Matos AL, Franco L, Kilbourne J, Lowe K, Rahman MM, Villa NY, Carmen J, Luna E, Blattman J, McFadden G. Systemic delivery of TNF-armed myxoma virus plus immune checkpoint inhibitor eliminates lung metastatic mouse osteosarcoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 22:539-554. [PMID: 34553039 PMCID: PMC8433070 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Solid cancers that metastasize to the lungs represent a major therapeutic challenge. Current treatment paradigms for lung metastases consist of radiation therapy, chemotherapies, and surgical resection, but there is no single treatment or combination that is effective for all tumor types. To address this, oncolytic myxoma virus (MYXV) engineered to express human tumor necrosis factor (vMyx-hTNF) was tested after systemic administration in an immunocompetent mouse K7M2-Luc lung metastatic osteosarcoma model. Virus therapy efficacy against pre-seeded lung metastases was assessed after systemic infusion of either naked virus or ex vivo-loaded autologous bone marrow leukocytes or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Results of this study showed that the PBMC pre-loaded strategy was the most effective at reducing tumor burden and increasing median survival time, but sequential intravenous multi-dosing with naked virus was comparably effective to a single infusion of PBMC-loaded virus. PBMC-loaded vMyx-hTNF also potentially synergized very effectively with immune checkpoint inhibitors anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, and anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4). Finally, in addition to the pro-immune stimulation caused by unarmed MYXV, the TNF transgene of vMyx-hTNF further induced the unique expression of numerous additional cytokines associated with the innate and adaptive immune responses in this model. We conclude that systemic ex vivo virotherapy with TNF-α-armed MYXV represents a new potential strategy against lung metastatic cancers like osteosarcoma and can potentially act synergistically with established checkpoint immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Christie
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.,Biodesign Institute, Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy (CIVV), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Nicole Appel
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.,Biodesign Institute, Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy (CIVV), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Hannah Canter
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | | | - Natalie M Elliott
- Biodesign Institute, Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy (CIVV), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Ana Lemos de Matos
- Biodesign Institute, Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy (CIVV), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Lina Franco
- Biodesign Institute, Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy (CIVV), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.,Oncomyx Therapeutics, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Kilbourne
- Biodesign Institute, Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy (CIVV), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Kenneth Lowe
- Biodesign Institute, Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy (CIVV), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Masmudur M Rahman
- Biodesign Institute, Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy (CIVV), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Nancy Y Villa
- Biodesign Institute, Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy (CIVV), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Joshua Carmen
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.,Biodesign Institute, Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy (CIVV), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Evelyn Luna
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.,Biodesign Institute, Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy (CIVV), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Joseph Blattman
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.,Biodesign Institute, Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy (CIVV), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Grant McFadden
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.,Biodesign Institute, Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy (CIVV), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
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86
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Wang B, Chen D, Hua H. TBC1D3 family is a prognostic biomarker and correlates with immune infiltration in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 22:528-538. [PMID: 34553038 PMCID: PMC8433061 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The TBC1D3 family is overexpressed in many cancers, including kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), which is associated with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. However, the expression and prognosis of TBC1D3 family and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in KIRC remain unknown. In the present study, we systematically explored and validated the expression and prognostic value of TBC1D3 family expression in KIRC using multiple public databases. In addition, the function of the TBC1D3 family members and the correlations between TBC1D3 family expression and KIRC immune infiltration levels were investigated. We found that TBC1D3 family members were rarely mutated (less than 5 frequencies). TBC1D3 family was overexpressed in KIRC; high expression of the TBC1D3 family members was correlated with poor prognosis. In addition, TBC1D3D may positively regulate proliferation, and overexpression of TBC1D3 promoted clear cell renal cell carcinoma proliferation in vitro. In terms of immune infiltrating levels, TBC1D3 family expression was positively associated with CD4+ T cells infiltrating levels. These findings suggest that the TBC1D3 family expression is correlated with prognosis and immune infiltrating levels. Therefore, the TBC1D3 family can be used as a biomarker for KIRC and a prognostic biomarker for determining the prognosis and immune infiltration levels in KIRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wang
- Department of Institute of Integration of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 124122, China
- Corresponding author: Bei Wang, Department of Institute of Integration of Traditional Chinese and Western, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 124122, China.
