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Pejatović MM, Anzić S. Personalized Medicine of Central Nervous System Diseases and Disorders: Looking Toward the Future. Per Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39349-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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52
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Nestler EJ, Peña CJ, Kundakovic M, Mitchell A, Akbarian S. Epigenetic Basis of Mental Illness. Neuroscientist 2015; 22:447-63. [PMID: 26450593 DOI: 10.1177/1073858415608147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are complex multifactorial illnesses involving chronic alterations in neural circuit structure and function as well as likely abnormalities in glial cells. While genetic factors are important in the etiology of most mental disorders, the relatively high rates of discordance among identical twins, particularly for depression and other stress-related syndromes, clearly indicate the importance of additional mechanisms. Environmental factors such as stress are known to play a role in the onset of these illnesses. Exposure to such environmental insults induces stable changes in gene expression, neural circuit function, and ultimately behavior, and these maladaptations appear distinct between developmental versus adult exposures. Increasing evidence indicates that these sustained abnormalities are maintained by epigenetic modifications in specific brain regions. Indeed, transcriptional dysregulation and the aberrant epigenetic regulation that underlies this dysregulation is a unifying theme in psychiatric disorders. Here, we provide a progress report of epigenetic studies of the three major psychiatric syndromes, depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. We review the literature derived from animal models of these disorders as well as from studies of postmortem brain tissue from human patients. While epigenetic studies of mental illness remain at early stages, understanding how environmental factors recruit the epigenetic machinery within specific brain regions to cause lasting changes in disease susceptibility and pathophysiology is revealing new insight into the etiology and treatment of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Nestler
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, The Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Catherine J Peña
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, The Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marija Kundakovic
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, The Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amanda Mitchell
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, The Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, The Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Iwatani J, Ishida T, Donishi T, Ukai S, Shinosaki K, Terada M, Kaneoke Y. Use of T1-weighted/T2-weighted magnetic resonance ratio images to elucidate changes in the schizophrenic brain. Brain Behav 2015; 5:e00399. [PMID: 26516617 PMCID: PMC4614056 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One leading hypothesis suggests that schizophrenia (SZ) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by genetic defects in association with environmental risk factors that affect synapse and myelin formation. Recent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of SZ brain showed both gray matter (GM) reduction and white matter (WM) fractional anisotropy reduction. In this study, we used T1-weighted (T1w)/T2-weighted (T2w) MRI ratio images, which increase myelin-related signal contrast and reduce receiver-coil bias. METHODS We measured T1w/T2w ratio image signal intensity in 29 patients with SZ and 33 healthy controls (HCs), and then compared them against bias-corrected T1w images. RESULTS Mean T1w/T2w ratio signal intensity values across all SZ GM and WM voxels were significantly lower than those for the HC values (analysis of covariance with age, gender, handedness, and premorbid intelligence quotient as nuisance covariates). SZ mean WM T1w/T2w ratio values were related to Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scores and were inversely related to the positive psychotic symptoms of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Voxel-based analysis revealed significantly lower T1w/T2w ratio image signal intensity values in the right ventral putamen in SZ GM. T1w image intensities did not differ between the SZ and HC groups. CONCLUSIONS T1-weighted/T2-weighted ratio imaging increased the detectability of SZ pathological changes. Reduced SZ brain signal intensity is likely due to diminished myelin content; therefore, mapping myelin-related SZ brain changes using T1w/T2w ratio images may be useful for studies of SZ brain abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Iwatani
- Department of Neuropsychiatry Graduate School of Wakayama Medical University 811-1 Kimiidera Wakayama 641-8509 Japan
| | - Takuya Ishida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry Graduate School of Wakayama Medical University 811-1 Kimiidera Wakayama 641-8509 Japan ; Department of System Neurophysiology Graduate School of Wakayama Medical University 811-1 Kimiidera Wakayama 641-8509 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Donishi
- Department of System Neurophysiology Graduate School of Wakayama Medical University 811-1 Kimiidera Wakayama 641-8509 Japan
| | - Satoshi Ukai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry Graduate School of Wakayama Medical University 811-1 Kimiidera Wakayama 641-8509 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shinosaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry Graduate School of Wakayama Medical University 811-1 Kimiidera Wakayama 641-8509 Japan
| | - Masaki Terada
- Wakayama-Minami Radiology Clinic 870-2 Kimiidera Wakayama 641-0012 Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kaneoke
