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Evaluation of Antinociceptive Effects of Chitosan-Coated Liposomes Entrapping the Selective Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist U50,488 in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57020138. [PMID: 33557245 PMCID: PMC7913921 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The selective kappa opioid receptor agonist U50,488 was reported to have analgesic, cough suppressant, diuretic and other beneficial properties. The aim of our study was to analyze the effects of some original chitosan-coated liposomes entrapping U50,488 in somatic and visceral nociceptive sensitivity in mice. Materials and Methods: The influence on the somatic pain was assessed using a tail flick test by counting the tail reactivity to thermal noxious stimulation. The nociceptive visceral estimation was performed using the writhing test in order to evaluate the behavioral manifestations occurring as a reaction to the chemical noxious peritoneal irritation with 0.6% acetic acid (10 mL/kbw). The animals were treated orally, at the same time, with a single dose of: distilled water 0.1 mL/10 gbw; 50 mg/kbw U50,488; 50 mg/kbw U50,488 entrapped in chitosan-coated liposomes, according to the group they were randomly assigned. Results: The use of chitosan-coated liposomesas carriers for U50,488 induced antinociceptive effects that began to manifest after 2 h, andwere prolonged but with a lower intensity than those caused by the free selective kappa opioid in both tests. Conclusion: In this experimental model, the oral administration of nanovesicles containing the selective kappa opioid agonist U50,488 determined a prolonged analgesic outcome in the tail flick test, as well as in the writhing test.
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Yang D, Zhou Q, Labroska V, Qin S, Darbalaei S, Wu Y, Yuliantie E, Xie L, Tao H, Cheng J, Liu Q, Zhao S, Shui W, Jiang Y, Wang MW. G protein-coupled receptors: structure- and function-based drug discovery. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:7. [PMID: 33414387 PMCID: PMC7790836 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00435-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most successful therapeutic target families, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have experienced a transformation from random ligand screening to knowledge-driven drug design. We are eye-witnessing tremendous progresses made recently in the understanding of their structure-function relationships that facilitated drug development at an unprecedented pace. This article intends to provide a comprehensive overview of this important field to a broader readership that shares some common interests in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Yang
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingtong Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Viktorija Labroska
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Qin
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Sanaz Darbalaei
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yiran Wu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Elita Yuliantie
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Linshan Xie
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Houchao Tao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Liu
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Suwen Zhao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqing Shui
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yi Jiang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China. .,The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China. .,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 201203, Shanghai, China.
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Spetea M, Schmidhammer H. Kappa Opioid Receptor Ligands and Pharmacology: Diphenethylamines, a Class of Structurally Distinct, Selective Kappa Opioid Ligands. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 271:163-195. [PMID: 33454858 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The kappa opioid receptor (KOR), a G protein-coupled receptor, and its endogenous ligands, the dynorphins, are prominent members of the opioid neuromodulatory system. The endogenous kappa opioid system is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, and has a key role in modulating pain in central and peripheral neuronal circuits and a wide array of physiological functions and neuropsychiatric behaviors (e.g., stress, reward, emotion, motivation, cognition, epileptic seizures, itch, and diuresis). We review the latest advances in pharmacology of the KOR, chemical developments on KOR ligands with advances and challenges, and therapeutic and potential applications of KOR ligands. Diverse discovery strategies of KOR ligands targeting natural, naturally derived, and synthetic compounds with different scaffolds, as small molecules or peptides, with short or long-acting pharmacokinetics, and central or peripheral site of action, are discussed. These research efforts led to ligands with distinct pharmacological properties, as agonists, partial agonists, biased agonists, and antagonists. Differential modulation of KOR signaling represents a promising strategy for developing pharmacotherapies for several human diseases, either by activating (treatment of pain, pruritus, and epilepsy) or blocking (treatment of depression, anxiety, and addiction) the receptor. We focus on the recent chemical and pharmacological advances on diphenethylamines, a new class of structurally distinct, selective KOR ligands. Design strategies and investigations to define structure-activity relationships together with in vivo pharmacology of diphenethylamines as agonists, biased agonists, and antagonists and their potential use as therapeutics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Spetea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Helmut Schmidhammer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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54
