51
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Potjewyd FM, Axtman AD. Exploration of Aberrant E3 Ligases Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease and Development of Chemical Tools to Modulate Their Function. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:768655. [PMID: 34867205 PMCID: PMC8637409 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.768655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) is responsible for the degradation of misfolded or aggregated proteins via a multistep ATP-dependent proteolytic mechanism. This process involves a cascade of ubiquitin (Ub) transfer steps from E1 to E2 to E3 ligase. The E3 ligase transfers Ub to a targeted protein that is brought to the proteasome for degradation. The inability of the UPS to remove misfolded or aggregated proteins due to UPS dysfunction is commonly observed in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). UPS dysfunction in AD drives disease pathology and is associated with the common hallmarks such as amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation and tau hyperphosphorylation, among others. E3 ligases are key members of the UPS machinery and dysfunction or changes in their expression can propagate other aberrant processes that accelerate AD pathology. The upregulation or downregulation of expression or activity of E3 ligases responsible for these processes results in changes in protein levels of E3 ligase substrates, many of which represent key proteins that propagate AD. A powerful way to better characterize UPS dysfunction in AD and the role of individual E3 ligases is via the use of high-quality chemical tools that bind and modulate specific E3 ligases. Furthermore, through combining gene editing with recent advances in 3D cell culture, in vitro modeling of AD in a dish has become more relevant and possible. These cell-based models of AD allow for study of specific pathways and mechanisms as well as characterization of the role E3 ligases play in driving AD. In this review, we outline the key mechanisms of UPS dysregulation linked to E3 ligases in AD and highlight the currently available chemical modulators. We present several key approaches for E3 ligase ligand discovery being employed with respect to distinct classes of E3 ligases. Where possible, specific examples of the use of cultured neurons to delineate E3 ligase biology have been captured. Finally, utilizing the available ligands for E3 ligases in the design of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) to degrade aberrant proteins is a novel strategy for AD, and we explore the prospects of PROTACs as AD therapeutics.
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52
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Qu J, Lin Z. Autophagy Regulation by Crosstalk between miRNAs and Ubiquitination System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111912. [PMID: 34769343 PMCID: PMC8585084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding single-stranded RNA molecules encoded by endogenous genes with ~22 nucleotides which are involved in the regulation of post-transcriptional gene expression. Ubiquitination and deubiquitination are common post-translational modifications in eukaryotic cells and important pathways in regulating protein degradation and signal transduction, in which E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases (DUBs) play a decisive role. MiRNA and ubiquitination are involved in the regulation of most biological processes, including autophagy. Furthermore, in recent years, the direct interaction between miRNA and E3 ubiquitin ligases or deubiquitinases has attracted much attention, and the cross-talk between miRNA and ubiquitination system has been proved to play key regulatory roles in a variety of diseases. In this review, we summarized the advances in autophagy regulation by crosstalk between miRNA and E3 ubiquitin ligases or deubiquitinases.
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Wilburn D, Ismaeel A, Machek S, Fletcher E, Koutakis P. Shared and distinct mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy: A narrative review. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 71:101463. [PMID: 34534682 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of skeletal muscle mass and function is an incredibly nuanced balance of anabolism and catabolism that can become distorted within different pathological conditions. In this paper we intend to discuss the distinct intracellular signaling events that regulate muscle protein atrophy for a given clinical occurrence. Aside from the common outcome of muscle deterioration, several conditions have at least one or more distinct mechanisms that creates unique intracellular environments that facilitate muscle loss. The subtle individuality to each of these given pathologies can provide both researchers and clinicians with specific targets of interest to further identify and increase the efficacy of medical treatments and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Wilburn
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Ahmed Ismaeel
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Steven Machek
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Emma Fletcher
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
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54
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Predicting PY motif-mediated protein-protein interactions in the Nedd4 family of ubiquitin ligases. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258315. [PMID: 34637467 PMCID: PMC8509885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Nedd4 family contains several structurally related but functionally distinct HECT-type ubiquitin ligases. The members of the Nedd4 family are known to recognize substrates through their multiple WW domains, which recognize PY motifs (PPxY, LPxY) or phospho-threonine or phospho-serine residues. To better understand protein interactor recognition mechanisms across the Nedd4 family, we report the development and implementation of a python-based tool, PxYFinder, to identify PY motifs in the primary sequences of previously identified interactors of Nedd4 and related ligases. Using PxYFinder, we find that, on average, half of Nedd4 family interactions are likely PY-motif mediated. Further, we find that PPxY motifs are more prevalent than LPxY motifs and are more likely to occur in proline-rich regions and that PPxY regions are more disordered on average relative to LPxY-containing regions. Informed by consensus sequences for PY motifs across the Nedd4 interactome, we rationally designed a focused peptide library and employed a computational screen, revealing sequence- and biomolecular interaction-dependent determinants of WW-domain/PY-motif interactions. Cumulatively, our efforts provide a new bioinformatic tool and expand our understanding of sequence and structural factors that contribute to PY-motif mediated interactor recognition across the Nedd4 family.
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55
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Márquez-Cantudo L, Ramos A, Coderch C, de Pascual-Teresa B. Proteasomal Degradation of Zn-Dependent Hdacs: The E3-Ligases Implicated and the Designed Protacs That Enable Degradation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185606. [PMID: 34577077 PMCID: PMC8467390 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein degradation by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System is one of the main mechanisms of the regulation of cellular proteostasis, and the E3 ligases are the key effectors for the protein recognition and degradation. Many E3 ligases have key roles in cell cycle regulation, acting as checkpoints and checkpoint regulators. One of the many important proteins involved in the regulation of the cell cycle are the members of the Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) family. The importance of zinc dependent HDACs in the regulation of chromatin packing and, therefore, gene expression, has made them targets for the design and synthesis of HDAC inhibitors. However, achieving potency and selectivity has proven to be a challenge due to the homology between the zinc dependent HDACs. PROteolysis TArgeting Chimaera (PROTAC) design has been demonstrated to be a useful strategy to inhibit and selectively degrade protein targets. In this review, we attempt to summarize the E3 ligases that naturally ubiquitinate HDACs, analyze their structure, and list the known ligands that can bind to these E3 ligases and be used for PROTAC design, as well as the already described HDAC-targeted PROTACs.
