51
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Paolicelli RC, Ferretti MT. Function and Dysfunction of Microglia during Brain Development: Consequences for Synapses and Neural Circuits. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2017; 9:9. [PMID: 28539882 PMCID: PMC5423952 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2017.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many diverse factors, ranging from stress to infections, can perturb brain homeostasis and alter the physiological activity of microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system. Microglia play critical roles in the process of synaptic maturation and brain wiring during development. Any perturbation affecting microglial physiological function during critical developmental periods could result in defective maturation of synaptic circuits. In this review, we critically appraise the recent literature on the alterations of microglial activity induced by environmental and genetic factors occurring at pre- and early post-natal stages. Furthermore, we discuss the long-lasting consequences of early-life microglial perturbation on synaptic function and on vulnerability to neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa C Paolicelli
- IREM, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of ZurichZürich, Switzerland.,ZNZ Neuroscience Center ZurichZürich, Switzerland
| | - Maria T Ferretti
- IREM, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of ZurichZürich, Switzerland.,ZNZ Neuroscience Center ZurichZürich, Switzerland
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52
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Guida F, Luongo L, Boccella S, Giordano ME, Romano R, Bellini G, Manzo I, Furiano A, Rizzo A, Imperatore R, Iannotti FA, D'Aniello E, Piscitelli F, Sca Rossi F, Cristino L, Di Marzo V, de Novellis V, Maione S. Palmitoylethanolamide induces microglia changes associated with increased migration and phagocytic activity: involvement of the CB2 receptor. Sci Rep 2017; 7:375. [PMID: 28336953 PMCID: PMC5428303 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00342-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous fatty acid amide palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory actions mainly through inhibition of the release of pro-inflammatory molecules from mast cells, monocytes and macrophages. Indirect activation of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system is among the several mechanisms of action that have been proposed to underlie the different effects of PEA in vivo. In this study, we used cultured rat microglia and human macrophages to evaluate whether PEA affects eCB signaling. PEA was found to increase CB2 mRNA and protein expression through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) activation. This novel gene regulation mechanism was demonstrated through: (i) pharmacological PPAR-α manipulation, (ii) PPAR-α mRNA silencing, (iii) chromatin immunoprecipitation. Moreover, exposure to PEA induced morphological changes associated with a reactive microglial phenotype, including increased phagocytosis and migratory activity. Our findings suggest indirect regulation of microglial CB2R expression as a new possible mechanism underlying the effects of PEA. PEA can be explored as a useful tool for preventing/treating the symptoms associated with neuroinflammation in CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Guida
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy.,Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - L Luongo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy.,Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - S Boccella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - M E Giordano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - R Romano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - G Bellini
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialistic Surgery, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - I Manzo
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialistic Surgery, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - A Furiano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - A Rizzo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - R Imperatore
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - F A Iannotti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - E D'Aniello
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - F Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - F Sca Rossi
- Department of Women, Child and General and Specialistic Surgery, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - L Cristino
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - V Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - V de Novellis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy.,Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - S Maione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (Ex SUN), 80138, Naples, Italy. .,Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy.
