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Bollinger JL, Horchar MJ, Wohleb ES. Repeated Activation of Pyramidal Neurons in the Prefrontal Cortex Alters Microglial Phenotype in Male Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:715-723. [PMID: 38129124 PMCID: PMC10801771 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant neuronal activity in the cortex alters microglia phenotype and function in several contexts, including chronic psychologic stress and neurodegenerative disease. Recent findings even suggest that heightened levels of neuronal activity spur microglia to phagocytose synapses, with potential impacts on cognition and behavior. Thus, the present studies were designed to determine if activation of neurons alone-independent of disease or dysfunction-is sufficient to alter microglial phenotype in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a brain region critical in emotion regulation and cognition. In these studies, we used both an adeno-associated virus-mediated and Cre-dependent chemogenetic [designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD)] approach to repeatedly activate excitatory pyramidal neurons (CaMKIIa+) neurons in the mPFC. Various molecular, cytometric, and behavioral endpoints were examined. Recurrent DREADD-induced neuronal activation led to pronounced changes in microglial density, clustering, and morphology in the mPFC and increased microglia-specific transcripts implicated in synaptic pruning (e.g., Csf1r, Cd11b). Further analyses revealed that the magnitude of DREADD-induced neuronal activation was significantly correlated with measures of microglial morphology in the mPFC. These alterations in microglial phenotype coincided with an increase in microglial lysosome volume in the mPFC and selective deficits in working memory function. Altogether, these findings indicate that repeated neuronal activation alone is sufficient to drive changes in microglia phenotype and function in the mPFC. Future studies using optogenetic and chemogenetic approaches to manipulate neural circuits need to consider microglial and other nonneuronal contributions to physiologic and behavioral outcomes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Microglia are highly attuned to fluctuations in neuronal activity. Here we show that repeated activation of pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex induces broad changes in microglia phenotype; this includes upregulation of pathways associated with microglial proliferation, microglia-neuron interactions, and lysosome induction. Our findings suggest that studies using chemogenetic or optogenetic approaches to manipulate neural circuits should be mindful of indirect effects on nonneuronal cells and their potential contribution to measured outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L Bollinger
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Matthew J Horchar
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Eric S Wohleb
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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2
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Smail MA, Smith BL, Shukla R, Alganem K, Eby HM, Bollinger JL, Parikh RK, Chambers JB, Reigle JK, Moloney RD, Nawreen N, Wohleb ES, Pantazopoulos H, McCullumsmith RE, Herman JP. Molecular neurobiology of loss: a role for basolateral amygdala extracellular matrix. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4729-4741. [PMID: 37644175 PMCID: PMC10914625 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Psychological loss is a common experience that erodes well-being and negatively impacts quality of life. The molecular underpinnings of loss are poorly understood. Here, we investigate the mechanisms of loss using an environmental enrichment removal (ER) paradigm in male rats. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) was identified as a region of interest, demonstrating differential Fos responsivity to ER and having an established role in stress processing and adaptation. A comprehensive multi-omics investigation of the BLA, spanning multiple cohorts, platforms, and analyses, revealed alterations in microglia and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Follow-up studies indicated that ER decreased microglia size, complexity, and phagocytosis, suggesting reduced immune surveillance. Loss also substantially increased ECM coverage, specifically targeting perineuronal nets surrounding parvalbumin interneurons, suggesting decreased plasticity and increased inhibition within the BLA following loss. Behavioral analyses suggest that these molecular effects are linked to impaired BLA salience evaluation, leading to a mismatch between stimulus and reaction intensity. These loss-like behaviors could be rescued by depleting BLA ECM during the removal period, helping us understand the mechanisms underlying loss and revealing novel molecular targets to ameliorate its impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A Smail
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Brittany L Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rammohan Shukla
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Khaled Alganem
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Hunter M Eby
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Justin L Bollinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ria K Parikh
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James B Chambers
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James K Reigle
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rachel D Moloney
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, UK
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, UK
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, UK
| | - Nawshaba Nawreen
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eric S Wohleb
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Harry Pantazopoulos
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Robert E McCullumsmith
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
- Neurosciences Institute, ProMedica, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - James P Herman
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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3
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Woodburn SC, Asrat HS, Flurer JK, Schwierling HC, Bollinger JL, Vollmer LL, Wohleb ES. Depletion of microglial BDNF increases susceptibility to the behavioral and synaptic effects of chronic unpredictable stress. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 109:127-138. [PMID: 36681359 PMCID: PMC10023455 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), chronic stress reduces synaptic expression of glutamate receptors, leading to decreased excitatory signaling from layer V pyramidal neurons and working memory deficits. One key element driving these changes is a reduction in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling. BDNF is a potent mediator of synaptic growth and deficient BDNF signaling has been linked to stress susceptibility. Prior studies indicated that neurons are the primary source of BDNF, but more recent work suggests that microglia are also an important source of BDNF. Adding to this, our work showed that 14 days of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) reduced Bdnf transcript in PFC microglia, evincing its relevance in the effects of stress. To explore this further, we utilized transgenic mice with microglia-specific depletion of BDNF (Cx3cr1Cre/+:Bdnffl/fl) and genotype controls (Cx3cr1Cre/+:Bdnf+/+). In the following experiments, mice were exposed to a shortened CUS paradigm (7 days) to determine if microglial Bdnf depletion promotes stress susceptibility. Analyses of PFC microglia revealed that Cx3cr1Cre/+:Bdnffl/fl mice had shifts in phenotypic markers and gene expression. In a separate cohort, synaptoneurosomes were collected from the PFC and western blotting was performed for synaptic markers. These experiments showed that Cx3cr1Cre/+:Bdnffl/fl mice had baseline deficits in GluN2B, and that 7 days of CUS additionally reduced GluN2A levels in Cx3cr1Cre/+:Bdnffl/fl mice, but not genotype controls. Behavioral and cognitive testing showed that this coincided with exacerbated stress effects on temporal object recognition in Cx3cr1Cre/+:Bdnffl/fl mice. These results indicate that microglial BDNF promotes glutamate receptor expression in the PFC. As such, mice with deficient microglial BDNF had increased susceptibility to the behavioral and cognitive consequences of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Woodburn
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Helina S Asrat
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James K Flurer
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hana C Schwierling
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Justin L Bollinger
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lauren L Vollmer
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eric S Wohleb
