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Almehdar HA, Abd El-Baky N, Mattar EH, Albiheyri R, Bamagoos A, Aljaddawi A, Uversky VN, Redwan EM. Exploring the mechanisms by which camel lactoferrin can kill Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and Shigella sonnei. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14809. [PMID: 36743956 PMCID: PMC9893911 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a continuously increasing pressure associated with the appearance of Salmonella enterica Serovar typhimurium (S. typhimurium) and Shigella sonnei (S. sonnei) that have developed pathogenic multiple antibiotic resistance and the cost of cure and control of these enterobacteriaceae infections increases annually. The current report for first time demonstrated the distinguished antimicrobial action of camel lactoferrin (cLf) obtained from the milk of different clans of camel in Saudi Arabia against S. typhimurium and S. sonnei. These cLf subtypes showed comparable antimicrobial potential when tested against the two bacterial strains but were superior to either bovine (bLf) or human lactoferrin (hLf). The synergism between lactoferrins and antibiotics concerning their antibacterial efficacies against the two bacterial strains was evident. Exploring mechanisms by which camel lactoferrin can kill S. typhimurium and S. sonnei revealed that cLf affects bacterial protein profile. Besides, it interacts with bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and numerous membrane proteins of S. typhimurium and S. sonnei, with each bacterial strain possessing distinctive binding membrane proteins for lactoferrin. Furthermore, as evidenced by electron microscopy analysis, cLf induces extracellular and intracellular morphological changes in the test bacterial strains when used alone or in combination treatment with antibiotics. Lactoferrin and antibiotics combination strongly disrupts the integrity of the bacterial cells and their membranes. Therefore, cLf can kill S. typhimurium and S. sonnei by four different mechanisms, such as iron chelation, affecting some bacterial proteins, binding to bacterial LPS and membrane proteins, and impairing the integrity of the bacterial cells and their membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein A. Almehdar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal Abd El-Baky
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ehab H. Mattar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed Albiheyri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atif Bamagoos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Aljaddawi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
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Proteomics Profiling Reveals Regulation of Immune Response to Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infection in Mice. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0049922. [PMID: 36511704 PMCID: PMC9872662 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00499-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the immune response to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) infection is a complex process, influenced by the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Different inbred strains of mice exhibit distinct levels of resistance to S. Typhimurium infection, ranging from susceptible (e.g., C57BL/6J) to resistant (e.g., DBA/2J) strains. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to the host response remain elusive. In this study, we present a comprehensive proteomics profiling of spleen tissue from C57BL/6J and DBA/2J strains with different doses of S. Typhimurium infection by tandem mass tag labeling coupled with two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (TMT-LC/LC-MS/MS). We identified and quantified 3,986 proteins, resulting in 475 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between C57BL/6J and DBA/2J strains. Functional enrichment analysis unveiled that the mechanisms of innate immune responses to S. Typhimurium infection could be associated with several signaling pathways, including the interferon (IFN) signaling pathway. We experimentally validated the roles of the IFN signaling pathway in the innate immune response to S. Typhimurium infection using an IFN-γ neutralization assay. We further illustrated the importance of macrophage and proinflammatory cytokines in the mechanisms underlying the resistance to S. Typhimurium using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR). Taken together, our results provided new insights into the genetic regulation of the immune response to S. Typhimurium infection in mice and might lead to the discovery of potential protein targets for controlling salmonellosis.
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Afzal M, Hassan SS, Sohail S, Camps I, Khan Y, Basharat Z, Karim A, Aurongzeb M, Irfan M, Salman M, Morel CM. Genomic landscape of the emerging XDR Salmonella Typhi for mining druggable targets clpP, hisH, folP and gpmI and screening of novel TCM inhibitors, molecular docking and simulation analyses. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:25. [PMID: 36681806 PMCID: PMC9860245 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02756-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever is transmitted by ingestion of polluted water, contaminated food, and stool of typhoid-infected individuals, mostly in developing countries with poor hygienic environments. To find novel therapeutic targets and inhibitors, We employed a subtractive genomics strategy towards Salmonella Typhi and the complete genomes of eight strains were primarily subjected to the EDGAR tool to predict the core genome (n = 3207). Human non-homology (n = 2450) was followed by essential genes identification (n = 37). The STRING database predicted maximum protein-protein interactions, followed by cellular localization. The virulent/immunogenic ability of predicted genes were checked to differentiate drug and vaccine targets. Furthermore, the 3D models of the identified putative proteins encoded by the respective genes were constructed and subjected to druggability analyses where only "highly druggable" proteins were selected for molecular docking and simulation analyses. The putative targets ATP-dependent CLP protease proteolytic subunit, Imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase hisH, 7,8-dihydropteroate synthase folP and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase gpmI were screened against a drug-like library (n = 12,000) and top hits were selected based on H-bonds, RMSD and energy scores. Finally, the ADMET properties for novel inhibitors ZINC19340748, ZINC09319798, ZINC00494142, ZINC32918650 were optimized followed by binding free energy (MM/PBSA) calculation for ligand-receptor complexes. The findings of this work are expected to aid in expediting the identification of novel protein targets and inhibitors in combating typhoid Salmonellosis, in addition to the already existing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneeba Afzal
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University Peshawar, Peshawar, KP 25000 Pakistan
| | - Syed Shah Hassan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
- Centre for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Building “Expansão”, 8th floor room 814, Av. Brasil 4036 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-361 Brazil
- Jamil-Ur-Rehman Center for Genome Research, PCMD-ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh 75270 Pakistan
| | - Saman Sohail
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar, KP 25000 Pakistan
| | - Ihosvany Camps
- Laboratório de Modelagem Computacional, LaModel, Instituto de Ciências Exatas - ICEx. Universidade Federal de Alfenas - UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas, Minas Gerais Brazil
- High Performance & Quantum Computing Labs, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Yasmin Khan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Zarrin Basharat
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Asad Karim
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aurongzeb
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Salman
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University Peshawar, Peshawar, KP 25000 Pakistan
| | - Carlos M. Morel
- Centre for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Building “Expansão”, 8th floor room 814, Av. Brasil 4036 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-361 Brazil
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Chandra HB, Shome A, Sahoo R, Apoorva S, Bhure SK, Mahawar M. Periplasmic methionine sulfoxide reductase (MsrP)-a secondary factor in stress survival and virulence of Salmonella Typhimurium. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2023; 370:fnad063. [PMID: 37403401 PMCID: PMC10653988 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnad063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among others, methionine residues are highly susceptible to host-generated oxidants. Repair of oxidized methionine (Met-SO) residues to methionine (Met) by methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msrs) play a chief role in stress survival of bacterial pathogens, including Salmonella Typhimurium. Periplasmic proteins, involved in many important cellular functions, are highly susceptible to host-generated oxidants. According to location in cell, two types of Msrs, cytoplasmic and periplasmic are present in S. Typhimurium. Owing to its localization, periplasmic Msr (MsrP) might play a crucial role in defending the host-generated oxidants. Here, we have assessed the role of MsrP in combating oxidative stress and colonization of S. Typhimurium. ΔmsrP (mutant strain) grew normally in in-vitro media. In comparison to S. Typhimurium (wild type), mutant strain showed mild hypersensitivity to HOCl and chloramine-T (ChT). Following exposure to HOCl, mutant strain showed almost similar protein carbonyl levels (a marker of protein oxidation) as compared to S. Typhimurium strain. Additionally, ΔmsrP strain showed higher susceptibility to neutrophils than the parent strain. Further, the mutant strain showed very mild defects in survival in mice spleen and liver as compared to wild-type strain. In a nutshell, our results indicate that MsrP plays only a secondary role in combating oxidative stress and colonization of S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Balaji Chandra
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Arijit Shome
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Raj Sahoo
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - S Apoorva
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Bhure
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - Manish Mahawar
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
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Chaudhari R, Singh K, Kodgire P. Biochemical and molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella spp. Res Microbiol 2023; 174:103985. [PMID: 35944794 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2022.103985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is a diverse Gram-negative bacterium that represents the major disease burden worldwide. According to WHO, Salmonella is one of the fourth global causes of diarrhoeal disease. Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide health concern, and Salmonella spp. is one of the microorganisms that can evade the toxicity of antimicrobials via antibiotic resistance. This review aims to deliver in-depth knowledge of the molecular mechanisms and the underlying biochemical alterations perceived in antibiotic resistance in Salmonella. This information will help understand and mitigate the impact of antibiotic-resistant bacteria on humans and contribute to the state-of-the-art research developing newer and more potent antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Chaudhari
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, India
| | - Kanika Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, India
| | - Prashant Kodgire
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore 453552, India.