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53
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Haim A, Julian D, Albin-Brooks C, Brothers HM, Lenz KM, Leuner B. A survey of neuroimmune changes in pregnant and postpartum female rats. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 59:67-78. [PMID: 27686844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy and the postpartum period, the adult female brain is remarkably plastic exhibiting modifications of neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. However, little is known about how microglia, the brain's innate immune cells, are altered during this time. In the current studies, microglial density, number and morphological phenotype were analyzed within multiple regions of the maternal brain that are known to show neural plasticity during the peripartum period and/or regulate peripartum behavioral changes. Our results show a significant reduction in microglial density during late pregnancy and the early-mid postpartum period in the basolateral amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens shell and dorsal hippocampus. In addition, microglia numbers were reduced postpartum in all four brain regions, and these reductions occurred primarily in microglia with a thin, ramified morphology. Across the various measures, microglia in the motor cortex were unaffected by reproductive status. The peripartum decrease in microglia may be a consequence of reduced proliferation as there were fewer numbers of proliferating microglia, and no changes in apoptotic microglia, in the postpartum hippocampus. Finally, hippocampal concentrations of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 were increased postpartum. Together, these data point to a shift in the maternal neuroimmune environment during the peripartum period that could contribute to neural and behavioral plasticity occurring during the transition to motherhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achikam Haim
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dominic Julian
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | - Holly M Brothers
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kathryn M Lenz
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Benedetta Leuner
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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54
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Milior G, Lecours C, Samson L, Bisht K, Poggini S, Pagani F, Deflorio C, Lauro C, Alboni S, Limatola C, Branchi I, Tremblay ME, Maggi L. Fractalkine receptor deficiency impairs microglial and neuronal responsiveness to chronic stress. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 55:114-125. [PMID: 26231972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is one of the most relevant triggering factors for major depression. Microglial cells are highly sensitive to stress and, more generally, to environmental challenges. However, the role of these brain immune cells in mediating the effects of stress is still unclear. Fractalkine signaling - which comprises the chemokine CX3CL1, mainly expressed by neurons, and its receptor CX3CR1, almost exclusively present on microglia in the healthy brain - has been reported to critically regulate microglial activity. Here, we investigated whether interfering with microglial function by deleting the Cx3cr1 gene affects the brain's response to chronic stress. To this purpose, we housed Cx3cr1 knockout and wild-type adult mice in either control or stressful environments for 2weeks, and investigated the consequences on microglial phenotype and interactions with synapses, synaptic transmission, behavioral response and corticosterone levels. Our results show that hampering neuron-microglia communication via the CX3CR1-CX3CL1 pathway prevents the effects of chronic unpredictable stress on microglial function, short- and long-term neuronal plasticity and depressive-like behavior. Overall, the present findings suggest that microglia-regulated mechanisms may underlie the differential susceptibility to stress and consequently the vulnerability to diseases triggered by the experience of stressful events, such as major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampaolo Milior
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Cynthia Lecours
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, 2705, boulevard Laurier, Québec, Canada
| | - Louis Samson
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, 2705, boulevard Laurier, Québec, Canada
| | - Kanchan Bisht
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, 2705, boulevard Laurier, Québec, Canada
| | - Silvia Poggini
- Section of Behavioural Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Pagani
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia@Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Deflorio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Département de Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Unité Neurobiologie Intégrative des Systèmes Cholinergiques, Paris Cedex 15, Paris, France
| | - Clotilde Lauro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Alboni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Igor Branchi
- Section of Behavioural Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marie-Eve Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, 2705, boulevard Laurier, Québec, Canada.
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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55
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Bhattacharya A, Biber K. The microglial ATP-gated ion channel P2X7 as a CNS drug target. Glia 2016; 64:1772-87. [PMID: 27219534 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Based on promising preclinical evidence, microglial P2X7 has increasingly being recognized as a target for therapeutic intervention in neurological and psychiatric diseases. However, despite this knowledge no P2X7-related drug has yet entered clinical trials with respect to CNS diseases. We here discuss the current literature on P2X7 being a drug target and identify unsolved issues and still open questions that have hampered the development of P2X7 dependent therapeutic approaches for CNS diseases. It is concluded here that the lack of brain penetrating P2X7 antagonists is a major obstacle in the field and that central P2X7 is a yet untested clinical drug target. In the CNS, microglial P2X7 activation causes neuroinflammation, which in turn plays a role in various CNS disorders. This has resulted in a surge of brain penetrant P2X7 antagonists. P2X7 is a viable, clinically untested CNS drug target. GLIA 2016;64:1772-1787.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Bhattacharya
- LLC. Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California
| | - Knut Biber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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56
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Masuch A, van der Pijl R, Füner L, Wolf Y, Eggen B, Boddeke E, Biber K. Microglia replenished OHSC: A culture system to studyin vivolike adult microglia. Glia 2016; 64:1285-97. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Masuch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; University Hospital, University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Rianne van der Pijl