| | - Dandan Chen
- Department of Education, School of Humanities, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 124122, China
| | - Haiying Hua
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 124122, China
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87
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Gleisner MA, Pereda C, Tittarelli A, Navarrete M, Fuentes C, Ávalos I, Tempio F, Araya JP, Becker MI, González FE, López MN, Salazar-Onfray F. A heat-shocked melanoma cell lysate vaccine enhances tumor infiltration by prototypic effector T cells inhibiting tumor growth. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-000999. [PMID: 32690772 PMCID: PMC7373330 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint blocker (ICB) therapy has shown survival benefits for some patients with cancer. Nevertheless, many individuals remain refractory or acquire resistance to treatment, motivating the exploration of complementary immunotherapies. Accordingly, cancer vaccines offer an attractive alternative. Optimal delivery of multiple tumor-associated antigens combined with potent adjuvants seems to be crucial for vaccine effectiveness. METHODS Here, a prototype for a generic melanoma vaccine, named TRIMELVax, was tested using B16F10 mouse melanoma model. This vaccine is made of heat shock-treated tumor cell lysates combined with the Concholepas concholepas hemocyanin as adjuvant. RESULTS While B16F10 lysate provides appropriate melanoma-associated antigens, both a generic human melanoma cell lysate and hemocyanin adjuvant contributes with danger signals promoting conventional dendritic type 1 cells (cDC1), activation, phagocytosis and effective antigen cross-presentation. TRIMELVax inhibited tumor growth and increased mice survival, inducing cellular and humoral immune responses. Furthermore, this vaccine generated an increased frequency of intratumor cDC1s but not conventional type 2 dendritic cells (cDC2s). Augmented infiltration of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was also observed, compared with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) monotherapy, while TRIMELVax/anti-PD-1 combination generated higher tumor infiltration of CD4+ T cells. Moreover, TRIMELVax promoted an augmented proportion of PD-1lo CD8+ T cells in tumors, a phenotype associated with prototypic effector cells required for tumor growth control, preventing dysfunctional T-cell accumulation. CONCLUSIONS The therapeutic vaccine TRIMELVax efficiently controls the weakly immunogenic and aggressive B16F10 melanoma tumor growth, prolonging tumor-bearing mice survival even in the absence of ICB. The strong immunogenicity shown by TRIMELVax encourages clinical studies in patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Alejandra Gleisner
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristián Pereda
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Tittarelli
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariela Navarrete
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Fuentes
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Ávalos
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabian Tempio
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Araya
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Inés Becker
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Avenida Eduardo Castillo Velasco 2902, Santiago, Chile.,Biosonda Corporation, Avenida Eduardo Castillo Velasco 2902, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fermín Eduardo González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Experimental Immunology & Cancer, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mercedes Natalia López
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile .,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Flavio Salazar-Onfray
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile .,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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88
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Gao H, Wu Y, Shi J, Zhang X, Liu T, Hu B, Jia B, Wan Y, Liu Z, Wang F. Nuclear imaging-guided PD-L1 blockade therapy increases effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-001156. [PMID: 33203663 PMCID: PMC7674096 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Strategies to improve the responsiveness of programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) checkpoint blockade therapy remain an essential topic in cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we developed a new radiolabeled nanobody-based imaging probe 99mTc-MY1523 targeting PD-L1 for the enhanced therapeutic efficacy of PD-L1 blockade immunotherapy by the guidance of 99mTc-MY1523 SPECT/CT imaging. Methods The binding affinity and specificity of nanobody MY1523 were measured in vitro. MY1523 was radiolabeled with 99mTc by a site-specific transpeptidation of Sortase-A, and the biodistribution and single photon emission CT (SPECT)/CT were performed in mice bearing different tumors. We used interferon-γ (IFN-γ) as an intervention means to establish animal models with different levels of PD-L1 expression, then investigated the ability of 99mTc-MY1523 SPECT/CT for the in vivo non-invasive measurement of PD-L1 expression in tumors. Finally, the PD-L1 blockade immunotherapies guided by 99mTc-MY1523 SPECT/CT were carried out in MC-38, A20, and 4T1 tumor-bearing mouse models, followed by the testing of tumor infiltration T cells. Results MY1523 exhibited a high binding affinity and specificity to PD-L1 and had no competitive binding with the therapeutic antibody. 