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Nanocarrier-mediated Delivery of CORM-2 Enhances Anti-allodynic and Anti-hyperalgesic Effects of CORM-2. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5539-5554. [PMID: 30637664 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a devastating chronic condition and effective treatments are still lacking. Carbon monoxide-releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2) as a carbon monoxide (CO) carrier, exerts potent anti-neuropathic pain effects; however, its poor water solubility and short half-life hinder its clinical utility. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether CORM-2-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (CORM-2-SLNs) enhance the anti-allodynic and anti-hyperalgesic effects of CORM-2 in a rat chronic constriction injury (CCI) model. CORM-2-SLNs were prepared using a nanotemplate engineering technique with slight modifications. The physiochemical properties of CORM-2-SLNs were characterized and CO release from CORM-2-SLNs was assessed using a myoglobin assay. CO was slowly released from CORM-2-SLNs, was observed, and the half-life of CO release was 50 times longer than that of CORM-2. In vivo results demonstrate that intraperitoneal administration of CORM-2-SLNs (5 and 10 mg/kg/day, ip) once daily for seven consecutive days significantly reduced the mechanical allodynia and mechanical hyperalgesia compared with CORM-2 (10 mg/kg/day, ip). RT-PCR and Western blot analyses on days 7 and 14, revealed that treatment with CORM-2-SLNs resulted in greater reductions in the CCI-elevated levels of heme-oxygenase-2 (HO-2); inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS); neuronal NOS (nNOS); and inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IBA-1, and GFAP) in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglions compared with treatment with CORM-2. In contrast, HO-1 and IL-10 were significantly increased in the CORM-2-SLN-treated group compared with the group treated with CORM-2. These data indicate that CORM-2-SLNs are superior to CORM-2-S in alleviating mechanical allodynia and mechanical hyperalgesia.
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52
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Calovi S, Mut-Arbona P, Sperlágh B. Microglia and the Purinergic Signaling System. Neuroscience 2018; 405:137-147. [PMID: 30582977 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the main resident immune-competent cell type of the central nervous system (CNS); these cells are highly sensitive to subtle changes in the chemical environment of the brain. Microglia are activated during diverse conditions, such as apoptosis, trauma, inflammation, and infection. The specific activities of microglia result from the confluence of environmental stimuli and the cellular state. It is likely that several signaling systems with different biological functions operate in competition and/or synergy, thus regulating similar microglial behaviors. The purinergic system is one of the fundamental signaling systems that establish microglial behavior in a wide spectrum of conditions. Adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) belongs to the purinergic signaling system, which includes P2X, P2Y, and P1 receptors, as well as other proteins participating in ATP secretion and extracellular ATP degradation, and molecules that recognize purines as a ligand. In this review, we focus on the latest pre-clinical and basic purinergic system and microglial research, with particular attention to data collected in vivo and ex vivo. This chapter is divided into sections related to microglial ATP release, ATP degradation, and ATP-related actions mediated by P2X and P2Y receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Calovi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University School of PhD Studies, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Paula Mut-Arbona
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University School of PhD Studies, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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53
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Hutchings CJ, Colussi P, Clark TG. Ion channels as therapeutic antibody targets. MAbs 2018; 11:265-296. [PMID: 30526315 PMCID: PMC6380435 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1548232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well established that antibodies have numerous potential benefits when developed as therapeutics. Here, we evaluate the technical challenges of raising antibodies to membrane-spanning proteins together with enabling technologies that may facilitate the discovery of antibody therapeutics to ion channels. Additionally, we discuss the potential targeting opportunities in the anti-ion channel antibody landscape, along with a number of case studies where functional antibodies that target ion channels have been reported. Antibodies currently in development and progressing towards the clinic are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Theodore G. Clark
- TetraGenetics Inc, Arlington Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca New York, USA
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54
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Jurga AM, Rojewska E, Makuch W, Mika J. Lipopolysaccharide from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (TLR4 antagonist) attenuates hypersensitivity and modulates nociceptive factors. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2018; 56:275-286. [PMID: 29656686 PMCID: PMC6130482 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2018.1457061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that Toll-like receptors (TLRs), especially TLR4 localized on microglia/macrophages, may play a significant role in nociception. OBJECTIVE We examine the role of TLR4 in a neuropathic pain model. Using behavioural/biochemical methods, we examined the influence of TLR4 antagonist on levels of hypersensitivity and nociceptive factors whose contribution to neuropathy development has been confirmed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Behavioural (von Frey's/cold plate) tests were performed with Wistar male rats after intrathecal administration of a TLR4 antagonist (LPS-RS ULTRAPURE (LPS-RSU), 20 μG: lipopolysaccharide from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, InvivoGen, San Diego, CA) 16 H and 1 h before chronic constriction injury (cci) to the sciatic nerve and then daily for 7 d. three groups were used: an intact group and two cci-exposed groups that received vehicle or LPS-RSU. tissue [spinal cord/dorsal root ganglia (DRG)] for western blot analysis was collected on day 7. RESULTS The pharmacological blockade of TLR4 diminished mechanical (from ca. 40% to 16% that in the INTACT group) and thermal (from ca. 51% to 32% that in the INTACT group) hypersensitivity despite the enhanced activation of IBA-1-positive cells in DRG. Moreover, LPS-RSU changed the ratio between IL-18/IL-18BP and MMP-9/TIMP-1 in favour of the increase of antinociceptive factors IL-18BP (25%-spinal; 96%-DRG) and TIMP-1 (15%-spinal; 50%-DRG) and additionally led to an increased IL-6 (40%-spinal; 161%-DRG), which is known to have analgesic properties in neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that LPS-RSU influences pain through the expression of TLR4. TLR4 blockade has analgesic properties and restores the balance between nociceptive factors, which indicates its engagement in neuropathy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka M. Jurga
