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Wang L, He X, Hu G, Liu J, Kang X, Yu L, Dong K, Zhao J, Zhang A, Zhang W, Brands MW, Su H, Zheng Z, Zhou J. A novel mouse model carrying a gene trap insertion into the Hmgxb4 gene locus to examine Hmgxb4 expression in vivo. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16014. [PMID: 38644513 PMCID: PMC11033291 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
HMG (high mobility group) proteins are a diverse family of nonhistone chromosomal proteins that interact with DNA and a wide range of transcriptional regulators to regulate the structural architecture of DNA. HMGXB4 (also known as HMG2L1) is an HMG protein family member that contains a single HMG box domain. Our previous studies have demonstrated that HMGXB4 suppresses smooth muscle differentiation and exacerbates endotoxemia by promoting a systemic inflammatory response in mice. However, the expression of Hmgxb4 in vivo has not fully examined. Herein, we generated a mouse model that harbors a gene trap in the form of a lacZ gene insertion into the Hmgxb4 gene. This mouse enables the visualization of endogenous HMGXB4 expression in different tissues via staining for the β-galactosidase activity of LacZ which is under the control of the endogenous Hmgxb4 gene promoter. We found that HMGXB4 is widely expressed in mouse tissues and is a nuclear protein. Furthermore, the Hmgxb4 gene trap mice exhibit normal cardiac function and blood pressure. Measurement of β-galactosidase activity in the Hmgxb4 gene trap mice demonstrated that the arterial injury significantly induces Hmgxb4 expression. In summary, the Hmgxb4 gene trap reporter mouse described here provides a valuable tool to examine the expression level of endogenous Hmgxb4 in both physiological and pathological settings in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Xiangqin He
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Guoqing Hu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
- Department of Respiratory MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Xiuhua Kang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
- Department of Respiratory MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Luyi Yu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
- Department of Respiratory MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Kunzhe Dong
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Juanjuan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Aizhen Zhang
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
- Training CenterGuangxi Medical CollegeNanningChina
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | | | - Huabo Su
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Zeqi Zheng
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Jiliang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGeorgiaUSA
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Madhavan SM, Konieczkowski M, Bruggeman LA, DeWalt M, Nguyen JK, O'Toole JF, Sedor JR. Essential role of Wtip in mouse development and maintenance of the glomerular filtration barrier. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 323:F272-F287. [PMID: 35862649 PMCID: PMC9394782 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00051.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilms' tumor interacting protein (Wtip) has been implicated in cell junction assembly and cell differentiation and interacts with proteins in the podocyte slit diaphragm, where it regulates podocyte phenotype. To define Wtip expression and function in the kidney, we created a Wtip-deleted mouse model using β-galactosidase-neomycin (β-geo) gene trap technology. Wtip gene trap mice were embryonic lethal, suggesting additional developmental roles outside kidney function. Using β-geo heterozygous and normal mice, Wtip expression was identified in the developing kidneys, heart, and eyes. In the kidney, expression was restricted to podocytes, which appeared initially at the capillary loop stage coinciding with terminal podocyte differentiation. Heterozygous mice had an expected lifespan and showed no evidence of proteinuria or glomerular pathology. However, heterozygous mice were more susceptible to glomerular injury than wild-type littermates and developed more significant and prolonged proteinuria in response to lipopolysaccharide or adriamycin. In normal human kidneys, WTIP expression patterns were consistent with observations in mice and were lost in glomeruli concurrent with loss of synaptopodin expression in disease. Mechanistically, we identified the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 12 (ARHGEF12) as a binding partner for WTIP. ARHGEF12 was expressed in human podocytes and formed high-affinity interactions through their LIM- and PDZ-binding domains. Our findings suggest that Wtip is essential for early murine embryonic development and maintaining normal glomerular filtration barrier function, potentially regulating slit diaphragm and foot process function through Rho effector proteins.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study characterized dynamic expression patterns of Wilms' tumor interacting protein (Wtip) and demonstrates the novel role of Wtip in murine development and maintenance of the glomerular filtration barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sethu M Madhavan
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Leslie A Bruggeman
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Nephrology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Megan DeWalt
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jane K Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - John F O'Toole
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Nephrology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - John R Sedor
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Nephrology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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3