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Transcriptional insight into the effect of benzalkonium chloride on resistance and virulence potential in Salmonella Typhimurium. Microbiol Res 2023; 266:127240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gao R, Duceppe MO, Chattaway MA, Goodridge L, Ogunremi D. Application of prophage sequence analysis to investigate a disease outbreak involving Salmonella Adjame, a rare serovar and implications for the population structure. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1086198. [PMID: 36937281 PMCID: PMC10020630 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1086198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Outbreak investigation of foodborne salmonellosis is hindered when the food source is contaminated by multiple strains of Salmonella, creating difficulties matching an incriminated organism recovered from patients with the specific strain in the suspect food. An outbreak of the rare Salmonella Adjame was caused by multiple strains of the organism as revealed by single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation. The use of highly discriminatory prophage analysis to characterize strains of Salmonella should enable a more precise strain characterization and aid the investigation of foodborne salmonellosis. Methods We have carried out genomic analysis of S. Adjame strains recovered during the course of a recent outbreak and compared them with other strains of the organism (n = 38 strains), using SNPs to evaluate strain differences present in the core genome, and prophage sequence typing (PST) to evaluate the accessory genome. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using both total prophage content and conserved prophages. Results The PST analysis of the S. Adjame isolates showed a high degree of strain heterogeneity. We observed small clusters made up of 2-6 isolates (n = 27) and singletons (n = 11) in stark contrast with the three clusters observed by SNP analysis. In total, we detected 24 prophages of which only four were highly prevalent, namely: Entero_p88 (36/38 strains), Salmon_SEN34 (35/38 strains), Burkho_phiE255 (33/38 strains) and Edward_GF (28/38 strains). Despite the marked strain diversity seen with prophage analysis, the distribution of the four most common prophages matched the clustering observed using core genome. Discussion Mutations in the core and accessory genomes of S. Adjame have shed light on the evolutionary relationships among the Adjame strains and demonstrated a convergence of the variations observed in both fractions of the genome. We conclude that core and accessory genomes analyses should be adopted in foodborne bacteria outbreak investigations to provide a more accurate strain description and facilitate reliable matching of isolates from patients and incriminated food sources. The outcomes should translate to a better understanding of the microbial population structure and an 46 improved source attribution in foodborne illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Gao
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Marc-Olivier Duceppe
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marie Anne Chattaway
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence Goodridge
- Department of Food Science, Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Dele Ogunremi
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Dele Ogunremi,
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Chen H, Qiu H, Zhong H, Cheng F, Wu Z, Shi T. Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Infections Among Children in Fuzhou, Fujian, China: A 10-Year Retrospective Review from 2012 to 2021. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:2737-2749. [PMID: 37180635 PMCID: PMC10171219 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s408152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Non-typhoidal salmonella (NTS) infection is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in children. Recently, NTS infections have increased, especially those associated with Salmonella Typhimurium, which has become a global problem because of its high level of drug resistance. Diseases caused by NTS serotypes vary considerably. We summarised NTS infections among children in Fuzhou, Fujian, China, from 2012 to 2021, and synthesised studies indicating the clinical symptoms, laboratory test results, and drug resistance associated with S. Typhimurium and non-S. Typhimurium to enhance the knowledge of these infections and improve their diagnoses and treatment. Patients and Methods Between January 2012 and December 2021, 691 children with NTS infections confirmed by positive culture test results were recruited from Fujian Children's Hospital and Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital. Clinical demographic data of each case were collected from the electronic medical records and analysed. Results A total of 691 isolates were identified. The number of NTS infections increased significantly in 2017 and increased sharply during 2020 and 2021, especially S. Typhimurium greatly increased and was the dominant serotype (58.3%). S. Typhimurium infection was commonly occurred in children younger than 3 years and most of them were gastrointestinal infection, while non-S. Typhimurium more often observed in older children and associated with extra-intestinal infection. The rate of multidrug-resistant S. Typhimurium was significantly higher than that of non-S. Typhimurium, especially during the last 2 years of this study (2020 and 2021). Conclusion S. Typhimurium was the dominant serotype and greatly increased among children in Fuzhou city. There are significant differences in clinical symptoms, laboratory test results, and drug resistance between S. Typhimurium and non-S. Typhimurium. More attention should be paid on S. Typhimurium. Long-term high-quality surveillance and control measures should be conducted to prevent salmonella infections and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huahong Qiu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Children’s Hospital, Fujian Provincial Maternity and Children’s Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fuzhou Second Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Tengfei Shi, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fuzhou Second Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Shang Teng Road No. 47 Cang’shan District, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-591-22169098, Email
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Mahapatra SR, Dey J, Kushwaha GS, Puhan P, Mohakud NK, Panda SK, Lata S, Misra N, Suar M. Immunoinformatic approach employing modeling and simulation to design a novel vaccine construct targeting MDR efflux pumps to confer wide protection against typhoidal Salmonella serovars. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:11809-11821. [PMID: 34463211 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1964600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Overcoming multi drug resistance is one of the crucial challenges to control enteric typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi. Overexpression of efflux pumps predominantly causes drug resistance in microorganisms. Therefore, immunotherapy targeting the various efflux pumps antigens could be a promising strategy to increase the success of vaccines. An immunoinformatic approach was employed to design a Salmonellosis multi-epitope subunit vaccine peptide consisting of linear B-cell and T-cell epitopes of multidrug resistance protein families including ATP Binding Cassette (ABC), major facilitator superfamily (MFS), resistance nodulation cell division (RND), small multidrug resistance (SMR), and multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE). The selected epitopes exhibited conservation in both S. typhi and S. paratyphi and thus could be helpful for cross-protection. Further, the final vaccine construct encompassing the peptides, adjuvants and specific linker sequences showed high immunogenicity, solubility, non-allergenic, nontoxic, and wide population coverage due to strong binding affinity to maximum HLA alleles. The three-dimensional structure was predicted, and validated using various structure validation tools. Additionally, protein-protein docking of the chimeric vaccine construct with the TLR-2 protein and molecular dynamics demonstrated stable and efficient binding. Conclusively, the immunoinformatic study showed that the novel multi epitopic vaccine construct can simulate the both T-cell and B-cell immune responses in typhoidal Salmonella serovars and could potentially be used for prophylactic or therapeutic applications.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Ranjan Mahapatra
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Jyotirmayee Dey
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Gajraj Singh Kushwaha
- KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India.,Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Puspasree Puhan
- Science and Technology Department, Government of Odisha, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Nirmal Kumar Mohakud
- Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT, Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Panda
- Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT, Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - S Lata
- Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Namrata Misra
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India.,KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India.,KIIT-Technology Business Incubator (KIIT-TBI), Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
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Pan-Genome Analysis of Transcriptional Regulation in Six Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Strains Reveals Their Different Regulatory Structures. mSystems 2022; 7:e0046722. [PMID: 36317888 PMCID: PMC9764980 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00467-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing transcriptional regulatory networks (TRNs) in bacteria has been limited to well-characterized model strains. Using machine learning methods, we established the transcriptional regulatory networks of six Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains from their transcriptomes. By decomposing a compendia of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data with independent component analysis, we obtained 400 independently modulated sets of genes, called iModulons. We (i) performed pan-genome analysis of the phylogroup structure of S. Typhimurium and analyzed the iModulons against this background, (ii) revealed different genetic signatures in pathogenicity islands that explained phenotypes, (iii) discovered three transport iModulons linked to antibiotic resistance, (iv) described concerted responses to cationic antimicrobial peptides, and (v) uncovered new regulons. Thus, by combining pan-genome and transcriptomic analytics, we revealed variations in TRNs across six strains of serovar Typhimurium. IMPORTANCE Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a pathogen involved in human nontyphoidal infections. Treating S. Typhimurium infections is difficult due to the species's dynamic adaptation to its environment, which is dictated by a complex transcriptional regulatory network (TRN) that is different across strains. In this study, we describe the use of independent component analysis to characterize the differential TRNs across the S. Typhimurium pan-genome using a compendium of high-quality RNA-seq data. This approach provided unprecedented insights into the differences between regulation of key cellular functions and pathogenicity in the different strains. The study provides an impetus to initiate a large-scale effort to reveal the TRN differences between the major phylogroups of the pathogenic bacteria, which could fundamentally impact personalizing treatments of bacterial pathogens.
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Boontantrapiwat S, Rojanaporn D, Chokthaweesak W, Kitnarong N. Endogenous panophthalmitis in a patient with COVID-19 during hospitalization in an intensive care unit: A case report. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2022; 28:101707. [PMID: 36128343 PMCID: PMC9479422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2022.101707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Observation Conclusions and importance
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Turcotte MR, Smith JT, Li J, Zhang X, Wolfe KL, Gao F, Benton CS, Andam CP. Genome characteristics of clinical Salmonella enterica population from a state public health laboratory, New Hampshire, USA, 2017–2020. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:537. [PMID: 35870884 PMCID: PMC9308939 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08769-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The implementation of whole genome sequencing (WGS) by PulseNet, the molecular subtyping network for foodborne diseases, has transformed surveillance, outbreak detection, and public health laboratory practices in the United States. In 2017, the New Hampshire Public Health Laboratories, a member of PulseNet, commenced the use of WGS in tracking foodborne pathogens across the state. We present some of the initial results of New Hampshire’s initiative to transition to WGS in tracking Salmonella enterica, a bacterial pathogen that is responsible for non-typhoidal foodborne infections and enteric fever. We characterize the population structure and evolutionary history of 394 genomes of isolates recovered from human clinical cases in New Hampshire from 2017 to 2020.
Results
The New Hampshire S. enterica population is phylogenetically diverse, consisting of 78 sequence types (ST) and 67 serotypes. Six lineages dominate the population: ST 11 serotype Enteritidis, ST 19 Typhimurium, ST 32 Infantis, ST 118 Newport, ST 22 Braenderup, and ST 26 Thompson. Each lineage is derived from long ancestral branches in the phylogeny, suggesting their extended presence in the region and recent clonal expansion. We detected 61 genes associated with resistance to 14 antimicrobial classes. Of these, unique genes of five antimicrobial classes (aminocoumarins, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, nitroimidazoles, and peptides) were detected in all genomes. Rather than a single clone carrying multiple resistance genes expanding in the state, we found multiple lineages carrying different combinations of independently acquired resistance determinants. We estimate the time to the most recent common ancestor of the predominant lineage ST 11 serotype Enteritidis (126 genomes) to be 1965 (95% highest posterior density intervals: 1927–1982). Its population size expanded until 1978, followed by a population decline until 1990. This lineage has been expanding since then. Comparison with genomes from other states reveal lack of geographical clustering indicative of long-distance dissemination.
Conclusions
WGS studies of standing pathogen diversity provide critical insights into the population and evolutionary dynamics of lineages and antimicrobial resistance, which can be translated to effective public health action and decision-making. We highlight the need to strengthen efforts to implement WGS-based surveillance and genomic data analyses in state public health laboratories.