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Morano R, Yates E, Barnes R, Wohleb ES, Perez-Tilve D. Influence of Nutritional Status and Leptin Action on Agrp and Pomc Co-Expression in Hypothalamic Melanocortin System Neurons. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:287-297. [PMID: 33906196 DOI: 10.1159/000516834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The control of energy balance relies on the counterbalancing release of neuropeptides encoded by the pro-opiomelanocortin (Pomc) and agouti-related protein (Agrp) genes, expressed by 2 distinct neuronal populations of the arcuate (ARC) nucleus of the hypothalamus. Although largely segregated, single-cell resolution techniques demonstrate some degree of co-expression. We studied whether challenges to the control of energy balance influence the degree of Agrp and Pomc co-expression in ARC melanocortin neurons. METHODS We used fluorescence-activated cell sorting followed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and fluorescent in situ hybridization to measure Pomc and Agrp gene co-expression in POMC or AGRP neurons in response to (1) acute or chronic calorie restriction, or (2) obesity due to loss of leptin receptor expression or chronic high-fat diet feeding in male mice. RESULTS Melanocortin ARC neurons of fed mice exhibited low, yet detectable, levels of Pomc and Agrp gene co-expression. Calorie restriction significantly increased and decreased total Agrp and Pomc expression, respectively, and reduced the expression of Pomc relative to Agrp in AGRP neurons. Leptin-deficient db/db mice showed increased total Agrp levels and decreased Pomc expression, as well as significantly increased Agrp expression relative to Pomc in POMC neurons. Expression or co-expression levels did not differ between diet-induced obese mice and lean controls. CONCLUSIONS Changes in Agrp and Pomc co-expression within POMC and AGRP neurons following chronic calorie restriction or in db/db mice suggest an additional mechanism to further suppress the melanocortin signaling during conditions of severely reduced leptin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Morano
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati-College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Emily Yates
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati-College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rachel Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati-College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Eric S Wohleb
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati-College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati-College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Abstract
Microglia are emerging as critical regulators of neuronal function and behavior in nearly every area of neuroscience. Initial reports focused on classical immune functions of microglia in pathological contexts, however, immunological concepts from these studies have been applied to describe neuro-immune interactions in the absence of disease, injury, or infection. Indeed, terms such as 'microglia activation' or 'neuroinflammation' are used ubiquitously to describe changes in neuro-immune function in disparate contexts; particularly in stress research, where these terms prompt undue comparisons to pathological conditions. This creates a barrier for investigators new to neuro-immunology and ultimately hinders our understanding of stress effects on microglia. As more studies seek to understand the role of microglia in neurobiology and behavior, it is increasingly important to develop standard methods to study and define microglial phenotype and function. In this review, we summarize primary research on the role of microglia in pathological and physiological contexts. Further, we propose a framework to better describe changes in microglia1 phenotype and function in chronic stress. This approach will enable more precise characterization of microglia in different contexts, which should facilitate development of microglia-directed therapeutics in psychiatric and neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Woodburn
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Justin L Bollinger
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eric S Wohleb
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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6
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Koo JW, Wohleb ES. How Stress Shapes Neuroimmune Function: Implications for the Neurobiology of Psychiatric Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:74-84. [PMID: 33485589 PMCID: PMC8126571 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress causes physiological and hormonal adaptations that lead to neurobiological consequences and behavioral and cognitive impairments. In particular, chronic stress has been shown to drive reduced neurogenesis and altered synaptic plasticity in brain regions that regulate mood and motivation. The neurobiological and behavioral effects of stress resemble the pathophysiology and symptoms observed in psychiatric disorders, suggesting that there are similar underlying mechanisms. Accumulating evidence indicates that neuroimmune systems, particularly microglia, have a critical role in regulating the neurobiology of stress. Preclinical models indicate that chronic stress provokes changes in microglia phenotype and increases inflammatory cytokine signaling, which affects neuronal function and leads to synaptic plasticity deficits and impaired neurogenesis. More recent work has shown that microglia can also phagocytose neuronal elements and contribute to structural remodeling of neurons in response to chronic stress. In this review we highlight work by the Duman research group (as well as others) that has revealed how chronic stress shapes neuroimmune function and, in turn, how inflammatory mediators and microglia contribute to the neurobiological effects of chronic stress. We also provide considerations to engage the therapeutic potential of neuroimmune systems, with the goal of improving treatment for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Wook Koo
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain
Research Institute, Daegu, Korea,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk
Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
| | - Eric S. Wohleb
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology,
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of
America,Corresponding author: Eric S. Wohleb, Department
of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of
Medicine, 2120 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237 U.S.A.,
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7
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Woodburn SC, Bollinger JL, Wohleb ES. Synaptic and behavioral effects of chronic stress are linked to dynamic and sex-specific changes in microglia function and astrocyte dystrophy. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 14:100312. [PMID: 33748354 PMCID: PMC7970222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that males and females display different neurobiological responses to chronic stress which contribute to varied behavioral adaptations. In particular, pyramidal neurons undergo dendritic atrophy and synapse loss in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of male, but not female, mice. Our recent work shows that chronic stress also provokes microglia-mediated neuronal remodeling, which contributes to synaptic deficits in the PFC and associated behavioral consequences in males. Separate studies indicate that chronic stress promotes astrocyte dystrophy in the PFC which is associated with behavioral despair. Notably, these prior reports focused primarily on stress effects in males. In the present studies, male and female mice were exposed to 14 or 28 days of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) to assess molecular and cellular adaptations of microglia, astrocytes, and neurons in the medial PFC. Consistent with our recent work, male, but not female, mice displayed behavioral and cognitive deficits with corresponding perturbations of neuroimmune factors in the PFC after 14 days of CUS. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting and gene expression analyses revealed that CUS increased expression of select markers of phagocytosis in male PFC microglia. Confocal imaging in Thy1-GFP(M) mice showed that CUS reduced dendritic spine density, decreased GFAP immunolabeling, and increased microglia-mediated neuronal remodeling only in male mice. After 28 days of CUS, both male and female mice displayed behavioral and cognitive impairments. Interestingly, there were limited stress effects on neuroimmune factors and measures of microglial phagocytosis in the PFC of both sexes. Despite limited changes in neuroimmune function, reduced GFAP immunolabeling and dendritic spine deficits persisted in male mice. Further, GFAP immunolabeling and dendritic spine density remained unaltered in the PFC of females. These findings indicate that chronic stress causes sex-specific and temporally dynamic changes in microglial function which are associated with different neurobiological and behavioral adaptations. In all, these results suggest that microglia-mediated neuronal remodeling, astrocyte dystrophy, and synapse loss contribute to stress-induced PFC dysfunction and associated behavioral consequences in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C. Woodburn
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Justin L. Bollinger
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eric S. Wohleb
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 2120 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA.