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Oberhauser L, Stoeber M. Biosensors Monitor Ligand-Selective Effects at Kappa Opioid Receptors. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 271:65-82. [PMID: 33387066 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for pain and itch treatment. There is growing interest in biased agonists that preferentially activate select signaling pathways downstream of KOR activation on the cellular level due to their therapeutic promise in retaining the analgesic and antipruritic effects and eliminating the sedative and dysphoric effects of KOR signaling on the physiological level. The concept of ligand-selective signaling includes that biased ligands promote KOR to selectively recruit one transducer or regulator protein over another, introducing bias into the signaling cascade at the very receptor-proximal level. Measuring agonist effects directly at the receptor has remained challenging and previous studies have focused on inferring agonist-selective KOR engagement with G protein relative to β-arrestin based on downstream signaling readouts. Here we discuss novel strategies to directly assess ligand-selective effects on receptor activation using KOR-interacting biosensors. The conformation-specific cytoplasmic biosensors are disconnected from the endogenous signaling machinery and provide a direct receptor-proxy readout of ligand effects in living cells. Receptor-biosensor interaction is ligand concentration dependent and can be used to determine relative ligand potency and efficacy. In addition, the biosensors reveal the existence of two dimensions of agonist bias in the cellular context: Firstly, agonists can selectively produce discrete protein-engaged KOR states and secondly, agonists can differ in the precise subcellular location at which they activate KOR. We discuss the value and the limitations of using orthogonal receptor-interacting biosensors in the quest to understand functional selectivity amongst KOR agonists in the cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Oberhauser
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Stoeber
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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55
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Abstract
Preclinical models that assess "pain" in rodents typically measure increases in behaviors produced by a "pain stimulus." A large literature exists showing that kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonists can decrease these "pain-stimulated behaviors" following many different pain stimuli. Despite showing apparent antinociceptive properties in these preclinical models, KOR agonists failed as analgesics in clinical trials. Recent studies that assessed decreases in behavior due to a pain stimulus show that KOR agonists are not effective in restoring these "pain-depressed behaviors" to normal levels, which agrees with the lack of effectiveness for KOR agonists in clinical trials. One current explanation for the failure of previous KOR agonists in clinical trials is that those agonists activated beta-arrestin signaling and that KOR agonists with a greater bias for G protein signaling will be more successful. However, neither G protein-biased agonists nor beta-arrestin-biased agonists are very effective in assays of pain-depressed behavior, which suggests that novel biased agonists may still not be effective analgesics. This review provides a concise account of the effectiveness of KOR agonists in preclinical models of pain-stimulated and pain-depressed behaviors following the administration of different pain stimuli. Based on the previous results, it may be appropriate to include both behaviors when testing the analgesic potential of KOR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Lazenka
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA, USA.
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56
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Abstract
The management of pain, particularly chronic pain, is still an area of medical need. In this context, opioids remain a gold standard for the treatment of pain. However, significant side effects, mainly of central origin, limit their clinical use. Here, we review recent progress to improve the therapeutic and safety profiles of opioids for pain management. Characterization of peripheral opioid-mediated pain mechanisms have been a key component of this process. Several studies identified peripheral µ, δ, and κ opioid receptors (MOR, DOR, and KOR, respectively) and nociceptin/orphanin FQ (NOP) receptors as significant players of opioid-mediated antinociception, able to achieve clinically significant effects independently of any central action. Following this, particularly from a medicinal chemistry point of view, main efforts have been directed towards the peripheralization of opioid receptor agonists with the objective of optimizing receptor activity and minimizing central exposure and the associated undesired effects. These activities have allowed the characterization of a great variety of compounds and investigational drugs that show low central nervous system (CNS) penetration (and therefore a reduced side effect profile) yet maintaining the desired opioid-related peripheral antinociceptive activity. These include highly hydrophilic/amphiphilic and massive molecules unable to easily cross lipid membranes, substrates of glycoprotein P (a extrusion pump that avoids CNS penetration), nanocarriers that release the analgesic agent at the site of inflammation and pain, and pH-sensitive opioid agonists that selectively activate at those sites (and represent a new pharmacodynamic paradigm). Hopefully, patients with pain will benefit soon from the incorporation of these new entities.