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56
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Taillandier D. [Metabolic pathways controlled by E3 ligases: an opportunity for therapeutic targeting]. Biol Aujourdhui 2021; 215:45-57. [PMID: 34397374 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2021006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery, the Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) has been recognized for its major role in controlling most of the cell's metabolic pathways. In addition to its essential role in the degradation of proteins, it is also involved in the addressing, signaling or repair of DNA, which makes it a key player in cellular homeostasis. Although other control systems exist in the cell, the UPS is often referred to as the conductor. In view of its importance, any dysregulation of the UPS leads to more or less severe disorders for the cell and therefore the body, which accounts for UPS implication in many pathologies (cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, etc.). UPS is made up of more than 1000 different proteins, the combinations of which allow the fine targeting of virtually all proteins in the body. UPS uses an enzymatic cascade (E1, 2 members; E2 > 35; E3 > 800) which allows the transfer of ubiquitin, a small protein of 8.5 kDa onto the protein to be targeted either for its degradation or to modify its activity. This ubiquitinylation signal is reversible and many deubiquitinylases (DUB, ∼ 80 isoforms) also have an important role. E3 enzymes are the most numerous and their function is to recognize the target protein, which makes them important players in the specific action of UPS. The very nature of E3 and the complexity of their interactions with different partners offer a very broad field of investigation and therefore significant potential for the development of therapeutic approaches. Without being exhaustive, this review illustrates the different strategies that have already been implemented to fight against different pathologies (excluding bacterial or viral infections).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Taillandier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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57
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Sharma B, Saxena H, Negi H. Genome-wide analysis of HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase gene family in Solanum lycopersicum. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15891. [PMID: 34354159 PMCID: PMC8342558 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95436-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligases have been known to intrigue many researchers to date, due to their heterogenicity and substrate mediation for ubiquitin transfer to the protein. HECT (Homologous to the E6-AP Carboxyl Terminus) E3 ligases are spatially and temporally regulated for substrate specificity, E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme interaction, and chain specificity during ubiquitylation. However, the role of the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase in plant development and stress responses was rarely explored. We have conducted an in-silico genome-wide analysis to identify and predict the structural and functional aspects of HECT E3 ligase members in tomato. Fourteen members of HECT E3 ligases were identified and analyzed for the physicochemical parameters, phylogenetic relations, structural organizations, tissue-specific gene expression patterns, and protein interaction networks. Our comprehensive analysis revealed the HECT domain conservation throughout the gene family, close evolutionary relationship with different plant species, and active involvement of HECT E3 ubiquitin ligases in tomato plant development and stress responses. We speculate an indispensable biological significance of the HECT gene family through extensive participation in several plant cellular and molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Sharma
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
- Structural and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, TERI School of Advanced Studies, New Delhi, 110070, India.
| | - Harshita Saxena
- Structural and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, TERI School of Advanced Studies, New Delhi, 110070, India
| | - Harshita Negi
- Structural and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, TERI School of Advanced Studies, New Delhi, 110070, India
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58
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Traeger L, Wiegand SB, Sauer AJ, Corman BHP, Peneyra KM, Wunderer F, Fischbach A, Bagchi A, Malhotra R, Zapol WM, Bloch DB. UBA6 and NDFIP1 regulate the degradation of ferroportin. Haematologica 2021; 107:478-488. [PMID: 34320783 PMCID: PMC8804582 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2021.278530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin regulates iron homeostasis by controlling the level of ferroportin, the only membrane channel that facilitates export of iron from within cells. Binding of hepcidin to ferroportin induces the ubiquitination of ferroportin at multiple lysine residues and subsequently causes the internalization and degradation of the ligand-channel complex within lysosomes. The objective of this study was to identify components of the ubiquitin system that are involved in ferroportin degradation. A HepG2 cell line, which inducibly expresses ferroportingreen fluorescent protein (FPN-GFP), was established to test the ability of small interfering (siRNA) directed against components of the ubiquitin system to prevent BMP6- and exogenous hepcidin-induced ferroportin degradation. Of the 88 siRNA directed against components of the ubiquitin pathway that were tested, siRNA-mediated depletion of the alternative E1 enzyme UBA6 as well as the adaptor protein NDFIP1 prevented BMP6- and hepcidin-induced degradation of ferroportin in vitro. A third component of the ubiquitin pathway, ARIH1, indirectly inhibited ferroportin degradation by impairing BMP6-mediated induction of hepcidin. In mice, the AAV-mediated silencing of Ndfip1 in the murine liver increased the level of hepatic ferroportin and increased circulating iron. The results suggest that the E1 enzyme UBA6 and the adaptor protein NDFIP1 are involved in iron homeostasis by regulating the degradation of ferroportin. These specific components of the ubiquitin system may be promising targets for the treatment of iron-related diseases, including iron overload and anemia of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Traeger
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.
| | - Steffen B Wiegand
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Andrew J Sauer
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Benjamin H P Corman
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Kathryn M Peneyra
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Florian Wunderer
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt
| | - Anna Fischbach
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Aranya Bagchi
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Rajeev Malhotra
- Cardiovascular Research Center and the Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Warren M Zapol
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Donald B Bloch
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States; Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.
