51
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Fukuyama K, Kakio S, Nakazawa Y, Kobata K, Funakoshi-Tago M, Suzuki T, Tamura H. Roasted Coffee Reduces β-Amyloid Production by Increasing Proteasomal β-Secretase Degradation in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800238. [PMID: 30144352 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Epidemiological studies have shown that coffee consumption may be associated with a lower risk of developing several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Caffeine is a prominent candidate component underlying the preventive effects of coffee; however, the contribution of other constituents is unclear. To clarify this issue, the effect of roasting coffee beans on β-secretase (BACE1) expression in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells is investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Coffee (2%) reduces Aβ accumulation in culture medium to 80% of control levels after 24 h. Accordingly, BACE1 expression is decreased to 70% of control levels at 12 h. Experiments using cycloheximide and MG132, a proteasome inhibitor, reveal that coffee enhanced BACE1 degradation through activation of proteasomal activity. Furthermore, coffee activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase, and consequently, phosphorylation of a serine residue of proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 11 (PSMD11). Pyrocatechol, a strong antioxidant known as catechol or 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, produced from chlorogenic acid during roasting, also reduces BACE1 expression by activation of proteasomal activity. Furthermore, pyrocatechol reduces Aβ production in SH-SY5Y cells. CONCLUSION The data suggest that the roasting process may be crucial for the protective effects of coffee consumption in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Fukuyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Shota Kakio
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakazawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Kenji Kobata
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroomi Tamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
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52
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Chung CG, Lee H, Lee SB. Mechanisms of protein toxicity in neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3159-3180. [PMID: 29947927 PMCID: PMC6063327 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2854-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein toxicity can be defined as all the pathological changes that ensue from accumulation, mis-localization, and/or multimerization of disease-specific proteins. Most neurodegenerative diseases manifest protein toxicity as one of their key pathogenic mechanisms, the details of which remain unclear. By systematically deconstructing the nature of toxic proteins, we aim to elucidate and illuminate some of the key mechanisms of protein toxicity from which therapeutic insights may be drawn. In this review, we focus specifically on protein toxicity from the point of view of various cellular compartments such as the nucleus and the mitochondria. We also discuss the cell-to-cell propagation of toxic disease proteins that complicates the mechanistic understanding of the disease progression as well as the spatiotemporal point at which to therapeutically intervene. Finally, we discuss selective neuronal vulnerability, which still remains largely enigmatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Geon Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosang Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Bae Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
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53
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Iqbal J, Zhang K, Jin N, Zhao Y, Liu Q, Ni J, Shen L. Selenium positively affects the proteome of 3 × Tg-AD mice cortex by altering the expression of various key proteins: unveiling the mechanistic role of selenium in AD prevention. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1798-1815. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javed Iqbal
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Kaoyuan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Na Jin
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Yuxi Zhao
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Qiong Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Jiazuan Ni
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Liming Shen
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen P. R. China
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54
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UbiSite approach for comprehensive mapping of lysine and N-terminal ubiquitination sites. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2018; 25:631-640. [PMID: 29967540 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-018-0084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification (PTM) that is essential for balancing numerous physiological processes. To enable delineation of protein ubiquitination at a site-specific level, we generated an antibody, denoted UbiSite, recognizing the C-terminal 13 amino acids of ubiquitin, which remain attached to modified peptides after proteolytic digestion with the endoproteinase LysC. Notably, UbiSite is specific to ubiquitin. Furthermore, besides ubiquitination on lysine residues, protein N-terminal ubiquitination is readily detected as well. By combining UbiSite enrichment with sequential LysC and trypsin digestion and high-accuracy MS, we identified over 63,000 unique ubiquitination sites on 9,200 proteins in two human cell lines. In addition to uncovering widespread involvement of this PTM in all cellular aspects, the analyses reveal an inverse association between protein N-terminal ubiquitination and acetylation, as well as a complete lack of correlation between changes in protein abundance and alterations in ubiquitination sites upon proteasome inhibition.
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55
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Mammalian TRIM67 Functions in Brain Development and Behavior. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0186-18. [PMID: 29911180 PMCID: PMC6002264 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0186-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Class I members of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family of E3 ubiquitin ligases evolutionarily appeared just prior to the advent of neuronal like cells and have been implicated in neuronal development from invertebrates to mammals. The single Class I TRIM in Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans and the mammalian Class I TRIM9 regulate axon branching and guidance in response to the guidance cue netrin, whereas mammalian TRIM46 establishes the axon initial segment. In humans, mutations in TRIM1 and TRIM18 are implicated in Opitz Syndrome, characterized by midline defects and often intellectual disability. We find that although TRIM67 is the least studied vertebrate Class I TRIM, it is the most evolutionarily conserved. Here we show that mammalian TRIM67 interacts with both its closest paralog TRIM9 and the netrin receptor DCC and is differentially enriched in specific brain regions during development and adulthood. We describe the anatomical and behavioral consequences of deletion of murine Trim67. While viable, mice lacking Trim67 exhibit abnormal anatomy of specific brain regions, including hypotrophy of the hippocampus, striatum, amygdala, and thalamus, and thinning of forebrain commissures. Additionally, Trim67-/- mice display impairments in spatial memory, cognitive flexibility, social novelty preference, muscle function, and sensorimotor gating, whereas several other behaviors remain intact. This study demonstrates the necessity for TRIM67 in appropriate brain development and behavior.
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Minaidou A, Nicolaou P, Christodoulou K. LRSAM1 Depletion Affects Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cell Growth and Morphology: The LRSAM1 c.2047-1G>A Loss-of-Function Variant Fails to Rescue The Phenotype. CELL JOURNAL 2018; 20:340-347. [PMID: 29845787 PMCID: PMC6004992 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2018.5352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective Deleterious variants in LRSAM1, a RING finger ubiquitin ligase which is also known as TSG101-associated ligase
(TAL), have recently been associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2P (CMT2P). The mechanism by which mutant
LRSAM1 contributes to the development of neuropathy is currently unclear. The aim of this study was to induce LRSAM1
deficiency in a neuronal cell model, observe its effect on cell growth and morphology and attempt to rescue the phenotype with
ancestral and mutant LRSAM1 transfections.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, we investigated the effect of LRSAM1 downregulation on
neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells by siRNA technology where cells were transfected with siRNA against LRSAM1.
The effects on the expression levels of TSG101, the only currently known LRSAM1 interacting molecule, were also
examined. An equal dosage of ancestral or mutant LRSAM1 construct was transfected in LRSAM1-downregulated cells
to investigate its effect on the phenotype of the cells and whether cell proliferation and morphology could be rescued.
Results A significant reduction in TSG101 levels was observed with the downregulation of LRSAM1. In addition,
LRSAM1 knockdown significantly decreased the growth rate of SH-SY5Y cells which is caused by a decrease in cell
proliferation. An effect on cell morphology was also observed. Furthermore, we overexpressed the ancestral and the
c.2047-1G>A mutant LRSAM1 in knocked down cells. Ancestral LRSAM1 recovered cell proliferation and partly the
morphology, however, the c.2047-1G>A mutant did not recover cell proliferation and further aggravated the observed
changes in cell morphology.
Conclusion Our findings suggest that depletion of LRSAM1 affects neuroblastoma cells growth and morphology and
that overexpression of the c.2047-1G>A mutant form, unlike the ancestral LRSAM1, fails to rescue the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Minaidou
- Department of Neurogenetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Paschalis Nicolaou
- Department of Neurogenetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kyproula Christodoulou
- Department of Neurogenetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus.Electronic Address:
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Active Site Gate Dynamics Modulate the Catalytic Activity of the Ubiquitination Enzyme E2-25K. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7002. [PMID: 29725124 PMCID: PMC5934386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25476-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) signals for degradation of proteins through attachment of K48-linked polyubiquitin chains, or alterations in protein-protein recognition through attachment of K63-linked chains. Target proteins are ubiquitinated in three sequential chemical steps by a three-component enzyme system. Ubiquitination, or E2 enzymes, catalyze the central step by facilitating reaction of a target protein lysine with the C-terminus of Ub that is attached to the active site cysteine of the E2 through a thioester bond. E2 reactivity is modulated by dynamics of an active site gate, whose central residue packs against the active site cysteine in a closed conformation. Interestingly, for the E2 Ubc13, which specifically catalyzes K63-linked ubiquitination, the central gate residue adopts an open conformation. We set out to determine if active site gate dynamics play a role in catalysis for E2-25K, which adopts the canonical, closed gate conformation, and which selectively synthesizes K48-linked ubiquitin chains. Gate dynamics were characterized using mutagenesis of key residues, combined with enzyme kinetics measurements, and main chain NMR relaxation. The experimental data were interpreted with all atom MD simulations. The data indicate that active site gate opening and closing rates for E2-25K are precisely balanced.