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Abstract
Pain is an essential protective mechanism that the body uses to alert or prevent further damage. Pain sensation is a complex event involving perception, transmission, processing, and response. Neurons at different levels (peripheral, spinal cord, and brain) are responsible for these pro- or antinociceptive activities to ensure an appropriate response to external stimuli. The terminals of these neurons, both in the peripheral endings and in the synapses, are equipped with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels that sense structurally diverse stimuli and inhibitors of neuronal activity. This review will focus on the largest class of sensory proteins, the GPCRs, as they are distributed throughout ascending and descending neurons and regulate activity at each step during pain transmission. GPCR activation also directly or indirectly controls the function of co-localized ion channels. The levels and types of some GPCRs are significantly altered in different pain models, especially chronic pain states, emphasizing that these molecules could be new targets for therapeutic intervention in chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Che
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States.,Center for Clinical Pharmacology, St. Louis College of Pharmacology and Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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58
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Gonzalez S, Dumitrascuta M, Eiselt E, Louis S, Kunze L, Blasiol A, Vivancos M, Previti S, Dewolf E, Martin C, Tourwé D, Cavelier F, Gendron L, Sarret P, Spetea M, Ballet S. Optimized Opioid-Neurotensin Multitarget Peptides: From Design to Structure-Activity Relationship Studies. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12929-12941. [PMID: 32902268 PMCID: PMC7667639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fusion of nonopioid pharmacophores, such as neurotensin, with opioid ligands represents an attractive approach for pain treatment. Herein, the μ-/δ-opioid agonist tetrapeptide H-Dmt-d-Arg-Aba-β-Ala-NH2 (KGOP01) was fused to NT(8-13) analogues. Since the NTS1 receptor has been linked to adverse effects, selective MOR-NTS2 ligands are preferred. Modifications were introduced within the native NT sequence, particularly a β3-homo amino acid in position 8 and Tyr11 substitutions. Combination of β3hArg and Dmt led to peptide 7, a MOR agonist, showing the highest NTS2 affinity described to date (Ki = 3 pM) and good NTS1 affinity (Ki = 4 nM), providing a >1300-fold NTS2 selectivity. The (6-OH)Tic-containing analogue 9 also exhibited high NTS2 affinity (Ki = 1.7 nM), with low NTS1 affinity (Ki = 4.7 μM), resulting in an excellent NTS2 selectivity (>2700). In mice, hybrid 7 produced significant and prolonged antinociception (up to 8 h), as compared to the KGOP01 opioid parent compound.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Design
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Oligopeptides/chemistry
- Oligopeptides/metabolism
- Oligopeptides/therapeutic use
- Pain/drug therapy
- Pain/pathology
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/metabolism
- Peptides/therapeutic use
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Neurotensin/chemistry
- Receptors, Neurotensin/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gonzalez
- Research
Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering
Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maria Dumitrascuta
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for
Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Emilie Eiselt
- Department
of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Stevany Louis
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for
Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Linda Kunze
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for
Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Annalisa Blasiol
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for
Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mélanie Vivancos
- Department
of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Santo Previti
- Research
Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering
Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elke Dewolf
- Research
Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering
Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Martin
- Research
Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering
Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dirk Tourwé
- Research
Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering
Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florine Cavelier
- Institut
des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Louis Gendron
- Department
of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Department
of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Mariana Spetea
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for
Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research
Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering
Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Schmidhammer H, Erli F, Guerrieri E, Spetea M. Development of Diphenethylamines as Selective Kappa Opioid Receptor Ligands and Their Pharmacological Activities. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215092. [PMID: 33147885 PMCID: PMC7663249 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the opioid receptors, the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) has been gaining substantial attention as a promising molecular target for the treatment of numerous human disorders, including pain, pruritus, affective disorders (i.e., depression and anxiety), drug addiction, and neurological diseases (i.e., epilepsy). Particularly, the knowledge that activation of the KOR, opposite to the mu opioid receptor (MOR), does not produce euphoria or leads to respiratory depression or overdose, has stimulated the interest in discovering ligands targeting the KOR as novel pharmacotherapeutics. However, the KOR mediates the negative side effects of dysphoria/aversion, sedation, and psychotomimesis, with the therapeutic promise of biased agonism (i.e., selective activation of beneficial over deleterious signaling pathways) for designing safer KOR therapeutics without the liabilities of conventional KOR agonists. In this review, the development of new KOR ligands from the class of diphenethylamines is presented. Specifically, we describe the design strategies, synthesis, and pharmacological activities of differently substituted diphenethylamines, where structure–activity relationships have been extensively studied. Ligands with distinct profiles as potent and selective agonists, G protein-biased agonists, and selective antagonists, and their potential use as therapeutic agents (i.e., pain treatment) and research tools are described.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/chemistry
- Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Ligands
- Pain/drug therapy
- Pain/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/chemistry
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/chemistry
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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60
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Beck TC, Dix TA, Norris RA. Biased Opioid Receptor Ligands: Gain without Pain. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:801-802. [PMID: 32943311 PMCID: PMC7780734 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler C Beck
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA; Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Thomas A Dix
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Russell A Norris
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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The Quest for More Effective Analgesics with Reduced Abuse Liability and Fewer Adverse Effects: Promises, Pitfalls, and Future Perspectives of Biased Agonists at Opioid Receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 32975799 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0884-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a relevant health condition affecting one out of five individuals that is often not adequately treated by currently available analgesics. This, together with the dramatic increase in addicted people within the dramatic "opioid epidemics," significantly spurs the quest for innovative analgesics provided with increased efficacy, reduced abuse liability, and fewer adverse effects.Within this frame, biased agonists at opioid receptors have attracted increasing interest in the last decade as they have emerged as more effective and safer candidate analgesics.In this chapter, promises, pitfalls, and future perspective of biased agonists at mu (MOR) and kappa (KOR) opioid receptors are discussed. Moreover, methodological insights are provided with regard to the most appropriate experimental settings to be employed aiming at developing novel biased KOR agonists.