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59
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Zhu L, Wu J, Liu H. Downregulation of HERC5 E3 ligase attenuates the ubiquitination of CtBP1 to inhibit apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:1119-1130. [PMID: 34147029 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgab053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Homologous to E6AP C-terminus (HECT) domain and RCC1-like domain-containing (HERC) proteins can function as tumour suppressors and as oncogenes, depending on the cancer type. However, the expression patterns of HERCs in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells are unclear. Here, we show that only HERC1 and HERC5 are downregulated in CRC tumours, and we focus our study on revealing HERC5-mediating signalling because the change in downregulation is much more obvious for HERC5 than for HERC1. We demonstrate that HERC5 recruits an adaptor protein, CREB binding protein (CRB), to ubiquitinate C-terminal binding protein 1 (CtBP1) in noncancerous colon cells. The downregulation of HERC5 in CRC cells attenuates the ubiquitination of CtBP1, which then accumulates and assembles into a transcriptional complex with histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and a transcription factor c-MYC. This transcriptional complex binds to the promoters of three proapoptotic genes, Bcl2 associated X (BAX), Bcl2 interacting killer (BIK) and p53upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), and inhibits their expression, thereby suppressing apoptotic signalling and promoting tumourigenesis. Overexpression of HERC5, downregulation of CtBP1 or blocking of the CtBP1 function with its inhibitors (NSC95397 and 4-methylthio-2-oxobutyric acid [MTOB]) significantly prevents CRC cell proliferation in vitro and tumour growth in vivo. Combining NSC95397 (or MTOB) with chemotherapeutic drugs (oxaliplatin or capecitabine) gives a much stronger inhibition of cell proliferation and tumour growth compared to their single treatments. Collectively, our results reveal that downregulation of HERC5 E3 ligase attenuates the ubiquitination of CtBP1 to inhibit apoptosis. Therefore, CtBP1 may be a promising target in CRC chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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60
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Mathieu NA, Paparisto E, Barr SD, Spratt DE. HERC5 and the ISGylation Pathway: Critical Modulators of the Antiviral Immune Response. Viruses 2021; 13:1102. [PMID: 34207696 PMCID: PMC8228270 DOI: 10.3390/v13061102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells have developed an elaborate network of immunoproteins that serve to identify and combat viral pathogens. Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is a 15.2 kDa tandem ubiquitin-like protein (UBL) that is used by specific E1-E2-E3 ubiquitin cascade enzymes to interfere with the activity of viral proteins. Recent biochemical studies have demonstrated how the E3 ligase HECT and RCC1-containing protein 5 (HERC5) regulates ISG15 signaling in response to hepatitis C (HCV), influenza-A (IAV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections. Taken together, the potent antiviral activity displayed by HERC5 and ISG15 make them promising drug targets for the development of novel antiviral therapeutics that can augment the host antiviral response. In this review, we examine the emerging role of ISG15 in antiviral immunity with a particular focus on how HERC5 orchestrates the specific and timely ISGylation of viral proteins in response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Mathieu
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main St., Worcester, MA 01610, USA;
| | - Ermela Paparisto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (E.P.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Stephen D. Barr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (E.P.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Donald E. Spratt
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main St., Worcester, MA 01610, USA;
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61
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The Role of HECT-Type E3 Ligase in the Development of Cardiac Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116065. [PMID: 34199773 PMCID: PMC8199989 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in medicine, cardiac disease remains an increasing health problem associated with a high mortality rate. Maladaptive cardiac remodeling, such as cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, is a risk factor for heart failure; therefore, it is critical to identify new therapeutic targets. Failing heart is reported to be associated with hyper-ubiquitylation and impairment of the ubiquitin–proteasome system, indicating an importance of ubiquitylation in the development of cardiac disease. Ubiquitylation is a post-translational modification that plays a pivotal role in protein function and degradation. In 1995, homologous to E6AP C-terminus (HECT) type E3 ligases were discovered. E3 ligases are key enzymes in ubiquitylation and are classified into three families: really interesting new genes (RING), HECT, and RING-between-RINGs (RBRs). Moreover, 28 HECT-type E3 ligases have been identified in human beings. It is well conserved in evolution and is characterized by the direct attachment of ubiquitin to substrates. HECT-type E3 ligase is reported to be involved in a wide range of human diseases and health. The role of HECT-type E3 ligases in the development of cardiac diseases has been uncovered in the last decade. There are only a few review articles summarizing recent advancements regarding HECT-type E3 ligase in the field of cardiac disease. This study focused on cardiac remodeling and described the role of HECT-type E3 ligases in the development of cardiac disease. Moreover, this study revealed that the current knowledge could be exploited for the development of new clinical therapies.
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62
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Morgan JJ, Crawford LJ. The Ubiquitin Proteasome System in Genome Stability and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2235. [PMID: 34066546 PMCID: PMC8125356 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Faithful DNA replication during cellular division is essential to maintain genome stability and cells have developed a sophisticated network of regulatory systems to ensure its integrity. Disruption of these control mechanisms can lead to loss of genomic stability, a key hallmark of cancer. Ubiquitination is one of the most abundant regulatory post-translational modifications and plays a pivotal role in controlling replication progression, repair of DNA and genome stability. Dysregulation of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) can contribute to the initiation and progression of neoplastic transformation. In this review we provide an overview of the UPS and summarize its involvement in replication and replicative stress, along with DNA damage repair. Finally, we discuss how the UPS presents as an emerging source for novel therapeutic interventions aimed at targeting genomic instability, which could be utilized in the treatment and management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa J. Crawford
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK;
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63
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Mathieu NA, Levin RH, Spratt DE. Exploring the Roles of HERC2 and the NEDD4L HECT E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Subfamily in p53 Signaling and the DNA Damage Response. Front Oncol 2021; 11:659049. [PMID: 33869064 PMCID: PMC8044464 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.659049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis is governed by the precise expression of genes that control the translation, localization, and termination of proteins. Oftentimes, environmental and biological factors can introduce mutations into the genetic framework of cells during their growth and division, and these genetic abnormalities can result in malignant transformations caused by protein malfunction. For example, p53 is a prominent tumor suppressor protein that is capable of undergoing more than 300 posttranslational modifications (PTMs) and is involved with controlling apoptotic signaling, transcription, and the DNA damage response (DDR). In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms and interactions that occur between p53, the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligases WWP1, SMURF1, HECW1 and HERC2, and other oncogenic proteins in the cell to explore how irregular HECT-p53 interactions can induce tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Mathieu
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Rafael H Levin
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Donald E Spratt
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, Worcester, MA, United States
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64
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González-Calvo I, Iyer K, Carquin M, Khayachi A, Giuliani FA, Sigoillot SM, Vincent J, Séveno M, Veleanu M, Tahraoui S, Albert M, Vigy O, Bosso-Lefèvre C, Nadjar Y, Dumoulin A, Triller A, Bessereau JL, Rondi-Reig L, Isope P, Selimi F. Sushi domain-containing protein 4 controls synaptic plasticity and motor learning. eLife 2021; 10:65712. [PMID: 33661101 PMCID: PMC7972451 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fine control of protein stoichiometry at synapses underlies brain function and plasticity. How proteostasis is controlled independently for each type of synaptic protein in a synapse-specific and activity-dependent manner remains unclear. Here, we show that Susd4, a gene coding for a complement-related transmembrane protein, is expressed by many neuronal populations starting at the time of synapse formation. Constitutive loss-of-function of Susd4 in the mouse impairs motor coordination adaptation and learning, prevents long-term depression at cerebellar synapses, and leads to misregulation of activity-dependent AMPA receptor subunit GluA2 degradation. We identified several proteins with known roles in the regulation of AMPA receptor turnover, in particular ubiquitin ligases of the NEDD4 subfamily, as SUSD4 binding partners. Our findings shed light on the potential role of SUSD4 mutations in neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés González-Calvo
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (INCI), CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Keerthana Iyer
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Carquin
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Anouar Khayachi
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Fernando A Giuliani