99mTc-MY1523 was prepared with high specific activity and radiochemical purity. It was found that tumor PD-L1 expression was dynamically upregulated by IFN-γ intervention in MC-38, A20, and 4T1 tumor-bearing mouse models, as indicated by 99mTc-MY1523 SPECT/CT. The PD-L1 blockade therapy initiated during the therapeutic time window determined by 99mTc-MY1523 SPECT/CT imaging significantly enhanced the therapeutic efficacy in all animal models, while the tumor growth was effectively suppressed, and the survival time of mice was evidently prolonged. A correlation between dynamically upregulated PD-L1 expression and improved PD-L1 blockade therapy effectiveness was revealed, and the markedly increased infiltration of effector T cells into tumors was verified after the imaging-guided therapy. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that 99mTc-MY1523 SPECT/CT allowed a real-time, quantitative and dynamic mapping of PD-L1 expression in vivo, and the imaging-guided PD-L1 blockade immunotherapy significantly enhanced the therapeutic efficacy. This strategy merits translation into clinical practice for the better management of combination therapies with radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannan Gao
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Hu
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Jia
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yakun Wan
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaofei Liu
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Medical Isotopes Research Center and Department of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China .,Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
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89
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Krejcik J, Barnkob MB, Nyvold CG, Larsen TS, Barington T, Abildgaard N. Harnessing the Immune System to Fight Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4546. [PMID: 34572773 PMCID: PMC8467095 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a heterogeneous plasma cell malignancy differing substantially in clinical behavior, prognosis, and response to treatment. With the advent of novel therapies, many patients achieve long-lasting remissions, but some experience aggressive and treatment refractory relapses. So far, MM is considered incurable. Myeloma pathogenesis can broadly be explained by two interacting mechanisms, intraclonal evolution of cancer cells and development of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Failures in isotype class switching and somatic hypermutations result in the neoplastic transformation typical of MM and other B cell malignancies. Interestingly, although genetic alterations occur and evolve over time, they are also present in premalignant stages, which never progress to MM, suggesting that genetic mutations are necessary but not sufficient for myeloma transformation. Changes in composition and function of the immune cells are associated with loss of effective immune surveillance, which might represent another mechanism driving malignant transformation. During the last decade, the traditional view on myeloma treatment has changed dramatically. It is increasingly evident that treatment strategies solely based on targeting intrinsic properties of myeloma cells are insufficient. Lately, approaches that redirect the cells of the otherwise suppressed immune system to take control over myeloma have emerged. Evidence of utility of this principle was initially established by the observation of the graft-versus-myeloma effect in allogeneic stem cell-transplanted patients. A variety of new strategies to harness both innate and antigen-specific immunity against MM have recently been developed and intensively tested in clinical trials. This review aims to give readers a basic understanding of how the immune system can be engaged to treat MM, to summarize the main immunotherapeutic modalities, their current role in clinical care, and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Krejcik
- Centre for Cellular Immunotherapy of Haematological Cancer Odense (CITCO), Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (J.K.); (M.B.B.); (C.G.N.); (T.S.L.); (T.B.)
- Department of Haematology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Haematology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Mike Bogetofte Barnkob
- Centre for Cellular Immunotherapy of Haematological Cancer Odense (CITCO), Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (J.K.); (M.B.B.); (C.G.N.); (T.S.L.); (T.B.)
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Guldborg Nyvold
- Centre for Cellular Immunotherapy of Haematological Cancer Odense (CITCO), Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (J.K.); (M.B.B.); (C.G.N.); (T.S.L.); (T.B.)