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Rojewska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wioletta Makuch
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
- CONTACT Joanna MikaDepartment of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Str., 31343Krakow, Poland
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55
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Ferreira-Chamorro P, Redondo A, Riego G, Leánez S, Pol O. Sulforaphane Inhibited the Nociceptive Responses, Anxiety- and Depressive-Like Behaviors Associated With Neuropathic Pain and Improved the Anti-allodynic Effects of Morphine in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1332. [PMID: 30542282 PMCID: PMC6277937 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuropathic pain is associated with anxiety- and depressive-like disorders. Its treatment remains a serious clinical problem due to the lack of efficacy of the available therapeutic modalities. We investigated if the activation of the transcription factor Nrf2 could modulate the nociceptive and emotional disorders associated with persistent neuropathic pain and potentiated the analgesic activity of morphine. The possible mechanisms implicated in these effects have been also evaluated. Therefore, in C57BL/6 mice with neuropathic pain induced by the chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve (CCI), we assessed the antinociceptive, anxiolytic, and anti-depressant effects of the repeated intraperitoneal administration of a Nrf2 inducer, sulforaphane (SFN), and the effects of this treatment on the local antinociceptive actions of morphine. The protein levels of Nrf2, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), CD11b/c (a microglial activator marker), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and μ opioid receptors (MOR) in the spinal cord, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus from mice, at 28 days after CCI, were also evaluated. Our results showed that the repeated administration of SFN besides inhibiting nociceptive responses induced by sciatic nerve injury also diminished the anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors associated with persistent neuropathic pain. Moreover, SFN treatment normalized oxidative stress by inducing Nrf2/HO-1 signaling, reduced microglial activation and JNK, ERK1/2, p-38 phosphorylation induced by sciatic nerve injury in the spinal cord and/or hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Interestingly, treatment with SFN also potentiated the antiallodynic effects of morphine in sciatic nerve-injured mice by regularizing the down regulation of MOR in the spinal cord and/or hippocampus. This study suggested that treatment with SFN might be an interesting approach for the management of persistent neuropathic pain and comorbidities associated as well as to improve the analgesic actions of morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ferreira-Chamorro
- Grup de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Grup de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Redondo
- Grup de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Grup de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriela Riego
- Grup de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Grup de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Leánez
- Grup de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Grup de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Pol
- Grup de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Grup de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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56
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Piotrowska A, Rojewska E, Pawlik K, Kreiner G, Ciechanowska A, Makuch W, Zychowska M, Mika J. Pharmacological blockade of CXCR3 by (±)-NBI-74330 reduces neuropathic pain and enhances opioid effectiveness - Evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3418-3437. [PMID: 30076959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that CXCR3 is important for nociception. Our experiments were conducted to evaluate involvement of CXCR3 and its ligands (CXCL4, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11/CCL21) in neuropathic pain. Our studies give new evidence that intrathecal administration of each CXCR3 ligand induces pain-like behaviour in naive mice that occurs shortly after injection due to its location of neurons, which is confirmed by immunofluorescent staining. Moreover, intrathecal administrations of CXCL9, CXCL10, CCL21 neutralizing antibodies diminished pain-related behaviour. RT-PCR/Western blot analysis unprecedentedly showed spinal elevated levels of CXCR3 after chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve in rats in parallel with different time-course changes of its endogenous ligands. Initially, on day 2 we observed spinal increased levels of CXCL10 and CXCL11 indicating that these chemokines have important roles in triggering neuropathy. Then, on day 7, we observed increased levels of CXCL4, CXCL9, CXCL10. Interestingly, changes in CXCL9 level persisted until day 28, suggesting that these chemokines are responsible for long-term, persistent neuropathy. Additionally, in DRG the CXCL4, CXCL9 were elevated. The results obtained from primary glial cultures, suggests that all CXCR3 ligands can be produced in microglia, but also, except for CXCL4, in astrocytes. We provide the first evidence that in neuropathy chronic intrathecal administration of CXCR3 antagonist, (±)-NBI-74330, attenuates hypersensitivity with concomitant occurrence of microglial and some of CXCR3 ligands activation observed in the spinal cord and/or DRG level. This paper underlies the significance of CXCR3 in neuropathic pain and shows therapeutic potential of its blockade for enhancement of morphine analgesia as the major novelty of this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Piotrowska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Rojewska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pawlik