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (INCI), CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Séverine M Sigoillot
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Jean Vincent
- Institut Biology Paris Seine (IBPS), Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), CeZaMe, CNRS, Sorbonne University, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Martial Séveno
- BioCampus Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Maxime Veleanu
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Sylvana Tahraoui
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Albert
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Oana Vigy
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Célia Bosso-Lefèvre
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Yann Nadjar
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, INSERM, CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Andréa Dumoulin
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, INSERM, CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Triller
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, INSERM, CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Bessereau
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U 1217, Institut Neuromyogène, Lyon, France
| | - Laure Rondi-Reig
- Institut Biology Paris Seine (IBPS), Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), CeZaMe, CNRS, Sorbonne University, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Isope
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (INCI), CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fekrije Selimi
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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65
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A Destiny for Degradation: Interplay between Cullin-RING E3 Ligases and Autophagy. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:432-444. [PMID: 33573849 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) are two major pathways for protein degradation. The cullin-RING E3 ligases (CRLs) are the largest E3 ligase family and have key biological functions in maintaining protein homeostasis. We provide an updated review of the interactions between CRLs and autophagy, focusing on the regulatory effects of CRLs on the core autophagy machinery that consists of several autophagy-related protein (ATG) complexes and their key upstream signaling pathways. The involvement of such functional interactions in health and disease is also discussed. Understanding the role of CRLs in autophagy is helpful for the development of therapeutic strategies for diseases in which CRLs and autophagy are dysregulated, such as cancer and neurodegenerative conditions.
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66
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Adaptors as the regulators of HECT ubiquitin ligases. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:455-472. [PMID: 33402750 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The HECT (homologous to E6AP C-terminus) ubiquitin ligases (E3s) are a small family of highly conserved enzymes involved in diverse cellular functions and pathological conditions. Characterised by a C-terminal HECT domain that accepts ubiquitin from E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes, these E3s regulate key signalling pathways. The activity and functional regulation of HECT E3s are controlled by several factors including post-translational modifications, inter- and intramolecular interactions and binding of co-activators and adaptor proteins. In this review, we focus on the regulation of HECT E3s by accessory proteins or adaptors and discuss various ways by which adaptors mediate their regulatory roles to affect physiological outcomes. We discuss common features that are conserved from yeast to mammals, regardless of the type of E3s as well as shed light on recent discoveries explaining some existing enigmas in the field.
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67
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Sardana R, Emr SD. Membrane Protein Quality Control Mechanisms in the Endo-Lysosome System. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:269-283. [PMID: 33414051 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Protein quality control (PQC) machineries play a critical role in selective identification and removal of mistargeted, misfolded, and aberrant proteins. This task is extremely complicated due to the enormous diversity of the proteome. It also requires nuanced and careful differentiation between 'normal' and 'folding intermediates' from 'abnormal' and 'misfolded' protein states. Multiple genetic and proteomic approaches have started to delineate the molecular underpinnings of how these machineries recognize their target and how their activity is regulated. In this review, we summarize our understanding of the various E3 ubiquitin ligases and associated machinery that mediate PQC in the endo-lysosome system in yeast and humans, how they are regulated, and mechanisms of target selection, with the intent of guiding future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Sardana
- Weill Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Scott D Emr
- Weill Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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68
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Verma R. Exploiting Ubiquitin Ligases for Induced Target Degradation as an Antiviral Strategy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1322:339-357. [PMID: 34258747 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-0267-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications of targeted substrates alter their cellular fate. Ubiquitin is a highly conserved and ubiquitous covalent modifier protein that tags substrates with a single molecule or with a polyubiquitin chain. Monoubiquitination affects trafficking and signaling patterns of modified proteins. In contrast, polyubiquitination, particularly K48-linked polyubiquitination, targets the protein for degradation by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS) resulting in a committed fate through irreversible inactivation of substrate. Given the diversity of cellular functions impacted by ubiquitination, it is no surprise that the wily pathogenic viruses have co-opted the UPS in myriad ways to ensure their survival. In this review, I describe viral exploitation of nondegradative ubiquitin signaling pathways to effect entry, replication, and egress. Additionally, viruses also harness the UPS to degrade antiviral cellular host factors. Finally, I describe how we can exploit the same proteolytic machinery to enable PROTACs (Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras) to degrade essential viral proteins. Successful implementation of this modality will add to the arsenal of emerging antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rati Verma
- AMGEN Research, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA.
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69
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Patwardhan A, Cheng N, Trejo J. Post-Translational Modifications of G Protein-Coupled Receptors Control Cellular Signaling Dynamics in Space and Time. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 73:120-151. [PMID: 33268549 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family comprising >800 signaling receptors that regulate numerous cellular and physiologic responses. GPCRs have been implicated in numerous diseases and represent the largest class of drug targets. Although advances in GPCR structure and pharmacology have improved drug discovery, the regulation of GPCR function by diverse post-translational modifications (PTMs) has received minimal attention. Over 200 PTMs are known to exist in mammalian cells, yet only a few have been reported for GPCRs. Early studies revealed phosphorylation as a major regulator of GPCR signaling, whereas later reports implicated a function for ubiquitination, glycosylation, and palmitoylation in GPCR biology. Although our knowledge of GPCR phosphorylation is extensive, our knowledge of the modifying enzymes, regulation, and function of other GPCR PTMs is limited. In this review we provide a comprehensive overview of GPCR post-translational modifications with a greater focus on new discoveries. We discuss the subcellular location and regulatory mechanisms that control post-translational modifications of GPCRs. The functional implications of newly discovered GPCR PTMs on receptor folding, biosynthesis, endocytic trafficking, dimerization, compartmentalized signaling, and biased signaling are also provided. Methods to detect and study GPCR PTMs as well as PTM crosstalk are further highlighted. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the implications of GPCR PTMs in human disease and their importance for drug discovery. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Post-translational modification of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) controls all aspects of receptor function; however, the detection and study of diverse types of GPCR modifications are limited. A thorough understanding of the role and mechanisms by which diverse post-translational modifications regulate GPCR signaling and trafficking is essential for understanding dysregulated mechanisms in disease and for improving and refining drug development for GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Patwardhan
- Department of Pharmacology and the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Norton Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - JoAnn Trejo
- Department of Pharmacology and the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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70
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Building ubiquitination machineries: E3 ligase multi-subunit assembly and substrate targeting by PROTACs and molecular glues. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 67:110-119. [PMID: 33271439 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
E3 ubiquitin ligase machineries are emerging as attractive therapeutic targets because they confer specificity to substrate ubiquitination and can be hijacked for targeted protein degradation. In this review, we bring to focus our current structural understanding of E3 ligase complexes, in particular the multi-subunit cullin RING ligases, and modulation thereof by small-molecule glues and PROTAC degraders. We highlight recent advances in elucidating the modular assembly of E3 ligase machineries, their diverse substrate and degron recognition mechanisms, and how these structural features impact on ligase function. We then outline the emergence of structures of E3 ligases bound to neo-substrates and degrader molecules, and highlight the importance of studying such ternary complexes for structure-based degrader design.