- Haematology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Haematology-Pathology Research Laboratory, Research Unit for Haematology and Research Unit for Pathology, University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Stauffer Larsen
- Centre for Cellular Immunotherapy of Haematological Cancer Odense (CITCO), Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (J.K.); (M.B.B.); (C.G.N.); (T.S.L.); (T.B.)
- Department of Haematology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Haematology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Torben Barington
- Centre for Cellular Immunotherapy of Haematological Cancer Odense (CITCO), Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (J.K.); (M.B.B.); (C.G.N.); (T.S.L.); (T.B.)
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Abildgaard
- Centre for Cellular Immunotherapy of Haematological Cancer Odense (CITCO), Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (J.K.); (M.B.B.); (C.G.N.); (T.S.L.); (T.B.)
- Department of Haematology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Haematology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
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90
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Sachpekidis C, Kopp-Schneider A, Hassel JC, Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss A. Assessment of early metabolic progression in melanoma patients under immunotherapy: an 18F-FDG PET/CT study. EJNMMI Res 2021; 11:89. [PMID: 34495433 PMCID: PMC8426446 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-021-00832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The usage of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is the standard practice for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. However, a significant amount of patients show no response to immunotherapy, while issues on its reliable response interpretation exist. Aim of this study was to investigate the phenomenon of early disease progression in 2-deoxy-2-(18F)fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in melanoma patients treated with ICIs. METHODS Thirty-one patients under ICIs serially monitored with 18F-FDG PET/CT were enrolled. All patients exhibited progressive metabolic disease (PMD) after two ICIs' cycles according to the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) criteria, and were characterized as unconfirmed PMD (uPMD). They were further followed with at least one PET/CT for either confirmation of PMD (cPMD) or demonstration of pseudoprogression remission. Patients were also evaluated with the PET Response Evaluation Criteria for Immunotherapy (PERCIMT). Moreover, in an attempt to investigate immune activation, the spleen to liver ratios (SLRmean, SLRmax) of 18F-FDG uptake were measured. RESULTS Median follow up was 69.7 months [64.6-NA]. According to EORTC, 26/31 patients with uPMD eventually showed cPMD (83.9%) and 5/31 patients showed pseudoprogression (16.1%). Patients with cPMD (n = 26) had a median OS of 10.9 months [8.5-NA], while those with pseudoprogression (n = 5) did not reach a median OS [40.9-NA]. Respectively, after application of PERCIMT, 2/5 patients of the pseudoprogression group were correctly classified as non-PMD, reducing the uPMD cohort to 29 patients; eventually, 26/29 patients demonstrated cPMD (89.7%) and 3/29 pseudoprogression (10.3%). One further patient with pseudoprogression exhibited transient, sarcoid-like, mediastinal/hilar lymphadenopathy, a known immune-related adverse event (irAE). Finally, patients eventually showing cPMD exhibited a significantly higher SLRmean than those showing pseudoprogression after two ICIs' cycles (p = 0.038). CONCLUSION PET/CT, performed already after administration of two ICIs' cycles, can identify the majority of non-responders in melanoma immunotherapy. In order to tackle however, the non-negligible phenomenon of pseudoprogression, another follow-up PET/CT, the usage of novel response criteria and vigilance over emergence of radiological irAEs are recommended. Moreover, the investigation of spleen glucose metabolism may offer further prognostic information in melanoma patients under ICIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Sachpekidis
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69210, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | - Jessica C Hassel
- Department of Dermatology and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antonia Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69210, Heidelberg, Germany
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91
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Zheng CY, Kim PS. Mathematical Model for Delayed Responses in Immune Checkpoint Blockades. Bull Math Biol 2021; 83:106. [PMID: 34477976 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-021-00933-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that qualitatively reproduce delayed responses observed in immune checkpoint blockade therapy (e.g. anti-CTLA-4 ipilimumab). This type of immunotherapy has been at the forefront of novel and promising cancer treatments over the past decade and was recognised by the 2018 Nobel Prize in Medicine. Our model describes the competition between effector T cells and non-effector T cells in a tumour. By calibrating a small subset of parameters that control immune checkpoint expression along with the patient's immune-system cancer readiness, our model is able to simulate either a complete absence of patient response to treatment, a quick anti-tumour T cell response (within days) or a delayed response (within months). Notably, the parameter space that generates a delayed response is thin and must be carefully calibrated, reflecting the observation that a small subset of patients experience such reactions to checkpoint blockade therapies. Finally, simulations predict that the anti-tumour T cell storm that breaks the delay is very short-lived compared to the length of time the cancer is able to stay suppressed. This suggests the tumour may subsist off an environment hostile to effector T cells; however, these cells are-at rare times-able to break through the tumour immunosuppressive defences to neutralise the tumour for a prolonged period. Our simulations aim to qualitatively describe the delayed response phenomenon without making precise fits to particular datasets, which are limited. It is our hope that our foundational model will stimulate further interest within the immunology modelling field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Y Zheng