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Gerhard DM, Pothula S, Liu RJ, Wu M, Li XY, Girgenti MJ, Taylor SR, Duman CH, Delpire E, Picciotto M, Wohleb ES, Duman RS. GABA interneurons are the cellular trigger for ketamine's rapid antidepressant actions. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:1336-1349. [PMID: 31743111 DOI: 10.1172/jci130808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A single subanesthetic dose of ketamine, an NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, produces rapid and sustained antidepressant actions in depressed patients, addressing a major unmet need for the treatment of mood disorders. Ketamine produces a rapid increase in extracellular glutamate and synaptic formation in the prefrontal cortex, but the initial cellular trigger that initiates this increase and ketamine's behavioral actions has not been identified. To address this question, we used a combination of viral shRNA and conditional mutation to produce cell-specific knockdown or deletion of a key NMDAR subunit, GluN2B, implicated in the actions of ketamine. The results demonstrated that the antidepressant actions of ketamine were blocked by GluN2B-NMDAR knockdown on GABA (Gad1) interneurons, as well as subtypes expressing somatostatin (Sst) or parvalbumin (Pvalb), but not glutamate principle neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Further analysis of GABA subtypes showed that cell-specific knockdown or deletion of GluN2B in Sst interneurons blocked or occluded the antidepressant actions of ketamine and revealed sex-specific differences that are associated with excitatory postsynaptic currents on mPFC principle neurons. These findings demonstrate that GluN2B-NMDARs on GABA interneurons are the initial cellular trigger for the rapid antidepressant actions of ketamine and show sex-specific adaptive mechanisms to GluN2B modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Gerhard
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Santosh Pothula
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rong-Jian Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xiao-Yuan Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Matthew J Girgenti
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Seth R Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Catharine H Duman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marina Picciotto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Eric S Wohleb
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ronald S Duman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Bollinger JL, Horchar MJ, Wohleb ES. Diazepam limits microglia-mediated neuronal remodeling in the prefrontal cortex and associated behavioral consequences following chronic unpredictable stress. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1766-1776. [PMID: 32454511 PMCID: PMC7419496 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0720-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress induces neuronal atrophy and synaptic loss in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), and this leads to behavioral and cognitive impairments. Our recent findings indicate that microglia contribute to structural remodeling of neurons via increased colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-1 in the medial PFC. Other work shows that chronic stress induces aberrant neuronal activity in the medial PFC, and that neuronal hyperactivity increases CSF1 signaling and alters microglia function. Thus, the present studies were designed to examine the role of neuronal activity in stress-induced CSF1 signaling and microglia-mediated neuronal remodeling in the medial PFC. Additional analyses probed stress effects on the dorsal hippocampus (HPC), basolateral amygdala (BLA), and somatosensory cortex (SSCTX). Mice were exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) or handled intermittently as controls, and received daily injection of vehicle or diazepam (1 mg/kg). As anticipated, diazepam attenuated CUS-induced behavioral despair and cognitive impairments. Further studies showed that diazepam normalized Csf1 and C3 mRNA in the PFC, and prevented increases in Csf1r and Cd11b in frontal cortex microglia following CUS. Stress had no effect on neuroimmune gene expression in the HPC. Confocal imaging in Thy1-GFP(M) mice demonstrated that diazepam limited microglial engulfment of neuronal elements and blocked CUS-induced dendritic spine loss in the medial PFC. Altogether, these findings indicate that modulation of chronic stress-induced neuronal activity limits microglia-mediated neuronal remodeling in the medial PFC, and subsequent behavioral and cognitive consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L Bollinger
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Matthew J Horchar
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eric S Wohleb
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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10
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Deyama S, Bang E, Wohleb ES, Li XY, Kato T, Gerhard DM, Dutheil S, Dwyer JM, Taylor SR, Picciotto MR, Duman RS. Role of Neuronal VEGF Signaling in the Prefrontal Cortex in the Rapid Antidepressant Effects of Ketamine. Am J Psychiatry 2019; 176:388-400. [PMID: 30606046 PMCID: PMC6494682 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17121368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine produces rapid and sustained antidepressant actions even in patients with treatment-resistant depression. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been implicated in the effects of conventional monoamine-based antidepressants, but the role of VEGF in the rapid antidepressant actions of ketamine remains unclear. The authors examined whether neuronal VEGF signaling in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) mediates the rapid antidepressant actions of ketamine. METHODS The authors used a combination of approaches, including conditional, neuron-specific knockout of VEGF or its receptor, Flk-1; antibody neutralization; viral-mediated knockdown of Flk-1; and pharmacological inhibitors. Further in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to examine whether neuronal VEGF signaling was required for the neurotrophic and synaptogenic actions of ketamine that underlie its behavioral actions. RESULTS The behavioral actions of systemic ketamine are blocked by forebrain excitatory neuron-specific deletion of either VEGF or Flk-1 or by intra-mPFC infusion of a VEGF neutralizing antibody. Moreover, intra-mPFC infusions of VEGF are sufficient to produce rapid ketamine-like behavioral actions, and these effects are blocked by neuron-specific Flk-1 deletion. The results also show that local knockdown of Flk-1 in mPFC excitatory neurons in adulthood blocks the behavioral effects of systemic ketamine. Moreover, inhibition of neuronal VEGF signaling blocks the neurotrophic and synaptogenic effects of ketamine. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings indicate that neuronal VEGF-Flk-1 signaling in the mPFC plays an essential role in the antidepressant actions of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Deyama
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.,Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Eunyoung Bang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Eric S. Wohleb
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Xiao-Yuan Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Taro Kato
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.,Drug Development Research Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Suita 564-0053, Japan
| | - Danielle M. Gerhard
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Sophie Dutheil
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Jason M. Dwyer
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Seth R. Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Marina R. Picciotto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Ronald S. Duman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.,Correspondence: Ronald S. Duman, Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA. Tel: 203-974-7726 Fax: 203-974-7724
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Wohleb ES, Terwilliger R, Duman CH, Duman RS. Stress-Induced Neuronal Colony Stimulating Factor 1 Provokes Microglia-Mediated Neuronal Remodeling and Depressive-like Behavior. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:38-49. [PMID: 28697890 PMCID: PMC6506225 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic stress exposure causes neuronal atrophy and synaptic deficits in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), contributing to development of anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors. Concomitantly, microglia in the PFC undergo morphological and functional changes following stress exposure, suggesting that microglia contribute to synaptic deficits underlying behavioral consequences. METHODS Male and female mice were exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) to examine the role of neuron-microglia interactions in the medial PFC during development of anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors. Thy1-GFP-M mice were used to assess microglia-mediated neuronal remodeling and dendritic spine density in the medial PFC. Viral-mediated knockdown of neuronal colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) was used to modulate microglia function and behavioral consequences after CUS. RESULTS CUS promoted anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors that were associated with increased messenger RNA levels of CSF1 in the PFC. Increased CSF1 messenger RNA levels were also detected in the postmortem dorsolateral PFC of individuals with depression. Moreover, microglia isolated from the frontal cortex of mice exposed to CUS show elevated CSF1 receptor expression and increased phagocytosis of neuronal elements. Notably, functional alterations in microglia were more pronounced in male mice compared with female mice. These functional changes in microglia corresponded with reduced dendritic spine density on pyramidal neurons in layer 1 of the medial PFC. Viral-mediated knockdown of neuronal CSF1 in the medial PFC attenuated microglia-mediated neuronal remodeling and prevented behavioral deficits caused by CUS. CONCLUSIONS These findings revealed that stress-induced elevations in neuronal CSF1 provokes microglia-mediated neuronal remodeling in the medial PFC, contributing to synaptic deficits and development of anxiety- and depressive-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Wohleb
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH,Corresponding author: Eric S. Wohleb, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 2120 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237 U.S.A.,
| | | | - Catharine H. Duman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ronald S. Duman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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12
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Franklin TC, Wohleb ES, Zhang Y, Fogaça M, Hare B, Duman RS. Persistent Increase in Microglial RAGE Contributes to Chronic Stress-Induced Priming of Depressive-like Behavior. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:50-60. [PMID: 28882317 PMCID: PMC6369917 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic stress-induced inflammatory responses occur in part via danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules, such as high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), but the receptor(s) underlying DAMP signaling have not been identified. METHODS Microglia morphology and DAMP signaling in enriched rat hippocampal microglia were examined during the development and expression of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced behavioral deficits, including long-term, persistent changes after CUS. RESULTS The results show that CUS promotes significant morphological changes and causes robust upregulation of HMGB1 messenger RNA in enriched hippocampal microglia, an effect that persists for up to 6 weeks after CUS exposure. This coincides with robust and persistent upregulation of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) messenger RNA, but not toll-like receptor 4 in hippocampal microglia. CUS also increased surface expression of RAGE protein on hippocampal microglia as determined by flow cytometry and returned to basal levels 5 weeks after CUS. Importantly, exposure to short-term stress was sufficient to increase RAGE surface expression as well as anhedonic behavior, reflecting a primed state that results from a persistent increase in RAGE messenger RNA expression. Further evidence for DAMP signaling in behavioral responses is provided by evidence that HMGB1 infusion into the hippocampus was sufficient to cause anhedonic behavior and by evidence that RAGE knockout mice were resilient to stress-induced anhedonia. CONCLUSIONS Together, the results provide evidence of persistent microglial HMGB1-RAGE expression that increases vulnerability to depressive-like behaviors long after chronic stress exposure.