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71
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Scholz N, Kurian KM, Siebzehnrubl FA, Licchesi JDF. Targeting the Ubiquitin System in Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:574011. [PMID: 33324551 PMCID: PMC7724090 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.574011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumor in adults with poor overall outcome and 5-year survival of less than 5%. Treatment has not changed much in the last decade or so, with surgical resection and radio/chemotherapy being the main options. Glioblastoma is highly heterogeneous and frequently becomes treatment-resistant due to the ability of glioblastoma cells to adopt stem cell states facilitating tumor recurrence. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. The ubiquitin system, in particular E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes, have emerged as a promising source of novel drug targets. In addition to conventional small molecule drug discovery approaches aimed at modulating enzyme activity, several new and exciting strategies are also being explored. Among these, PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) aim to harness the endogenous protein turnover machinery to direct therapeutically relevant targets, including previously considered "undruggable" ones, for proteasomal degradation. PROTAC and other strategies targeting the ubiquitin proteasome system offer new therapeutic avenues which will expand the drug development toolboxes for glioblastoma. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes in the context of glioblastoma and their involvement in core signaling pathways including EGFR, TGF-β, p53 and stemness-related pathways. Finally, we offer new insights into how these ubiquitin-dependent mechanisms could be exploited therapeutically for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Scholz
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Kathreena M. Kurian
- Brain Tumour Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Florian A. Siebzehnrubl
- Cardiff University School of Biosciences, European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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72
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Lawrence DW, Willard PA, Cochran AM, Matchett EC, Kornbluth J. Natural Killer Lytic-Associated Molecule (NKLAM): An E3 Ubiquitin Ligase With an Integral Role in Innate Immunity. Front Physiol 2020; 11:573372. [PMID: 33192571 PMCID: PMC7658342 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.573372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer Lytic-Associated Molecule (NKLAM), also designated RNF19B, is a unique member of a small family of E3 ubiquitin ligases. This 14-member group of ligases has a characteristic cysteine-rich RING-IBR-RING (RBR) domain that mediates the ubiquitination of multiple substrates. The consequence of substrate ubiquitination varies, depending on the type of ubiquitin linkages formed. The most widely studied effect of ubiquitination of proteins is proteasome-mediated substrate degradation; however, ubiquitination can also alter protein localization and function. Since its discovery in 1999, much has been deciphered about the role of NKLAM in innate immune responses. We have discerned that NKLAM has an integral function in both natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages in vitro and in vivo. NKLAM expression is required for each of these cell types to mediate maximal killing activity and cytokine production. However, much remains to be determined. In this review, we summarize what has been learned about NKLAM expression, structure and function, and discuss new directions for investigation. We hope that this will stimulate interest in further exploration of NKLAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald W Lawrence
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Paul A Willard
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Allyson M Cochran
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Emily C Matchett
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jacki Kornbluth
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,St. Louis VA Health Care System, St. Louis, MO, United States
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73
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Rodríguez-Alonso A, Casas-Pais A, Roca-Lema D, Graña B, Romay G, Figueroa A. Regulation of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Plasticity by the E3 Ubiquitin-Ligases in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113093. [PMID: 33114139 PMCID: PMC7690828 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) is a process by which epithelial cells acquire the ability to dynamically switch between epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypic cellular states. Epithelial cell plasticity in the context of an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) confers increased cell motility, invasiveness and the ability to disseminate to distant sites and form metastasis. The modulation of molecularly defined targets involved in this process has become an attractive therapeutic strategy against cancer. Protein degradation carried out by ubiquitination has gained attention as it can selectively degrade proteins of interest. In the ubiquitination reaction, the E3 ubiquitin-ligases are responsible for the specific binding of ubiquitin to a small subset of target proteins, and are considered promising anticancer drug targets. In this review, we summarize the role of the E3 ubiquitin-ligases that control targeted protein degradation in cancer-EMT, and we highlight the potential use of the E3 ubiquitin-ligases as drug targets for the development of small-molecule drugs against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rodríguez-Alonso
- Epithelial Plasticity and Metastasis Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (A.R.-A.); (A.C.-P.); (D.R.-L.); (G.R.)
| | - Alba Casas-Pais
- Epithelial Plasticity and Metastasis Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (A.R.-A.); (A.C.-P.); (D.R.-L.); (G.R.)
| | - Daniel Roca-Lema
- Epithelial Plasticity and Metastasis Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (A.R.-A.); (A.C.-P.); (D.R.-L.); (G.R.)
| | - Begoña Graña
- Clinical Oncology Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain;
| | - Gabriela Romay
- Epithelial Plasticity and Metastasis Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (A.R.-A.); (A.C.-P.); (D.R.-L.); (G.R.)
| | - Angélica Figueroa
- Epithelial Plasticity and Metastasis Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (A.R.-A.); (A.C.-P.); (D.R.-L.); (G.R.)