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kreiner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Brain Biochemistry, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Ciechanowska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Wioletta Makuch
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zychowska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Mika
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
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57
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Xu F, Yang J, Lu F, Liu R, Zheng J, Zhang J, Cui W, Wang C, Zhou W, Wang Q, Chen X, Chen J. Fast Green FCF Alleviates Pain Hypersensitivity and Down-Regulates the Levels of Spinal P2X4 Expression and Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in a Rodent Inflammatory Pain Model. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:534. [PMID: 29875666 PMCID: PMC5974208 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast Green FCF (FGF), a biocompatible dye, recently drew attention as a potential drug to treat amyloid-deposit diseases due to its effects against amyloid fibrillogenesis in vitro and a high degree of safety. However, its role in inflammatory pain is unknown. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of FGF in the inflammatory pain model induced by complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) and to identify the associated mechanisms. We found that systemic administration of FGF reversed mechanical and thermal pain hypersensitivity evoked by CFA in a dose-dependent manner. FGF treatment decreased purinergic spinal P2X4 expression in the spinal cord of CFA-inflamed mice. FGF also down-regulated spinal and peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6)], but did not alter the spinal level of nerve growth factor (NGF) or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In conclusion, our results suggest the potential of FGF for controlling the progress of inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, The Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, The Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Fan Lu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, The Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Rongjun Liu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, The Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jinwei Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Junfang Zhang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, The Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, The Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, The Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Wenhua Zhou
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, The Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qinwen Wang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, The Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, The Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Junping Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
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58
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Mechanism implicated in the anti-allodynic and anti-hyperalgesic effects induced by the activation of heme oxygenase 1/carbon monoxide signaling pathway in the central nervous system of mice with neuropathic pain. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 148:52-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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59
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Ross JL, Queme LF, Lamb JE, Green KJ, Jankowski MP. Sex differences in primary muscle afferent sensitization following ischemia and reperfusion injury. Biol Sex Differ 2018; 9:2. [PMID: 29298725 PMCID: PMC5751812 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-017-0163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pain conditions are more prevalent in women, but most preclinical studies into mechanisms of pain generation are performed using male animals. Furthermore, whereas group III and IV nociceptive muscle afferents provoke central sensitization more effectively than their cutaneous counterparts, less is known about this critical population of muscle nociceptors. Here, we compare the physiology of individual muscle afferents in uninjured males and females. We then characterize the molecular, physiological, and behavioral effects of transient ischemia and reperfusion injury (I/R), a model we have extensively studied in males and in females. METHODS Response properties and phenotypes to mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimulation were compared using an ex vivo muscle/nerve/dorsal root ganglia (DRG)/spinal cord recording preparation. Analyses of injury-related changes were also performed by assaying evoked and spontaneous pain-related behaviors, as well as mRNA expression of the affected muscle and DRGs. The appropriate analyses of variance and post hoc tests (with false discovery rate corrections when needed) were performed for each measure. RESULTS Females have more mechanically sensitive muscle afferents and show greater mechanical and thermal responsiveness than what is found in males. With I/R, both sexes show fewer cells responsive to an innocuous metabolite solution (ATP, lactic acid, and protons), and lower mechanical thresholds in individual afferents; however, females also possess altered thermal responsiveness, which may be related to sex-dependent changes in gene expression within the affected DRGs. Regardless, both sexes show similar increases in I/R-induced pain-like behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Here, we illustrate a unique phenomenon wherein discrete, sex-dependent mechanisms of primary muscle afferent sensitization after ischemic injury to the periphery may underlie similar behavioral changes between the sexes. Furthermore, although the group III and IV muscle afferents are fully developed functionally, the differential mechanisms of sensitization manifest prior to sexual maturity. Hence, this study illustrates the pressing need for further exploration of sex differences in afferent function throughout the lifespan for use in developing appropriately targeted pain therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Ross