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13
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Bath KG, Russo SJ, Pleil KE, Wohleb ES, Duman RS, Radley JJ. Circuit and synaptic mechanisms of repeated stress: Perspectives from differing contexts, duration, and development. Neurobiol Stress 2017; 7:137-151. [PMID: 29276735 PMCID: PMC5736942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The current review is meant to synthesize research presented as part of a symposium at the 2016 Neurobiology of Stress workshop in Irvine California. The focus of the symposium was "Stress and the Synapse: New Concepts and Methods" and featured the work of several junior investigators. The presentations focused on the impact of various forms of stress (altered maternal care, binge alcohol drinking, chronic social defeat, and chronic unpredictable stress) on synaptic function, neurodevelopment, and behavioral outcomes. One of the goals of the symposium was to highlight the mechanisms accounting for how the nervous system responds to stress and their impact on outcome measures with converging effects on the development of pathological behavior. Dr. Kevin Bath's presentation focused on the impact of disruptions in early maternal care and its impact on the timing of hippocampus maturation in mice, finding that this form of stress drove accelerated synaptic and behavioral maturation, and contributed to the later emergence of risk for cognitive and emotional disturbance. Dr. Scott Russo highlighted the impact of chronic social defeat stress in adolescent mice on the development and plasticity of reward circuity, with a focus on glutamatergic development in the nucleus accumbens and mesolimbic dopamine system, and the implications of these changes for disruptions in social and hedonic response, key processes disturbed in depressive pathology. Dr. Kristen Pleil described synaptic changes in the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis that underlie the behavioral consequences of allostatic load produced by repeated cycles of alcohol binge drinking and withdrawal. Dr. Eric Wohleb and Dr. Ron Duman provided new data associating decreased mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and neurobiological changes in the synapses in response to chronic unpredictable stress, and highlighted the potential for the novel antidepressant ketamine to rescue synaptic and behavioral effects. In aggregate, these presentations showcased how divergent perspectives provide new insights into the ways in which stress impacts circuit development and function, with implications for understanding emergence of affective pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G. Bath
- Department of Cognitive Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Scott J. Russo
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Kristen E. Pleil
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Eric S. Wohleb
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06508, United States
| | - Ronald S. Duman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06508, United States
| | - Jason J. Radley
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
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14
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Wohleb ES, Delpech JC. Dynamic cross-talk between microglia and peripheral monocytes underlies stress-induced neuroinflammation and behavioral consequences. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 79:40-48. [PMID: 27154755 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Psychological stress promotes the development and recurrence of anxiety and depressive behavioral symptoms. Basic and clinical research indicates that stress exposure can influence the neurobiology of mental health disorders through dysregulation of neuroimmune systems. Consistent with this idea several studies show that repeated stress exposure causes microglia activation and recruitment of peripheral monocytes to the brain contributing to development of anxiety- and depressive-like behavior. Further studies show that stress-induced re-distribution of peripheral monocytes leads to stress-sensitized neuroimmune responses and recurrent anxiety-like behavior. These stress-associated immune changes are important because brain resident and peripheral immune cells contribute to physiological processes that support neuroplasticity. Thus, perturbations in neuroimmune function can lead to impaired neuronal responses and synaptic plasticity deficits that underlie behavioral symptoms of mental health disorders. In this review we discuss recent advances in neuroimmune regulation of behavior and summarize studies showing that stress-induced microglia activation and monocyte trafficking in the brain contribute to the neurobiology of mental health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Wohleb
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, USA.