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Busserolles J, Ben Soussia I, Pouchol L, Marie N, Meleine M, Devilliers M, Judon C, Schopp J, Clémenceau L, Poupon L, Chapuy E, Richard S, Noble F, Lesage F, Ducki S, Eschalier A, Lolignier S. TREK1 channel activation as a new analgesic strategy devoid of opioid adverse effects. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4782-4795. [PMID: 32851651 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Opioids are effective painkillers. However, their risk-benefit ratio is dampened by numerous adverse effects and opioid misuse has led to a public health crisis. Safer alternatives are required, but isolating the antinociceptive effect of opioids from their adverse effects is a pharmacological challenge because activation of the μ opioid receptor triggers both the antinociceptive and adverse effects of opioids. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The TREK1 potassium channel is activated downstream of μ receptor and involved in the antinociceptive activity of morphine but not in its adverse effects. Bypassing the μ opioid receptor to directly activate TREK1 could therefore be a safer analgesic strategy. KEY RESULTS We developed a selective TREK1 activator, RNE28, with antinociceptive activity in naive rodents and in models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. This activity was lost in TREK1 knockout mice or wild-type mice treated with the TREK1 blocker spadin, showing that TREK1 is required for the antinociceptive activity of RNE28. RNE28 did not induce respiratory depression, constipation, rewarding effects, or sedation at the analgesic doses tested. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS This proof-of-concept study shows that TREK1 activators could constitute a novel class of painkillers, inspired by the mechanism of action of opioids but devoid of their adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Busserolles
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ismail Ben Soussia
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Labex ICST, Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, Valbonne, France
| | - Laetitia Pouchol
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Marie
- Neuroplasticité et thérapie des addictions, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Meleine
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maïly Devilliers
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Céline Judon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julien Schopp
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Loïc Clémenceau
- Neuroplasticité et thérapie des addictions, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Laura Poupon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Eric Chapuy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Serge Richard
- Centre de Recherches Biologiques, CERB, Baugy, France
| | - Florence Noble
- Neuroplasticité et thérapie des addictions, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Florian Lesage
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Labex ICST, Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, Valbonne, France
| | - Sylvie Ducki
- ICCF, SIGMA Clermont, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alain Eschalier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphane Lolignier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Paton KF, Atigari DV, Kaska S, Prisinzano T, Kivell BM. Strategies for Developing κ Opioid Receptor Agonists for the Treatment of Pain with Fewer Side Effects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 375:332-348. [PMID: 32913006 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is significant need to find effective, nonaddictive pain medications. κ Opioid receptor (KOPr) agonists have been studied for decades but have recently received increased attention because of their analgesic effects and lack of abuse potential. However, a range of side effects have limited the clinical development of these drugs. There are several strategies currently used to develop safer and more effective KOPr agonists. These strategies include identifying G-protein-biased agonists, developing peripherally restricted KOPr agonists without centrally mediated side effects, and developing mixed opioid agonists, which target multiple receptors at specific ratios to balance side-effect profiles and reduce tolerance. Here, we review the latest developments in research related to KOPr agonists for the treatment of pain. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review discusses strategies for developing safer κ opioid receptor (KOPr) agonists with therapeutic potential for the treatment of pain. Although one strategy is to modify selective KOPr agonists to create peripherally restricted or G-protein-biased structures, another approach is to combine KOPr agonists with μ, δ, or nociceptin opioid receptor activation to obtain mixed opioid receptor agonists, therefore negating the adverse effects and retaining the therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly F Paton
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand (K.P., D.V.A., B.M.K.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (S.K., T.P.)
| | - Diana V Atigari
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand (K.P., D.V.A., B.M.K.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (S.K., T.P.)
| | - Sophia Kaska
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand (K.P., D.V.A., B.M.K.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (S.K., T.P.)
| | - Thomas Prisinzano
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand (K.P., D.V.A., B.M.K.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (S.K., T.P.)
| | - Bronwyn M Kivell
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand (K.P., D.V.A., B.M.K.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (S.K., T.P.)