- Correspondence:
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74
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Wang M, Dai W, Ke Z, Li Y. Functional roles of E3 ubiquitin ligases in gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:22. [PMID: 32774495 PMCID: PMC7405480 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, >650 E3 ubiquitin ligases have been described in humans, including >600 really interesting new genes (RINGs), 28 homologous to E6-associated protein C-terminus (HECTs) and several RING-in-between-RINGs. They are considered key regulators and therapeutic targets of many types of human cancers, including gastric cancer (GC). Among them, some RING and HECT E3 ligases are closely related to the proliferation, infiltration and prognosis of GC. During the past few years, abnormal expressions and functions of many E3 ligases have been identified in GC. However, the functional roles of E3 ligases in GC have not been fully elucidated. The present article focuses on the functional roles of E3 ligases related to the proteasome in GC. In this comprehensive review, the latest research progress on E3 ligases involved in GC and elaborate their structure, classification, functional roles and therapeutic value in GC was summarized. Finally, 30 E3 ligases that serve essential roles in regulating the development of GC were described. Some of these ligases may serve as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in GC, whereas the pathological mechanism of others needs further study; for example, constitutive photomorphogenic 1. In conclusion, the present review demonstrated that E3 ligases are crucial tumor regulatory factors and potential therapeutic targets in GC. Therefore, more studies should focus on the therapeutic targeting of E3 ligases in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Zhangyan Ke
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yongxiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
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75
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Chaturvedi N, Nachliel E, Gutman M. Characterization of Pre‐Dissociative Structures of the E6AP Trimer by All‐atom Unbiased Molecular Dynamics. Isr J Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navaneet Chaturvedi
- Laser Laboratory for Fast Reactions, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyTel Aviv University Israel
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyLeicester Institute of Structural and Chemical BiologyUniversity of Leicester Leicester LE1 9HN United Kingdom
| | - Esther Nachliel
- Laser Laboratory for Fast Reactions, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyTel Aviv University Israel
| | - Menachem Gutman
- Laser Laboratory for Fast Reactions, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyTel Aviv University Israel
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76
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Abstract
Ubiquitination is a modification after protein transcription that plays a vital role in maintaining the homeostasis of the cellular environment. The Homologous to E6AP C-terminus (HECT) family E3 ubiquitin ligases are a kind of E3 ubiquitin ligases with a C-terminal HECT domain that mediates the binding of ubiquitin to substrate proteins and a variable-length N-terminal extension. HECT-ubiquitinated ligases can be divided into three categories: NEDD4 superfamily, HERC superfamily, and other HECT superfamilies. HECT ubiquitin ligase plays an essential role in the development of many human diseases. In this review, we focus on the physiological and pathological processes involved in oxidative stress and the role of E3 ubiquitin ligase of the HECT family.
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77
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Devarajan S, Meurer M, van Roermund CWT, Chen X, Hettema EH, Kemp S, Knop M, Williams C. Proteasome-dependent protein quality control of the peroxisomal membrane protein Pxa1p. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183342. [PMID: 32416190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are eukaryotic organelles that function in numerous metabolic pathways and defects in peroxisome function can cause serious developmental brain disorders such as adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). Peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs) play a crucial role in regulating peroxisome function. Therefore, PMP homeostasis is vital for peroxisome function. Recently, we established that certain PMPs are degraded by the Ubiquitin Proteasome System yet little is known about how faulty/non-functional PMPs undergo quality control. Here we have investigated the degradation of Pxa1p, a fatty acid transporter in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Pxa1p is a homologue of the human protein ALDP and mutations in ALDP result in the severe disorder ALD. By introducing two corresponding ALDP mutations into Pxa1p (Pxa1MUT), fused to mGFP, we show that Pxa1MUT-mGFP is rapidly degraded from peroxisomes in a proteasome-dependent manner, while wild type Pxa1-mGFP remains relatively stable. Furthermore, we identify a role for the ubiquitin ligase Ufd4p in Pxa1MUT-mGFP degradation. Finally, we establish that inhibiting Pxa1MUT-mGFP degradation results in a partial rescue of Pxa1p activity in cells. Together, our data demonstrate that faulty PMPs can undergo proteasome-dependent quality control. Furthermore, our observations may provide new insights into the role of ALDP degradation in ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Devarajan
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Meurer
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C W T van Roermund
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, the Netherlands
| | - X Chen
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - E H Hettema
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - S Kemp
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, the Netherlands
| | - M Knop
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany; Cell Morphogenesis and Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Williams
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.
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78
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Wu HQ, Baker D, Ovaa H. Small molecules that target the ubiquitin system. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:479-497. [PMID: 32196552 PMCID: PMC7200645 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic life depends upon the interplay between vast networks of signaling pathways composed of upwards of 109-1010 proteins per cell. The integrity and normal operation of the cell requires that these proteins act in a precise spatial and temporal manner. The ubiquitin system is absolutely central to this process and perturbation of its function contributes directly to the onset and progression of a wide variety of diseases, including cancer, metabolic syndromes, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmunity, inflammatory disorders, infectious diseases, and muscle dystrophies. Whilst the individual components and the overall architecture of the ubiquitin system have been delineated in some detail, how ubiquitination might be successfully targeted, or harnessed, to develop novel therapeutic approaches to the treatment of disease, currently remains relatively poorly understood. In this review, we will provide an overview of the current status of selected small molecule ubiquitin system inhibitors. We will further discuss the unique challenges of targeting this ubiquitous and highly complex machinery, and explore and highlight potential ways in which these challenges might be met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Qiu Wu
- Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David Baker
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Huib Ovaa
- Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Cammarata-Mouchtouris A, Nguyen XH, Acker A, Bonnay F, Goto A, Orian A, Fauvarque MO, Boutros M, Reichhart JM, Matt N. Hyd ubiquitinates the NF-κB co-factor Akirin to operate an effective immune response in Drosophila. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008458. [PMID: 32339205 PMCID: PMC7205318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Immune Deficiency (IMD) pathway in Drosophila melanogaster is activated upon microbial challenge with Gram-negative bacteria to trigger the innate immune response. In order to decipher this nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, we undertook an in vitro RNAi screen targeting E3 ubiquitin ligases specifically and identified the HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligase Hyperplastic discs (Hyd) as a new actor in the IMD pathway. Hyd mediated Lys63 (K63)-linked polyubiquitination of the NF-κB cofactor Akirin was required for efficient binding of Akirin to the NF-κB transcription factor Relish. We showed that this Hyd-dependent interaction was required for the transcription of immunity-related genes that are activated by both Relish and Akirin but was dispensable for the transcription of genes that depend solely on Relish. Therefore Hyd is key in NF-κB transcriptional selectivity downstream of the IMD pathway. Drosophila depleted of Akirin or Hyd failed to express the full set of genes encoding immune-induced anti-microbial peptides and succumbed to immune challenges. We showed further that UBR5, the mammalian homolog of Hyd, was also required downstream of the NF-κB pathway for the activation of Interleukin 6 (IL6) transcription by LPS or IL-1β in cultured human cells. Our findings link the action of an E3 ubiquitin ligase to the activation of immune effector genes, deepening our understanding of the involvement of ubiquitination in inflammation and identifying a potential target for the control of inflammatory diseases. Ubiquitination has been recently identified in pathogenesis and progression of various diseases where inflammation is critical. NF-κB transcription factors are key actors in the transcriptional cascade leading to inflammation as they activate genes with pro- or anti-inflammatory activities. The similarity between the immune pathways in flies and mammals makes Drosophila melanogaster an excellent model to study the innate response. Accordingly, we decided to identify E3 ubiquitin-ligases involved in the regulation of NF-κB pathway, using Drosophila as a model system. A RNAi based screen in immortalized embryonic macrophage-like Drosophila cells points to the HECT-E3 ubiquitin ligase Hyd as a new regulator of the Immune-deficiency (IMD) NF-κB pathway, activated after Gram-negative immune challenge. More precisely, we showed that Hyd acts at the level of Akirin, an evolutionarily conserved player in the NF-κB pathway, required for the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes, but not for the NF-κB-dependent genes contributing to the down-regulation of inflammation. In addition, we could show that the human homologue of Hyd (UBR5) acts genetically at the level of human AKIRIN2, pointing to a unique dichotomy between Hyd/Akirin-dependent and -independent gene activation, allowing for the decoupling activation and resolution of inflammation. These results identified UBR5 as a putative target for anti-inflammatory compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xuan-Hung Nguyen
- Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology (VRISG) and College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Adrian Acker
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Strasbourg, France
| | - François Bonnay
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Akira Goto
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Strasbourg, France
| | - Amir Orian
- Rappaport Research Institute and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Michael Boutros
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and Department for Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Nicolas Matt
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, M3I UPR 9022, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail:
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80
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Fenteany G, Gaur P, Sharma G, Pintér L, Kiss E, Haracska L. Robust high-throughput assays to assess discrete steps in ubiquitination and related cascades. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:21. [PMID: 32228444 PMCID: PMC7106726 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00262-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ubiquitination and ubiquitin-like protein post-translational modifications play an enormous number of roles in cellular processes. These modifications are constituted of multistep reaction cascades. Readily implementable and robust methods to evaluate each step of the overall process, while presently limited, are critical to the understanding and modulation of the reaction sequence at any desired level, both in terms of basic research and potential therapeutic drug discovery and development. Results We developed multiple robust and reliable high-throughput assays to interrogate each of the sequential discrete steps in the reaction cascade leading to protein ubiquitination. As models for the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme, the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, the E3 ubiquitin ligase, and their ultimate substrate of ubiquitination in a cascade, we examined Uba1, Rad6, Rad18, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), respectively, in reconstituted systems. Identification of inhibitors of this pathway holds promise in cancer therapy since PCNA ubiquitination plays a central role in DNA damage tolerance and resulting mutagenesis. The luminescence-based assays we developed allow for the quantitative determination of the degree of formation of ubiquitin thioester conjugate intermediates with both E1 and E2 proteins, autoubiquitination of the E3 protein involved, and ubiquitination of the final substrate. Thus, all covalent adducts along the cascade can be individually probed. We tested previously identified inhibitors of this ubiquitination cascade, finding generally good correspondence between compound potency trends determined by more traditional low-throughput methods and the present high-throughput ones. Conclusions These approaches are readily adaptable to other E1, E2, and E3 systems, and their substrates in both ubiquitination and ubiquitin-like post-translational modification cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Fenteany
- HCEMM-BRC Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.
| | - Paras Gaur
- HCEMM-BRC Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- HCEMM-BRC Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Lajos Pintér
- Visal Plus Ltd., Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Ernő Kiss
- HCEMM-BRC Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Lajos Haracska
- HCEMM-BRC Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.
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81
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Yin Q, Wyatt CJ, Han T, Smalley KSM, Wan L. ITCH as a potential therapeutic target in human cancers. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 67:117-130. [PMID: 32165318 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ITCH/AIP4 ubiquitin E3 ligase was discovered independently by two groups searching for atrophin-1 interacting proteins and studying the genetics of mouse coat color alteration, respectively. ITCH is classified as a NEDD4 family E3 ligase featured with the C-terminal HECT domain for E3 ligase function and WW domains for substrate recruiting. ITCH deficiency in the mouse causes severe multi-organ autoimmune disease. Its roles in maintaining a balanced immune response have been extensively characterized over the past two and a half decades. A wealth of reports demonstrate a multifaceted role of ITCH in human cancers. Given the versatility of ITCH in catalyzing both proteolytic and non-proteolytic ubiquitination of its over fifty substrates, ITCH's role in malignancies is believed to be context-dependent. In this review, we summarize the downstream substrates of ITCH, the functions of ITCH in both tumor cells and the immune system, as well as the implications of such functions in human cancers. Moreover, we describe the upstream regulatory mechanisms of ITCH and the efforts have been made to target ITCH using small molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Clayton J Wyatt
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Tao Han
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Keiran S M Smalley
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Lixin Wan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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82