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15
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Wohleb ES, Gerhard D, Thomas A, Duman RS. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Rapid-Acting Antidepressants Ketamine and Scopolamine. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:11-20. [PMID: 26955968 PMCID: PMC5327447 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160309114549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent neuropsychiatric disease that causes profound social and economic burdens. The impact of MDD is compounded by the limited therapeutic efficacy and delay of weeks to months of currently available medications. These issues highlight the need for more efficacious and faster-acting treatments to alleviate the burdens of MDD. Recent breakthroughs demonstrate that certain drugs, including ketamine and scopolamine, produce rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects in MDD patients. Moreover, preclinical work has shown that the antidepressant actions of ketamine and scopolamine in rodent models are caused by an increase of extracellular glutamate, elevated BDNF, activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) cascade, and increased number and function of spine synapses in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Here we review studies showing that both ketamine and scopolamine elicit rapid antidepressant effects through converging molecular and cellular mechanisms in the PFC. In addition, we discuss evidence that selective antagonists of NMDA and muscarinic acetylcholine (mACh) receptor subtypes (i.e., NR2B and M1-AChR) in the PFC produce comparable antidepressant responses. Furthermore, we discuss evidence that ketamine and scopolamine antagonize inhibitory interneurons in the PFC leading to disinhibition of pyramidal neurons and increased extracellular glutamate that promotes the rapid antidepressant responses to these agents. Collectively, these studies indicate that specific NMDA and mACh receptor subtypes on GABAergic interneurons are promising targets for novel rapid-acting antidepressant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ronald S Duman
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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16
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Abstract
Persistent cognitive and behavioral symptoms that characterize many mental health disorders arise from impaired neuroplasticity in several key corticolimbic brain regions. Recent evidence suggests that reciprocal neuron–microglia interactions shape neuroplasticity during physiological conditions, implicating microglia in the neurobiology of mental health disorders. Neuron–microglia interactions are modulated by several molecular and cellular pathways, and dysregulation of these pathways often have neurobiological consequences, including aberrant neuronal responses and microglia activation. Impaired neuron-microglia interactions are implicated in mental health disorders because rodent stress models lead to concomitant neuronal dystrophy and alterations in microglia morphology and function. In this context, functional changes in microglia may be indicative of an immune state termed parainflammation in which tissue-resident macrophages (i.e., microglia) respond to malfunctioning cells by initiating modest inflammation in an attempt to restore homeostasis. Thus, aberrant neuronal activity and release of damage-associated signals during repeated stress exposure may contribute to functional changes in microglia and resultant parainflammation. Furthermore, accumulating evidence shows that uncoupling neuron–microglia interactions may contribute to altered neuroplasticity and associated anxiety- or depressive-like behaviors. Additional work shows that microglia have varied phenotypes in specific brain regions, which may underlie divergent neuroplasticity observed in corticolimbic structures following stress exposure. These findings indicate that neuron–microglia interactions are critical mediators of the interface between adaptive, homeostatic neuronal function and the neurobiology of mental health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Wohleb
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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17
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Bolyard C, Meisen WH, Banasavadi-Siddegowda Y, Hardcastle J, Yoo JY, Wohleb ES, Wojton J, Yu JG, Dubin S, Khosla M, Xu B, Smith J, Alvarez-Breckenridge C, Pow-Anpongkul P, Pichiorri F, Zhang J, Old M, Zhu D, Van Meir EG, Godbout JP, Caligiuri MA, Yu J, Kaur B. BAI1 Orchestrates Macrophage Inflammatory Response to HSV Infection-Implications for Oncolytic Viral Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:1809-1819. [PMID: 27852701 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Brain angiogenesis inhibitor (BAI1) facilitates phagocytosis and bacterial pathogen clearance by macrophages; however, its role in viral infections is unknown. Here, we examined the role of BAI1, and its N-terminal cleavage fragment (Vstat120) in antiviral macrophage responses to oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV).Experimental Design: Changes in infiltration and activation of monocytic and microglial cells after treatment of glioma-bearing mice brains with a control (rHSVQ1) or Vstat120-expressing (RAMBO) oHSV was analyzed using flow cytometry. Co-culture of infected glioma cells with macrophages or microglia was used to examine antiviral signaling. Cytokine array gene expression and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) helped evaluate changes in macrophage signaling in response to viral infection. TNFα-blocking antibodies and macrophages derived from Bai1-/- mice were used.Results: RAMBO treatment of mice reduced recruitment and activation of macrophages/microglia in mice with brain tumors, and showed increased virus replication compared with rHSVQ1. Cytokine gene expression array revealed that RAMBO significantly altered the macrophage inflammatory response to infected glioma cells via altered secretion of TNFα. Furthermore, we showed that BAI1 mediated macrophage TNFα induction in response to oHSV therapy. Intracranial inoculation of wild-type/RAMBO virus in Bai1-/- or wild-type non-tumor-bearing mice revealed the safety of this approach.Conclusions: We have uncovered a new role for BAI1 in facilitating macrophage anti-viral responses. We show that arming oHSV with antiangiogenic Vstat120 also shields them from inflammatory macrophage antiviral response, without reducing safety. Clin Cancer Res; 23(7); 1809-19. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Bolyard
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.,The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - W Hans Meisen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.,The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yeshavanth Banasavadi-Siddegowda
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.,The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jayson Hardcastle
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ji Young Yoo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.,The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Eric S Wohleb
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey Wojton
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jun-Ge Yu
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Samuel Dubin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.,The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Maninder Khosla
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Bo Xu
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jonathan Smith
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Christopher Alvarez-Breckenridge
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.,The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Pete Pow-Anpongkul
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.,The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Flavia Pichiorri
- Department of Hematology, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Jianying Zhang
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Matthew Old
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Dan Zhu
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jianhua Yu
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio. .,The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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18
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Abstract
Data from clinical and preclinical studies indicate that immune dysregulation, specifically of inflammatory processes, is associated with symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD). In particular, increased levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and concomitant activation of brain-resident microglia can lead to depressive behavioural symptoms. Repeated exposure to psychological stress has a profound impact on peripheral immune responses and perturbs the function of brain microglia, which may contribute to neurobiological changes underlying MDD. Here, we review these findings and discuss ongoing studies examining neuroimmune mechanisms that influence neuronal activity as well as synaptic plasticity. Interventions targeting immune-related cellular and molecular pathways may benefit subsets of MDD patients with immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Wohleb
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA
| | - Tina Franklin
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA
| | - Masaaki Iwata
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Ronald S Duman
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA
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19
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Wohleb ES, Wu M, Gerhard DM, Taylor SR, Picciotto MR, Alreja M, Duman RS. GABA interneurons mediate the rapid antidepressant-like effects of scopolamine. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2482-94. [PMID: 27270172 DOI: 10.1172/jci85033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a recurring psychiatric illness that causes substantial health and socioeconomic burdens. Clinical reports have revealed that scopolamine, a nonselective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, produces rapid antidepressant effects in individuals with MDD. Preclinical models suggest that these rapid antidepressant effects can be recapitulated with blockade of M1-type muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1-AChR); however, the cellular mechanisms underlying activity-dependent synaptic and behavioral responses to scopolamine have not been determined. Here, we demonstrate that the antidepressant-like effects of scopolamine are mediated by GABA interneurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Both GABAergic (GAD67+) interneurons and glutamatergic (CaMKII+) interneurons in the mPFC expressed M1-AChR. In mice, viral-mediated knockdown of M1-AChR specifically in GABAergic neurons, but not glutamatergic neurons, in the mPFC attenuated the antidepressant-like effects of scopolamine. Immunohistology and electrophysiology showed that somatostatin (SST) interneurons in the mPFC express M1-AChR at higher levels than parvalbumin interneurons. Moreover, knockdown of M1-AChR in SST interneurons in the mPFC demonstrated that M1-AChR expression in these neurons is required for the rapid antidepressant-like effects of scopolamine. These data indicate that SST interneurons in the mPFC are a promising pharmacological target for developing rapid-acting antidepressant therapies.