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58
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Martin C, Cho YE, Kim H, Yun S, Kanefsky R, Lee H, Mysliwiec V, Cashion A, Gill J. Altered DNA Methylation Patterns Associated With Clinically Relevant Increases in PTSD Symptoms and PTSD Symptom Profiles in Military Personnel. Biol Res Nurs 2018; 20:352-358. [PMID: 29514460 PMCID: PMC5993080 DOI: 10.1177/1099800418758951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Military personnel experience posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is associated with differential DNA methylation across the whole genome. However, the relationship between these DNA methylation patterns and clinically relevant increases in PTSD severity is not yet clearly understood. The purpose of this study was to identify differences in DNA methylation associated with PTSD symptoms and investigate DNA methylation changes related to increases in the severity of PTSD in military personnel. In this pilot study, a cross-sectional comparison was made between military personnel with PTSD (n = 8) and combat-matched controls without PTSD (n = 6). Symptom measures were obtained, and genome-wide DNA methylation was measured using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP-seq) from whole blood samples at baseline and 3 months later. A longitudinal comparison measured DNA methylation changes in military personnel with clinically relevant increases in PTSD symptoms between time points (PTSD onset) and compared methylation patterns to controls with no clinical changes in PTSD. In military personnel with elevated PTSD symptoms 3 months following baseline, 119 genes exhibited reduced methylation and 8 genes exhibited increased methylation. Genes with reduced methylation in the PTSD-onset group relate to the canonical pathways of netrin signaling, Wnt/Ca+ pathway, and axonal guidance signaling. These gene pathways relate to neurological disorders, and the current findings suggest that these epigenetic changes potentially relate to PTSD symptomology. This study provides some novel insights into the role of epigenetic changes in PTSD symptoms and the progression of PTSD symptoms in military personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Martin
- National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR),
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Christiana Martin and Young-Eun Cho are
co-first authors
| | - Young-Eun Cho
- National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR),
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Christiana Martin and Young-Eun Cho are
co-first authors
| | - Hyungsuk Kim
- National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR),
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Rebekah Kanefsky
- National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR),
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hyunhwa Lee
- University of Nevada, School of Nursing, Las
Vegas, NV, USA
| | | | - Ann Cashion
- National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR),
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jessica Gill
- National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR),
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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59
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Taguchi YH, Wang H. Exploring microRNA Biomarker for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1318. [PMID: 29710810 PMCID: PMC5983737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is among the severe neuro degenerative diseases that lack widely available effective treatments. As the disease progresses, patients lose the control of voluntary muscles. Although the neuronal degeneration is the cause of this disease, the failure mechanism is still unknown. In order to seek genetic mechanisms that initiate and progress ALS, the association of microRNA (miRNA) expression with this disease was considered. Serum miRNAs from healthy controls, sporadic ALS (sALS), familial ALS (fALS) and ALS mutation carriers were investigated. Principal component analysis (PCA)-based unsupervised feature extraction (FE) was applied to these serum miRNA profiles. As a result, we predict miRNAs that can discriminate patients from healthy controls with high accuracy. Thus, these miRNAs can be potential prognosis miRNA biomarkers for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Taguchi
- Department of Physics, Chuo University, Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-855a, Japan.
| | - Hsiuying Wang
- Institute of Statistics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
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60
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de la Monte SM, Tong M, Schiano I, Didsbury J. Improved Brain Insulin/IGF Signaling and Reduced Neuroinflammation with T3D-959 in an Experimental Model of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 55:849-864. [PMID: 27802237 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with progressive impairments in brain insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and insulin receptor substrate (IRS) signaling through Akt pathways that regulate neuronal growth, survival, metabolism, and plasticity. The intracerebral streptozotocin (i.c. STZ) model replicates the full range of abnormalities in sporadic AD. T3D-959, an orally active PPAR-delta/gamma agonist remediates neurocognitive deficits and AD neuropathology in the i.c. STZ model. OBJECTIVE This study characterizes the effects of T3D-959 on AD biomarkers, insulin/IGF/IRS signaling through Akt pathways, and neuroinflammation in an i.c. STZ model. METHODS Long Evans rats were treated with i.c. STZ or saline, followed by daily oral doses of T3D-959 (1 mg/kg) or saline initiated 1 day (T3D-959-E) or 7 days (T3D-959-L) later through Experimental Day 28. Protein and phospho-protein expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine activation were measured in temporal lobe homogenates by duplex or multiplex bead-based ELISAs. RESULTS i.c. STZ treatments caused neurodegeneration with increased pTau, AβPP, Aβ42, ubiquitin, and SNAP-25, and reduced levels of synaptophysin, IGF-1 receptor (R), IRS-1, Akt, p70S6K, mTOR, and S9-GSK-3β. i.c. STZ also broadly increased neuroinflammation. T3D-959 abrogated or reduced most of the AD neuropathological and biomarker abnormalities, increased/normalized IGF-1R, IRS-1, Akt, p70S6K, and S9-GSK-3β, and decreased expression of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines. T3D-959-E or -L effectively restored insulin/IGF signaling, whereas T3D-959-L more broadly resolved neuroinflammation. CONCLUSION AD remediating effects of T3D-959 are potentially due to enhanced expression of key insulin/IGF signaling proteins and inhibition of GSK-3β and neuroinflammation. These effects lead to reduced neurodegeneration, cognitive impairment, and AD biomarker levels in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M de la Monte
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Division of Neuropathology, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ming Tong
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Irio Schiano
- Quinnipiac University, Biomedical Sciences Department in Hamden, CT, USA
| | - John Didsbury
- T3D Therapeutics, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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George AJ, Hoffiz YC, Charles AJ, Zhu Y, Mabb AM. A Comprehensive Atlas of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Mutations in Neurological Disorders. Front Genet 2018; 9:29. [PMID: 29491882 PMCID: PMC5817383 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination is a posttranslational modification that plays an integral part in mediating diverse cellular functions. The process of protein ubiquitination requires an enzymatic cascade that consists of a ubiquitin activating enzyme (E1), ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (E2) and an E3 ubiquitin ligase (E3). There are an estimated 600-700 E3 ligase genes representing ~5% of the human genome. Not surprisingly, mutations in E3 ligase genes have been observed in multiple neurological conditions. We constructed a comprehensive atlas of disrupted E3 ligase genes in common (CND) and rare neurological diseases (RND). Of the predicted and known human E3 ligase genes, we found ~13% were mutated in a neurological disorder with 83 total genes representing 70 different types of neurological diseases. Of the E3 ligase genes identified, 51 were associated with an RND. Here, we provide an updated list of neurological disorders associated with E3 ligase gene disruption. We further highlight research in these neurological disorders and discuss the advanced technologies used to support these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene J. George
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yarely C. Hoffiz
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Ying Zhu
- Creative Media Industries Institute & Department of Computer Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Angela M. Mabb
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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62
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Thygesen C, Boll I, Finsen B, Modzel M, Larsen MR. Characterizing disease-associated changes in post-translational modifications by mass spectrometry. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:245-258. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1433036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Thygesen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Denmark
| | - Inga Boll
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bente Finsen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Denmark
| | - Maciej Modzel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin R. Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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63
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Uddin MS, Stachowiak A, Mamun AA, Tzvetkov NT, Takeda S, Atanasov AG, Bergantin LB, Abdel-Daim MM, Stankiewicz AM. Autophagy and Alzheimer's Disease: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Implications. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:04. [PMID: 29441009 PMCID: PMC5797541 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of progressive dementia in the elderly. It is characterized by a progressive and irreversible loss of cognitive abilities and formation of senile plaques, composed mainly of amyloid β (Aβ), and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), composed of tau protein, in the hippocampus and cortex of afflicted humans. In brains of AD patients the metabolism of Aβ is dysregulated, which leads to the accumulation and aggregation of Aβ. Metabolism of Aβ and tau proteins is crucially influenced by autophagy. Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent, homeostatic process, in which organelles and proteins are degraded and recycled into energy. Thus, dysfunction of autophagy is suggested to lead to the accretion of noxious proteins in the AD brain. In the present review, we describe the process of autophagy and its importance in AD. Additionally, we discuss mechanisms and genes linking autophagy and AD, i.e., the mTOR pathway, neuroinflammation, endocannabinoid system, ATG7, BCL2, BECN1, CDK5, CLU, CTSD, FOXO1, GFAP, ITPR1, MAPT, PSEN1, SNCA, UBQLN1, and UCHL1. We also present pharmacological agents acting via modulation of autophagy that may show promise in AD therapy. This review updates our knowledge on autophagy mechanisms proposing novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anna Stachowiak
- Department of Experimental Embryology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
| | | | - Nikolay T Tzvetkov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Shinya Takeda
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Tottori University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori, Japan
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland.,Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leandro B Bergantin
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmacology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.,Department of Ophthalmology and Micro-technology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Adrian M Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
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64
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Inhibition of hippocampal long-term potentiation by high-fat diets: is it related to an effect of palmitic acid involving glycogen synthase kinase-3? Neuroreport 2018; 28:354-359. [PMID: 28328738 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
High-fat diets (HFD) impair hippocampal-dependent learning and memory and produce important changes in synaptic transmission by enhancing glutamate uptake, decreasing synaptic efficacy, and inhibiting plasticity mechanisms such as N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated long-term depression (LTD) within the hippocampus. Adolescent animals seem to be particularly susceptible to the detrimental effect of HFD as dietary treatments carried out between weaning and early adulthood are much more efficient in terms of hippocampal damage that those carried out during the adult period. As palmitic acid is the most abundant saturated fatty acid in HFD, its effect on hippocampal function needs to be studied. However, glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), a pleiotropic enzyme highly expressed in the central nervous system, modulates both hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and LTD, and has been implicated in neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we have characterized in mice hippocampus the effect of (i) a 48 h HFD intervention and (ii) in-vitro palmitic acid, as well as the possible involvement of GSK-3 in the above-mentioned plasticity mechanisms. Our results show that both 48 h HFD and palmitic acid inhibit LTP in hippocampal slices, whereas no effect on LTD was observed. Moreover, tideglusib, an ATP-noncompetitive inhibitor of GSK-3, induced hippocampal LTP and partially reversed the impairment of LTP induced by palmitic acid.