- Department of Anesthesia, Division of Pain Management, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave MLC 6016, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Luis F Queme
- Department of Anesthesia, Division of Pain Management, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave MLC 6016, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Jordan E Lamb
- Department of Anesthesia, Division of Pain Management, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave MLC 6016, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Kathryn J Green
- Department of Anesthesia, Division of Pain Management, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave MLC 6016, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Michael P Jankowski
- Department of Anesthesia, Division of Pain Management, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave MLC 6016, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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60
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Knezevic NN, Yekkirala A, Yaksh TL. Basic/Translational Development of Forthcoming Opioid- and Nonopioid-Targeted Pain Therapeutics. Anesth Analg 2017; 125:1714-1732. [PMID: 29049116 PMCID: PMC5679134 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000002442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Opioids represent an efficacious therapeutic modality for some, but not all pain states. Singular reliance on opioid therapy for pain management has limitations, and abuse potential has deleterious consequences for patient and society. Our understanding of pain biology has yielded insights and opportunities for alternatives to conventional opioid agonists. The aim is to have efficacious therapies, with acceptable side effect profiles and minimal abuse potential, which is to say an absence of reinforcing activity in the absence of a pain state. The present work provides a nonexclusive overview of current drug targets and potential future directions of research and development. We discuss channel activators and blockers, including sodium channel blockers, potassium channel activators, and calcium channel blockers; glutamate receptor-targeted agents, including N-methyl-D-aspartate, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid, and metabotropic receptors. Furthermore, we discuss therapeutics targeted at γ-aminobutyric acid, α2-adrenergic, and opioid receptors. We also considered antagonists of angiotensin 2 and Toll receptors and agonists/antagonists of adenosine, purine receptors, and cannabinoids. Novel targets considered are those focusing on lipid mediators and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Of interest is development of novel targeting strategies, which produce long-term alterations in pain signaling, including viral transfection and toxins. We consider issues in the development of druggable molecules, including preclinical screening. While there are examples of successful translation, mechanistically promising preclinical candidates may unexpectedly fail during clinical trials because the preclinical models may not recapitulate the particular human pain condition being addressed. Molecular target characterization can diminish the disconnect between preclinical and humans' targets, which should assist in developing nonaddictive analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebojsa Nick Knezevic
- From the *Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center Chicago, Illinois; Departments of †Anesthesiology and ‡Surgery, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois; §Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; ‖Blue Therapeutics, Harvard Innovation Launch Lab, Allston, Massachusetts; and Departments of ¶Anesthesiology and #Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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61
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Attenuation of mechanical pain hypersensitivity by treatment with Peptide5, a connexin-43 mimetic peptide, involves inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome in nerve-injured mice. Exp Neurol 2017; 300:1-12. [PMID: 29055716 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Connexin43 (Cx43) hemichannels in spinal cord astrocytes are implicated in the maintenance of neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury. Peptide5 is a Cx43 mimetic peptide that blocks hemichannels. In this study, we investigated the effects of spinal delivery of Peptide5 on mechanical pain hypersensitivity in two mouse models of neuropathic pain, peripheral nerve injury and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). We demonstrated that 10days following a chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve, Cx43 expression, co-localised predominantly with astrocytes, was increased in the ipsilateral L3-L5 lumbar spinal cord. An intrathecal injection of Peptide5 into nerve-injured mice, on day 10 when pain was well-established, caused significant improvement in mechanical pain hypersensitivity 8h after injection. Peptide5 treatment resulted in significantly reduced Cx43, and microglial and astrocyte activity in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, as compared to control saline-treated CCI mice. Further in vitro investigations on primary astrocyte cultures showed that 1h pre-treatment with Peptide5 significantly reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release in response to extracellular calcium depletion. Since ATP is a known activator of the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome complex, a key mediator of neuroinflammation, we examined the effects of Peptide5 treatment on NLRP3 inflammasome expression. We found that NLRP3, its adaptor apoptosis-associated spec-like protein (ASC) and caspase-1 protein were increased in the ipsilateral spinal cord of CCI mice and reduced to naïve levels following Peptide5 treatment. In the models of oxaliplatin- and paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy, treatment with Peptide5 had no effect on mechanical pain hypersensitivity. Interestingly, in these CIPN models, although spinal Cx43 expression was significantly increased at day 13 following chemotherapy, NLRP3 expression was not altered. These results suggest that the analgesic effect of Peptide5 is specifically achieved by reducing NLRP3 expression. Together, our findings demonstrate that blocking Cx43 hemichannels with Peptide5 after nerve injury attenuates mechanical pain hypersensitivity by specifically targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome in the spinal cord.
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