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter S Kim
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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92
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Razeghian E, Margiana R, Chupradit S, Bokov DO, Abdelbasset WK, Marofi F, Shariatzadeh S, Tosan F, Jarahian M. Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells as a Vehicle for Cytokine Delivery: An Emerging Approach for Tumor Immunotherapy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:721174. [PMID: 34513882 PMCID: PMC8430327 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.721174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines can effectively be used for tumor immunotherapy, affecting every step of the tumor immunity cycle. Thereby, they can restore antigen priming, improve the effector immune cell frequencies in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and eventually strengthen their cytolytic function. A renewed interest in the anticancer competencies of cytokines has resulted in a substantial promotion in the number of trials to address the safety and efficacy of cytokine-based therapeutic options. However, low response rate along with the high toxicity associated with high-dose cytokine for reaching desired therapeutic outcomes negatively affect their clinical utility. Recently, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) due to their pronounced tropism to tumors and also lower immunogenicity have become a promising vehicle for cytokine delivery for human malignancies. MSC-based delivery of the cytokine can lead to the more effective immune cell-induced antitumor response and provide sustained release of target cytokines, as widely evidenced in a myriad of xenograft models. In the current review, we offer a summary of the novel trends in cytokine immunotherapy using MSCs as a potent and encouraging carrier for antitumor cytokines, focusing on the last two decades' animal reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Razeghian
- Human Genetics Division, Medical Biotechnology Department, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ria Margiana
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, The National Referral Hospital, Central Jakarta, Indonesia
- Master's Programme Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Supat Chupradit
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Dmitry O. Bokov
- Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russia
| | - Walid Kamal Abdelbasset
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kasr Al-Aini Hospital, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Siavash Shariatzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Foad Tosan
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Jarahian
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit (G401), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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93
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Gingrich AA, Kirane AR. Novel Targets in Melanoma: Intralesional and Combination Therapy to Manipulate the Immune Response. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2021; 29:467-483. [PMID: 32482321 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Clinical outcomes for metastatic melanoma have been dramatically altered by recent developments in immunotherapy and targeted strategies, but response to these therapies is not uniform, the majority of patients do not respond, and clinical response can be self-limited. Current directions in melanoma treatment aim to leverage a combination of therapies for tumors refractory to monoimmunotherapy, to include tumor-directed strategies, such as intralesional therapy and inhibitors designed for novel targets, which may augment current systemic agents when used in combination. Here, we summarize new classes of agents and emerging multimodal combination strategies that demonstrate significant promise in future melanoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia A Gingrich
- Department of Surgery, University of California Davis, 4501 X Street, Suite 3010, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Amanda R Kirane
- Department of Surgery, University of California Davis, 4501 X Street, Suite 3010, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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94