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65
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Keo A, Aziz NA, Dzyubachyk O, van der Grond J, van Roon-Mom WMC, Lelieveldt BPF, Reinders MJT, Mahfouz A. Co-expression Patterns between ATN1 and ATXN2 Coincide with Brain Regions Affected in Huntington's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:399. [PMID: 29249939 PMCID: PMC5714896 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeat expansions in the coding regions of nine polyglutamine (polyQ) genes (HTT, ATXN1, ATXN2, ATXN3, CACNA1A, ATXN7, ATN1, AR, and TBP) are the cause of several neurodegenerative diseases including Huntington’s disease (HD), six different spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs), dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy, and spinobulbar muscular atrophy. The expanded CAG repeat length in the causative gene is negatively related to the age-at-onset (AAO) of clinical symptoms. In addition to the expanded CAG repeat length in the causative gene, the normal CAG repeats in the other polyQ genes can affect the AAO, suggesting functional interactions between the polyQ genes. However, there is no detailed assessment of the relationships among polyQ genes in pathologically relevant brain regions. We used gene co-expression analysis to study the functional relationships among polyQ genes in different brain regions using the Allen Human Brain Atlas (AHBA), a spatial map of gene expression in the healthy brain. We constructed co-expression networks for seven anatomical brain structures, as well as a region showing a specific pattern of atrophy in HD patients detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. In this HD-associated region, we found that ATN1 and ATXN2 were co-expressed and shared co-expression partners which were enriched for DNA repair genes. We observed a similar co-expression pattern in the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, and striatum in which this relation was most pronounced. Given that the co-expression patterns for these anatomical structures were similar to those for the HD-associated region, our results suggest that their disruption is likely involved in HD pathology. Moreover, ATN1 and ATXN2 also shared many co-expressed genes with HTT, the causative gene of HD, across the brain. Although this triangular relationship among these three polyQ genes may also be dysregulated in other polyQ diseases, stronger co-expression patterns between ATN1 and ATXN2 observed in the HD-associated region, especially in the striatum, may be more specific to HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlin Keo
- Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - N Ahmad Aziz
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Oleh Dzyubachyk
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Boudewijn P F Lelieveldt
- Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marcel J T Reinders
- Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Ahmed Mahfouz
- Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
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66
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Munari F, Bortot A, Assfalg M, D'Onofrio M. Alzheimer's disease-associated ubiquitin mutant Ubb +1: Properties of the carboxy-terminal domain and its influence on biomolecular interactions. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 108:24-31. [PMID: 29175520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ubb+1, a ubiquitin (Ub) mutant protein originating from misreading of the Ub B gene, is found accumulated in brain tissues of Alzheimer's disease patients. The mutant attracts strong interest due to its possible participation in the molecular events leading to neurodegeneration. Ubb+1 is composed of the globular domain of Ub, linked to a 19-residue C-terminal peptide. Based on NMR relaxation and solvent accessibility measurements we obtained new insight into the molecular properties of Ubb+1. We further determined the thermal stability of Ubb+1 in the monomeric form, and in Lys48- and Lys63-linked dimers. Finally, we explored the influence of the C-terminal fragment on the interactions of Ubb+1 with an isolated UBA2 domain and with membrane mimics. Our data indicate that the C-terminal fragment of Ubb+1 is overall highly flexible, except for a short stretch which appears less solvent-exposed. While influencing the hydrodynamic properties of the globular domain, the fragment does not establish long-lived interactions with the globular domain. It results that the structure and stability of Ub are minimally perturbed by the peptide extension. However, binding to UBA2 and to membrane mimics are both affected, exemplifying possible changes in biomolecular recognition experienced by the disease-associated Ubb+1 compared to the wild-type protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Munari
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Bortot
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Michael Assfalg
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
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67
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Wang B, Zeng L, Merillat SA, Fischer S, Ochaba J, Thompson LM, Barmada SJ, Scaglione KM, Paulson HL. The ubiquitin conjugating enzyme Ube2W regulates solubility of the Huntington's disease protein, huntingtin. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 109:127-136. [PMID: 28986324 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by a CAG repeat expansion that encodes a polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion in the HD disease protein, huntingtin (HTT). PolyQ expansion promotes misfolding and aggregation of mutant HTT (mHTT) within neurons. The cellular pathways, including ubiquitin-dependent processes, by which mHTT is regulated remain incompletely understood. Ube2W is the only ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (E2) known to ubiquitinate substrates at their amino (N)-termini, likely favoring substrates with disordered N-termini. By virtue of its N-terminal polyQ domain, HTT has an intrinsically disordered amino terminus. In studies employing immortalized cells, primary neurons and a knock-in (KI) mouse model of HD, we tested the effect of Ube2W deficiency on mHTT levels, aggregation and neurotoxicity. In cultured cells, deficiency of Ube2W activity markedly decreases mHTT aggregate formation and increases the level of soluble monomers, while reducing mHTT-induced cytotoxicity. Consistent with this result, the absence of Ube2W in HdhQ200 KI mice significantly increases levels of soluble monomeric mHTT while reducing insoluble oligomeric species. This study sheds light on the potential function of the non-canonical ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, Ube2W, in this polyQ neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Dermatology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Sean A Merillat
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Svetlana Fischer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Joseph Ochaba
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute of Memory Impairment and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Institute of Memory Impairment and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Leslie M Thompson
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute of Memory Impairment and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Institute of Memory Impairment and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sami J Barmada
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kenneth M Scaglione
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Henry L Paulson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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68
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Van Dam D, Vermeiren Y, Dekker AD, Naudé PJW, Deyn PPD. Neuropsychiatric Disturbances in Alzheimer's Disease: What Have We Learned from Neuropathological Studies? Curr Alzheimer Res 2017; 13:1145-64. [PMID: 27137218 PMCID: PMC5070416 DOI: 10.2174/1567205013666160502123607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are an integral part of the dementia syndrome and were therefore recently included in the core diagnostic criteria of dementia. The near universal prevalence of NPS in Alzheimer's disease (AD), combined with their disabling effects on patients and caregivers, is contrasted by the fact that few effective and safe treatments exist, which is in part to be attributed to our incomplete understanding of the neurobiology of NPS. In this review, we describe the pathological alterations typical for AD, including spreading and evolution of burden, effect on the molecular and cellular integrity, functional consequences and atrophy of NPS-relevant brain regions and circuits in correlation with specific NPS assessments. It is thereby clearly established that NPS are fundamental expressions of the underlying neurodegenerative brain disease and not simply reflect the patients' secondary response to their illness. Neuropathological studies, moreover, include a majority of end-stage patient samples, which may not correctly represent the pathophysiological environment responsible for particular NPS that may already be present in an early stage, or even prior to AD diagnosis. The burdensome nature and high prevalence of NPS, in combination with the absence of effective and safe pharmacotherapies, provide a strong incentive to continue neuropathological and neurochemical, as well as imaging and other relevant approaches to further improve our apprehension of the neurobiology of NPS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peter P De Deyn
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behaviour, Institute Born-Bunge, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, and, Faculty of Medical and Health Care Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
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69
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α-Synuclein aggregation modulation: an emerging approach for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Future Med Chem 2017. [PMID: 28632413 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial progressive neurological disorder. Pathological hallmarks of PD are characterized by the presence of α-synuclein (αSyn) aggregates known as Lewy bodies. αSyn aggregation is one of the leading causes for the neuronal dysfunction and death in PD. It is also associated with neurotransmitter and calcium release. Current therapies of PD are limited to only symptomatic relief without addressing the underlying pathogenic factors of the disease process such as aggregation of αSyn. Consequently, the progression of the disease continues with the current therapies. Therefore, the modulation of αSyn aggregation is an emerging approach as a novel therapeutic target to treat PD. There are two major aspects that might be targeted therapeutically: first, protein is prone to aggregation, therefore, anti-aggregative or compounds that can break the pre-existing aggregates should be helpful. Second, there are number of molecular events that may be targeted to combat the disease.