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Ojiakor A, Gibbs RN, Chen Z, Gao X, Fowler CC. The evolutionary diversification of the Salmonella artAB toxin locus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1016438. [PMID: 36504768 PMCID: PMC9732031 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1016438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a diverse species of bacterial pathogens comprised of >2,500 serovars with variable host ranges and virulence properties. Accumulating evidence indicates that two AB5-type toxins, typhoid toxin and ArtAB toxin, contribute to the more severe virulence properties of the Salmonella strains that encode them. It was recently discovered that there are two distinct types of artAB-like genetic elements in Salmonella: those that encode ArtAB toxins (artAB elements) and those in which the artA gene is degraded and the ArtB homolog, dubbed PltC, serves as an alternative delivery subunit for typhoid toxin (pltC elements). Here, we take a multifaceted approach to explore the evolutionary diversification of artAB-like genetic elements in Salmonella. We identify 7 subtypes of ArtAB toxins and 4 different PltC sequence groups that are distributed throughout the Salmonella genus. Both artAB and pltC are encoded within numerous diverse prophages, indicating a central role for phages in their evolutionary diversification. Genetic and structural analyses revealed features that distinguish pltC elements from artAB and identified evolutionary adaptations that enable PltC to efficiently engage typhoid toxin A subunits. For both pltC and artAB, we find that the sequences of the B subunits are especially variable, particularly amongst amino acid residues that fine tune the chemical environment of their glycan binding pockets. This study provides a framework to delineate the remarkably complex collection of Salmonella artAB/pltC-like genetic elements and provides a window into the mechanisms of evolution for AB5-type toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adaobi Ojiakor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rachel N. Gibbs
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Zhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China,School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Casey C. Fowler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada,*Correspondence: Casey C. Fowler,
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Lin HC, Wu YL, Hsu CY, Lin MY, Chen LH, Shiau CW, Chiu HC. Discovery of antipsychotic loxapine derivatives against intracellular multidrug-resistant bacteria. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:1361-1366. [PMID: 36439974 PMCID: PMC9667769 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00182a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria highlight the need for new antibacterial interventions. A screening of 24 newly synthesized dibenzoxazepines identified a small molecule compound, SW14, with potent inhibitory activity against intracellular multidrug-resistant and fluoroquinolone-resistant strains of S. typhimurium in macrophages and epithelial cells. Moreover, intra-macrophagic Salmonella typhi, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Listeria monocytogenes and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are also susceptible to SW14. Overall, our findings suggest that SW14 has a broad-spectrum activity against intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Chun Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Taipei 10048 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lun Wu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Taipei 11221 Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yun Hsu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Taipei 10048 Taiwan
| | - Man-Yi Lin
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Taipei 11221 Taiwan
| | - Ling-Han Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Taipei 10048 Taiwan
| | - Chung-Wai Shiau
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Taipei 11221 Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chieh Chiu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Taipei 10048 Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Taipei 10021 Taiwan
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Orabi A, Armanious W, Radwan IA, Girh ZMSA, Hammad E, Diab MS, Elbestawy AR. Genetic Correlation of Virulent Salmonella Serovars (Extended Spectrum β-Lactamases) Isolated from Broiler Chickens and Human: A Public Health Concern. Pathogens 2022; 11:1196. [PMID: 36297253 PMCID: PMC9610193 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to detect the virulent Salmonella serovars (including ESBLs producing) isolated from broiler chickens and humans. Three hundred broilers and sixty human fecal samples were bacteriologically examined. Thirty (10%) and fourteen (23.4%) Salmonella isolates were recovered from broiler and human samples, respectively. The most predominant serovar was S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium. All Salmonella isolates were confirmed by conventional PCR-based invA and ompA genes. Multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates were screened for the detection of adrA and csgD biofilm-associated genes, which were found in all isolated serovars except one S. typhimurium and 2 S. infantis of chicken isolates that were devoid of the adrA gene. Moreover, MDR isolates were screened for detection of seven resistance genes including ESBLs and other classes of resistance genes. Chicken isolates harbored blaTEM, int1, blaCTX and qnrS genes as 100, 27.8, 11.1 and 11.1%, respectively, while all human isolates harbored blaTEM, int1 and int3 genes. The genetic correlations between virulent Salmonella serovars (including antimicrobial resistance) avian and human origins were compared. In conclusion, the high prevalence of virulent ESBL producing Salmonella serovars in broilers and humans with genetic correlations between them might be zoonotic and public health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Orabi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Wagih Armanious
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Ismail A. Radwan
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | | | - Enas Hammad
- Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute-Mansoura Provincial Lab (AHRI-Mansoura), Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. Diab
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El Kharga 72511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R. Elbestawy
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
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66
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Sarkhel R, Apoorva S, Priyadarsini S, Sridhar HB, Bhure SK, Mahawar M. Malate synthase contributes to the survival of Salmonella Typhimurium against nutrient and oxidative stress conditions. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15979. [PMID: 36155623 PMCID: PMC9510125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To survive and replicate in the host, S. Typhimurium have evolved several metabolic pathways. The glyoxylate shunt is one such pathway that can utilize acetate for the synthesis of glucose and other biomolecules. This pathway is a bypass of the TCA cycle in which CO2 generating steps are omitted. Two enzymes involved in the glyoxylate cycle are isocitrate lyase (ICL) and malate synthase (MS). We determined the contribution of MS in the survival of S. Typhimurium under carbon limiting and oxidative stress conditions. The ms gene deletion strain (∆ms strain) grew normally in LB media but failed to grow in M9 minimal media supplemented with acetate as a sole carbon source. However, the ∆ms strain showed hypersensitivity (p < 0.05) to hypochlorite. Further, ∆ms strain has been significantly more susceptible to neutrophils. Interestingly, several folds induction of ms gene was observed following incubation of S. Typhimurium with neutrophils. Further, ∆ms strain showed defective colonization in poultry spleen and liver. In short, our data demonstrate that the MS contributes to the virulence of S. Typhimurium by aiding its survival under carbon starvation and oxidative stress conditions.
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67
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Choy RKM, Bourgeois AL, Ockenhouse CF, Walker RI, Sheets RL, Flores J. Controlled Human Infection Models To Accelerate Vaccine Development. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0000821. [PMID: 35862754 PMCID: PMC9491212 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00008-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The timelines for developing vaccines against infectious diseases are lengthy, and often vaccines that reach the stage of large phase 3 field trials fail to provide the desired level of protective efficacy. The application of controlled human challenge models of infection and disease at the appropriate stages of development could accelerate development of candidate vaccines and, in fact, has done so successfully in some limited cases. Human challenge models could potentially be used to gather critical information on pathogenesis, inform strain selection for vaccines, explore cross-protective immunity, identify immune correlates of protection and mechanisms of protection induced by infection or evoked by candidate vaccines, guide decisions on appropriate trial endpoints, and evaluate vaccine efficacy. We prepared this report to motivate fellow scientists to exploit the potential capacity of controlled human challenge experiments to advance vaccine development. In this review, we considered available challenge models for 17 infectious diseases in the context of the public health importance of each disease, the diversity and pathogenesis of the causative organisms, the vaccine candidates under development, and each model's capacity to evaluate them and identify correlates of protective immunity. Our broad assessment indicated that human challenge models have not yet reached their full potential to support the development of vaccines against infectious diseases. On the basis of our review, however, we believe that describing an ideal challenge model is possible, as is further developing existing and future challenge models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K. M. Choy
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - A. Louis Bourgeois
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Richard I. Walker
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Jorge Flores
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Properties of a Novel Salmonella Phage L66 and Its Application Based on Electrochemical Sensor-Combined AuNPs to Detect Salmonella. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182836. [PMID: 36140964 PMCID: PMC9498146 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is widespread in nature and poses a significant threat to human health and safety. Phage is considered as a new tool for the control of food-borne pathogens. In this study, Salmonella phage L66 (phage L66) was isolated from sewage by using Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 as the host bacterium, and its basic properties were obtained by biological and bioinformatics analysis. Phage L66 had a broad host spectrum, with an optimal infection complex of 0.1 and an optimal adsorption rate of 90.06%. It also exhibited thermal stability between 30 °C~60 °C and pH stability pH from 3 to 12, and the average lysis amount was 46 PFU/cell. The genome sequence analysis showed that the genome length of phage L66 was 157,675 bp and the average GC content was 46.13%. It was predicted to contain 209 genes, 97 of which were annotated with known functions based on the evolutionary analysis, and phage L66 was attributed to the Kuttervirus genus. Subsequently, an electrochemical sensor using phage L66 as a recognition factor was developed and the working electrode GDE-AuNPs-MPA-Phage L66 was prepared by layer-by-layer assembly for the detection of Salmonella. The slope of the impedance was 0.9985 within the scope from 20 to 2 × 107 CFU/mL of bacterial concentration. The minimum detection limit of the method was 13 CFU/mL, and the average spiked recovery rate was 102.3% with a relative standard deviation of 5.16%. The specificity and stability of this sensor were excellent, and it can be applied for the rapid detection of Salmonella in various foods. It provides a phage-based electrochemical biosensor for the detection of pathogenic bacteria.