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Kim SH, Singh R, Han C, Cho E, Kim YI, Lee DG, Kim YH, Kim SS, Shin DH, You HJ, Lee HW, Kwon BS, Choi BK. Chronic activation of 4-1BB signaling induces granuloma development in tumor-draining lymph nodes that is detrimental to subsequent CD8 + T cell responses. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1956-1968. [PMID: 32868911 PMCID: PMC8322392 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The antitumor capabilities of agonistic anti-4-1BB mAbs have made them an attractive target for tumor immunotherapy. However, the adverse side effects associated with agonist antibodies have hindered their clinical development. Here, we aimed to study the immune-related adverse events of repeated doses and long-term use of agonistic anti-4-1BB mAbs. We show that chronic activation of 4-1BB signals induced the accumulation of IFN-γ-producing PD-1+CD8+ T cells in the secondary lymphoid organs of tumor-bearing mice by increasing the number of dividing CD8+ T cells, which was beneficial for suppressing tumor growth in the early phase of anti-4-1BB induction. However, repeated exposure to anti-4-1BB mAbs led to granuloma development in tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) of mice due to recruitment and accumulation of macrophages via the CD8+ T cell-IFN-γ axis. This was accompanied by excessive lymph node swelling, which impaired the sequential activation of CD8+ T cells. Our data provide insights into the immune-related adverse events of long-term agonist 4-1BB antibody dosing, which should be considered during the clinical development of immunomodulating therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Hee Kim
- Division of Tumor Immunology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Rohit Singh
- Division of Tumor Immunology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungyong Han
- Division of Tumor Immunology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Cho
- Division of Tumor Immunology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu I Kim
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Don G Lee
- Biomedicine Production Branch, Program for Immunotherapy Research, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Young H Kim
- Division of Tumor Immunology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
- Eutilex Institute for Biomedical Research, Eutilex, Co., Ltd., Seoul, 08594, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Soo Kim
- Division of Convergence Technology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Shin
- Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin You
- Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Woo Lee
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung S Kwon
- Eutilex Institute for Biomedical Research, Eutilex, Co., Ltd., Seoul, 08594, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Beom K Choi
- Biomedicine Production Branch, Program for Immunotherapy Research, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea.
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Pan J, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Khatun A, Palen K, Xin G, Wang L, Yang C, Johnson BD, Myers CR, Sei S, Shoemaker RH, Lubet RA, Wang Y, Cui W, You M. Inhibition of lung tumorigenesis by a small molecule CA170 targeting the immune checkpoint protein VISTA. Commun Biol 2021; 4:906. [PMID: 34302042 PMCID: PMC8302676 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Expressed on cells of the myeloid and lymphoid lineages, V-domain Ig Suppressor of T cell Activation (VISTA) is an emerging target for cancer immunotherapy. Blocking VISTA activates both innate and adaptive immunity to eradicate tumors in mice. Using a tripeptide small molecule antagonist of VISTA CA170, we found that it exhibited potent anticancer efficacy on carcinogen-induced mouse lung tumorigenesis. Remarkably, lung tumor development was almost completely suppressed when CA170 was combined with an MHCII-directed KRAS peptide vaccine. Flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) revealed that CA170 increased CD8+ T cell infiltration and enhanced their effector functions by decreasing the tumor infiltration of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and Regulatory T (Treg) cells, while the Kras vaccine primarily induced expansion of CD4+ effector T cells. VISTA antagonism by CA170 revealed strong efficacy against lung tumorigenesis with broad immunoregulatory functions that influence effector, memory and regulatory T cells, and drives an adaptive T cell tumor-specific immune response that enhances the efficacy of the KRAS vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pan
- Center for Disease Prevention Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Center for Cancer Prevention, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yao Chen
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Center for Disease Prevention Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Center for Cancer Prevention, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Achia Khatun
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Katie Palen
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Gang Xin
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Chuanjia Yang
- Center for Disease Prevention Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Bryon D Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Charles R Myers
- Center for Disease Prevention Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Shizuko Sei
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert H Shoemaker
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ronald A Lubet
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yian Wang
- Center for Disease Prevention Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Center for Cancer Prevention, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Ming You
- Center for Disease Prevention Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Center for Cancer Prevention, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