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70
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Cleary JD, Ranum LP. New developments in RAN translation: insights from multiple diseases. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 44:125-134. [PMID: 28365506 PMCID: PMC5951168 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation, and more recently its association with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia, there has been an intense focus to understand how this process works and the downstream effects of these novel proteins. RAN translation across several different types of repeat expansions mutations (CAG, CTG, CCG, GGGGCC, GGCCCC) results in the production of proteins in all three reading frames without an ATG initiation codon. The combination of bidirectional transcription and RAN translation has been shown to result in the accumulation of up to six mutant expansion proteins in a growing number of diseases. This process is complex mechanistically and also complex from the perspective of the downstream consequences in disease. Here we review recent developments in RAN translation and their implications on our basic understanding of neurodegenerative disease and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Douglas Cleary
- Center for NeuroGenetics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Laura Pw Ranum
- Center for NeuroGenetics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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71
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Budini M, Buratti E, Morselli E, Criollo A. Autophagy and Its Impact on Neurodegenerative Diseases: New Roles for TDP-43 and C9orf72. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:170. [PMID: 28611593 PMCID: PMC5447761 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic mechanism where intracellular material is degraded by vesicular structures called autophagolysosomes. Autophagy is necessary to maintain the normal function of the central nervous system (CNS), avoiding the accumulation of misfolded and aggregated proteins. Consistently, impaired autophagy has been associated with the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. The proteins TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43), which regulates RNA processing at different levels, and chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72), probably involved in membrane trafficking, are crucial in the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD). Additionally, recent studies have identified a role for these proteins in the control of autophagy. In this manuscript, we review what is known regarding the autophagic mechanism and discuss the involvement of TDP-43 and C9orf72 in autophagy and their impact on neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Budini
- Dentistry Faculty, Institute in Dentistry Sciences, University of ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Emanuele Buratti
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyTrieste, Italy
| | - Eugenia Morselli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Alfredo Criollo
- Dentistry Faculty, Institute in Dentistry Sciences, University of ChileSantiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic DiseasesSantiago, Chile
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72
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Bersuker K, Brandeis M, Kopito RR. Protein misfolding specifies recruitment to cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. J Cell Biol 2017; 213:229-41. [PMID: 27114501 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201511024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inclusion bodies (IBs) containing aggregated disease-associated proteins and polyubiquitin (poly-Ub) conjugates are universal histopathological features of neurodegenerative diseases. Ub has been proposed to target proteins to IBs for degradation via autophagy, but the mechanisms that govern recruitment of ubiquitylated proteins to IBs are not well understood. In this paper, we use conditionally destabilized reporters that undergo misfolding and ubiquitylation upon removal of a stabilizing ligand to examine the role of Ub conjugation in targeting proteins to IBs that are composed of an N-terminal fragment of mutant huntingtin, the causative protein of Huntington's disease. We show that reporters are excluded from IBs in the presence of the stabilizing ligand but are recruited to IBs after ligand washout. However, we find that Ub conjugation is not necessary to target reporters to IBs. We also report that forced Ub conjugation by the Ub fusion degradation pathway is not sufficient for recruitment to IBs. Finally, we find that reporters and Ub conjugates are stable at IBs. These data indicate that compromised folding states, rather than conjugation to Ub, can specify recruitment to IBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Bersuker
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Michael Brandeis
- Department of Genetics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Ron R Kopito
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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73
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Aksentijevich I, Zhou Q. NF-κB Pathway in Autoinflammatory Diseases: Dysregulation of Protein Modifications by Ubiquitin Defines a New Category of Autoinflammatory Diseases. Front Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28469620 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00399)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoinflammatory diseases are caused by defects in genes that regulate the innate immunity. Recently, the scope of autoinflammation has been broadened to include diseases that result from dysregulations in protein modifications by the highly conserved ubiquitin (Ub) peptides. Thus far these diseases consist of linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) and OTULIN deficiencies, and haploinsufficiency of A20. The LUBAC is critical for linear ubiquitination of key signaling molecules in immune response pathways, while deubiquitinase enzymes, OTULIN and TNFAIP3/A20, reverse the effects of ubiquitination by hydrolyzing linear (Met1) and Lys63 (K63) Ub moieties, respectively, from conjugated proteins. Consequently, OTULIN or A20-deficient cells have an excess of Met1 or K63 Ub chains on NEMO, RIPK1, and other target substrates, which lead to constitutive activation of the NF-kB pathway. Mutant cells produce elevated levels of many proinflammatory cytokines and respond to therapy with cytokine inhibitors. Patients with an impairment in LUBAC stability have compromised NF-kB responses in non-immune cells such as fibroblasts, while their monocytes are hyperresponsive to IL-1β. Discoveries of germline mutations in enzymes that regulate protein modifications by Ub define a new category of autoinflammatory diseases caused by upregulations in the NF-kB signaling. The primary aim of this review is to summarize the latest developments in our understanding of the etiology of autoinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Aksentijevich
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Qing Zhou
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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74
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Aksentijevich I, Zhou Q. NF-κB Pathway in Autoinflammatory Diseases: Dysregulation of Protein Modifications by Ubiquitin Defines a New Category of Autoinflammatory Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:399. [PMID: 28469620 PMCID: PMC5395695 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoinflammatory diseases are caused by defects in genes that regulate the innate immunity. Recently, the scope of autoinflammation has been broadened to include diseases that result from dysregulations in protein modifications by the highly conserved ubiquitin (Ub) peptides. Thus far these diseases consist of linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) and OTULIN deficiencies, and haploinsufficiency of A20. The LUBAC is critical for linear ubiquitination of key signaling molecules in immune response pathways, while deubiquitinase enzymes, OTULIN and TNFAIP3/A20, reverse the effects of ubiquitination by hydrolyzing linear (Met1) and Lys63 (K63) Ub moieties, respectively, from conjugated proteins. Consequently, OTULIN or A20-deficient cells have an excess of Met1 or K63 Ub chains on NEMO, RIPK1, and other target substrates, which lead to constitutive activation of the NF-kB pathway. Mutant cells produce elevated levels of many proinflammatory cytokines and respond to therapy with cytokine inhibitors. Patients with an impairment in LUBAC stability have compromised NF-kB responses in non-immune cells such as fibroblasts, while their monocytes are hyperresponsive to IL-1β. Discoveries of germline mutations in enzymes that regulate protein modifications by Ub define a new category of autoinflammatory diseases caused by upregulations in the NF-kB signaling. The primary aim of this review is to summarize the latest developments in our understanding of the etiology of autoinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Aksentijevich
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Qing Zhou
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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75
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Johnson IP, Roodveldt C. Commentary: Immunochemical Markers of the Amyloid Cascade in the Hippocampus in Motor Neuron Diseases. Front Neurol 2017; 8:105. [PMID: 28373859 PMCID: PMC5357642 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Paul Johnson
- Anatomy and Pathology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, SA , Australia
| | - Cintia Roodveldt
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Unversity of Seville-CSIC-University Pablo de Olavide , Seville , Spain