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Nagumo Y, Katoh K, Iio K, Saitoh T, Kutsumura N, Yamamoto N, Ishikawa Y, Irukayama-Tomobe Y, Ogawa Y, Baba T, Tanimura R, Yanagisawa M, Nagase H. Discovery of attenuation effect of orexin 1 receptor to aversion of nalfurafine: Synthesis and evaluation of D-nor-nalfurafine derivatives and analyses of the three active conformations of nalfurafine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127360. [PMID: 32738987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The D-nor-nalfurafine derivatives, which were synthesized by contraction of the six-membered D-ring in nalfurafine (1), had no affinity for orexin 1 receptors (OX1Rs). The 17N-lone electron pair in 1 oriented toward the axial direction, while that of D-nor-derivatives was directed in the equatorial configuration. The axial lone electron pair can form a hydrogen bond with the 14-hydroxy group, which could push the 6-amide side chain toward the downward direction with respect to the C-ring. The resulting conformation would be an active conformation for binding with OX1R. The dual affinities of 1 for OX1R and κ opioid receptor (KOR) led us to elucidate the mechanism by which only 1 showed no aversion but U-50488H. Actually, 1 selectively induced severe aversion in OX1R knockout mice, but not in wild-type mice. These results well support that OX1R suppresses the aversion of 1. This is the elucidation of long period puzzle which 1 showed no aversion in KOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Nagumo
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 8575, Japan
| | - Koki Katoh
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 8571, Japan
| | - Keita Iio
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 8571, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Saitoh
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 8575, Japan
| | - Noriki Kutsumura
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 8575, Japan; Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 8571, Japan
| | - Naoshi Yamamoto
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 8575, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ishikawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 8575, Japan
| | - Yoko Irukayama-Tomobe
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 8575, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ogawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 8575, Japan
| | - Takeshi Baba
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industry Inc, 10-1, Tebiro 6-choume, Kamakura, Kanagawa 248 8555, Japan
| | - Ryuji Tanimura
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industry Inc, 10-1, Tebiro 6-choume, Kamakura, Kanagawa 248 8555, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 8575, Japan; R&D Center for Frontiers of Mirai in Policy and Technology (F-MIRAI), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, US
| | - Hiroshi Nagase
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 8575, Japan; Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 8571, Japan.
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Dunn A, Windisch K, Ben-Ezra A, Pikus P, Morochnik M, Erazo J, Reed B, Kreek MJ. Modulation of cocaine-related behaviors by low doses of the potent KOR agonist nalfurafine in male C57BL6 mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:2405-2418. [PMID: 32435819 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05543-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Agonists of the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) have been shown to block the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse, but with negative side effects. The antipruritic drug nalfurafine, approved in Japan in 2009, is a potent, selective KOR agonist that does not cause significant side effects in humans. Nalfurafine has not been extensively tested for its effect on drug reward and reinforcement in preclinical models. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to compare the effects of nalfurafine and a reference KOR agonist for a variety of KOR-mediated endpoints in male C57BL6 mice. Specifically, we aimed to evaluate the "therapeutic window"-doses of agonists lower than those eliciting negative side effects, while still effective for desired therapeutic effects. METHODS In this study, several low doses of nalfurafine and U50,488 were tested for serum prolactin release, rotarod-mediated sedation, and place-conditioning in male C57BL6 mice. These agonists were also tested for effects on intravenous cocaine self-administration, both on an FR1 schedule and on a progressive ratio schedule for 0.5 mg/kg/infusion cocaine. RESULTS Serum prolactin levels increased following doses of both nalfurafine (3 μg/kg and 10 μg/kg) and U50,488 (3 mg/kg). These doses did not cause sedation in the rotarod assay or aversion in a place-conditioning assay, but blocked conditioned place preference for cocaine. Immediate pretreatment of mice with 10 μg/kg nalfurafine and 3 mg/kg U50,488, however, potentiated cocaine self-administration. Further 10 μg/kg nalfurafine was also observed to potentiate cocaine-seeking behavior as demonstrated by increased progressive ratio break point. CONCLUSIONS Both nalfurafine and U50,488 showed a separation of negative side effects and the modulation of cocaine reward, suggesting this effect of KOR agonists at low doses may be characteristic of the KOR system in general. At higher doses, nalfurafine had similar effects to traditional KOR agonists like U50,488, indicating that its relative potency, rather than differences in KOR signaling, may be responsible for its unique effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Dunn
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, USA.