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Genomic Characterization of Salmonella Typhimurium Isolated from Guinea Pigs with Salmonellosis in Lima, Peru. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091726. [PMID: 36144328 PMCID: PMC9503038 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is one of the most important foodborne pathogens that infect humans globally. The gastrointestinal tracts of animals like pigs, poultry or cattle are the main reservoirs of Salmonella serotypes. Guinea pig meat is an important protein source for Andean countries, but this animal is commonly infected by S. Typhimurium, producing high mortality rates and generating economic losses. Despite its impact on human health, food security, and economy, there is no genomic information about the S. Typhimurium responsible for the guinea pig infections in Peru. Here, we sequence and characterize 11 S. Typhimurium genomes isolated from guinea pigs from four farms in Lima-Peru. We were able to identify two genetic clusters (HC100_9460 and HC100_9757) distinguishable at the H100 level of the Hierarchical Clustering of Core Genome Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (HierCC-cgMLST) scheme with an average of 608 SNPs of distance. All sequences belonged to sequence type 19 (ST19) and HC100_9460 isolates were typed in silico as monophasic variants (1,4,[5],12:i:-) lacking the fljA and fljB genes. Phylogenomic analysis showed that human isolates from Peru were located within the same genetic clusters as guinea pig isolates, suggesting that these lineages can infect both hosts. We identified a genetic antimicrobial resistance cassette carrying the ant(3)-Ia, dfrA15, qacE, and sul1 genes associated with transposons TnAs3 and IS21 within an IncI1 plasmid in one guinea pig isolate, while antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) for β-lactam (blaCTX-M-65) and colistin (mcr-1) resistance were detected in Peruvian human-derived isolates. The presence of a virulence plasmid highly similar to the pSLT plasmid (LT2 reference strain) containing the spvRABCD operon was found in all guinea pig isolates. Finally, seven phage sequences (STGP_Φ1 to STGP_Φ7) were identified in guinea pig isolates, distributed according to the genetic lineage (H50 clusters level) and forming part of the specific gene content of each cluster. This study presents, for the first time, the genomic characteristics of S. Typhimurium isolated from guinea pigs in South America, showing particular diversity and genetic elements (plasmids and prophages) that require special attention and also broader studies in different periods of time and locations to determine their impact on human health.
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Sivaramalingam S, Ethiraj D, Srinivas S, Kalyanasundaram S, Sundaramoorthy S, M. MB. Salmonella Bacteremia Causing Mycotic Pseudoaneurysm of Right Common Iliac Artery Complicated by Septic Caval Thrombosis. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2022; 32:426-429. [PMID: 36177286 PMCID: PMC9514902 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1754314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMycotic pseudoaneurysm (MPA) is a blind, saccular outpouching of the arterial lumen of infective origin. MPA is a rare life-threatening condition and if not treated early, has a 67% mortality rate due to sepsis and hemorrhage. Major predisposing factors are diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, malignancy, steroids, and intravenous drug use. Imaging modalities include Doppler ultrasound, contrast-enhanced computed tomography, and digital subtraction angiography. We report a unique case of Salmonella bacteremia-related MPA of the right common iliac artery complicated by septic inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis in a patient with uncontrolled diabetes. Such transcompartmental involvement of IVC has hitherto not been described in the literature and hence makes for interesting documentation. This case ponders upon the aggressiveness of the invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella infection pathogen and the need for early imaging of suspicious patients to reduce morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinduja Sivaramalingam
- Department of Radiology, Dr. Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dillibabu Ethiraj
- Department of Radio-diagnosis, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sripriya Srinivas
- Department of Radiology, Dr. Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Subha Sundaramoorthy
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Rela Institute & Medical Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Madhu Bashini M.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chettinad Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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71
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Mondal P, Mallick B, Dutta M, Dutta S. Isolation, characterization, and application of a novel polyvalent lytic phage STWB21 against typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella spp. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:980025. [PMID: 36071966 PMCID: PMC9441917 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.980025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the common causal agents of bacterial gastroenteritis-related morbidity and mortality among children below 5 years and the elderly populations. Salmonellosis in humans is caused mainly by consuming contaminated food originating from animals. The genus Salmonella has several serovars, and many of them are recently reported to be resistant to multiple drugs. Therefore, isolation of lytic Salmonella bacteriophages in search of bactericidal activity has received importance. In this study, a Salmonella phage STWB21 was isolated from a lake water sample and found to be a novel lytic phage with promising potential against the host bacteria Salmonella typhi. However, some polyvalence was observed in their broad host range. In addition to S. typhi, the phage STWB21 was able to infect S. paratyphi, S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, and a few other bacterial species such as Sh. flexneri 2a, Sh. flexneri 3a, and ETEC. The newly isolated phage STWB21 belongs to the Siphoviridae family with an icosahedral head and a long flexible non-contractile tail. Phage STWB21 is relatively stable under a wide range of pH (4–11) and temperatures (4°C–50°C) for different Salmonella serovars. The latent period and burst size of phage STWB21 against S. typhi were 25 min and 161 plaque-forming units per cell. Since Salmonella is a foodborne pathogen, the phage STWB21 was applied to treat a 24 h biofilm formed in onion and milk under laboratory conditions. A significant reduction was observed in the bacterial population of S. typhi biofilm in both cases. Phage STWB21 contained a dsDNA of 112,834 bp in length, and the GC content was 40.37%. Also, genomic analysis confirmed the presence of lytic genes and the absence of any lysogeny or toxin genes. Overall, the present study reveals phage STWB21 has a promising ability to be used as a biocontrol agent of Salmonella spp. and proposes its application in food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Mondal
- Division of Electron Microscopy, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Bani Mallick
- Division of Electron Microscopy, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Moumita Dutta
- Division of Electron Microscopy, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- *Correspondence: Moumita Dutta, ;
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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72
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Magnetic nanoparticles-based systems for multifaceted biomedical applications. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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73
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Wang J, Li H, Li C, Ding Y, Wang Y, Zhu W, Wang J, Shao Y, Pan H, Wang X. EIS biosensor based on a novel Myoviridae bacteriophage SEP37 for rapid and specific detection of Salmonella in food matrixes. Food Res Int 2022; 158:111479. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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74
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Kosznik-Kwaśnicka K, Stasiłojć M, Grabowski Ł, Zdrojewska K, Węgrzyn G, Węgrzyn A. Efficacy and safety of phage therapy against Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis estimated by using a battery of in vitro tests and the Galleria mellonella animal model. Microbiol Res 2022; 261:127052. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Cheng RA, Orsi RH, Wiedmann M. The Number and Type of Chaperone-Usher Fimbriae Reflect Phylogenetic Clade Rather than Host Range in Salmonella. mSystems 2022; 7:e0011522. [PMID: 35467401 PMCID: PMC9238391 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00115-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most successful foodborne pathogens worldwide, owing in part to its ability to colonize or infect a wide range of hosts. Salmonella serovars are known to encode a variety of different fimbriae (hairlike organelles that facilitate binding to surfaces); however, the distribution, number, and sequence diversity of fimbriae encoded across different lineages of Salmonella were unknown. We queried whole-genome sequence (WGS) data for 242 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (subspecies enterica) isolates from the top 217 serovars associated with isolation from humans and agricultural animals; this effort identified 2,894 chaperone-usher (CU)-type fimbrial usher sequences, representing the most conserved component of CU fimbriae. On average, isolates encoded 12 different CU fimbrial ushers (6 to 18 per genome), although the distribution varied significantly (P = 1.328E-08) by phylogenetic clade, with isolates in section Typhi having significantly fewer fimbrial ushers than isolates in clade A2 (medians = 10 and 12 ushers, respectively). Characterization of fimbriae in additional non-enterica subspecies genomes suggested that 8 fimbrial ushers were classified as being unique to subspecies enterica isolates, suggesting that the majority of fimbriae were most likely acquired prior to the divergence of subspecies enterica. Characterization of mobile elements suggested that plasmids represent an important vehicle facilitating the acquisition of a wide range of fimbrial ushers, particularly for the acquisition of fimbriae from other Gram-negative genera. Overall, our results suggest that differences in the number and type of fimbriae encoded most likely reflect differences in phylogenetic clade rather than differences in host range. IMPORTANCE Fimbriae of the CU assembly pathway represent important organelles that mediate Salmonella's interactions with host tissues and abiotic surfaces. Our analyses provide a comprehensive overview of the diversity of CU fimbriae in Salmonella spp., highlighting that the majority of CU fimbriae are distributed broadly across multiple subspecies and suggesting that acquisition most likely occurred prior to the divergence of subspecies enterica. Our data also suggest that plasmids represent the primary vehicles facilitating the horizontal transfer of diverse CU fimbriae in Salmonella. Finally, the observed high sequence similarity between some ushers suggests that different names may have been assigned to closely related fimbrial ushers that likely should be represented by a single designation. This highlights the need to establish standard criteria for fimbria classification and nomenclature, which will also facilitate future studies seeking to associate virulence factors with adaptation to or differences in the likelihood of causing disease in a given host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Cheng
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Renato H. Orsi
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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76
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Wang H, Xie Z, Yang F, Wang Y, Jiang H, Huang X, Zhang Y. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi influences inflammation and autophagy in macrophages. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:525-534. [PMID: 35274232 PMCID: PMC9151981 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00719-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is a human enteropathogen that can survive in macrophages and cause systemic infection. Autophagy and inflammation are two important immune responses of macrophages that contribute to the elimination of pathogens. However, Salmonella has derived many strategies to evade inflammation and autophagy. This study investigated inflammation-related NF-κB signaling pathways and autophagy in S. Typhi-infected macrophages. RNA-seq and quantitative real-time PCR indicated that mRNA levels of NF-κB signaling pathway and autophagy-related genes were dynamically influenced in S. Typhi-infected macrophages. Western blots revealed that S. Typhi activated the NF-κB signaling pathway and induced the expression of inhibitor protein IκBζ. In addition, S. Typhi enhanced autophagy during early stages of infection and may inhibit autophagy during late stages of infection. Thus, we propose that S. Typhi can influence the NF-κB signaling pathway and autophagy in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Wang
- JiangYin Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangyin, 214400, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongyi Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu University School of Medicine, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fanfan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu University School of Medicine, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yurou Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu University School of Medicine, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiqiang Jiang