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76
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Zuiderweg ERP, Hightower LE, Gestwicki JE. The remarkable multivalency of the Hsp70 chaperones. Cell Stress Chaperones 2017; 22:173-189. [PMID: 28220454 PMCID: PMC5352603 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-017-0776-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hsp70 proteins are key to maintaining intracellular protein homeostasis. To carry out this task, they employ a large number of cochaperones and adapter proteins. Here, we review what is known about the interaction between the chaperones and partners, with a strong slant toward structural biology. Hsp70s in general, and Hsc70 (HSPA8) in particular, display an amazing array of interfaces with their protein cofactors. We also review the known interactions between Hsp70s with lipids and with active compounds that may become leads toward Hsp70 modulation for treatment of a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R P Zuiderweg
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Lawrence E Hightower
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California at San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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77
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Mukherjee S, Russell JC, Carr DT, Burgess JD, Allen M, Serie DJ, Boehme KL, Kauwe JSK, Naj AC, Fardo DW, Dickson DW, Montine TJ, Ertekin-Taner N, Kaeberlein MR, Crane PK. Systems biology approach to late-onset Alzheimer's disease genome-wide association study identifies novel candidate genes validated using brain expression data and Caenorhabditis elegans experiments. Alzheimers Dement 2017; 13:1133-1142. [PMID: 28242297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We sought to determine whether a systems biology approach may identify novel late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) loci. METHODS We performed gene-wide association analyses and integrated results with human protein-protein interaction data using network analyses. We performed functional validation on novel genes using a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans Aβ proteotoxicity model and evaluated novel genes using brain expression data from people with LOAD and other neurodegenerative conditions. RESULTS We identified 13 novel candidate LOAD genes outside chromosome 19. Of those, RNA interference knockdowns of the C. elegans orthologs of UBC, NDUFS3, EGR1, and ATP5H were associated with Aβ toxicity, and NDUFS3, SLC25A11, ATP5H, and APP were differentially expressed in the temporal cortex. DISCUSSION Network analyses identified novel LOAD candidate genes. We demonstrated a functional role for four of these in a C. elegans model and found enrichment of differentially expressed genes in the temporal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua C Russell
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel T Carr
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeremy D Burgess
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Mariet Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel J Serie
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Kevin L Boehme
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - John S K Kauwe
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Adam C Naj
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David W Fardo
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas J Montine
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nilufer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Matt R Kaeberlein
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Paul K Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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78
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Zheng Q, Huang T, Zhang L, Zhou Y, Luo H, Xu H, Wang X. Dysregulation of Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:303. [PMID: 28018215 PMCID: PMC5156861 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is one of the major protein degradation pathways, where abnormal UPS function has been observed in cancer and neurological diseases. Many neurodegenerative diseases share a common pathological feature, namely intracellular ubiquitin-positive inclusions formed by aggregate-prone neurotoxic proteins. This suggests that dysfunction of the UPS in neurodegenerative diseases contributes to the accumulation of neurotoxic proteins and to instigate neurodegeneration. Here, we review recent findings describing various aspects of UPS dysregulation in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyang Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University Xiamen, China
| | - Timothy Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Lishan Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University Xiamen, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University Xiamen, China
| | - Hong Luo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University Xiamen, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China; Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CAUSA
| | - Xin Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University Xiamen, China
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79
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Rüb U, Seidel K, Heinsen H, Vonsattel J, den Dunnen W, Korf H. Huntington's disease (HD): the neuropathology of a multisystem neurodegenerative disorder of the human brain. Brain Pathol 2016; 26:726-740. [PMID: 27529157 PMCID: PMC8029421 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominantly inherited, and currently untreatable, neuropsychiatric disorder. This progressive and ultimately fatal disease is named after the American physician George Huntington and according to the underlying molecular biological mechanisms is assigned to the human polyglutamine or CAG-repeat diseases. In the present article we give an overview of the currently known neurodegenerative hallmarks of the brains of HD patients. Subsequent to recent pathoanatomical studies the prevailing reductionistic concept of HD as a human neurodegenerative disease, which is primarily and more or less exclusively confined to the striatum (ie, caudate nucleus and putamen) has been abandoned. Many recent studies have improved our neuropathological knowledge of HD; many of the early groundbreaking findings of neuropathological HD research have been rediscovered and confirmed. The results of this investigation have led to the stepwise revision of the simplified pathoanatomical and pathophysiological HD concept and culminated in the implementation of the current concept of HD as a multisystem degenerative disease of the human brain. The multisystem character of the neuropathology of HD is emphasized by a brain distribution pattern of neurodegeneration (i) which apart from the striatum includes the cerebral neo-and allocortex, thalamus, pallidum, brainstem and cerebellum, and which (ii) therefore, shares more similarities with polyglutamine spinocerebellar ataxias than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. Rüb
- Dr. Senckenbergisches Chronomedizinisches Institut, Goethe‐UniversityFrankfurt/MainD‐60590Germany
| | - K. Seidel
- Dr. Senckenbergisches Chronomedizinisches Institut, Goethe‐UniversityFrankfurt/MainD‐60590Germany
| | - H. Heinsen
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSao PauloBrazil
- Morphological Brain Research Unit, Psychiatric Clinic, Julius Maximilians University WürzburgWürzburgD‐97080Germany
| | - J.P. Vonsattel
- The New York Brain Bank/Taub Institute, The Presbyterian Hospital and Columbia UniversityNew YorkNY
| | - W.F. den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center Groningen University of GroningenRB GroningenNL‐5970The Netherlands
| | - H.W. Korf
- Dr. Senckenbergisches Chronomedizinisches Institut, Goethe‐UniversityFrankfurt/MainD‐60590Germany
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80
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Hegde AN. Proteolysis, synaptic plasticity and memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 138:98-110. [PMID: 27614141 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein degradation has many critical functions in the nervous system such as refinement of synaptic connections during development and synaptic plasticity and memory in the adult organisms. A major cellular machinery of proteolysis is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP). The UPP precisely regulates proteolysis by covalently attaching ubiquitin, a small protein, to substrates through sequential enzymatic reactions and the proteins marked with the ubiquitin tag are degraded by complex containing many subunits called the proteasome. Research over the years has shown a role for the UPP in regulating presynaptic and postsynaptic proteins critical for neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. Studies have also revealed a role for the UPP in various forms of memory. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the function of the UPP in neurons is not homogenous and is subject to local regulation in different neuronal sub-compartments. In both invertebrate and vertebrate model systems, local roles have been found for enzymes that attach ubiquitin to substrate proteins as well as for enzymes that remove ubiquitin from substrates. The proteasome also has disparate functions in different parts of the neuron. In addition to the UPP, proteolysis by the lysosome and autophagy play a role in synaptic plasticity and memory. This review details the functions of proteolysis in synaptic plasticity and summarizes the findings on the connection between proteolysis and memory mainly focusing on the UPP including its local roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok N Hegde
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Georgia College and State University, Milledgeville, GA 31061, USA.