| | - Kyle Windisch
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Ariel Ben-Ezra
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Phillip Pikus
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Michelle Morochnik
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Jose Erazo
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Brian Reed
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, USA
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Paton KF, Biggerstaff A, Kaska S, Crowley RS, La Flamme AC, Prisinzano TE, Kivell BM. Evaluation of Biased and Balanced Salvinorin A Analogs in Preclinical Models of Pain. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:765. [PMID: 32792903 PMCID: PMC7385413 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the search for safer, non-addictive analgesics, kappa opioid receptor (KOPr) agonists are a potential target, as unlike mu-opioid analgesics, they do not have abuse potential. Salvinorin A (SalA) is a potent and selective KOPr agonist, however, clinical utility is limited by the short duration of action and aversive side effects. Biasing KOPr signaling toward G-protein activation has been highlighted as a key cellular mechanism to reduce the side effects of KOPr agonists. The present study investigated KOPr signaling bias and the acute antinociceptive effects and side effects of two novel analogs of SalA, 16-Bromo SalA and 16-Ethynyl SalA. 16-Bromo SalA showed G-protein signaling bias, whereas 16-Ethynyl SalA displayed balanced signaling properties. In the dose-response tail-withdrawal assay, SalA, 16-Ethynyl SalA and 16-Bromo SalA were more potent than the traditional KOPr agonist U50,488, and 16-Ethynyl SalA was more efficacious. 16-Ethynyl SalA and 16-Bromo SalA both had a longer duration of action in the warm water tail-withdrawal assay, and 16-Ethynyl had greater antinociceptive effect in the hot-plate assay, compared to SalA. In the intraplantar 2% formaldehyde test, 16-Ethynyl SalA and 16-Bromo SalA significantly reduced both nociceptive and inflammatory pain-related behaviors. Moreover, 16-Ethynyl SalA and 16-Bromo SalA had no anxiogenic effects in the marble burying task, and 16-Bromo SalA did not alter behavior in the elevated zero maze. Overall, 16-Ethynyl SalA significantly attenuated acute pain-related behaviors in multiple preclinical models, while the biased KOPr agonist, 16-Bromo SalA, displayed modest antinociceptive effects, and lacked anxiogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly F Paton
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Faculty of Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Biggerstaff
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Faculty of Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sophia Kaska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Rachel S Crowley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Anne C La Flamme
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Faculty of Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.,Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Thomas E Prisinzano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Bronwyn M Kivell
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Faculty of Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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67
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Kreek MJ, Zhang Y, Windisch KA, Dunn A. The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases: Four Women in Neuroscience. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:29-36. [PMID: 32640494 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jeanne Kreek
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyle A Windisch
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amelia Dunn
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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68
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Huskinson SL, Platt DM, Brasfield M, Follett ME, Prisinzano TE, Blough BE, Freeman KB. Quantification of observable behaviors induced by typical and atypical kappa-opioid receptor agonists in male rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:2075-2087. [PMID: 32372348 PMCID: PMC7308209 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05519-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) agonists are antinociceptive but have side effects that limit their therapeutic utility. New KOR agonists have been developed that are fully efficacious at the KOR but may produce fewer or reduced side effects that are typical of KOR agonists. OBJECTIVES We determined behavioral profiles for typical and atypical KOR agonists purported to differ in intracellular-signaling profiles as well as a mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist, oxycodone, using a behavioral scoring system based on Novak et al. (Am J Primatol 28:124-138, 1992, Am J Primatol 46:213-227, 1998) and modified to quantify drug-induced effects (e.g., Duke et al. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 366:145-157, 2018). METHODS Six adult male rhesus monkeys were administered a range of doses of the typical KOR agonists, U50-488H (0.0032-0.1 mg/kg) and salvinorin A (0.00032-0.01 mg/kg); the atypical KOR agonists, nalfurafine (0.0001-0.001 mg/kg) and triazole 1.1 (0.01-0.32 mg/kg); the MOR agonist, oxycodone (0.0032-0.32 mg/kg); and as controls, cocaine (0.032-0.32 mg/kg) and ketamine (0.32-10 mg/kg). For time-course determinations, the largest dose of each KOR agonist or MOR agonist was administered across timepoints (10-320 min). In mixture conditions, oxycodone (0.1 mg/kg) was followed by KOR-agonist administration. RESULTS Typical KOR agonists produced sedative-like and motor-impairing effects. Nalfurafine was similar to typical KOR agonists on most outcomes, and triazole 1.1 produced no effects on its own except for reducing scratch during time-course determinations. In the mixture, all KOR agonists reduced oxycodone-induced scratching, U50-488H and nalfurafine reduced species-typical activity, and U50-488H increased rest/sleep posture. CONCLUSIONS Atypical "biased" KOR agonists produce side-effect profiles that are relatively benign (triazole 1.1) or reduced (nalfurafine) compared to typical KOR agonists.