- JiangYin Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangyin, 214400, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinxiang Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu University School of Medicine, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu University School of Medicine, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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77
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Bloomfield S, Duong VT, Tuyen HT, Campbell JI, Thomson NR, Parkhill J, Le Phuc H, Chau TTH, Maskell DJ, Perron GG, Ngoc NM, Vi LL, Adriaenssens EM, Baker S, Mather AE. Mobility of antimicrobial resistance across serovars and disease presentations in non-typhoidal Salmonella from animals and humans in Vietnam. Microb Genom 2022; 8. [PMID: 35511231 PMCID: PMC9465066 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a major cause of bacterial enterocolitis globally but also causes invasive bloodstream infections. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) hampers the treatment of these infections and understanding how AMR spreads between NTS may help in developing effective strategies. We investigated NTS isolates associated with invasive disease, diarrhoeal disease and asymptomatic carriage in animals and humans from Vietnam. Isolates included multiple serovars and both common and rare phenotypic AMR profiles; long- and short-read sequencing was used to investigate the genetic mechanisms and genomic backgrounds associated with phenotypic AMR profiles. We demonstrate concordance between most AMR genotypes and phenotypes but identified large genotypic diversity in clinically relevant phenotypes and the high mobility potential of AMR genes (ARGs) in this setting. We found that 84 % of ARGs identified were located on plasmids, most commonly those containing IncHI1A_1 and IncHI1B(R27)_1_R27 replicons (33%), and those containing IncHI2_1 and IncHI2A_1 replicons (31%). The vast majority (95%) of ARGS were found within 10 kbp of IS6/IS26 elements, which provide plasmids with a mechanism to exchange ARGs between plasmids and other parts of the genome. Whole genome sequencing with targeted long-read sequencing applied in a One Health context identified a comparatively limited number of insertion sequences and plasmid replicons associated with AMR. Therefore, in the context of NTS from Vietnam and likely for other settings as well, the mechanisms by which ARGs move contribute to a more successful AMR profile than the specific ARGs, facilitating the adaptation of bacteria to different environments or selection pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ha Thanh Tuyen
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - James I Campbell
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Julian Parkhill
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Tran Thi Hong Chau
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Gabriel G Perron
- Department of Biology, Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York, USA
| | | | - Lu Lan Vi
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Stephen Baker
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alison E Mather
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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78
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One Health Perspective of Salmonella Serovars in South Africa Using Pooled Prevalence: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Microbiol 2022; 2022:8952669. [PMID: 35498396 PMCID: PMC9046003 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8952669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a bacterium that is commonly associated with food-borne infections and is regarded as one of the most important pathogens in public health. Salmonella serovars, particularly Typhimurium and Enteritidis, which are widely distributed globally, mainly result in outbreaks commonly linked to the consumption of animal products. This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting the prevalence of Salmonella serovars from one health perspective that included human, environmental, and animal samples in South Africa. PubMed, ScienceDirect, African Journals Online, and Scopus databases were used to conduct extensive searches of articles which were ultimately included or excluded following the Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. According to the data obtained in this review, the overall pooled prevalence estimates (PPE) of Salmonella serovars detection were 79.6%, 61.6%, 56.5%, and 43.2% for human, environment, animal, and environment/animal samples in South Africa, respectively. The majority of the studies (50%) used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for the detection of Salmonella serovars, followed by culture methods (26.7%), while 20% used serotyping. The PPE for nontyphoidal Salmonellae (NTS) was 65.6% and 34.4% for Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis, respectively. Our data further shows that 3 serovars, namely, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Enteriditis, and Salmonella Hadar, have been isolated from animals, humans, and the environment in South Africa. Our results highlight the ongoing spread of Salmonella spp. especially on animals which might end up infecting humans via direct contact with infected animals or eating infected animal products. This calls for deliberate “One Health” epidemiological studies in order to document information on the transmission between humans, animals, and the environment. This will ultimately result in the formulation of a consolidated salmonellosis control policy by the environmental, human, and veterinary health sectors.
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79
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Selim S, Almuhayawi MS, Alqhtani H, Al Jaouni SK, Saleh FM, Warrad M, Hagagy N. Anti-Salmonella and Antibiofilm Potency of Salvia officinalis L. Essential Oil against Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella enterica. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040489. [PMID: 35453243 PMCID: PMC9031110 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Raw milk is a significant vehicle for the transmission of different infections. In the present study, we focused on Salmonella enterica from raw milk and its resistance to various antibacterial drugs. Furthermore, we have investigated the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of essential oil (EO) obtained from Salvia officinalis L. leaves that were collected from the Aljouf region, Saudi Arabia, against S. enterica. One-dozen strains of S. enterica were found in a batch of a hundred milk samples, and those S. enterica strains were shown to be resistant to several antibiotics, particularly the β-lactam group of antimicrobial drugs. Against multidrug-resistant S. enterica, the inhibitory zones for EO from S. officinalis leaves were found to be 21 mm in diameter. S. officinalis EO at 5% concentration showed a remarkable in vitro inhibitory activity toward the biofilm growth of different S. enterica isolates. Analysis of EO by GC–MS identified 21 distinct components, accounting for 89.94% of the total oil component. The most prominent compounds were 1,8-cineole (39.18%), β-caryophyllene (12.8%), and α--terpineol (10.3%). Taken together, our results unequivocally confirm that the S. officinalis EOs exert numerous bioactivities. Thus, the well-deserved attention on S. officinalis EO usage as a food preservative and adjunctive remedy for bacterial food-borne diseases is justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Mohammed S. Almuhayawi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Hussain Alqhtani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 55461, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Soad K. Al Jaouni
- Hematology/Pediatric Oncology, Yousef Abdulatif Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fayez M. Saleh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mona Warrad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences at Al-Quriat, Jouf University, Al-Quriat 77454, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nashwa Hagagy
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts at Khulis, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia;
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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80
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Cohen H, Hoede C, Scharte F, Coluzzi C, Cohen E, Shomer I, Mallet L, Holbert S, Serre RF, Schiex T, Virlogeux-Payant I, Grassl GA, Hensel M, Chiapello H, Gal-Mor O. Intracellular Salmonella Paratyphi A is motile and differs in the expression of flagella-chemotaxis, SPI-1 and carbon utilization pathways in comparison to intracellular S. Typhimurium. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010425. [PMID: 35381053 PMCID: PMC9012535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Salmonella Typhimurium (STM) and Salmonella Paratyphi A (SPA) belong to the same phylogenetic species, share large portions of their genome and express many common virulence factors, they differ vastly in their host specificity, the immune response they elicit, and the clinical manifestations they cause. In this work, we compared their intracellular transcriptomic architecture and cellular phenotypes during human epithelial cell infection. While transcription induction of many metal transport systems, purines, biotin, PhoPQ and SPI-2 regulons was similar in both intracellular SPA and STM, we identified 234 differentially expressed genes that showed distinct expression patterns in intracellular SPA vs. STM. Surprisingly, clear expression differences were found in SPI-1, motility and chemotaxis, and carbon (mainly citrate, galactonate and ethanolamine) utilization pathways, indicating that these pathways are regulated differently during their intracellular phase. Concurring, on the cellular level, we show that while the majority of STM are non-motile and reside within Salmonella-Containing Vacuoles (SCV), a significant proportion of intracellular SPA cells are motile and compartmentalized in the cytosol. Moreover, we found that the elevated expression of SPI-1 and motility genes by intracellular SPA results in increased invasiveness of SPA, following exit from host cells. These findings demonstrate unexpected flagellum-dependent intracellular motility of a typhoidal Salmonella serovar and intriguing differences in intracellular localization between typhoidal and non-typhoidal salmonellae. We propose that these differences facilitate new cycles of host cell infection by SPA and may contribute to the ability of SPA to disseminate beyond the intestinal lamina propria of the human host during enteric fever. Salmonella enterica is a ubiquitous, facultative intracellular animal and human pathogen. Although non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) and typhoidal Salmonella serovars belong to the same phylogenetic species and share many virulence factors, the disease they cause in humans is very different. While the underlying mechanisms for these differences are not fully understood, one possible reason expected to contribute to their different pathogenicity is a distinct expression pattern of genes involved in host-pathogen interactions. Here, we compared the global gene expression and intracellular phenotypes, during human epithelial cell infection of S. Paratyphi A (SPA) and S. Typhimurium (STM), as prototypical serovars of typhoidal and NTS, respectively. Interestingly, we identified different expression patterns in key virulence and metabolic pathways, cytosolic motility and increased reinvasion of SPA, following exit from infected cells. We hypothesize that these differences contribute to the invasive and systemic disease developed following SPA infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helit Cohen
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Claire Hoede
- Université Fédérale de Toulouse, INRAE, BioinfOmics, UR MIAT, GenoToul Bioinformatics facility, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Felix Scharte
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Charles Coluzzi
- INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, MaIAGE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Emiliano Cohen
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Inna Shomer
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ludovic Mallet
- Université Fédérale de Toulouse, INRAE, BioinfOmics, UR MIAT, GenoToul Bioinformatics facility, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | - Thomas Schiex
- Université Fédérale de Toulouse, ANITI, INRAE, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Guntram A. Grassl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hanover, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- CellNanOs–Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- * E-mail: (MH); (HC); (OG-M)
| | - Hélène Chiapello
- Université Fédérale de Toulouse, INRAE, BioinfOmics, UR MIAT, GenoToul Bioinformatics facility, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, MaIAGE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail: (MH); (HC); (OG-M)
| | - Ohad Gal-Mor
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail: (MH); (HC); (OG-M)
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81