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20
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Das A, Ghatak S, Sinha M, Chaffee S, Ahmed NS, Parinandi NL, Wohleb ES, Sheridan JF, Sen CK, Roy S. Correction of MFG-E8 Resolves Inflammation and Promotes Cutaneous Wound Healing in Diabetes. J Immunol 2016; 196:5089-100. [PMID: 27194784 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Milk fat globule epidermal growth factor-factor 8 (MFG-E8) is a peripheral glycoprotein that acts as a bridging molecule between the macrophage and apoptotic cells, thus executing a pivotal role in the scavenging of apoptotic cells from affected tissue. We have previously reported that apoptotic cell clearance activity or efferocytosis is compromised in diabetic wound macrophages. In this work, we test the hypothesis that MFG-E8 helps resolve inflammation, supports angiogenesis, and accelerates wound closure. MFG-E8(-/-) mice displayed impaired efferocytosis associated with exaggerated inflammatory response, poor angiogenesis, and wound closure. Wound macrophage-derived MFG-E8 was recognized as a critical driver of wound angiogenesis. Transplantation of MFG-E8(-/-) bone marrow to MFG-E8(+/+) mice resulted in impaired wound closure and compromised wound vascularization. In contrast, MFG-E8(-/-) mice that received wild-type bone marrow showed improved wound closure and improved wound vascularization. Hyperglycemia and exposure to advanced glycated end products inactivated MFG-E8, recognizing a key mechanism that complicates diabetic wound healing. Diabetic db/db mice suffered from impaired efferocytosis accompanied with persistent inflammation and slow wound closure. Topical recombinant MFG-E8 induced resolution of wound inflammation, improvements in angiogenesis, and acceleration of closure, upholding the potential of MFG-E8-directed therapeutics in diabetic wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Das
- Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; Comprehensive Wound Center, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell Based Therapies, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Subhadip Ghatak
- Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; Comprehensive Wound Center, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell Based Therapies, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mithun Sinha
- Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; Comprehensive Wound Center, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell Based Therapies, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Scott Chaffee
- Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; Comprehensive Wound Center, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell Based Therapies, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Noha S Ahmed
- Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; Comprehensive Wound Center, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell Based Therapies, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Narasimham L Parinandi
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; and
| | - Eric S Wohleb
- Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - John F Sheridan
- Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Chandan K Sen
- Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; Comprehensive Wound Center, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell Based Therapies, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Sashwati Roy
- Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; Comprehensive Wound Center, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell Based Therapies, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210;
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21
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Hansen CN, Norden DM, Faw TD, Deibert R, Wohleb ES, Sheridan JF, Godbout JP, Basso DM. Lumbar Myeloid Cell Trafficking into Locomotor Networks after Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury. Exp Neurol 2016; 282:86-98. [PMID: 27191729 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) promotes inflammation along the neuroaxis that jeopardizes plasticity, intrinsic repair and recovery. While inflammation at the injury site is well-established, less is known within remote spinal networks. The presence of bone marrow-derived immune (myeloid) cells in these areas may further impede functional recovery. Previously, high levels of the gelatinase, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) occurred within the lumbar enlargement after thoracic SCI and impeded activity-dependent recovery. Since SCI-induced MMP-9 potentially increases vascular permeability, myeloid cell infiltration may drive inflammatory toxicity in locomotor networks. Therefore, we examined neurovascular reactivity and myeloid cell infiltration in the lumbar cord after thoracic SCI. We show evidence of region-specific recruitment of myeloid cells into the lumbar but not cervical region. Myeloid infiltration occurred with concomitant increases in chemoattractants (CCL2) and cell adhesion molecules (ICAM-1) around lumbar vasculature 24h and 7days post injury. Bone marrow GFP chimeric mice established robust infiltration of bone marrow-derived myeloid cells into the lumbar gray matter 24h after SCI. This cell infiltration occurred when the blood-spinal cord barrier was intact, suggesting active recruitment across the endothelium. Myeloid cells persisted as ramified macrophages at 7days post injury in parallel with increased inhibitory GAD67 labeling. Importantly, macrophage infiltration required MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N Hansen
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Diana M Norden
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Timothy D Faw
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rochelle Deibert
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eric S Wohleb
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Division of Biosciences, , The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - John F Sheridan
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Division of Biosciences, , The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - D Michele Basso
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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McKim DB, Patterson JM, Wohleb ES, Jarrett B, Reader B, Godbout JP, Sheridan JF. Sympathetic Release of Splenic Monocytes Promotes Recurring Anxiety Following Repeated Social Defeat. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:803-813. [PMID: 26281717 PMCID: PMC4728074 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammatory signaling may contribute to the pathophysiology of chronic anxiety disorders. Previous work showed that repeated social defeat (RSD) in mice promoted stress-sensitization that was characterized by the recurrence of anxiety following subthreshold stress 24 days after RSD. Furthermore, splenectomy following RSD prevented the recurrence of anxiety in stress-sensitized mice. We hypothesize that the spleen of RSD-exposed mice became a reservoir of primed monocytes that were released following neuroendocrine activation by subthreshold stress. METHODS Mice were subjected to subthreshold stress (i.e., single cycle of social defeat) 24 days after RSD, and immune and behavioral measures were taken. RESULTS Subthreshold stress 24 days after RSD re-established anxiety-like behavior that was associated with egress of Ly6C(hi) monocytes from the spleen. Moreover, splenectomy before RSD blocked monocyte trafficking to the brain and prevented anxiety-like behavior following subthreshold stress. Splenectomy, however, had no effect on monocyte accumulation or anxiety when determined 14 hours after RSD. In addition, splenocytes cultured 24 days after RSD exhibited a primed inflammatory phenotype. Peripheral sympathetic inhibition before subthreshold stress blocked monocyte trafficking from the spleen to the brain and prevented the re-establishment of anxiety in RSD-sensitized mice. Last, β-adrenergic antagonism also prevented splenic monocyte egress after acute stress. CONCLUSIONS The spleen served as a unique reservoir of primed monocytes that were readily released following sympathetic activation by subthreshold stress that promoted the re-establishment of anxiety. Collectively, the long-term storage of primed monocytes in the spleen may have a profound influence on recurring anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. McKim
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry. The Ohio State University, 305 W. 12 Ave Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 333 W. 10 Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jenna M. Patterson
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry. The Ohio State University, 305 W. 12 Ave Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 333 W. 10 Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eric S. Wohleb
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry. The Ohio State University, 305 W. 12 Ave Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 333 W. 10 Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Brant Jarrett
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry. The Ohio State University, 305 W. 12 Ave Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 333 W. 10 Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Brenda Reader
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry. The Ohio State University, 305 W. 12 Ave Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 333 W. 10 Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, 460 Medical Center Dr., Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, 460 W. 12 Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - John F. Sheridan
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry. The Ohio State University, 305 W. 12 Ave Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, 460 Medical Center Dr., Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, 460 W. 12 Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA,Corresponding author: John F. Sheridan, 223 IBMR Building, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH 43210,
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Navarria A, Wohleb ES, Voleti B, Ota KT, Dutheil S, Lepack AE, Dwyer JM, Fuchikami M, Becker A, Drago F, Duman RS. Rapid antidepressant actions of scopolamine: Role of medial prefrontal cortex and M1-subtype muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:254-261. [PMID: 26102021 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies demonstrate that scopolamine, a non-selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAchR) antagonist, produces rapid therapeutic effects in depressed patients, and preclinical studies report that the actions of scopolamine require glutamate receptor activation and the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). The present study extends these findings to determine the role of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and specific muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M-AchR) subtypes in the actions of scopolamine. The administration of scopolamine increases the activity marker Fos in the mPFC, including the infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic (PrL) subregions. Microinfusions of scopolamine into either the IL or the PrL produced significant antidepressant responses in the forced swim test, and neuronal silencing of IL or PrL blocked the antidepressant effects of systemic scopolamine. The results also demonstrate that the systemic administration of a selective M1-AChR antagonist, VU0255035, produced an antidepressant response and stimulated mTORC1 signaling in the PFC, similar to the actions of scopolamine. Finally, we used a chronic unpredictable stress model as a more rigorous test of rapid antidepressant actions and found that a single dose of scopolamine or VU0255035 blocked the anhedonic response caused by CUS, an effect that requires the chronic administration of typical antidepressants. Taken together, these findings indicate that mPFC is a critical mediator of the behavioral actions of scopolamine and identify the M1-AChR as a therapeutic target for the development of novel and selective rapid-acting antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Navarria