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Barzaman K, Moradi-Kalbolandi S, Hosseinzadeh A, Kazemi MH, Khorramdelazad H, Safari E, Farahmand L. Breast cancer immunotherapy: Current and novel approaches. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 98:107886. [PMID: 34153663 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The crucial role of the immune system in the progression/regression of breast cancer (BC) should always be taken into account. Various immunotherapy approaches have been investigated for BC, including tumor-targeting antibodies (bispecific antibodies), adoptive T cell therapy, vaccines, and immune checkpoint blockade such as anti-PD-1. In addition, a combination of conventional chemotherapy and immunotherapy approaches contributes to improving patients' overall survival rates. Although encouraging outcomes have been reported in most clinical trials of immunotherapy, some obstacles should still be resolved in this regard. Recently, personalized immunotherapy has been proposed as a potential complementary medicine with immunotherapy and chemotherapy for overcoming BC. Accordingly, this review discusses the brief association of these methods and future directions in BC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Barzaman
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Moradi-Kalbolandi
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aysooda Hosseinzadeh
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Kazemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; ATMP Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjani University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjani, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjani University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjani, Iran
| | - Elahe Safari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Leila Farahmand
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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Liu Y, Zhang X, Wang G, Cui X. Triple Combination Therapy With PD-1/PD-L1, BRAF, and MEK Inhibitor for Stage III-IV Melanoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:693655. [PMID: 34195094 PMCID: PMC8236832 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.693655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple combination of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy and anti-BRAF plus anti-MEK targeted therapy is a promising antitumor strategy and is increasingly being used in clinical trials. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of triple combination of PD-1/PD-L1, BRAF, and MEK inhibition in patients diagnosed with stage III-IV melanoma, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched for all studies published from inception to January 2021. The progression free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), overall response rate (ORR), and risk of adverse events (AEs) were extracted by two independent investigators and pooled hazard ratio (HR) or risk ratio (RR) with 95% CI were determined using the random-effects model for data synthesis. Overall, five randomized controlled trials encompassing 1,266 patients with stage III-IV melanoma were selected. Triple combination therapy significantly improved PFS (HR = 0.71; 95% CI = 0.59 to 0.86; P = 0.0005) and 2-year OS (RR = 1.12; 95% CI = 1.03 to 1.23; P = 0.01), but had no impact on ORR (RR = 1.09; 95% CI = 0.91 to 1.30; P = 0.37) when compared with controlled treatment group. In addition, triple combination therapy was associated with increased risks of hypothyroidism, arthralgia, myalgia, ALT increased, AST increased, asthenia, and pyrexia compared with control group. Triple combination therapy of PD-1/PD-L1, BRAF, and MEK inhibition achieved better survival benefits but had higher incidence of some adverse events over two-drug combination or monotherapy. Further randomized controlled clinical trials are needed to verify our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xilan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Second People's Hospital of Dongying, Dongying, China
| | - Guoying Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Second People's Hospital of Dongying, Dongying, China
| | - Xinchang Cui
- Department of Oncology, The Second People's Hospital of Dongying, Dongying, China
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98
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Zhao Y, Dong Y, Sun Y, Cheng C. AutoEncoder-Based Computational Framework for Tumor Microenvironment Decomposition and Biomarker Identification in Metastatic Melanoma. Front Genet 2021; 12:665065. [PMID: 34122516 PMCID: PMC8191580 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.665065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive cancer types whose prognosis is determined by both the tumor cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic features as well as their interactions. In this study, we performed systematic and unbiased analysis using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) melanoma RNA-seq data and identified two gene signatures that captured the intrinsic and extrinsic features, respectively. Specifically, we selected genes that best reflected the expression signals from tumor cells and immune infiltrate cells. Then, we applied an AutoEncoder-based method to decompose the expression of these genes into a small number of representative nodes. Many of these nodes were found to be significantly associated with patient prognosis. From them, we selected two most prognostic nodes and defined a tumor-intrinsic (TI) signature and a tumor-extrinsic (TE) signature. Pathway analysis confirmed that the TE signature recapitulated cytotoxic immune cell related pathways while the TI signature reflected MYC pathway activity. We leveraged these two signatures to investigate six independent melanoma microarray datasets and found that they were able to predict the prognosis of patients under standard care. Furthermore, we showed that the TE signature was also positively associated with patients' response to immunotherapies, including tumor vaccine therapy and checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. This study developed a novel computational framework to capture the tumor-intrinsic and -extrinsic features and identified robust prognostic and predictive biomarkers in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanding Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yadong Dong