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Miura S, Satoh R, Tamamura-Andoh Y, Tokugawa K, Beppu M, Nozaki C, Murata R, Kusumoto M, Uchida I. Intra-macrophage expression of ArtAB toxin gene in Salmonella. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168. [PMID: 35333707 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) definitive phage type 104 (DT104), S. Worthington, and S. bongori produce ArtAB toxin, which catalyses ADP-ribosylation of pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein. ArtAB gene (artAB) is encoded on a prophage in Salmonella, and prophage induction by SOS-inducing agents is associated with increases in ArtAB production in vitro. However, little is known about the expression of artAB in vivo. Here, we showed a significant increase in artAB transcription of DT104 within macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells. Intracellular expression of ArtAB was also observed by immunofluorescence staining. The induced expression of artAB in DT104 and S. bongori was enhanced by treatment of RAW264.7 cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), which stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS); however, such induction was not observed in S. Worthington. Upregulation of oxyR, a major regulator of oxidative stress, and cI, a repressor of prophage induction, was observed in S. Worthington within RAW264.7 cells treated with PMA but not in the DT104 strain. Although the expression of oxyR was increased, artAB was upregulated in S. bongori, which lacks the cI gene in the incomplete artAB-encoded prophage. Taken together, oxidative stress plays a role in the production of artAB toxins in macrophages, and high expression levels of oxyR and cI are responsible for the low expression of artAB. Therefore, strain variation in the level of artAB expression within macrophages could be explained by differences in the oxidative stress response of bacteria and might be reflected in its virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou Miura
- Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582, Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Rin Satoh
- Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582, Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Yukino Tamamura-Andoh
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Kanetaka Tokugawa
- Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582, Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Miho Beppu
- Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582, Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Chiharu Nozaki
- Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582, Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Ryo Murata
- Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582, Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kusumoto
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Ikuo Uchida
- Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582, Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
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82
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Darboe S, Bradbury RS, Phelan J, Kanteh A, Muhammad AK, Worwui A, Yang S, Nwakanma D, Perez-Sepulveda B, Kariuki S, Kwambana-Adams B, Antonio M. Genomic diversity and antimicrobial resistance among non-typhoidal Salmonella associated with human disease in The Gambia. Microb Genom 2022; 8:000785. [PMID: 35302932 PMCID: PMC9176284 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella associated with multidrug resistance cause invasive disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Specific lineages of serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis have been implicated. Here we characterized the genomic diversity of 100 clinical non-typhoidal Salmonella collected from 93 patients in 2001 from the eastern, and in 2006-2018 from the western regions of The Gambia respectively. A total of 93 isolates (64 invasive, 23 gastroenteritis and six other sites) representing a single infection episode were phenotypically tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Whole genome sequencing of 100 isolates was performed using Illumina, and the reads were assembled and analysed using SPAdes. The Salmonella in Silico Typing Resource (SISTR) was used for serotyping. SNP differences among the 93 isolates were determined using Roary, and phylogenetic analysis was performed in the context of 495 African strains from the European Nucleotide Archive. Salmonella serovars Typhimurium (26/64; 30.6 %) and Enteritidis (13/64; 20.3 %) were associated with invasive disease, whilst other serovars were mainly responsible for gastroenteritis (17/23; 73.9 %). The presence of three major serovar Enteritidis clades was confirmed, including the invasive West African clade, which made up more than half (11/16; 68.8 %) of the genomes. Multidrug resistance was confined among the serovar Enteritidis West African clade. The presence of this epidemic virulent clade has potential for spread of resistance and thus important implications for systematic patient management. Surveillance and epidemiological investigations to inform control are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saffiatou Darboe
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, The Gambia
| | | | - Jody Phelan
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Abdoulie Kanteh
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, The Gambia
| | - Abdul-Khalie Muhammad
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, The Gambia
| | - Archibald Worwui
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, The Gambia
| | - Shangxin Yang
- University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Davis Nwakanma
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, The Gambia
| | | | | | - Brenda Kwambana-Adams
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, The Gambia
- University College London, London, UK
| | - Martin Antonio
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, The Gambia
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83
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Fang Z, Méresse S. Endomembrane remodeling and dynamics in Salmonella infection. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2022; 9:24-41. [PMID: 35127930 PMCID: PMC8796136 DOI: 10.15698/mic2022.02.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellae are bacteria that cause moderate to severe infections in humans, depending on the strain and the immune status of the infected host. These pathogens have the particularity of residing in the cells of the infected host. They are usually found in a vacuolar compartment that the bacteria shape with the help of effector proteins. Following invasion of a eukaryotic cell, the bacterial vacuole undergoes maturation characterized by changes in localization, composition and morphology. In particular, membrane tubules stretching over the microtubule cytoskeleton are formed from the bacterial vacuole. Although these tubules do not occur in all infected cells, they are functionally important and promote intracellular replication. This review focuses on the role and significance of membrane compartment remodeling observed in infected cells and the bacterial and host cell pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Fang
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
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84
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Application of a High-Throughput Targeted Sequence AmpliSeq Procedure to Assess the Presence and Variants of Virulence Genes in Salmonella. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020369. [PMID: 35208824 PMCID: PMC8879106 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a targeted, amplicon-based next-generation sequencing method to detect and analyze 227 virulence genes (VG) of Salmonella (AmpliSeqSalm_227VG) for assessing the pathogenicity potential of Salmonella. The procedure was developed using 80 reference genomes representing 75 epidemiologically-relevant serovars associated with human salmonellosis. We applied the AmpliSeqSalm_227VG assay to (a) 35 previously characterized field strains of Salmonella consisting of serovars commonly incriminated in foodborne illnesses and (b) 34 Salmonella strains with undisclosed serological or virulence attributes, and were able to divide Salmonella VGs into two groups: core VGs and variable VGs. The commonest serovars causing foodborne illnesses such as Enteritidis, Typhimurium, Heidelberg and Newport had a high number of VGs (217–227). In contrast, serovars of subspecies not commonly associated with human illnesses, such as houtenae, arizonae and salame, tended to have fewer VGs (177–195). Variable VGs were not only infrequent but, when present, displayed considerable sequence variation: safC, sseL, sseD, sseE, ssaK and stdB showed the highest variation and were linked to strain pathogenicity. In a chicken infection model, VGs belonging to rfb and sse operons showed differences and were linked with pathogenicity. The high-throughput, targeted NGS-based AmpliSeqSalm_227VG procedure provided previously unknown information about variation in select virulence genes that can now be applied to a much larger population of Salmonella for evaluating pathogenicity of various serovars of Salmonella and for risk assessment of foodborne salmonellosis.
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85
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Aulicino A, Antanaviciute A, Frost J, Sousa Geros A, Mellado E, Attar M, Jagielowicz M, Hublitz P, Sinz J, Preciado-Llanes L, Napolitani G, Bowden R, Koohy H, Drakesmith H, Simmons A. Dual RNA sequencing reveals dendritic cell reprogramming in response to typhoidal Salmonella invasion. Commun Biol 2022; 5:111. [PMID: 35121793 PMCID: PMC8816929 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica represent a major disease burden worldwide. S. enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is responsible for potentially life-threatening Typhoid fever affecting 10.9 million people annually. While non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars usually trigger self-limiting diarrhoea, invasive NTS bacteraemia is a growing public health challenge. Dendritic cells (DCs) are key professional antigen presenting cells of the human immune system. The ability of pathogenic bacteria to subvert DC functions and prevent T cell recognition contributes to their survival and dissemination within the host. Here, we adapted dual RNA-sequencing to define how different Salmonella pathovariants remodel their gene expression in tandem with that of infected DCs. We find DCs harness iron handling pathways to defend against invading Salmonellas, which S. Typhi is able to circumvent by mounting a robust response to nitrosative stress. In parallel, we uncover the alternative strategies invasive NTS employ to impair DC functions. Aulicino, Antanaviciute et al investigate the transcriptional response to invasive Salmonella strains in dendritic cells (DCs). They show that S. Typhi mount a response against nitrosative stress pathways and propose a role of iron uptake and transport in preventing infection, which the pathogen can bypass. In parallel, they find that invasive Salmonella employs several mechanisms targeting more classic aspects of immunity to impair DC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Aulicino
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Agne Antanaviciute
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Joe Frost
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Ana Sousa Geros
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Esther Mellado
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Moustafa Attar
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Marta Jagielowicz
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Philip Hublitz
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Genome Engineering Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Julia Sinz
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Lorena Preciado-Llanes
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Giorgio Napolitani
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Rory Bowden
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Hashem Koohy
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.,MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Alison Simmons
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK. .,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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86
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Salmonella pSLT-encoded effector SpvB promotes RIPK3-dependent necroptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:44. [PMID: 35110556 PMCID: PMC8810775 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00841-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most important worldwide zoonotic pathogens. After invading a host orally, the bacteria break through the intestinal epithelial barrier for further invasion. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier. Necroptosis is considered one of the virulence strategies utilized by invasive Salmonella. Our previous work has shown that SpvB, an effector encoded by S. Typhimurium virulence plasmid (pSLT), promotes bacterial translocation via the paracellular route. However, it is still unknown whether SpvB could promote bacterial invasion through disrupting the integrity of IECs. Here, we demonstrated that SpvB promoted necroptosis of IECs and contributed to the destruction of the intestinal barrier during Salmonella infection. We found that SpvB enhanced the protein level of receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) through inhibiting K48-linked poly-ubiquitylation of RIPK3 and the degradation of the protein in an autophagy-dependent manner. The abundant accumulation of RIPK3 upregulated the phosphorylation of MLKL, which contributed to necroptosis. The damage to IECs ultimately led to the disruption of the intestinal barrier and aggravated infection. In vivo, SpvB promoted the pathogenesis of Salmonella, favoring intestinal injury and colonic necroptosis. Our findings reveal a novel function of Salmonella effector SpvB, which could facilitate salmonellosis by promoting necroptosis, and broaden our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of bacterial invasion.