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81
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Nucifora FC, Nucifora LG, Ng CH, Arbez N, Guo Y, Roby E, Shani V, Engelender S, Wei D, Wang XF, Li T, Moore DJ, Pletnikova O, Troncoso JC, Sawa A, Dawson TM, Smith W, Lim KL, Ross CA. Ubiqutination via K27 and K29 chains signals aggregation and neuronal protection of LRRK2 by WSB1. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11792. [PMID: 27273569 PMCID: PMC4899630 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A common genetic form of Parkinson's disease (PD) is caused by mutations in LRRK2. We identify WSB1 as a LRRK2 interacting protein. WSB1 ubiquitinates LRRK2 through K27 and K29 linkage chains, leading to LRRK2 aggregation and neuronal protection in primary neurons and a Drosophila model of G2019S LRRK2. Knocking down endogenous WSB1 exacerbates mutant LRRK2 neuronal toxicity in neurons and the Drosophila model, indicating a role for endogenous WSB1 in modulating LRRK2 cell toxicity. WSB1 is in Lewy bodies in human PD post-mortem tissue. These data demonstrate a role for WSB1 in mutant LRRK2 pathogenesis, and suggest involvement in Lewy body pathology in sporadic PD. Our data indicate a role in PD for ubiquitin K27 and K29 linkages, and suggest that ubiquitination may be a signal for aggregation and neuronal protection in PD, which may be relevant for other neurodegenerative disorders. Finally, our study identifies a novel therapeutic target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick C. Nucifora
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Leslie G. Nucifora
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Chee-Hoe Ng
- Danone Nutricia Research, 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix Building, #05-01B, Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Nicolas Arbez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Yajuan Guo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Elaine Roby
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Vered Shani
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Rappaport Institute of Medical Research, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Simone Engelender
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Rappaport Institute of Medical Research, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Dong Wei
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Xiao-Fang Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Tianxia Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Darren J. Moore
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Olga Pletnikova
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Juan C. Troncoso
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Ted M. Dawson
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana 70130-2685, USA
| | - Wanli Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Kah-Leong Lim
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Christopher A. Ross
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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82
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Normal Molecular Specification and Neurodegenerative Disease-Like Death of Spinal Neurons Lacking the SNARE-Associated Synaptic Protein Munc18-1. J Neurosci 2016; 36:561-76. [PMID: 26758845 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1964-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The role of synaptic activity during early formation of neural circuits is a topic of some debate; genetic ablation of neurotransmitter release by deletion of the Munc18-1 gene provides an excellent model to answer the question of whether such activity is required for early circuit formation. Previous analysis of Munc18-1(-/-) mouse mutants documented their grossly normal nervous system, but its molecular differentiation has not been assessed. Munc18-1 deletion in mice also results in widespread neurodegeneration that remains poorly characterized. In this study, we demonstrate that the early stages of spinal motor circuit formation, including motor neuron specification, axon growth and pathfinding, and mRNA expression, are unaffected in Munc18-1(-/-) mice, demonstrating that synaptic activity is dispensable for early nervous system development. Furthermore, we show that the neurodegeneration caused by Munc18-1 loss is cell autonomous, consistent with apparently normal expression of several neurotrophic factors and normal GDNF signaling. Consistent with cell-autonomous degeneration, we demonstrate defects in the trafficking of the synaptic proteins Syntaxin1a and PSD-95 and the TrkB and DCC receptors in Munc18-1(-/-) neurons; these defects do not appear to cause ER stress, suggesting other mechanisms for degeneration. Finally, we demonstrate pathological similarities to Alzheimer's disease, such as altered Tau phosphorylation, neurofibrillary tangles, and accumulation of insoluble protein plaques. Together, our results shed new light upon the neurodegeneration observed in Munc18-1(-/-) mice and argue that this phenomenon shares parallels with neurodegenerative diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In this work, we demonstrate the absence of a requirement for regulated neurotransmitter release in the assembly of early neuronal circuits by assaying transcriptional identity, axon growth and guidance, and mRNA expression in Munc18-1-null mice. Furthermore, we characterize the neurodegeneration observed in Munc18-1 mutants and demonstrate that this cell-autonomous process does not appear to be a result of defects in growth factor signaling or ER stress caused by protein trafficking defects. However, we find the presence of various pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease that suggest parallels between the degeneration in these mutants and neurodegenerative conditions.
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83
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Wu CC, Chen BS. Key Immune Events of the Pathomechanisms of Early Cardioembolic Stroke: Multi-Database Mining and Systems Biology Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:305. [PMID: 26927091 PMCID: PMC4813168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
While inflammation has generally been regarded as a negative factor in stroke recovery, this viewpoint has recently been challenged by demonstrating that inflammation is a necessary and sufficient factor for regeneration in the zebrafish brain injury model. This close relationship with inflammation suggests that a re-examination of the immune system’s role in strokes is necessary. We used a systems biology approach to investigate the role of immune-related functions via their interactions with other molecular functions in early cardioembolic stroke. Based on protein interaction models and on microarray data from the blood of stroke subjects and healthy controls, networks were constructed to delineate molecular interactions at four early stages (pre-stroke, 3 h, 5 h and 24 h after stroke onset) of cardioembolic stroke. A comparative analysis of functional networks identified interactions of immune-related functions with other molecular functions, including growth factors, neuro/hormone and housekeeping functions. These provide a potential pathomechanism for early stroke pathophysiology. In addition, several potential targets of miRNA and methylation regulations were derived based on basal level changes observed in the core networks and literature. The results provide a more comprehensive understanding of stroke progression mechanisms from an immune perspective and shed light on acute stroke treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chou Wu
- Laboratory of Control and Systems Biology, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Bor-Sen Chen
- Laboratory of Control and Systems Biology, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
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84
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Gong B, Radulovic M, Figueiredo-Pereira ME, Cardozo C. The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's Disease and Spinal Cord Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:4. [PMID: 26858599 PMCID: PMC4727241 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a crucial protein degradation system in eukaryotes. Herein, we will review advances in the understanding of the role of several proteins of the UPS in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). The UPS consists of many factors that include E3 ubiquitin ligases, ubiquitin hydrolases, ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like molecules, and the proteasome itself. An extensive body of work links UPS dysfunction with AD pathogenesis and progression. More recently, the UPS has been shown to have vital roles in recovery of function after SCI. The ubiquitin hydrolase (Uch-L1) has been proposed to increase cellular levels of mono-ubiquitin and hence to increase rates of protein turnover by the UPS. A low Uch-L1 level has been linked with Aβ accumulation in AD and reduced neuroregeneration after SCI. One likely mechanism for these beneficial effects of Uch-L1 is reduced turnover of the PKA regulatory subunit and consequently, reduced signaling via CREB. The neuron-specific F-box protein Fbx2 ubiquitinates β-secretase thus targeting it for proteasomal degradation and reducing generation of Aβ. Both Uch-L1 and Fbx2 improve synaptic plasticity and cognitive function in mouse AD models. The role of Fbx2 after SCI has not been examined, but abolishing ß-secretase reduces neuronal recovery after SCI, associated with reduced myelination. UBB+1, which arises through a frame-shift mutation in the ubiquitin gene that adds 19 amino acids to the C-terminus of ubiquitin, inhibits proteasomal function and is associated with increased neurofibrillary tangles in patients with AD, Pick’s disease and Down’s syndrome. These advances in understanding of the roles of the UPS in AD and SCI raise new questions but, also, identify attractive and exciting targets for potential, future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gong
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA; Medicine, James J. Peters Veteran Affairs Medical CenterBronx, NY, USA
| | - Miroslav Radulovic
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA; Medicine, James J. Peters Veteran Affairs Medical CenterBronx, NY, USA; National Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Maria E Figueiredo-Pereira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, and the Graduate School and University Center, The City University of New York New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher Cardozo
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA; Medicine, James J. Peters Veteran Affairs Medical CenterBronx, NY, USA; National Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)Bronx, NY, USA
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85
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Bueno AN, Shrestha RK, Ronau JA, Babar A, Sheedlo MJ, Fuchs JE, Paul LN, Das C. Dynamics of an Active-Site Flap Contributes to Catalysis in a JAMM Family Metallo Deubiquitinase. Biochemistry 2016; 54:6038-51. [PMID: 26368668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endosome-associated deubiquitinase (DUB) AMSH is a member of the JAMM family of zinc-dependent metallo isopeptidases with high selectivity for Lys63-linked polyubiquitin chains, which play a key role in endosomal-lysosomal sorting of activated cell surface receptors. The catalytic domain of the enzyme features a flexible flap near the active site that opens and closes during its catalytic cycle. Structural analysis of its homologues, AMSH-LP (AMSH-like protein) and the fission yeast counterpart, Sst2, suggests that a conserved Phe residue in the flap may be critical for substrate binding and/or catalysis. To gain insight into the contribution of this flap in substrate recognition and catalysis, we generated mutants of Sst2 and characterized them using a combination of enzyme kinetics, X-ray crystallography, molecular dynamics simulations, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Our analysis shows that the Phe residue in the flap contributes key interactions during the rate-limiting step but not to substrate binding, since mutants of Phe403 exhibit a defect only in kcat but not in KM. Moreover, ITC studies show Phe403 mutants have similar KD for ubiquitin compared to the wild-type enzyme. The X-ray structures of both Phe403Ala and the Phe403Trp, in both the free and ubiquitin bound form, reveal no appreciable structural change that might impair substrate or alter product binding. We observed that the side chain of the Trp residue is oriented identically with respect to the isopeptide moiety of the substrate as the Phe residue in the wild-type enzyme, so the loss of activity seen in this mutant cannot be explained by the absence of a group with the ability to provide van der Waals interactions that facilitate the hyrdolysis of the Lys63-linked diubiquitin. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the flap in the Trp mutant is quite flexible, allowing almost free rotation of the indole side chain. Therefore, it is possible that these different dynamic properties of the flap in the Trp mutant, compared to the wild-type enzyme, manifest as a defect in interactions that facilitate the rate-limiting step. Consistent with this notion, the Trp mutant was able to cleave Lys48-linked and Lys11-linked diubiquitin better than the wild-type enzyme, indicating altered mobility and hence reduced selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy N Bueno