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Kanca O, Zirin J, Hu Y, Tepe B, Dutta D, Lin WW, Ma L, Ge M, Zuo Z, Liu LP, Levis RW, Perrimon N, Bellen HJ. An expanded toolkit for Drosophila gene tagging using synthesized homology donor constructs for CRISPR-mediated homologous recombination. eLife 2022; 11:e76077. [PMID: 35723254 PMCID: PMC9239680 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we described a large collection of Drosophila strains that each carry an artificial exon containing a T2AGAL4 cassette inserted in an intron of a target gene based on CRISPR-mediated homologous recombination. These alleles permit numerous applications and have proven to be very useful. Initially, the homologous recombination-based donor constructs had long homology arms (>500 bps) to promote precise integration of large constructs (>5 kb). Recently, we showed that in vivo linearization of the donor constructs enables insertion of large artificial exons in introns using short homology arms (100-200 bps). Shorter homology arms make it feasible to commercially synthesize homology donors and minimize the cloning steps for donor construct generation. Unfortunately, about 58% of Drosophila genes lack a suitable coding intron for integration of artificial exons in all of the annotated isoforms. Here, we report the development of new set of constructs that allow the replacement of the coding region of genes that lack suitable introns with a KozakGAL4 cassette, generating a knock-out/knock-in allele that expresses GAL4 similarly as the targeted gene. We also developed custom vector backbones to further facilitate and improve transgenesis. Synthesis of homology donor constructs in custom plasmid backbones that contain the target gene sgRNA obviates the need to inject a separate sgRNA plasmid and significantly increases the transgenesis efficiency. These upgrades will enable the targeting of nearly every fly gene, regardless of exon-intron structure, with a 70-80% success rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Kanca
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Jonathan Zirin
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Burak Tepe
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Debdeep Dutta
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Wen-Wen Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Liwen Ma
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Ming Ge
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Zhongyuan Zuo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Lu-Ping Liu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Robert W Levis
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for ScienceBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
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Kulicke CA, De Zan E, Hein Z, Gonzalez-Lopez C, Ghanwat S, Veerapen N, Besra GS, Klenerman P, Christianson JC, Springer S, Nijman SM, Cerundolo V, Salio M. The P5-type ATPase ATP13A1 modulates major histocompatibility complex I-related protein 1 (MR1)-mediated antigen presentation. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101542. [PMID: 34968463 PMCID: PMC8808182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The monomorphic antigen-presenting molecule major histocompatibility complex-I-related protein 1 (MR1) presents small-molecule metabolites to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. The MR1-MAIT cell axis has been implicated in a variety of infectious and noncommunicable diseases, and recent studies have begun to develop an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying this specialized antigen presentation pathway. However, proteins regulating MR1 folding, loading, stability, and surface expression remain to be identified. Here, we performed a gene trap screen to discover novel modulators of MR1 surface expression through insertional mutagenesis of an MR1-overexpressing clone derived from the near-haploid human cell line HAP1 (HAP1.MR1). The most significant positive regulators identified included β2-microglobulin, a known regulator of MR1 surface expression, and ATP13A1, a P5-type ATPase in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) not previously known to be associated with MR1-mediated antigen presentation. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of ATP13A1 in both HAP1.MR1 and THP-1 cell lines revealed a profound reduction in MR1 protein levels and a concomitant functional defect specific to MR1-mediated antigen presentation. Collectively, these data are consistent with the ER-resident ATP13A1 being a key posttranscriptional determinant of MR1 surface expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna A Kulicke
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Erica De Zan
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd and Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zeynep Hein
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany
| | - Claudia Gonzalez-Lopez
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Swapnil Ghanwat
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany
| | - Natacha Veerapen
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John C Christianson
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Springer
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Nijman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd and Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mariolina Salio
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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5
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Takeda I, Araki M, Ishiguro KI, Ohga T, Takada K, Yamaguchi Y, Hashimoto K, Kai T, Nakagata N, Imasaka M, Yoshinobu K, Araki K. Gene trapping reveals a new transcriptionally active genome element: The chromosome-specific clustered trap region. Genes Cells 2021; 26:874-890. [PMID: 34418226 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Nearly half of the human genome consists of repetitive sequences such as long interspersed nuclear elements. The relationship between these repeating sequences and diseases has remained unclear. Gene trapping is a useful technique for disrupting a gene and expressing a reporter gene by using the promoter activity of the gene. The analysis of trapped genes revealed a new genome element-the chromosome-specific clustered trap (CSCT) region. For any examined sequence within this region, an equivalent was found using the BLAT of the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) Genome Browser. CSCT13 mapped to chromosome 13 and contained only three genes. To elucidate its in vivo function, the whole CSCT13 region (1.6 Mbp) was deleted using the CRISPR/Cas9 system in mouse embryonic stem cells, and subsequently, a CSCT13 knockout mouse line was established. The rate of homozygotes was significantly lower than expected according to Mendel's laws. In addition, the number of offspring obtained by mating homozygotes was significantly smaller than that obtained by crossing controls. Furthermore, CSCT13 might have an effect on meiotic homologous recombination. This study identifies a transcriptionally active CSCT with an important role in mouse development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyo Takeda