- Department of System Neurophysiology Graduate School of Wakayama Medical University 811-1 Kimiidera Wakayama 641-8509 Japan
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Franco PG, Pasquini LA, Pérez MJ, Rosato-Siri MV, Silvestroff L, Pasquini JM. Paving the way for adequate myelination: The contribution of galectin-3, transferrin and iron. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3388-95. [PMID: 26296311 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Considering the worldwide incidence of well characterized demyelinating disorders such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and the increasing number of pathologies recently found to involve hypomyelinating factors such as micronutrient deficits, elucidating the molecular basis of central nervous system (CNS) demyelination, remyelination and hypomyelination becomes essential to the development of future neuroregenerative therapies. In this context, this review discusses novel findings on the contribution of galectin-3 (Gal-3), transferrin (Tf) and iron to the processes of myelination and remyelination and their potentially positive regulation of oligodendroglial precursor cell (OPC) differentiation. Studies were conducted in cuprizone (CPZ)-induced demyelination and iron deficiency (ID)-induced hypomyelination, and the participation of glial and neural stem cells (NSC) in the remyelination process was evaluated by means of both in vivo and in vitro assays on primary cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula G Franco
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, IQUIFIB-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura A Pasquini
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, IQUIFIB-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María J Pérez
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, IQUIFIB-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María V Rosato-Siri
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, IQUIFIB-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas Silvestroff
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, IQUIFIB-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juana M Pasquini
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, IQUIFIB-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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55
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Wang C, Aleksic B, Ozaki N. Glia-related genes and their contribution to schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2015; 69:448-61. [PMID: 25759284 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia, a debilitating disease with 1% prevalence in the general population, is characterized by major neuropsychiatric symptoms, including delusions, hallucinations, and deficits in emotional and social behavior. Previous studies have directed their investigations on the mechanism of schizophrenia towards neuronal dysfunction and have defined schizophrenia as a 'neuron-centric' disorder. However, along with the development of genetics and systematic biology approaches in recent years, the crucial role of glial cells in the brain has also been shown to contribute to the etiopathology of schizophrenia. Here, we summarize comprehensive data that support the involvement of glial cells (including oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglial cells) in schizophrenia and list several acknowledged glia-related genes or molecules associated with schizophrenia. Instead of purely an abnormality of neurons in schizophrenia, an additional 'glial perspective' provides us a novel and promising insight into the causal mechanisms and treatment for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyao Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Branko Aleksic
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Abstract
Myelination of axons in the nervous system of vertebrates enables fast, saltatory impulse propagation, one of the best-understood concepts in neurophysiology. However, it took a long while to recognize the mechanistic complexity both of myelination by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells and of their cellular interactions. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of myelin biogenesis, its lifelong plasticity, and the reciprocal interactions of myelinating glia with the axons they ensheath. In the central nervous system, myelination is also stimulated by axonal activity and astrocytes, whereas myelin clearance involves microglia/macrophages. Once myelinated, the long-term integrity of axons depends on glial supply of metabolites and neurotrophic factors. The relevance of this axoglial symbiosis is illustrated in normal brain aging and human myelin diseases, which can be studied in corresponding mouse models. Thus, myelinating cells serve a key role in preserving the connectivity and functions of a healthy nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany; ,
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57