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, Catania, Italy
| | - Eric S Wohleb
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Bhavya Voleti
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kristie T Ota
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sophie Dutheil
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ashley E Lepack
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jason M Dwyer
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Manabu Fuchikami
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Astrid Becker
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Filippo Drago
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, Catania, Italy
| | - Ronald S Duman
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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25
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Meisen WH, Wohleb ES, Jaime-Ramirez AC, Bolyard C, Yoo JY, Russell L, Hardcastle J, Dubin S, Muili K, Yu J, Caligiuri M, Godbout J, Kaur B. The Impact of Macrophage- and Microglia-Secreted TNFα on Oncolytic HSV-1 Therapy in the Glioblastoma Tumor Microenvironment. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3274-85. [PMID: 25829396 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (oHSV) represent a promising therapy for glioblastoma (GBM), but their clinical success has been limited. Early innate immune responses to viral infection reduce oHSV replication, tumor destruction, and efficacy. Here, we characterized the antiviral effects of macrophages and microglia on viral therapy for GBM. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Quantitative flow cytometry of mice with intracranial gliomas (±oHSV) was used to examine macrophage/microglia infiltration and activation. In vitro coculture assays of infected glioma cells with microglia/macrophages were used to test their impact on oHSV replication. Macrophages from TNFα-knockout mice and blocking antibodies were used to evaluate the biologic effects of TNFα on virus replication. TNFα blocking antibodies were used to evaluate the impact of TNFα on oHSV therapy in vivo. RESULTS Flow-cytometry analysis revealed a 7.9-fold increase in macrophage infiltration after virus treatment. Tumor-infiltrating macrophages/microglia were polarized toward a M1, proinflammatory phenotype, and they expressed high levels of CD86, MHCII, and Ly6C. Macrophages/microglia produced significant amounts of TNFα in response to infected glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. Using TNFα-blocking antibodies and macrophages derived from TNFα-knockout mice, we discovered TNFα-induced apoptosis in infected tumor cells and inhibited virus replication. Finally, we demonstrated the transient blockade of TNFα from the tumor microenvironment with TNFα-blocking antibodies significantly enhanced virus replication and survival in GBM intracranial tumors. CONCLUSIONS The results of these studies suggest that FDA approved TNFα inhibitors may significantly improve the efficacy of oncolytic virus therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hans Meisen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Eric S Wohleb
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Alena Cristina Jaime-Ramirez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Chelsea Bolyard
- Department of Neurological Surgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ji Young Yoo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Luke Russell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Samuel Dubin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kamaldeen Muili
- Department of Neurological Surgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Division of Hematology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michael Caligiuri
- Division of Hematology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jonathan Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Neurological Surgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.
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Wohleb ES, McKim DB, Sheridan JF, Godbout JP. Monocyte trafficking to the brain with stress and inflammation: a novel axis of immune-to-brain communication that influences mood and behavior. Front Neurosci 2015; 8:447. [PMID: 25653581 PMCID: PMC4300916 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTSPsychological stress activates neuroendocrine pathways that alter immune responses.Stress-induced alterations in microglia phenotype and monocyte priming leads to aberrant peripheral and central inflammation.Elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels caused by microglia activation and recruitment of monocytes to the brain contribute to development and persistent anxiety-like behavior.Mechanisms that mediate interactions between microglia, endothelial cells, and macrophages and how these contribute to changes in behavior are discussed.Sensitization of microglia and re-distribution of primed monocytes are implicated in re-establishment of anxiety-like behavior. Psychological stress causes physiological, immunological, and behavioral alterations in humans and rodents that can be maladaptive and negatively affect quality of life. Several lines of evidence indicate that psychological stress disrupts key functional interactions between the immune system and brain that ultimately affects mood and behavior. For example, activation of microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the brain, has been implicated as a key regulator of mood and behavior in the context of prolonged exposure to psychological stress. Emerging evidence implicates a novel neuroimmune circuit involving microglia activation and sympathetic outflow to the peripheral immune system that further reinforces stress-related behaviors by facilitating the recruitment of inflammatory monocytes to the brain. Evidence from various rodent models, including repeated social defeat (RSD), revealed that trafficking of monocytes to the brain promoted the establishment of anxiety-like behaviors following prolonged stress exposure. In addition, new evidence implicates monocyte trafficking from the spleen to the brain as key regulator of recurring anxiety following exposure to prolonged stress. The purpose of this review is to discuss mechanisms that cause stress-induced monocyte re-distribution in the brain and how dynamic interactions between microglia, endothelial cells, and brain macrophages lead to maladaptive behavioral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Wohleb
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel B McKim
- Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry Columbus, OH, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John F Sheridan
- Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry Columbus, OH, USA ; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, OH, USA ; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, OH, USA ; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, OH, USA ; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, OH, USA
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27
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Reader BF, Jarrett BL, McKim DB, Wohleb ES, Godbout JP, Sheridan JF. Peripheral and central effects of repeated social defeat stress: monocyte trafficking, microglial activation, and anxiety. Neuroscience 2015; 289:429-42. [PMID: 25596319 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The development and exacerbation of depression and anxiety are associated with exposure to repeated psychosocial stress. Stress is known to affect the bidirectional communication between the nervous and immune systems leading to elevated levels of stress mediators including glucocorticoids (GCs) and catecholamines and increased trafficking of proinflammatory immune cells. Animal models, like the repeated social defeat (RSD) paradigm, were developed to explore this connection between stress and affective disorders. RSD induces activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation, increases bone marrow production and egress of primed, GC-insensitive monocytes, and stimulates the trafficking of these cells to tissues including the spleen, lung, and brain. Recently, the observation that these monocytes have the ability to traffic to the brain perivascular spaces and parenchyma have provided mechanisms by which these peripheral cells may contribute to the prolonged anxiety-like behavior associated with RSD. The data that have been amassed from the RSD paradigm and others recapitulate many of the behavioral and immunological phenotypes associated with human anxiety disorders and may serve to elucidate potential avenues of treatment for these disorders. Here, we will discuss novel and key data that will present an overview of the neuroendocrine, immunological and behavioral responses to social stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Reader
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - B L Jarrett
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - D B McKim
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - E S Wohleb
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - J P Godbout
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - J F Sheridan
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, 305 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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28
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Delpech JC, Madore C, Nadjar A, Joffre C, Wohleb ES, Layé S. Microglia in neuronal plasticity: Influence of stress. Neuropharmacology 2015; 96:19-28. [PMID: 25582288 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) has previously been regarded as an immune-privileged site with the absence of immune cell responses but this dogma was not entirely true. Microglia are the brain innate immune cells and recent findings indicate that they participate both in CNS disease and infection as well as facilitate normal CNS function. Microglia are highly plastic and play integral roles in sculpting the structure of the CNS, refining neuronal circuitry and connectivity, and contribute actively to neuronal plasticity in the healthy brain. Interestingly, psychological stress can perturb the function of microglia in association with an impaired neuronal plasticity and the development of emotional behavior alterations. As a result it seemed important to describe in this review some findings indicating that the stress-induced microglia dysfunction may underlie neuroplasticity deficits associated to many mood disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Neuroimmunology and Synaptic Function'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Delpech
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA 1286, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Charlotte Madore
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA 1286, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Agnes Nadjar
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA 1286, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Corinne Joffre
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA 1286, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Eric S Wohleb
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Sophie Layé
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA 1286, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33077, France.