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masatake Araki
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichiro Ishiguro
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toshinori Ohga
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kouki Takada
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamaguchi
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Hashimoto
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takuma Kai
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mai Imasaka
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kumiko Yoshinobu
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kimi Araki
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Zhang J, Chen X, Eaton M, Wu J, Ma Z, Lai S, Park A, Ahmad TS, Que Z, Lee JH, Xiao T, Li Y, Wang Y, Olivero-Acosta MI, Schaber JA, Jayant K, Yuan C, Huang Z, Lanman NA, Skarnes WC, Yang Y. Severe deficiency of the voltage-gated sodium channel Na V1.2 elevates neuronal excitability in adult mice. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109495. [PMID: 34348148 PMCID: PMC8382316 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scn2a encodes the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.2, a main mediator of neuronal action potential firing. The current paradigm suggests that NaV1.2 gain-of-function variants enhance neuronal excitability, resulting in epilepsy, whereas NaV1.2 deficiency impairs neuronal excitability, contributing to autism. However, this paradigm does not explain why ∼20%-30% of individuals with NaV1.2 deficiency still develop seizures. Here, we report the counterintuitive finding that severe NaV1.2 deficiency results in increased neuronal excitability. Using a NaV1.2-deficient mouse model, we show enhanced intrinsic excitability of principal neurons in the prefrontal cortex and striatum, brain regions known to be involved in Scn2a-related seizures. This increased excitability is autonomous and reversible by genetic restoration of Scn2a expression in adult mice. RNA sequencing reveals downregulation of multiple potassium channels, including KV1.1. Correspondingly, KV channel openers alleviate the hyperexcitability of NaV1.2-deficient neurons. This unexpected neuronal hyperexcitability may serve as a cellular basis underlying NaV1.2 deficiency-related seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingliang Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Muriel Eaton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jiaxiang Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Zhixiong Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Shirong Lai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Anthony Park
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Talha S Ahmad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Zhefu Que
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ji Hea Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Tiange Xiao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yuansong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Maria I Olivero-Acosta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - James A Schaber
- Bioscience Imaging Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Krishna Jayant
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chongli Yuan
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Zhuo Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Nadia A Lanman
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - William C Skarnes
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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7
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Bai J, Kondo R, Mayasari NI, Shigeoka T, Isotani A, Ikawa M, Sashida G, Kawaichi M, Ishida Y. Diphtheria toxin-mediated transposon-driven poly (A)-trapping efficiently disrupts transcriptionally silent genes in embryonic stem cells. Genesis 2020; 58:e23386. [PMID: 32645254 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Random gene trapping is the application of insertional mutagenesis techniques that are conventionally used to inactivate protein-coding genes in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Transcriptionally silent genes are not effectively targeted by conventional random gene trapping techniques, thus we herein developed an unbiased poly (A) trap (UPATrap) method using a Tol2 transposon, which preferentially integrated into active genes rather than silent genes in ES cells. To achieve efficient trapping at transcriptionally silent genes using random insertional mutagenesis in ES cells, we generated a new diphtheria toxin (DT)-mediated trapping vector, DTrap that removed cells, through the expression of DT that was induced by the promoter activity of the trapped genes, and selected trapped clones using the neomycin-resistance gene of the vector. We found that a double-DT, the dDT vector, dominantly induced the disruption of silent genes, but not active genes, and showed more stable integration in ES cells than the UPATrap vector. The dDT vector disrupted differentiated cell lineage genes, which were silent in ES cells, and labeled trapped clone cells by the expression of EGFP upon differentiation. Thus, the dDT vector provides a systematic approach to disrupt silent genes and examine the cellular functions of trapped genes in the differentiation of target cells and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Bai
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan.,Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation in Leukemogenesis, International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kondo
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan.,Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Ika Mayasari
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Jalan Agatis Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Toshiaki Shigeoka