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Cook BW, Lacoursiere RE, Shaw GS. Recruitment of Ubiquitin within an E2 Chain Elongation Complex. Biophys J 2020; 118:1679-1689. [PMID: 32101714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin (Ub) proteolysis pathway uses an E1, E2, and E3 enzyme cascade to label substrate proteins with ubiquitin and target them for degradation. The mechanisms of ubiquitin chain formation remain unclear and include a sequential addition model, in which polyubiquitin chains are built unit by unit on the substrate, or a preassembly model, in which polyubiquitin chains are preformed on the E2 or E3 enzyme and then transferred in one step to the substrate. The E2 conjugating enzyme UBE2K has a 150-residue catalytic core domain and a C-terminal ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain. Polyubiquitin chains anchored to the catalytic cysteine and free in solution are formed by UBE2K supporting a preassembly model. To study how UBE2K might assemble polyubiquitin chains, we synthesized UBE2K-Ub and UBE2K-Ub2 covalent complexes and analyzed E2 interactions with the covalently attached Ub and Ub2 moieties using NMR spectroscopy. The UBE2K-Ub complex exists in multiple conformations, including the catalytically competent closed state independent of the UBA domain. In contrast, the UBE2K-Ub2 complex takes on a more extended conformation directed by interactions between the classic I44 hydrophobic face of the distal Ub and the conserved MGF hydrophobic patch of the UBA domain. Our results indicate there are distinct differences between the UBE2K-Ub and UBE2K-Ub2 complexes and show how the UBA domain can alter the position of a polyubiquitin chain attached to the UBE2K active site. These observations provide structural insights into the unique Ub chain-building capacity for UBE2K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Cook
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel E Lacoursiere
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary S Shaw
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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83
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Powell DR, Doree DD, DaCosta CM, Platt KA, Hansen GM, van Sligtenhorst I, Ding ZM, Revelli JP, Brommage R. Obesity of G2e3 Knockout Mice Suggests That Obesity-Associated Variants Near Human G2E3 Decrease G2E3 Activity. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:2641-2652. [PMID: 32801815 PMCID: PMC7394505 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s259546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In humans, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the adjacent protein kinase D1 (PRKD1) and G2/M-phase-specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (G2E3) genes on chromosome 14 are associated with obesity. To date, no published evidence links inactivation of either gene to changes in body fat. These two genes are also adjacent on mouse chromosome 12. Because obesity genes are highly conserved between humans and mice, we analyzed body fat in adult G2e3 and Prkd1 knockout (KO) mice to determine whether inactivating either gene leads to obesity in mice and, by inference, probably in humans. METHODS The G2e3 and Prkd1 KO lines were generated by gene trapping and by homologous recombination methodologies, respectively. Body fat was measured by DEXA in adult mice fed chow from weaning and by QMR in a separate cohort of mice fed high-fat diet (HFD) from weaning. Glucose homeostasis was evaluated with oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) performed on adult mice fed HFD from weaning. RESULTS Body fat was increased in multiple cohorts of G2e3 KO mice relative to their wild-type (WT) littermates. When data from all G2e3 KO (n=32) and WT (n=31) mice were compared, KO mice showed increases of 11% in body weight (P<0.01), 65% in body fat (P<0.001), 48% in % body fat (P<0.001), and an insignificant 3% decrease in lean body mass. G2e3 KO mice were also glucose intolerant during an OGTT (P<0.05). In contrast, Prkd1 KO and WT mice had comparable body fat levels and glucose tolerance. CONCLUSION Significant obesity and glucose intolerance were observed in G2e3, but not Prkd1, KO mice. The conservation of obesity genes between mice and humans strongly suggests that the obesity-associated SNPs located near the human G2E3 and PRKD1 genes are linked to variants that decrease the amount of functional human G2E3.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Powell
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, 77381, USA
- Correspondence: David R Powell Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX77381, USATel +1 281 863 3060Fax +1 281 863 8115 Email
| | - Deon D Doree
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, 77381, USA
| | | | | | - Gwenn M Hansen
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, 77381, USA
| | | | - Zhi-Ming Ding
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, 77381, USA
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84
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Targeting the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway to overcome anti-cancer drug resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2020; 48:100663. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.100663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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85
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Gori Savellini G, Anichini G, Gandolfo C, Prathyumnan S, Cusi MG. Toscana virus non-structural protein NSs acts as E3 ubiquitin ligase promoting RIG-I degradation. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008186. [PMID: 31815967 PMCID: PMC6901176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that the non-structural protein (NSs) of Toscana virus (TOSV), an emergent sandfly-borne virus causing meningitis or more severe central nervous system injuries in humans, exerts its function triggering RIG-I for degradation in a proteasome-dependent manner, thus breaking off the IFN-β production. The non-structural protein of different members of Bunyavirales has recently appeared as a fundamental protagonist in immunity evasion through ubiquitination-mediated protein degradation targets. We showed that TOSV NSs has an E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, mapping at the carboxy-terminal domain and also involving the amino-terminal of the protein. Indeed, neither the amino- (NSsΔN) nor the carboxy- (NSsΔC) terminal-deleted mutants of TOSV NSs were able to cause ubiquitin-mediated proteasome degradation of RIG-I. Moreover, the addition of the C-terminus of TOSV NSs to the homologous protein of the Sandfly Fever Naples Virus, belonging to the same genus and unable to inhibit IFN-β activity, conferred new properties to this protein, favoring RIG-I ubiquitination and its degradation. NSs lost its antagonistic activity to IFN when one of the terminal residues was missing. Therefore, we showed that NSs could behave as an atypical RING between RING (RBR) E3 ubiquitin ligases. This is the first report which identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in a viral protein among negative strand RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriele Anichini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Gandolfo
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Maria Grazia Cusi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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86
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Deol KK, Lorenz S, Strieter ER. Enzymatic Logic of Ubiquitin Chain Assembly. Front Physiol 2019; 10:835. [PMID: 31333493 PMCID: PMC6624479 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination impacts virtually every biochemical pathway in eukaryotic cells. The fate of a ubiquitinated protein is largely dictated by the type of ubiquitin modification with which it is decorated, including a large variety of polymeric chains. As a result, there have been intense efforts over the last two decades to dissect the molecular details underlying the synthesis of ubiquitin chains by ubiquitin-conjugating (E2) enzymes and ubiquitin ligases (E3s). In this review, we highlight these advances. We discuss the evidence in support of the alternative models of transferring one ubiquitin at a time to a growing substrate-linked chain (sequential addition model) versus transferring a pre-assembled ubiquitin chain (en bloc model) to a substrate. Against this backdrop, we outline emerging principles of chain assembly: multisite interactions, distinct mechanisms of chain initiation and elongation, optimal positioning of ubiquitin molecules that are ultimately conjugated to each other, and substrate-assisted catalysis. Understanding the enzymatic logic of ubiquitin chain assembly has important biomedical implications, as the misregulation of many E2s and E3s and associated perturbations in ubiquitin chain formation contribute to human disease. The resurgent interest in bifunctional small molecules targeting pathogenic proteins to specific E3s for polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation provides an additional incentive to define the mechanisms responsible for efficient and specific chain synthesis and harness them for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirandeep K Deol
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Sonja Lorenz
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eric R Strieter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
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