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87
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Lyu Z, Ling J. Increase in Ribosomal Fidelity Benefits Salmonella upon Bile Salt Exposure. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020184. [PMID: 35205229 PMCID: PMC8872077 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Translational fidelity is maintained by multiple quality control steps in all three domains of life. Increased translational errors (mistranslation) occur due to genetic mutations and external stresses. Severe mistranslation is generally harmful, but moderate levels of mistranslation may be favored under certain conditions. To date, little is known about the link between translational fidelity and host–pathogen interactions. Salmonella enterica can survive in the gall bladder during systemic or chronic infections due to bile resistance. Here we show that increased translational fidelity contributes to the fitness of Salmonella upon bile salt exposure, and the improved fitness depends on an increased level of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Our work thus reveals a previously unknown linkage between translational fidelity and bacterial fitness under bile stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Lyu
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiqiang Ling
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Bilogical Sciences Graduate Program, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (J.L.)
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88
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Shen W, Chen H, Geng J, Wu RA, Wang X, Ding T. Prevalence, serovar distribution, and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella spp. isolated from pork in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 361:109473. [PMID: 34768041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiological characteristics of Salmonella spp. in pork have been widely studied in China, but the results remain inconsistent. This study aimed to summarize the epidemiological characteristics of Salmonella spp. isolated from pork, including its prevalence, serovar distribution, and antibiotic resistance rate. We systematically reviewed published studies on Salmonella spp. isolated from pork in China between 2000 and 2020 in two Chinese and three English databases and quantitatively summarized its prevalence, serovar distribution, and antibiotic resistance using meta-analysis methods. Furthermore, we conducted subgroup analysis and meta-regression to explore the source of the heterogeneity from historical changes and regional difference perspectives. Ninety-one eligible studies published between 2000 and 2020 were included. The meta-analysis showed that the pooled prevalence of Salmonella isolated from pork was 0.17 (95% CI: 0.14, 0.20), with a detected growing trend over time. For the proportions of serovars, Derby (0.32, 95% CI: 0.26, 0.38), Typhimurium (0.10, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.15) and London (0.05, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.08) were dominant in these studies. The antibiotic resistance rates were high for tetracycline (0.68, 95% CI: 0.59, 0.77), sulfisoxazole (0.65, 95% CI: 0.45, 0.83), ampicillin (0.43, 95% CI: 0.34, 0.53), streptomycin (0.42, 95% CI: 0.29, 0.56), and sulfamethoxazole (0.42, 95% CI: 0.25, 0.60). The results of this study revealed a high prevalence, the regional characteristics of serovar distribution, and the severe challenges of antibiotic resistance of Salmonella originating from pork in China, suggesting the potential increasing risk and disease burden. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the prevention and control strategies of Salmonella in pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangwang Shen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Big Data in Health Science, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiawei Geng
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ricardo A Wu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Ding
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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89
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Disseminated non typhoidal salmonella infection with salmonella pneumonia and vertebral osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease: A case report. IDCases 2022; 27:e01390. [PMID: 35059292 PMCID: PMC8759999 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal salmonella (NTS) is most commonly associated with self-limiting enterocolitis. However, in extremes of age and immune compromised patients, it can cause invasive and disseminated infection, including bacteremia and localized extraintestinal infections. Pneumonia and vertebral osteomyelitis are rare manifestation of NTS, with only a few cases reported worldwide. Our case describes a young man with sickle cell anemia, who developed multifocal invasive NTS infection with pulmonary involvement, vertebral osteomyelitis, and epidural abscess. He was treated with a six-week course of antibiotics and surgical drainage of the abscess. This case report highlights an atypical presentation of NTS infection that is associated with high morbidity and mortality, that can be reduced with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
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90
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Stepien TA, Libby SJ, Karlinsey JE, Brehm MA, Greiner DL, Shultz LD, Brabb T, Fang FC. Analysis of Salmonella Typhi Pathogenesis in a Humanized Mouse Model. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2427:215-234. [PMID: 35619037 PMCID: PMC9682973 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1971-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to understand molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis of the human-restricted pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, have been hampered by the lack of a tractable small animal model. This obstacle has been surmounted by a humanized mouse model in which genetically modified mice are engrafted with purified CD34+ stem cells from human umbilical cord blood, designated CD34+ Hu-NSG (formerly hu-SRC-SCID) mice. We have shown that these mice develop a lethal systemic infection with S. Typhi that is dependent on the presence of engrafted human hematopoietic cells. Immunological and pathological features of human typhoid are recapitulated in this model, which has been successfully employed for the identification of bacterial genetic determinants of S. Typhi virulence. Here we describe the methods used to infect CD34+ Hu-NSG mice with S. Typhi in humanized mice and to construct and analyze a transposon-directed insertion site sequencing S. Typhi library, and provide general considerations for the use of humanized mice for the study of a human-restricted pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Stepien
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen J Libby
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joyce E Karlinsey
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Thea Brabb
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ferric C Fang
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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91
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A Novel Dibenzoxazepine Attenuates Intracellular Salmonella Typhimurium Oxidative Stress Resistance. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0151921. [PMID: 34851152 PMCID: PMC8635125 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01519-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is the leading cause of invasive nontyphoidal salmonellosis. Additionally, the emergence of multidrug-resistant S. Typhimurium has further increased the difficulty of controlling its infection. Previously, we showed that an antipsychotic drug, loxapine, suppressed intracellular Salmonella in macrophages. To exploit loxapine's antibacterial activity, we simultaneously evaluated the anti-intracellular Salmonella activity and cytotoxicity of newly synthesized loxapine derivatives using an image-based high-content assay. We identified that SW14 exhibits potent suppressive effects on intramacrophagic S. Typhimurium with an 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 0.5 μM. SW14 also sensitized intracellular Salmonella to ciprofloxacin and cefixime and effectively controlled intracellular multidrug- and fluoroquinolone-resistant S. Typhimurium strains. However, SW14 did not affect bacterial growth in standard microbiological broth or minimal medium that mimics the phagosomal environment. Cellular autophagy blockade by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or shATG7 elevated the susceptibility of intracellular Salmonella to SW14. Finally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers reduced the antibacterial efficacy of SW14, but the ROS levels in SW14-treated macrophages were not elevated. SW14 decreased the resistance of outer membrane-compromised S. Typhimurium to H2O2. Collectively, our data indicated that the structure of loxapine can be further optimized to develop new antibacterial agents by targeting bacterial resistance to host oxidative-stress defense. IMPORTANCE The incidence of diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria with resistance to common antibiotics is consistently increasing. In addition, Gram-negative bacteria are particularly difficult to treat with antibiotics, especially those that can invade and proliferate intracellularly. In order to find a new antibacterial compound against intracellular Salmonella, we established a cell-based high-content assay and identified SW14 from the derivatives of the antipsychotic drug loxapine. Our data indicate that SW14 has no effect on free bacteria in the medium but can suppress the intracellular proliferation of multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. Typhimurium in macrophages. We also found that SW14 can suppress the resistance of outer membrane compromised Salmonella to H2O2, and its anti-intracellular Salmonella activity can be reversed by reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers. Together, the findings suggest that SW14 might act via a virulence-targeted mechanism and that its structure has the potential to be further developed as a new therapeutic against MDR Salmonella.
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92
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Brown EW, Bell R, Zhang G, Timme R, Zheng J, Hammack TS, Allard MW. Salmonella Genomics in Public Health and Food Safety. EcoSal Plus 2021; 9:eESP00082020. [PMID: 34125583 PMCID: PMC11163839 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0008-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The species Salmonella enterica comprises over 2,600 serovars, many of which are known to be intracellular pathogens of mammals, birds, and reptiles. It is now apparent that Salmonella is a highly adapted environmental microbe and can readily persist in a number of environmental niches, including water, soil, and various plant (including produce) species. Much of what is known about the evolution and diversity of nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars (NTS) in the environment is the result of the rise of the genomics era in enteric microbiology. There are over 340,000 Salmonella genomes available in public databases. This extraordinary breadth of genomic diversity now available for the species, coupled with widespread availability and affordability of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) instrumentation, has transformed the way in which we detect, differentiate, and characterize Salmonella enterica strains in a timely way. Not only have WGS data afforded a detailed and global examination of the molecular epidemiological movement of Salmonella from diverse environmental reservoirs into human and animal hosts, but they have also allowed considerable consolidation of the diagnostic effort required to test for various phenotypes important to the characterization of Salmonella. For example, drug resistance, serovar, virulence determinants, and other genome-based attributes can all be discerned using a genome sequence. Finally, genomic analysis, in conjunction with functional and phenotypic approaches, is beginning to provide new insights into the precise adaptive changes that permit persistence of NTS in so many diverse and challenging environmental niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W. Brown
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca Bell
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruth Timme
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas S. Hammack
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Marc W. Allard
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
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93
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Bajinka O, Qi M, Barrow A, Touray AO, Yang L, Tan Y. Pathogenicity of Salmonella During Schistosoma-Salmonella Co-infections and the Importance of the Gut Microbiota. Curr Microbiol 2021; 79:26. [PMID: 34905113 PMCID: PMC8669234 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02718-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic inefficacy in treating bacterial infections is largely studied in the context of developing resistance mechanisms. However, little attention has been paid to combined diseases mechanisms, interspecies pathogenesis and the resulting impact on antimicrobial treatment. This review will consider the co-infections of Salmonella and Schistosoma mansoni. It summarises the protective mechanisms that the pathophysiology of the two infections confer, which leads to an antibiotic protection phenomenon. This review will elucidate the functional characteristics of the gut microbiota in the context of these co-infections, the pathogenicity of these infections in infected mice, and the efficacy of the antibiotics used in treatment of these co-infections over time. Salmonella-Schistosoma interactions and the mechanism for antibiotic protection are not well established. However, antimicrobial drug inefficacy is an existing phenomenon in these co-infections. The treatment of schistosomiasis to ensure the efficacy of antibiotic therapy for bacterial infections should be considered in co-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousman Bajinka
- Department of Microbiology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,China-Africa Research Centre of Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.,School of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Mingming Qi
- Department of Obstetrics, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Amadou Barrow
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,School of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Abdoulie O Touray
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Lulu Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yurong Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,China-Africa Research Centre of Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China. .,Department of Microbiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China.