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Rashmi K Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Judith A Ronau
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Aditya Babar
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Michael J Sheedlo
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Julian E Fuchs
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Lake N Paul
- Bindley Biosciences Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Chittaranjan Das
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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86
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Reiss CS. Innate Immunity in Viral Encephalitis. NEUROTROPIC VIRAL INFECTIONS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7153449 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33189-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carol Shoshkes Reiss
- Departments of Biology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York USA
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87
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Lincoln BL, Alabsi SH, Frendo N, Freund R, Keller LC. Drosophila Neuronal Injury Follows a Temporal Sequence of Cellular Events Leading to Degeneration at the Neuromuscular Junction. J Exp Neurosci 2015; 9:1-9. [PMID: 26512206 PMCID: PMC4612769 DOI: 10.4137/jen.s25516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases affect millions of people worldwide, and as the global population ages, there is a critical need to improve our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that drive neurodegeneration. At the molecular level, neurodegeneration involves the activation of complex signaling pathways that drive the active destruction of neurons and their intracellular components. Here, we use an in vivo motor neuron injury assay to acutely induce neurodegeneration in order to follow the temporal order of events that occur following injury in Drosophila melanogaster. We find that sites of injury can be rapidly identified based on structural defects to the neuronal cytoskeleton that result in disrupted axonal transport. Additionally, the neuromuscular junction accumulates ubiquitinated proteins prior to the neurodegenerative events, occurring at 24 hours post injury. Our data provide insights into the early molecular events that occur during axonal and neuromuscular degeneration in a genetically tractable model organism. Importantly, the mechanisms that mediate neurodegeneration in flies are conserved in humans. Thus, these studies have implications for our understanding of the cellular and molecular events that occur in humans and will facilitate the identification of biomedically relevant targets for future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barron L Lincoln
- Department of Biological Sciences, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT, USA
| | - Sahar H Alabsi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT, USA
| | - Nicholas Frendo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT, USA
| | - Robert Freund
- Department of Biological Sciences, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT, USA
| | - Lani C Keller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT, USA
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88
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Kiely AP, Ling H, Asi YT, Kara E, Proukakis C, Schapira AH, Morris HR, Roberts HC, Lubbe S, Limousin P, Lewis PA, Lees AJ, Quinn N, Hardy J, Love S, Revesz T, Houlden H, Holton JL. Distinct clinical and neuropathological features of G51D SNCA mutation cases compared with SNCA duplication and H50Q mutation. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:41. [PMID: 26306801 PMCID: PMC4549856 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We and others have described the neurodegenerative disorder caused by G51D SNCA mutation which shares characteristics of Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). The objective of this investigation was to extend the description of the clinical and neuropathological hallmarks of G51D mutant SNCA-associated disease by the study of two additional cases from a further G51D SNCA kindred and to compare the features of this group with a SNCA duplication case and a H50Q SNCA mutation case. RESULTS All three G51D patients were clinically characterised by parkinsonism, dementia, visual hallucinations, autonomic dysfunction and pyramidal signs with variable age at disease onset and levodopa response. The H50Q SNCA mutation case had a clinical picture that mimicked late-onset idiopathic PD with a good and sustained levodopa response. The SNCA duplication case presented with a clinical phenotype of frontotemporal dementia with marked behavioural changes, pyramidal signs, postural hypotension and transiently levodopa responsive parkinsonism. Detailed post-mortem neuropathological analysis was performed in all cases. All three G51D cases had abundant α-synuclein pathology with characteristics of both PD and MSA. These included widespread cortical and subcortical neuronal α-synuclein inclusions together with small numbers of inclusions resembling glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) in oligodendrocytes. In contrast the H50Q and SNCA duplication cases, had α-synuclein pathology resembling idiopathic PD without GCIs. Phosphorylated α-synuclein was present in all inclusions types in G51D cases but was more restricted in SNCA duplication and H50Q mutation. Inclusions were also immunoreactive for the 5G4 antibody indicating their highly aggregated and likely fibrillar state. CONCLUSIONS Our characterisation of the clinical and neuropathological features of the present small series of G51D SNCA mutation cases should aid the recognition of this clinico-pathological entity. The neuropathological features of these cases consistently share characteristics of PD and MSA and are distinct from PD patients carrying the H50Q or SNCA duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife P Kiely
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK.
| | - Helen Ling
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK.
| | - Yasmine T Asi
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK.
| | - Eleanna Kara
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Centre, Harvard medical school & Massachusetts General Hospital, 114 16th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
| | - Christos Proukakis
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - Anthony H Schapira
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - Huw R Morris
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - Helen C Roberts
- Academic Geriatric Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Steven Lubbe
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - Patricia Limousin
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK.
| | - Patrick A Lewis
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK. .,School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK.
| | - Andrew J Lees
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK. .,Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - Niall Quinn
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK.
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK. .,Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - Seth Love
- Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Tamas Revesz
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK.
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - Janice L Holton
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Queen Square Brain Bank, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK.
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89
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Martins WC, Tasca CI, Cimarosti H. Battling Alzheimer's Disease: Targeting SUMOylation-Mediated Pathways. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:568-78. [PMID: 26227998 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1681-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) conjugation is a critically important control process in all eukaryotic cells, because it acts as a biochemical switch and regulates the function of hundreds of proteins in many different pathways. Although the diverse functional consequences and molecular targets of SUMOylation remain largely unknown, SUMOylation is becoming increasingly implicated in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Apart from the central SUMO-modified disease-associated proteins, such as amyloid precursor protein, amyloid β, and tau, SUMOylation also regulates several other processes underlying AD. These are involved in inflammation, mitochondrial dynamics, synaptic transmission and plasticity, as well as in protective responses to cell stress. Herein, we review current reports on the involvement of SUMOylation in AD, and present an overview of potential SUMO targets and pathways underlying AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner Carbolin Martins
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Carla Inês Tasca
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Helena Cimarosti
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
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90
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Wilhelm CJ, Hashimoto JG, Roberts ML, Bloom SH, Andrew MR, Wiren KM. Astrocyte Dysfunction Induced by Alcohol in Females but Not Males. Brain Pathol 2015; 26:433-51. [PMID: 26088166 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol abuse is associated with brain damage in a sex-specific fashion, but the mechanisms involved are poorly described and remain controversial. Previous results have suggested that astrocyte gene expression is influenced by ethanol intoxication and during abstinence in vivo. Here, bioinformatic analysis of astrocyte-enriched ethanol-regulated genes in vivo revealed ubiquitin pathways as an ethanol target, but with sexually dimorphic cytokine signaling and changes associated with brain aging in females and not males. Consistent with this result, astrocyte activation was observed after exposure in female but not male animals, with reduced S100β levels in the anterior cingulate cortex and increased GFAP(+) cells in the hippocampus. In primary culture, the direct effects of chronic ethanol exposure followed by recovery on sex-specific astrocyte function were examined. Male astrocyte responses were consistent with astrocyte deactivation with reduced GFAP expression during ethanol exposure. In contrast, female astrocytes exhibited increased expression of Tnf, reduced expression of the neuroprotective cytokine Tgfb1, disrupted bioenergetics and reduced excitatory amino acid uptake following exposure or recovery. These results indicate widespread astrocyte dysfunction in ethanol-exposed females and suggest a mechanism that may underlie increased vulnerability to ethanol-induced neurotoxicity in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare J Wilhelm
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR.,Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Joel G Hashimoto
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR.,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | | | | | - Melissa R Andrew
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Kristine M Wiren
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR.,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
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91