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Benam KH, Dauth S, Hassell B, Herland A, Jain A, Jang KJ, Karalis K, Kim HJ, MacQueen L, Mahmoodian R, Musah S, Torisawa YS, van der Meer AD, Villenave R, Yadid M, Parker KK, Ingber DE. Engineered in vitro disease models. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2015; 10:195-262. [PMID: 25621660 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate goal of most biomedical research is to gain greater insight into mechanisms of human disease or to develop new and improved therapies or diagnostics. Although great advances have been made in terms of developing disease models in animals, such as transgenic mice, many of these models fail to faithfully recapitulate the human condition. In addition, it is difficult to identify critical cellular and molecular contributors to disease or to vary them independently in whole-animal models. This challenge has attracted the interest of engineers, who have begun to collaborate with biologists to leverage recent advances in tissue engineering and microfabrication to develop novel in vitro models of disease. As these models are synthetic systems, specific molecular factors and individual cell types, including parenchymal cells, vascular cells, and immune cells, can be varied independently while simultaneously measuring system-level responses in real time. In this article, we provide some examples of these efforts, including engineered models of diseases of the heart, lung, intestine, liver, kidney, cartilage, skin and vascular, endocrine, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems, as well as models of infectious diseases and cancer. We also describe how engineered in vitro models can be combined with human inducible pluripotent stem cells to enable new insights into a broad variety of disease mechanisms, as well as provide a test bed for screening new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kambez H Benam
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115;
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Brucato N, Guadalupe T, Franke B, Fisher SE, Francks C. A schizophrenia-associated HLA locus affects thalamus volume and asymmetry. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 46:311-8. [PMID: 25728236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) have recently been shown to have neuronal functions in the thalamus and hippocampus. Common genetic variants in the Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) region, human homologue of the MHC locus, are associated with small effects on susceptibility to schizophrenia, while volumetric changes of the thalamus and hippocampus have also been linked to schizophrenia. We therefore investigated whether common variants of the HLA would affect volumetric variation of the thalamus and hippocampus. We analysed thalamus and hippocampus volumes, as measured using structural magnetic resonance imaging, in 1.265 healthy participants. These participants had also been genotyped using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays. We imputed genotypes for single nucleotide polymorphisms at high density across the HLA locus, as well as HLA allotypes and HLA amino acids, by use of a reference population dataset that was specifically targeted to the HLA region. We detected a significant association of the SNP rs17194174 with thalamus volume (nominal P=0.0000017, corrected P=0.0039), as well as additional SNPs within the same region of linkage disequilibrium. This effect was largely lateralized to the left thalamus and is localized within a genomic region previously associated with schizophrenia. The associated SNPs are also clustered within a potential regulatory element, and a region of linkage disequilibrium that spans genes expressed in the thalamus, including HLA-A. Our data indicate that genetic variation within the HLA region influences the volume and asymmetry of the human thalamus. The molecular mechanisms underlying this association may relate to HLA influences on susceptibility to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Brucato
- Language & Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Tulio Guadalupe
- Language & Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Language & Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Clyde Francks
- Language & Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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59
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Siu CR, Balsor JL, Jones DG, Murphy KM. Classic and Golli Myelin Basic Protein have distinct developmental trajectories in human visual cortex. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:138. [PMID: 25964736 PMCID: PMC4408849 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, myelin is viewed as insulation around axons, however, more recent studies have shown it also plays an important role in plasticity, axonal metabolism, and neuroimmune signaling. Myelin is a complex multi-protein structure composed of hundreds of proteins, with Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) being the most studied. MBP has two families: Classic-MBP that is necessary for activity driven compaction of myelin around axons, and Golli-MBP that is found in neurons, oligodendrocytes, and T-cells. Furthermore, Golli-MBP has been called a “molecular link” between the nervous and immune systems. In visual cortex specifically, myelin proteins interact with immune processes to affect experience-dependent plasticity. We studied myelin in human visual cortex using Western blotting to quantify Classic- and Golli-MBP expression in post-mortem tissue samples ranging in age from 20 days to 80 years. We found that Classic- and Golli-MBP have different patterns of change across the lifespan. Classic-MBP gradually increases to 42 years and then declines into aging. Golli-MBP has early developmental changes that are coincident with milestones in visual system sensitive period, and gradually increases into aging. There are three stages in the balance between Classic- and Golli-MBP expression, with Golli-MBP dominating early, then shifting to Classic-MBP, and back to Golli-MBP in aging. Also Golli-MBP has a wave of high inter-individual variability during childhood. These results about cortical MBP expression are timely because they compliment recent advances in MRI techniques that produce high resolution maps of cortical myelin in normal and diseased brain. In addition, the unique pattern of Golli-MBP expression across the lifespan suggests that it supports high levels of neuroimmune interaction in cortical development and in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin R Siu
- McMaster Integrative Neuroscience Discovery and Study Program, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Justin L Balsor