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94
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Bacteriophage-Resistant Salmonella rissen: An In Vitro Mitigated Inflammatory Response. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122468. [PMID: 34960737 PMCID: PMC8703591 DOI: 10.3390/v13122468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) represents one of the major causes of foodborne diseases, which are made worse by the increasing emergence of antibiotic resistance. Thus, NTS are a significant and common public health concern. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether selection for phage-resistance alters bacterial phenotype, making this approach suitable for candidate vaccine preparation. We therefore compared two strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Rissen: RR (the phage-resistant strain) and RW (the phage-sensitive strain) in order to investigate a potential cost associated with the bacterium virulence. We tested the ability of both RR and RW to infect phagocytic and non-phagocytic cell lines, the activity of virulence factors associated with the main Type-3 secretory system (T3SS), as well as the canonic inflammatory mediators. The mutant RR strain-compared to the wildtype RW strain-induced in the host a weaker innate immune response. We suggest that the mitigated inflammatory response very likely is due to structural modifications of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our results indicate that phage-resistance might be exploited as a means for the development of LPS-based antibacterial vaccines.
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95
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Chin Y, Yang KS, Chang SH, Cheng-Chung Wei J, Yip HT, Hung YM, Chang R. Risk of non-typhoidal Salmonella infection in patients with cholecystectomy: Results from a nationwide matched cohort study in Taiwan. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14787. [PMID: 34534394 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study was designed to investigate the association between cholecystectomy and the risk of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection. METHODS We obtained claims-based data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) to perform a nationwide cohort study. A propensity score (PS)-matching analysis was performed with a ratio of 1:2 in the cholecystectomy cohort and cholecystectomy-free group to reduce selection bias. Both groups were followed until NTS diagnosis, a dropout from the insurance programme or the end of 2013. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the risk of NTS infection between the cholecystectomy and cholecystectomy-free groups. RESULTS Our study enrolled 197 444 patients who had undergone cholecystectomy and 394 888 patients who did not receive cholecystectomy. The adjusted HR (aHR) of NTS infection was 1.34 (95% CI, 1.13-1.58; P < .001) for the cholecystectomy group after adjusting for demographical characteristics and relevant comorbidities. The study population is predominantly female patients (55%) and older (58% older than 50 years). The subgroup analysis revealed that both sexes and notably, patients aged >50, who underwent cholecystectomy had a higher risk of NTS infection than the matched controls. Follow-up of patients who underwent cholecystectomy showed that they had a significantly higher risk of NTS infection for more than 6 months after the procedure. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that cholecystectomy might be an independent risk factor for subsequent NTS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Chin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal United Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Chest Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Shan Yang
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Han Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - James Cheng-Chung Wei
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hei-Tung Yip
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Min Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal United Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Chest Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- College of Health and Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Renin Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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96
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Priyadarsini S, Panda S, Pashupathi M, Kumar A, Singh R. Design of Multiepitope Vaccine Construct Against Non-typhoidal Salmonellosis and its Characterization Using Immunoinformatics Approach. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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97
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Narala B, Suhail M, Leelaruban V, Ndzelen L, Mbome Y, Saverimuttu J. Non-typhoidal, Non-paratyphoidal Salmonella Species Causing Sacroiliitis and Pyomyositis in a Healthy 19-Year-Old Athlete. Cureus 2021; 13:e18753. [PMID: 34790498 PMCID: PMC8589003 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a gram-negative bacterium, subdivided into typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella. It is usually caused by eating raw or undercooked meat, poultry, eggs, or egg products. The clinical manifestations of Salmonella infection can be divided into five syndromes: enterocolitis (food poisoning), enteric (typhoid) fever, bacteremia/septicemia, focal infection, and a chronic carrier state, which is usually asymptomatic. The most common clinical presentation is diarrhea. Salmonella osteomyelitis occurs most frequently in patients with sickle-cell disease; other risk factors include other hemoglobinopathies, immunocompromised status, and chronic Salmonella carrier state. The incidence of Salmonella osteomyelitis/septic arthritis in otherwise healthy individuals is rare. The duration of symptoms can range from a few months to several years, and multifocal involvement occurs in 15% of reported cases of Salmonella osteomyelitis. The symptoms of Salmonella osteomyelitis are pain and variable swelling of the affected limb; high temperatures are rarely noted. Our patient is a 19-year-old boy with no known past medical history who presented with severe right-sided sacroiliitis with extensive surrounding osteomyelitis on both sides of the sacroiliac joint with non-typhoidal, non-paratyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavya Narala
- Internal Medicine, Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, USA
| | - Maham Suhail
- Internal Medicine, Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, USA
| | | | - Laura Ndzelen
- Internal Medicine, Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, USA
| | - Yolande Mbome
- Internal Medicine, Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, USA
| | - Jessie Saverimuttu
- Infectious Disease, Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, USA
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98
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Kiarely Souza E, Pereira-Dutra FS, Rajão MA, Ferraro-Moreira F, Goltara-Gomes TC, Cunha-Fernandes T, Santos JDC, Prestes EB, Andrade WA, Zamboni DS, Bozza MT, Bozza PT. Lipid droplet accumulation occurs early following Salmonella infection and contributes to intracellular bacterial survival and replication. Mol Microbiol 2021; 117:293-306. [PMID: 34783412 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a public health problem caused by Salmonella sp., a highly adapted facultative intracellular pathogen. After internalization, Salmonella sp. Manipulates several host processes, mainly through the activation of the type III secretion system (T3SS), including modification of host lipid metabolism and lipid droplet (LD) accumulation. LDs are dynamic and complex lipid-rich organelles involved in several cellular processes. The present study investigated the mechanism involved in LD biogenesis in Salmonella-infected macrophages and its role in bacterial pathogenicity. Here, we reported that S. Typhimurium induced a rapid time-dependent increase of LD formation in macrophages. The LD biogenesis was demonstrated to depend on Salmonella's viability and SPI1-related T3SS activity, with the participation of Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) signaling. We also observed that LD accumulation occurs through TLR2-dependent signaling and is counter-regulated by TLR4. Last, the pharmacologic modulation of LD formation by inhibiting diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) significantly reduced the intracellular bacterial proliferation and impaired the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) synthesis. Collectively, our data suggest the role of LDs on S. typhimurium intracellular survival and replication in macrophages. This data set provides new perspectives for future investigations about LDs in host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Kiarely Souza
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Program of Immunology and Inflammation, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Filipe S Pereira-Dutra
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Matheus A Rajão
- Program of Immunology and Tumor Biology, Instituto Nacional do Câncer, INCA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe Ferraro-Moreira
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Taynná C Goltara-Gomes
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tamires Cunha-Fernandes
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julia da Cunha Santos
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elisa B Prestes
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunity, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Warrison A Andrade
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dario S Zamboni
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo T Bozza
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunity, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia T Bozza
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Bioprospecting Antimicrobials from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum: Key Factors Underlying Its Probiotic Action. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222112076. [PMID: 34769500 PMCID: PMC8585029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) is a well-studied and versatile species of lactobacilli. It is found in several niches, including human mucosal surfaces, and it is largely employed in the food industry and boasts a millenary tradition of safe use, sharing a long-lasting relationship with humans. L. plantarum is generally recognised as safe and exhibits a strong probiotic character, so that several strains are commercialised as health-promoting supplements and functional food products. For these reasons, L. plantarum represents a valuable model to gain insight into the nature and mechanisms of antimicrobials as key factors underlying the probiotic action of health-promoting microbes. Probiotic antimicrobials can inhibit the growth of pathogens in the gut ensuring the intestinal homeostasis and contributing to the host health. Furthermore, they may be attractive alternatives to conventional antibiotics, holding potential in several biomedical applications. The aim of this review is to investigate the most relevant papers published in the last ten years, bioprospecting the antimicrobial activity of characterised probiotic L. plantarum strains. Specifically, it focuses on the different chemical nature, the action spectra and the mechanisms underlying the bioactivity of their antibacterial and antiviral agents. Emerging trends in postbiotics, some in vivo applications of L. plantarum antimicrobials, including strengths and limitations of their therapeutic potential, are addressed and discussed.
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100
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Abstract
Phenotypic heterogeneity among single cells in a genetically identical population leads to diverse environmental adaptation. The human and animal pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium exhibits heterogeneous expression of virulence genes, including flagellar and Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI) genes. Little is known about how the differential expression of flagellar genes among single cells affects bacterial adaptation to stresses. Here, we have developed a triple-fluorescence reporter to simultaneously monitor the expression of flagellar and SPI-1 pathways. We show that the two pathways cross talk at the single-cell level. Intriguingly, cells expressing flagella (fliC-ON) exhibit decreased tolerance to antibiotics compared to fliC-OFF cells. Such variation depends on TolC-dependent efflux pumps. We further show that fliC-ON cells contain higher intracellular proton concentrations. This suggests that the assembly and rotation of flagella consume the proton motive force and decrease the efflux activity, resulting in antibiotic sensitivity. Such a trade-off between motility and efflux highlights a novel mechanism of antibiotic tolerance.
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