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Sawicki CM, McKim DB, Wohleb ES, Jarrett BL, Reader BF, Norden DM, Godbout JP, Sheridan JF. Social defeat promotes a reactive endothelium in a brain region-dependent manner with increased expression of key adhesion molecules, selectins and chemokines associated with the recruitment of myeloid cells to the brain. Neuroscience 2014; 302:151-64. [PMID: 25445193 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Repeated social defeat (RSD) in mice causes myeloid cell trafficking to the brain that contributes to the development of prolonged anxiety-like behavior. Myeloid cell recruitment following RSD occurs in regions where neuronal and microglia activation is observed. Thus, we hypothesized that crosstalk between neurons, microglia, and endothelial cells contributes to brain myeloid cell trafficking via chemokine signaling and vascular adhesion molecules. Here we show that social defeat caused an exposure- and brain region-dependent increase in several key adhesion molecules and chemokines involved in the recruitment of myeloid cells. For example, RSD induced distinct patterns of adhesion molecule expression that may explain brain region-dependent myeloid cell trafficking. VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 mRNA expression were increased in an exposure-dependent manner. Furthermore, RSD-induced VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 protein expression were localized to the vasculature of brain regions implicated in fear and anxiety responses, which spatially corresponded to previously reported patterns of myeloid cell trafficking. Next, mRNA expression of additional adhesion molecules (E- and P-selectin, PECAM-1) and chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL12, CCL2) were determined in the brain. Social defeat induced an exposure-dependent increase in mRNA levels of E-selectin, CXCL1, and CXCL2 that increased with additional days of social defeat. While CXCL12 was unaffected by RSD, CCL2 expression was increased by six days of social defeat. Last, comparison between enriched CD11b(+) cells (microglia/macrophages) and enriched GLAST-1(+)/CD11b(-) cells (astrocytes) revealed RSD increased mRNA expression of IL-1β, CCL2, and CXCL2 in microglia/macrophages but not in astrocytes. Collectively, these data indicate that key mediators of leukocyte recruitment were increased in the brain vasculature following RSD in an exposure- and brain region-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Sawicki
- Divsion of Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 305 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - D B McKim
- Divsion of Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 305 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - E S Wohleb
- Divsion of Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 305 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - B L Jarrett
- Divsion of Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 305 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - B F Reader
- Divsion of Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 305 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - D M Norden
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - J P Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - J F Sheridan
- Divsion of Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 305 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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30
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Voorhees JL, Tarr AJ, Wohleb ES, Godbout JP, Mo X, Sheridan JF, Eubank TD, Marsh CB. Prolonged restraint stress increases IL-6, reduces IL-10, and causes persistent depressive-like behavior that is reversed by recombinant IL-10. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58488. [PMID: 23520517 PMCID: PMC3592793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered inflammatory cytokine profiles are often observed in individuals suffering from major depression. Recent clinical work reports on elevated IL-6 and decreased IL-10 in depression. Elevated IL-6 has served as a consistent biomarker of depression and IL-10 is proposed to influence depressive behavior through its ability to counterbalance pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Clinical and animal studies suggest a role for IL-10 in modifying depressive behavior. Murine restraint stress (RST) is regularly employed in the study of behavioral and biological symptoms associated with depressive disorders. While responses to acute RST exposure have been widely characterized, few studies have examined the ongoing and longitudinal effects of extended RST and fewer still have examined the lasting impact during the post-stress period. Consistent with clinical data, we report that a protocol of prolonged murine RST produced altered cytokine profiles similar to those observed in major depressive disorder. Parallel to these changes in circulating cytokines, IL-10 mRNA expression was diminished in the cortex and hippocampus throughout the stress period and following cessation of RST. Moreover, chronic RST promoted depressive-like behavior throughout the 28-day stress period and these depressive-like complications were maintained weeks after cessation of RST. Because of the correlation between IL-10 suppression and depressive behavior and because many successful antidepressant therapies yield increases in IL-10, we examined the effects of IL-10 treatment on RST-induced behavioral changes. Behavioral deficits induced by RST were reversed by exogenous administration of recombinant IL-10. This work provides one of the first reports describing the biological and behavioral impact following prolonged RST and, taken together, this study provides details on the correlation between responses to chronic RST and those seen in depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L. Voorhees
- The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Tarr
- Division of Oral Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Eric S. Wohleb
- Division of Oral Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jonathan P. Godbout
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John F. Sheridan
- Division of Oral Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Timothy D. Eubank
- The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TDE); (CBM)
| | - Clay B. Marsh
- The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TDE); (CBM)
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Abstract
Neuroinflammation is used to describe an immune-related process that occurs within the central nervous system (CNS). The objective of this chapter is to introduce basic aspects of neuroinflammation in the context of psychiatric disorders. Inflammatory processes are evident in the CNS with a myriad of stimuli including neurological disease, CNS injury or infection, peripheral infection, and psychological stress. Because the CNS maintains a degree of immune privilege, endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and resident CNS innate immune cells are integral to the interpretation and propagation of inflammatory signals. For instance, activated CNS immune cells and the BBB coordinate production of cytokines and secondary messengers that act directly to influence neurophysiology. Another key concept is that there is bidirectional communication between the immune system and CNS. Afferent neuro-immune pathways relay the peripheral inflammatory profile to the CNS by secretion of cytokines and direct neuronal activation. Communication through afferent neuro-immune pathways promotes physiological and behavioral responses that are aimed to help clear pathogens from the host. For example, peripheral infection increases circulating IL-1β that induces production of prostaglandins and IL-1β by CNS immune cells that initiate fever and the behavioral symptoms of sickness. Although transient cytokine responses in the brain may be beneficial to the host, prolonged neuroinflammation associated with chronic illness, neurodegenerative disease, stress, and aging impair neuroimmune regulation and negatively affect normal cognitive and behavioral processes. Thus, understanding neuroimmune regulation and mechanisms that mediate neuroinflammation is important because these pathways likely contribute to the pathophysiology of several mental health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Wohleb
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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