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MESH Headings
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/pharmacology
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Diterpenes, Clerodane/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Macaca mulatta
- Male
- Morphinans/pharmacology
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Activity/physiology
- Oxycodone/pharmacology
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/physiology
- Spiro Compounds/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Huskinson
- Division of Neurobiology and Behavior Research, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
| | - D M Platt
- Division of Neurobiology and Behavior Research, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - M Brasfield
- Division of Neurobiology and Behavior Research, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - M E Follett
- Division of Neurobiology and Behavior Research, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - T E Prisinzano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - B E Blough
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - K B Freeman
- Division of Neurobiology and Behavior Research, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
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Goudra B, Singh PM. Oliceridine and its potential to revolutionize GI endoscopy sedation. Saudi J Anaesth 2020; 14:349-354. [PMID: 32934628 PMCID: PMC7458022 DOI: 10.4103/sja.sja_813_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Providing sedation to patients undergoing gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy is a controversial and emotive issue. The mainstay of sedation is propofol, whose administration is within the sole jurisdiction of anesthesia providers, at least in the USA. Attempts have been made to seize the authority by the GI community. One of the first attempts was the use of the prodrug of propofol -fospropofol. However, as the drug has a similar adverse effect profile as propofol in terms of respiratory depression, the FDA did not approve its use by providers other than those trained in airway management. Sedasys® was the next attempt, which was a computer-assisted personalized sedation system. As a result of insufficient sedation that could be provided with the device, although very successful in research settings, it was not a commercial success. It seems that remimazolam is the next effort in this direction. It is likely to fail in this regard unless its respiratory depressant properties and failure rates could be addressed. G protein-biased μ-receptor agonists are a new class of opioids exhibiting analgesic properties similar to morphine without equivalent respiratory depressant properties. Oliceridine is the prototype. As a result, the drug can be additive to midazolam or remimazolam and allow screening colonoscopy to be comfortably completed without the need for propofol. For an anesthesia provider, the administration of oliceridine can eliminate the need for drugs such as fentanyl that add to the respiratory depressant properties of propofol. As a result, oliceridine has the potential to render the sedation for GI endoscopy procedures both safe and cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavana Goudra
- Clinical Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 680 Dulles, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Preet Mohinder Singh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, USA
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Kappa opioid agonists reduce oxycodone self-administration in male rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:1471-1480. [PMID: 32006048 PMCID: PMC7196516 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05473-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Combinations of mu and kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonists have been proposed as potential analgesic formulations with reduced abuse liability. The current studies extend previous work by investigating the typical KOR agonist, salvinorin A, and the atypical KOR agonist, nalfurafine, as deterrents of oxycodone self-administration using a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement. METHODS In separate experiments, adult male rhesus monkeys (N = 4/experiment) were trained under a PR schedule of reinforcement to self-administer cocaine (0.1 mg/kg/injection) and saline on alternating days. Oxycodone (0.01-0.1 mg/kg/injection) alone and combined with salvinorin A (experiment 1; 0.006, 0.012 mg/kg/injection) or nalfurafine (experiment 2; 0.0001-0.00032 mg/kg/injection) were tested within the alternating cocaine and saline baseline. The mechanism of nalfurafine's effects on oxycodone self-administration was investigated via pretreatment with the KOR antagonist, nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI; 10 mg/kg; i.m.). RESULTS All subjects self-administered oxycodone alone above saline levels at sufficiently large doses, and combining salvinorin A or nalfurafine with oxycodone reduced the mean number of injections per session to saline levels (experiment 1) or to levels that were significantly lower than oxycodone alone (experiment 2). The ability of nalfurafine to reduce oxycodone self-administration was reversed by pretreatment with nor-BNI. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that KOR agonists, including the clinically used KOR agonist, nalfurafine, can punish self-administration of a prescription opioid analgesic, oxycodone, in rhesus monkeys and that nalfurafine's punishing effect is KOR-dependent. Combinations of KOR agonists with prescription opioids may have reduced abuse liability.
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71
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Xu J, Chen F, Wang S, Akins NS, Hossain MI, Zhou Y, Huang J, Ji J, Xi J, Lin W, Grothusen J, Le HV, Liu R. Kappa opioid receptors internalization is protective against oxygen-glucose deprivation through β-arrestin activation and Akt-mediated signaling pathway. Neurochem Int 2020; 137:104748. [PMID: 32339667 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia induces reversible κ-opioid receptor (KOR) internalization similar to the internalization that is induced by KOR agonists. In the current study, we demonstrate that this KOR internalization is a protective mechanism via the β-arrestin specific pathway in an oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model. Mouse neuroblastoma Neuro2A cells were stably transfected with mouse KOR-tdTomato fusion protein (N2A-mKOR-tdT cells). Various concentrations of salvinorin A (SA), a highly selective KOR agonist, were given in the presence and absence of norbinaltorphimine (norBNI), which is a KOR antagonist, or Dyngo-4a (internalization inhibitor) or API-2 (Akt/Protein kinase B signaling inhibitor-2). Various concentrations of SA and RB-64 (22-thiocyanatosalvinorin A, selective for the G protein signaling pathway) were administered both in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Autophagosomes and ultrastructural