- McMaster Integrative Neuroscience Discovery and Study Program, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kathryn M Murphy
- McMaster Integrative Neuroscience Discovery and Study Program, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada ; Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
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60
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Transcriptional upregulation of myelin components in spontaneous myelin basic protein-deficient mice. Brain Res 2015; 1606:125-32. [PMID: 25708149 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Myelin is essential for efficient signal transduction in the nervous system comprising of multiple proteins. The intricacies of the regulation of the formation of myelin, and its components, are not fully understood. Here, we describe the characterization of a novel myelin basic protein (Mbp) mutant mouse, mbp(jive), which spontaneously occurred in our mouse colony. These mice displayed the onset of a shaking gait before 3 weeks of age and seizure onset before 2 months of age. Due to a progressive increase of seizure intensity, mbp(jive) mice experienced premature lethality at around 3 months of age. Mbp mRNA transcript or protein was undetectable and, accordingly, genetic analysis demonstrated a homozygous loss of exons 3 to 6 of Mbp. Peripheral nerve conductance was mostly unimpaired. Additionally, we observed grave structural changes in white matter predominant structures were detected by T1, T2 and diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging. We additionally observed that Mbp-deficiency results in an upregulation of Qkl, Mag and Cnp, suggestive of a regulatory feedback mechanism whereby compensatory increases in Qkl have downstream effects on Mag and Cnp. Further research will clarify the role and specifications of this myelin feedback loop, as well as determine its potential role in therapeutic strategies for demyelinating disorders.
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61
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Chen XS, Huang N, Michael N, Xiao L. Advancements in the Underlying Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia: Implications of DNA Methylation in Glial Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:451. [PMID: 26696822 PMCID: PMC4667081 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a chronic and severe mental illness for which currently there is no cure. At present, the exact molecular mechanism involved in the underlying pathogenesis of SZ is unknown. The disease is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, psychological, and environmental factors. Recent studies have shown that epigenetic regulation is involved in SZ pathology. Specifically, DNA methylation, one of the earliest found epigenetic modifications, has been extensively linked to modulation of neuronal function, leading to psychiatric disorders such as SZ. However, increasing evidence indicates that glial cells, especially dysfunctional oligodendrocytes undergo DNA methylation changes that contribute to the pathogenesis of SZ. This review primarily focuses on DNA methylation involved in glial dysfunctions in SZ. Clarifying this mechanism may lead to the development of new therapeutic interventional strategies for the treatment of SZ and other illnesses by correcting abnormal methylation in glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Shu Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Nanxin Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Namaka Michael
- College of Pharmacy and Medicine, Joint Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry Between Shantou University Medical College and the College of Medicine, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lan Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Lan Xiao
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62
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Wigand M, Kubicki M, von Hohenberg CC, Leicht G, Karch S, Eckbo R, Pelavin PE, Hawley K, Rujescu D, Bouix S, Shenton ME, Mulert C. Auditory verbal hallucinations and the interhemispheric auditory pathway in chronic schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry 2015; 16:31-44. [PMID: 25224883 PMCID: PMC4698973 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2014.948063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The interhemispheric auditory pathway has been shown to play a crucial role in the processing of acoustic stimuli, and alterations of structural and functional connectivity between bilateral auditory areas are likely relevant to the pathogenesis of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs). The aim of this study was to examine this pathway in patients with chronic schizophrenia regarding their lifetime history of AVHs. METHODS DTI scans were acquired from 33 healthy controls (HC), 24 schizophrenia patients with a history of AVHs (LT-AVH) and nine schizophrenia patients without any lifetime hallucinations (N-LT-AVH). The interhemispheric auditory fibre bundles were extracted using streamline tractography. Subsequently, diffusivity indices, namely Fractional Anisotropy (FA), Trace, Mode, Axial and Radial diffusivity, were calculated. RESULTS FA was decreased over the entire pathway in LT-AVH compared with N-LT-AVH. Moreover, LT-AVH displayed decreased FA and Mode as well as increased radial diffusivity in the midsagittal section of the fibre tract. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate complex microstructural changes in the interhemispheric auditory pathway of schizophrenia patients with a history of AVHs. Alterations appear to be absent in patients who have never hallucinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Wigand
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany,Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marek Kubicki