- Department of Neuroscience; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Füner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; University Hospital, University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Yochai Wolf
- Department of Immunology; Weizmann Institute; Rehovot Israel
| | - Bart Eggen
- Department of Neuroscience; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Erik Boddeke
- Department of Neuroscience; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Knut Biber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; University Hospital, University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Department of Neuroscience; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
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57
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58
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Karperien AL, Jelinek HF. Box-Counting Fractal Analysis: A Primer for the Clinician. SPRINGER SERIES IN COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3995-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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59
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Central nervous system myeloid cells as drug targets: current status and translational challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 15:110-24. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2015.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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60
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Gottfried C, Bambini-Junior V, Francis F, Riesgo R, Savino W. The Impact of Neuroimmune Alterations in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:121. [PMID: 26441683 PMCID: PMC4563148 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) involves a complex interplay of both genetic and environmental risk factors, with immune alterations and synaptic connection deficiency in early life. In the past decade, studies of ASD have substantially increased, in both humans and animal models. Immunological imbalance (including autoimmunity) has been proposed as a major etiological component in ASD, taking into account increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines observed in postmortem brain from patients, as well as autoantibody production. Also, epidemiological studies have established a correlation of ASD with family history of autoimmune diseases; associations with major histocompatibility complex haplotypes and abnormal levels of immunological markers in the blood. Moreover, the use of animal models to study ASD is providing increasing information on the relationship between the immune system and the pathophysiology of ASD. Herein, we will discuss the accumulating literature for ASD, giving special attention to the relevant aspects of factors that may be related to the neuroimmune interface in the development of ASD, including changes in neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmem Gottfried
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorder (GETTEA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Research Group in Neuroglial Plasticity, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Victorio Bambini-Junior
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorder (GETTEA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Research Group in Neuroglial Plasticity, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fiona Francis
- Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR-S 839, Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Rudimar Riesgo
- Translational Research Group in Autism Spectrum Disorder (GETTEA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Child Neurology Unit, Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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61
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Karperien AL, Jelinek HF. Fractal, multifractal, and lacunarity analysis of microglia in tissue engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:51. [PMID: 25927064 PMCID: PMC4396415 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey L Karperien
- Centre for Research in Complex Systems, School of Community Health, Charles Sturt University , Albury, NSW , Australia
| | - Herbert F Jelinek
- Centre for Research in Complex Systems, School of Community Health, Charles Sturt University , Albury, NSW , Australia
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62
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Delpech JC, Madore C, Nadjar A, Joffre C, Wohleb ES, Layé S. Microglia in neuronal plasticity: Influence of stress. Neuropharmacology 2015; 96:19-28. [PMID: 25582288 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) has previously been regarded as an immune-privileged site with the absence of immune cell responses but this dogma was not entirely true. Microglia are the brain innate immune cells and recent findings indicate that they participate both in CNS disease and infection as well as facilitate normal CNS function. Microglia are highly plastic and play integral roles in sculpting the structure of the CNS, refining neuronal circuitry and connectivity, and contribute actively to neuronal plasticity in the healthy brain. Interestingly, psychological stress can perturb the function of microglia in association with an impaired neuronal plasticity and the development of emotional behavior alterations. As a result it seemed important to describe in this review some findings indicating that the stress-induced microglia dysfunction may underlie neuroplasticity deficits associated to many mood disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Neuroimmunology and Synaptic Function'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Delpech
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA 1286, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Charlotte Madore
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA 1286, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Agnes Nadjar
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA 1286, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Corinne Joffre
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA 1286, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Eric S Wohleb
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Sophie Layé
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA 1286, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33077, France.
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63
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Branchi I, Alboni S, Maggi L. The role of microglia in mediating the effect of the environment in brain plasticity and behavior. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:390. [PMID: 25477783 PMCID: PMC4235360 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Branchi
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Alboni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University Rome, Italy
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