components of cells were observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Cell viability, severity of cell injury, and levels of proteins related to the Akt signaling pathway were evaluated using live cell counting (by Cell Counting Kit-8), the lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) release rate, and Western blot analysis, respectively. SA promoted cell survival and attenuated OGD-induced cell injury. The Akt signaling pathway is activated by SA. KOR internalization, when blocked by norBNI or Dyngo-4a, increased LDH release and decreased cell viability under OGD. Treatment with SA significantly inhibited autophagy, and the effects of SA on autophagy were reversed by API-2 pretreatment. RB-64 in a low concentration without β-arrestin recruitment did not reduce LDH release and increase cell viability as observed with SA. KOR internalization through β-arrestin activation is a protective mechanism against OGD. The Akt pathway might play a critical role in modulating these protective effects by inhibiting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shuyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas S Akins
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, USA
| | - Md Imran Hossain
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, USA
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jinxi Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jiafu Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jin Xi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wenzhen Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Grothusen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hoang V Le
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, USA
| | - Renyu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Bedini A, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Micheli L, Baiula M, Vaca G, De Marco R, Gentilucci L, Ghelardini C, Spampinato S. Functional Selectivity and Antinociceptive Effects of a Novel KOPr Agonist. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:188. [PMID: 32210803 PMCID: PMC7066533 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Kappa opioid receptor (KOPr) agonists represent alternative analgesics for their low abuse potential, although relevant adverse effects have limited their clinical use. Functionally selective KOPr agonists may activate, in a pathway-specific manner, G protein-mediated signaling, that produces antinociception, over β-arrestin 2-dependent induction of p38MAPK, which preferentially contributes to adverse effects. Thus, functionally selective KOPr agonists biased toward G protein-coupled intracellular signaling over β-arrestin-2-mediated pathways may be considered candidate therapeutics possibly devoid of many of the typical adverse effects elicited by classic KOPr agonists. Nonetheless, the potential utility of functionally selective agonists at opioid receptors is still highly debated; therefore, further studies are necessary to fully understand whether it will be possible to develop more effective and safer analgesics by exploiting functional selectivity at KOPr. In the present study we investigated in vitro functional selectivity and in vivo antinociceptive effects of LOR17, a novel KOPr selective peptidic agonist that we synthesized. LOR17-mediated effects on adenylyl cyclase inhibition, ERK1/2, p38MAPK phosphorylation, and astrocyte cell proliferation were studied in HEK-293 cells expressing hKOPr, U87-MG glioblastoma cells, and primary human astrocytes; biased agonism was investigated via cAMP ELISA and β-arrestin 2 recruitment assays. Antinociception and antihypersensitivity were assessed in mice via warm-water tail-withdrawal test, intraperitoneal acid-induced writhing, and a model of oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic cold hypersensitivity. Effects of LOR17 on locomotor activity, exploratory activity, and forced-swim behavior were also assayed. We found that LOR17 is a selective, G protein biased KOPr agonist that inhibits adenylyl cyclase and activates early-phase ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Conversely to classic KOPr agonists as U50,488, LOR17 neither induces p38MAPK phosphorylation nor increases KOPr-dependent, p38MAPK-mediated cell proliferation in astrocytes. Moreover, LOR17 counteracts, in a concentration-dependent manner, U50,488-induced p38MAPK phosphorylation and astrocyte cell proliferation. Both U50,488 and LOR17 display potent antinociception in models of acute nociception, whereas LOR17 counteracts oxaliplatin-induced thermal hypersensitivity better than U50,488, and it is effective after single or repeated s.c. administration. LOR17 administered at a dose that fully alleviated oxaliplatin-induced thermal hypersensitivity did not alter motor coordination, locomotor and exploratory activities nor induced pro-depressant-like behavior. LOR17, therefore, may emerge as a novel KOPr agonist displaying functional selectivity toward G protein signaling and eliciting antinociceptive/antihypersensitivity effects in different animal models, including oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bedini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug and Children Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Micheli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug and Children Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Monica Baiula
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriela Vaca
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rossella De Marco
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Agricultural, Food, Enviromental and Animal Science (Di4A), Udine, Italy
| | - Luca Gentilucci
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug and Children Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Santi Spampinato
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Brust TF. Biased Ligands at the Kappa Opioid Receptor: Fine-Tuning Receptor Pharmacology. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 271:115-135. [PMID: 33140224 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that can signal through multiple signaling pathways. KOR agonists are known to relieve pain and itch, as well as induce dysphoria, sedation, hallucinations, and diuresis. As is the case with many other GPCRs, specific signaling pathways downstream of the KOR have been linked to certain physiological responses induced by the receptor. Those studies motivated the search and discovery of a number of KOR ligands that preferentially activate one signaling pathway over another. Such compounds are termed functionally selective or biased ligands, and may present a way of inducing desired receptor effects with reduced adverse reactions. In this chapter, I review the molecular intricacies of KOR signaling and discuss the studies that have used biased signaling through the KOR as a way to selectively modulate in vivo physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarsis F Brust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL, USA.
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