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Radiology, Surgical Planning Laboratory, MRI Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christian Clemm von Hohenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany,Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gregor Leicht
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ryan Eckbo
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paula E. Pelavin
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn Hawley
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Sylvain Bouix
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Radiology, Surgical Planning Laboratory, MRI Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Martha E. Shenton
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Radiology, Surgical Planning Laboratory, MRI Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Brockton, MA, USA
| | - Christoph Mulert
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Wang H, Liu S, Tian Y, Wu X, He Y, Li C, Namaka M, Kong J, Li H, Xiao L. Quetiapine Inhibits Microglial Activation by Neutralizing Abnormal STIM1-Mediated Intercellular Calcium Homeostasis and Promotes Myelin Repair in a Cuprizone-Induced Mouse Model of Demyelination. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:492. [PMID: 26732345 PMCID: PMC4685920 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation has been considered as a crucial process in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation and psychiatric disorders. Several antipsychotic drugs (APDs) have been shown to display inhibitory effects on microglial activation in vitro, possibly through the suppression of elevated intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) concentration. However, the exact underlying mechanisms still remain elusive. In this study, we aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of quetiapine (Que), an atypical APD, on microglial activation. We utilized a chronic cuprizone (CPZ)-induced demyelination mouse model to determine the direct effect of Que on microglial activation. Our results showed that treatment with Que significantly reduced recruitment and activation of microglia/macrophage in the lesion of corpus callosum and promoted remyelination after CPZ withdrawal. Our in vitro studies also confirmed the direct effect of Que on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation of microglial N9 cells, whereby Que significantly inhibited the release of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Moreover, we demonstrated that pretreatment with Que, neutralized the up-regulation of STIM1 induced by LPS and declined both LPS and thapsigargin (Tg)-induced store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE). Finally, we found that pretreatment with Que significantly reduced the translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 subunit from cytoplasm to nuclei in LPS-activated primary microglial cells. Overall, our data suggested that Que may inhibit microglial activation by neutralization of the LPS-induced abnormal STIM1-mediated intercellular calcium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhi Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shubao Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanping Tian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiyan Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yangtao He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chengren Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Michael Namaka
- College of Pharmacy and Medicine, Joint Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry Between Shantou University Medical College and College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jiming Kong
- College of Pharmacy and Medicine, Joint Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry Between Shantou University Medical College and College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hongli Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Hongli Li, ; Lan Xiao,
| | - Lan Xiao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Hongli Li, ; Lan Xiao,
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Leivada E, Boeckx C. Schizophrenia and cortical blindness: protective effects and implications for language. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:940. [PMID: 25506321 PMCID: PMC4246684 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The repeatedly noted absence of case-reports of individuals with schizophrenia and congenital/early developed blindness has led several authors to argue that the latter can confer protective effects against the former. In this work, we present a number of relevant case-reports from different syndromes that show comorbidity of congenital and early blindness with schizophrenia. On the basis of these reports, we argue that a distinction between different types of blindness in terms of the origin of the visual deficit, cortical or peripheral, is crucial for understanding the observed patterns of comorbidity. We discuss the genetic underpinnings and the brain structures involved in schizophrenia and blindness, with insights from language processing, laying emphasis on the three structures that particularly stand out: the occipital cortex, the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), and the pulvinar. Last, we build on previous literature on the nature of the protective effects in order to offer novel insights into the nature of the protection mechanism from the perspective of the brain structures involved in each type of blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Leivada
- Department of Linguistics, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Cedric Boeckx
- Department of Linguistics, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institute for Advanced Studies and Research (ICREA)Barcelona, Spain