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yongqi Sun
- Beijing Key Lab of Traffic Data Analysis and Mining, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Byun HK, Chang JS, Jung M, Koom WS, Chung KY, Oh BH, Roh MR, Kim KH, Lee CK, Shin SJ. Prediction of Immune-Checkpoint Blockade Monotherapy Response in Patients With Melanoma Based on Easily Accessible Clinical Indicators. Front Oncol 2021; 11:659754. [PMID: 34123816 PMCID: PMC8190329 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.659754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immune checkpoint blocker (ICB) has shown significant clinical activity in melanoma. However, there are no clinically approved biomarkers to aid patient selection. We aimed to identify patients with advanced or metastatic melanoma who are likely to benefit from ICB monotherapy using easily accessible clinical indicators. Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of 134 patients with advanced or metastatic melanoma who received ICB monotherapy between 2014 and 2018. Prognostic factors of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were determined using Cox regression analysis. Results During the median follow-up of 13.7 months, the median OS and PFS were 18.4 and 3.4 months, respectively. Visceral/central nervous system (CNS) metastasis (OS: adjusted hazards ratio [HR], 1.82; p=.014; PFS: HR, 1.59; p=.024), lymphopenia (<1000 cells/µL) within 3 months (OS: HR, 1.89, p=.006; PFS: HR, 1.70; p=.010), and elevated baseline lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level (OS: HR, 2.61; p<.001; PFS: HR, 2.66; p<.001) were independent prognostic factors for both poor OS and PFS. Development of immune-related adverse events (irAE; e.g., hypothyroidism or vitiligo) within 6 months showed a trend toward better OS in multivariable analysis (HR, 0.37; p=.058). Patients with normal LDH levels and no visceral/CNS metastasis had a substantially better OS than the others (median, 40.4 vs. 13.6 months; p<.001). Among others, patients who developed irAE within 6 months achieved long-term OS (median, 43.6 vs. 13.1 months; p=.008). A decision tree was suggested using four risk factors, and the risk stratification provided significant distinction between the survival curves. Conclusion The four easily accessible clinical indicators associated with better treatment outcomes after ICB monotherapy in patients with advanced or metastatic melanoma were LDH level, the extent of disease, lymphopenia, and irAE. The combined use of these indicators can be clinically useful in improving risk stratification of patients treated with ICB monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Kyung Byun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jee Suk Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minkyu Jung
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woong Sub Koom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kee Yang Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung Ho Oh
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi Ryung Roh
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Choong-Kun Lee
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Joon Shin
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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100
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Novel immune engagers and cellular therapies for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: do we take a BiTe or ride BiKEs, TriKEs, and CARs? Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2021; 24:986-996. [PMID: 34035459 PMCID: PMC8613314 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-021-00381-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Checkpoint inhibitors and currently approved cellular products for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer have not resulted in revolutionary changes in outcomes compared to other solid tumors. Much of this lack of progress is attributed to the unique tumor microenvironment of prostate cancer that is often immunologically cold and immunosuppressive. These unique conditions emphasize the need for novel therapeutic options. In this review, we will discuss progress made in design of T- and NK cell immune engagers in addition to chimeric antigen receptor products specifically designed for prostate cancer that are currently under investigation in clinical trials. METHODS We searched peer-reviewed literature on the PubMed and the ClinicalTrials.gov databases for active clinical trials using the terms "bispecific T-cell engager," "bispecific killer engager," "trispecific killer engager," "chimeric antigen receptor," "metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer," and "neuroendocrine prostate cancer." RESULTS Ten bispecific T-cell engager studies and nine chimeric antigen receptor-based products were found. Published data were compiled and presented based on therapeutic class. CONCLUSIONS Multiple immune engagers and cell therapies are in the development pipeline and demonstrate promise to address barriers to better outcomes for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients.
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