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Sharma HS, Muresanu DF, Lafuente JV, Sjöquist PO, Patnaik R, Sharma A. Nanoparticles Exacerbate Both Ubiquitin and Heat Shock Protein Expressions in Spinal Cord Injury: Neuroprotective Effects of the Proteasome Inhibitor Carfilzomib and the Antioxidant Compound H-290/51. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 52:882-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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92
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Farshi P, Deshmukh RR, Nwankwo JO, Arkwright RT, Cvek B, Liu J, Dou QP. Deubiquitinases (DUBs) and DUB inhibitors: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:1191-1208. [PMID: 26077642 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1056737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deubiquitinating-enzymes (DUBs) are key components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). The fundamental role of DUBs is specific removal of ubiquitin from substrates. DUBs contribute to activation/deactivation, recycling and localization of numerous regulatory proteins, and thus play major roles in diverse cellular processes. Altered DUB activity is associated with a multitudes of pathologies including cancer. Therefore, DUBs represent novel candidates for target-directed drug development. AREAS COVERED The article is a thorough review/accounting of patented compounds targeting DUBs and stratifying/classifying the patented compounds based on: chemical-structures, nucleic-acid compositions, modes-of-action, and targeting sites. The review provides a brief background on the UPS and the involvement of DUBs. Furthermore, methods for assessing efficacy and potential pharmacological utility of DUB inhibitor (DUBi) are discussed. EXPERT OPINION The FDA's approval of the 20S proteasome inhibitors (PIs): bortezomib and carfilzomib for treatment of hematological malignancies established the UPS as an anti-cancer target. Unfortunately, many patients are inherently resistant or develop resistance to PIs. One potential strategy to combat PI resistance is targeting upstream components of the UPS such as DUBs. DUBs represent a promising potential therapeutic target due to their critical roles in various cellular processes including protein turnover, localization and cellular homeostasis. While considerable efforts have been undertaken to develop DUB modulators, significant advancements are necessary to move DUBis into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pershang Farshi
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Rahul R Deshmukh
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Joseph O Nwankwo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University, Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Richard T Arkwright
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Boris Cvek
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 11, Olomouc 78371, Czech Republic
| | - Jinbao Liu
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Q Ping Dou
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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93
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De Rosa P, Marini ES, Gelmetti V, Valente EM. Candidate genes for Parkinson disease: Lessons from pathogenesis. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 449:68-76. [PMID: 26048192 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of specific neuronal populations and accumulation of Lewy bodies in the brain, leading to motor and non-motor symptoms. In a small subset of patients, PD is dominantly or recessively inherited, while a number of susceptibility genetic loci have been identified through genome wide association studies. The discovery of genes mutated in PD and functional studies on their protein products have provided new insights into the molecular events leading to neurodegeneration, suggesting that few interconnected molecular pathways may be deranged in all forms of PD, triggering neuronal loss. Here, we summarize the most relevant findings implicating the main PD-related proteins in biological processes such as mitochondrial dysfunction, misfolded protein damage, alteration of cellular clearance systems, abnormal calcium handling and altered inflammatory response, which represent key targets for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla De Rosa
- IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, CSS-Mendel Institute, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Elettra Sara Marini
- IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, CSS-Mendel Institute, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; Dept. of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Vania Gelmetti
- IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, CSS-Mendel Institute, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, CSS-Mendel Institute, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; Section of Neurosciences, Dept. of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
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94
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Levy-Cohen G, Blank M. Functional analysis of protein ubiquitination. Anal Biochem 2015; 484:37-9. [PMID: 25963895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the protein ubiquitination can lead to the development of serious pathological conditions and diseases and, therefore, are under extensive investigation. Here we detail the revised/updated version of two approaches for analyzing the functional activities of the ubiquitin transferring system and target protein ubiquitination. These approaches permit the analysis of protein ubiquitination within the cellular environment as well as in a tube when the purified components are used. The updates introduced in the protocols allow both to increase the sensitivity of the assays and to reduce the false positives often experienced in the analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Levy-Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cancer Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1321504, Israel
| | - Michael Blank
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cancer Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1321504, Israel.
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95
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Autophagy in neuropathology. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 129:333-5. [PMID: 25648862 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1396-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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96
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Chu J, Li JG, Hoffman NE, Madesh M, Praticò D. Degradation of gamma secretase activating protein by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. J Neurochem 2015; 133:432-9. [PMID: 25533523 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A major hallmark feature of Alzheimer's disease is the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ), whose formation is regulated by the γ-secretase complex and its activating protein (also known as γ-secretase activating protein, or GSAP). Because GSAP interacts with the γ-secretase without affecting the cleavage of Notch, it is an ideal target for a viable anti-Aβ therapy. GSAP derives from a C-terminal fragment of a larger precursor protein of 98 kDa via a caspase 3-mediated cleavage. However, the mechanism(s) involved in its degradation remain unknown. In this study, we show that GSAP has a short half-life of approximately 5 h. Neuronal cells treated with proteasome inhibitors markedly prevented GSAP protein degradation, which was associated with a significant increment in Aβ levels and γ-secretase cleavage products. In contrast, treatment with calpain blocker and lysosome inhibitors had no effect. In addition, we provide experimental evidence that GSAP is ubiquitinated. Taken together, our findings reveal that GSAP is degraded through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Modulation of the GSAP degradation pathway may be implemented as a viable target for a safer anti-Aβ therapeutic approach in Alzheimer's disease. The GSAP derives from a precursor via a caspase 3-mediated cleavage, is up-regulated in Alzheimer's disease brains and facilitates Aβ production by interacting directly with the γ-secretase complex. Here, we demonstrate that GSAP is ubiquitinated and then selectively degraded via the proteasome system but not the calpains or lysosome pathways. These findings provide further evidence for the involvement of the proteasome system in the regulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) precursor protein metabolism and Aβ formation. AICD, APP intracellular domain; APP, amyloid precursor protein; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; CTF-α, alpha-C-terminal fragment; CTF-β, beta-C-terminal fragment; GSAP, γ-secretase activating protein; Ub, ubiquitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chu
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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97
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Gispert S, Brehm N, Weil J, Seidel K, Rüb U, Kern B, Walter M, Roeper J, Auburger G. Potentiation of neurotoxicity in double-mutant mice with Pink1 ablation and A53T-SNCA overexpression. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:1061-76. [PMID: 25296918 PMCID: PMC4986551 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The common age-related neurodegeneration of Parkinson's disease can result from dominant causes like increased dosage of vesicle-associated alpha-synuclein (SNCA) or recessive causes like deficiency of mitophagy factor PINK1. Interactions between these triggers and their convergence onto shared pathways are crucial, but currently conflicting evidence exists. Here, we crossed previously characterized mice with A53T-SNCA overexpression and with Pink1 deletion to generate double mutants (DMs). We studied their lifespan and behavior, histological and molecular anomalies at late and early ages. DM animals showed potentiated phenotypes in comparison with both single mutants (SMs), with reduced survival and strongly reduced spontaneous movements from the age of 3 months onwards. In contrast to SMs, a quarter of DM animals manifested progressive paralysis at ages >1 year and exhibited protein aggregates immunopositive for pSer129-SNCA, p62 and ubiquitin in spinal cord and basal brain. Brain proteome quantifications of ubiquitination sites documented altered degradation of SNCA and the DNA-damage marker H2AX at the age of 18 months. Global brain transcriptome profiles and qPCR validation experiments identified many consistent transcriptional dysregulations already at the age of 6 weeks, which were absent from SMs. The observed downregulations for Dapk1, Dcaf17, Rab42 and the novel SNCA-marker Lect1 as well as the upregulations for Dctn5, Mrpl9, Tmem181a, Xaf1 and H2afx reflect changes in ubiquitination, mitochondrial/synaptic/microtubular/cell adhesion dynamics and DNA damage. Thus, our study confirmed that SNCA-triggered neurotoxicity is exacerbated by the absence of PINK1 and identified a novel molecular signature that is detectable early in the course of this double pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Gispert
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Building 89, 3rd floor, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nadine Brehm
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Building 89, 3rd floor, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jonas Weil
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Building 89, 3rd floor, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kay Seidel
- Dr. Senckenbergisches Chronomedizinisches Institut, Goethe-University Medical School, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Udo Rüb
- Dr. Senckenbergisches Chronomedizinisches Institut, Goethe-University Medical School, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Beatrice Kern
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany and
| | - Michael Walter
- Institute for Medical Genetics, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jochen Roeper
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany and
| | - Georg Auburger
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Building 89, 3rd floor, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany,
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