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Vestal-Laborde AA, Eschenroeder AC, Bigbee JW, Robinson SE, Sato-Bigbee C. The opioid system and brain development: effects of methadone on the oligodendrocyte lineage and the early stages of myelination. Dev Neurosci 2014; 36:409-21. [PMID: 25138998 PMCID: PMC4175303 DOI: 10.1159/000365074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes express opioid receptors throughout development, but the role of the opioid system in myelination remains poorly understood. This is a significant problem as opioid use and abuse continue to increase in two particular populations: pregnant addicts (in whom drug effects could target early myelination in the fetus and newborn) and adolescents and young adults (in whom late myelination of 'higher-order' regions takes place). Maintenance treatments for opioid addicts include the long-lasting opioids methadone and buprenorphine. Similar to our previous findings on the effects of buprenorphine, we have now found that early myelination in the developing rat brain is also altered by perinatal exposure to therapeutic doses of methadone. Pups exposed to this drug exhibited elevated brain levels of the 4 major splicing variants of myelin basic protein, myelin proteolipid protein, and myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Consistent with the enrichment and function of these proteins in mature myelin, analysis of the corpus callosum in these young animals also indicated an elevated number of axons with already highly compacted myelin sheaths. Moreover, studies in cultured cells showed that methadone exerts direct effects at specific stages of the oligodendrocyte lineage, stimulating the proliferation of progenitor cells while on the other hand accelerating the maturation of the more differentiated but still immature preoligodendrocytes. While the long-term effects of these observations remain unknown, accelerated or increased oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination could both disrupt the complex sequence of synchronized events leading to normal connectivity in the developing brain. Together with our previous observations on the effects of buprenorphine, the present findings further underscore a crucial function of the endogenous opioid system in the control of oligodendrocyte development and the timing of myelination. Interference with these regulatory systems by opioid use or maintenance treatments could disrupt the normal process of brain maturation at critical stages of myelin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison A. Vestal-Laborde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, 23298-0614
| | - Andrew C. Eschenroeder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, 23298-0614
| | - John W. Bigbee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Richmond, Virginia, 23298-0709
| | - Susan E. Robinson
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0310
| | - Carmen Sato-Bigbee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, 23298-0614
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Tiwari SK, Agarwal S, Chauhan LKS, Mishra VN, Chaturvedi RK. Bisphenol-A impairs myelination potential during development in the hippocampus of the rat brain. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:1395-416. [PMID: 25084756 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8817-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Myelin is the functional implication of oligodendrocytes (OLs), which is involved in insulation of axons and promoting rapid propagation of action potential in the brain. OLs are derived from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), which proliferate, differentiate, and migrate throughout the central nervous system. Defects in myelination process lead to the onset of several neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. Exposure to synthetic xenoestrogen bisphenol-A (BPA) causes cognitive dysfunction, impairs hippocampal neurogenesis, and causes onset of neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the effects of BPA on OPC proliferation, differentiation and myelination, and associated cellular and molecular mechanism(s) in the hippocampus of the rat brain are still largely unknown. We found that BPA significantly decreased bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cell proliferation and number and size of oligospheres. We observed reduced co-localization of BrdU with myelination markers CNPase and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFR-α), suggesting impaired proliferation and differentiation of OPCs by BPA in culture. We studied the effects of BPA exposure during prenatal and postnatal periods on cellular and molecular alteration(s) in the myelination process in the hippocampus region of the rat brain at postnatal day 21 and 90. BPA exposure both in vitro and in vivo altered proliferation and differentiation potential of OPCs and decreased the expression of genes and levels of proteins that are involved in myelination. Ultrastructural electron microscopy analysis revealed that BPA exposure caused decompaction of myelinated axons and altered g-ratio at both the developmental periods as compared to control. These results suggest that BPA exposure both during prenatal and postnatal periods alters myelination in the hippocampus of the rat brain leading to cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kant Tiwari
- Developmental Toxicology Division, Systems Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow, UP, 226001, India
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Rial D, Lara DR, Cunha RA. The Adenosine Neuromodulation System in Schizophrenia. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 119:395-449. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801022-8.00016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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