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan.,Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ayako Isotani
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Organ Developmental Engineering, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Goro Sashida
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation in Leukemogenesis, International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Kawaichi
- Division of Educational Development, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Ishida
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
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8
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Powell DR, Doree DD, DaCosta CM, Platt KA, Hansen GM, van Sligtenhorst I, Ding ZM, Revelli JP, Brommage R. Obesity of G2e3 Knockout Mice Suggests That Obesity-Associated Variants Near Human G2E3 Decrease G2E3 Activity. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:2641-2652. [PMID: 32801815 PMCID: PMC7394505 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s259546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In humans, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the adjacent protein kinase D1 (PRKD1) and G2/M-phase-specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (G2E3) genes on chromosome 14 are associated with obesity. To date, no published evidence links inactivation of either gene to changes in body fat. These two genes are also adjacent on mouse chromosome 12. Because obesity genes are highly conserved between humans and mice, we analyzed body fat in adult G2e3 and Prkd1 knockout (KO) mice to determine whether inactivating either gene leads to obesity in mice and, by inference, probably in humans. METHODS The G2e3 and Prkd1 KO lines were generated by gene trapping and by homologous recombination methodologies, respectively. Body fat was measured by DEXA in adult mice fed chow from weaning and by QMR in a separate cohort of mice fed high-fat diet (HFD) from weaning. Glucose homeostasis was evaluated with oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) performed on adult mice fed HFD from weaning. RESULTS Body fat was increased in multiple cohorts of G2e3 KO mice relative to their wild-type (WT) littermates. When data from all G2e3 KO (n=32) and WT (n=31) mice were compared, KO mice showed increases of 11% in body weight (P<0.01), 65% in body fat (P<0.001), 48% in % body fat (P<0.001), and an insignificant 3% decrease in lean body mass. G2e3 KO mice were also glucose intolerant during an OGTT (P<0.05). In contrast, Prkd1 KO and WT mice had comparable body fat levels and glucose tolerance. CONCLUSION Significant obesity and glucose intolerance were observed in G2e3, but not Prkd1, KO mice. The conservation of obesity genes between mice and humans strongly suggests that the obesity-associated SNPs located near the human G2E3 and PRKD1 genes are linked to variants that decrease the amount of functional human G2E3.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Powell
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, 77381, USA
- Correspondence: David R Powell Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX77381, USATel +1 281 863 3060Fax +1 281 863 8115 Email
| | - Deon D Doree
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, 77381, USA
| | | | | | - Gwenn M Hansen
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, 77381, USA
| | | | - Zhi-Ming Ding
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, The Woodlands, TX, 77381, USA
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9
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Garcia-Marques J, Yang CP, Espinosa-Medina I, Mok K, Koyama M, Lee T. Unlimited Genetic Switches for Cell-Type-Specific Manipulation. Neuron 2019; 104:227-238.e7. [PMID: 31395429 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Gaining independent genetic access to discrete cell types is critical to interrogate their biological functions as well as to deliver precise gene therapy. Transcriptomics has allowed us to profile cell populations with extraordinary precision, revealing that cell types are typically defined by a unique combination of genetic markers. Given the lack of adequate tools to target cell types based on multiple markers, most cell types remain inaccessible to genetic manipulation. Here we present CaSSA, a platform to create unlimited genetic switches based on CRISPR/Cas9 (Ca) and the DNA repair mechanism known as single-strand annealing (SSA). CaSSA allows engineering of independent genetic switches, each responding to a specific gRNA. Expressing multiple gRNAs in specific patterns enables multiplex cell-type-specific manipulations and combinatorial genetic targeting. CaSSA is a new genetic tool that conceptually works as an unlimited number of recombinases and will facilitate genetic access to cell types in diverse organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Garcia-Marques
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Ching-Po Yang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | | | - Kent Mok
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Minoru Koyama
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Tzumin Lee
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
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10
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Morris SM, Mhyre AJ, Carmack SS, Myers CH, Burns C, Ye W, Ferrer M, Olson JM, Klinghoffer RA. A modified gene trap approach for improved high-throughput cancer drug discovery. Oncogene 2018; 37:4226-4238. [PMID: 29717260 PMCID: PMC6076322 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
While advances in laboratory automation has dramatically increased throughout of compound screening efforts, development of robust cell-based assays in relevant disease models remain resource-intensive and time-consuming, presenting a bottleneck to drug discovery campaigns. To address this issue, we present a modified gene trap approach to efficiently generate pathway-specific reporters that result in a robust "on" signal when the pathway of interest is inhibited. In this proof-of-concept study, we used vemurafenib and trametinib to identify traps that specifically detect inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in a model of BRAFV600E driven human malignant melanoma. We demonstrate that insertion of our trap into particular loci results in remarkably specific detection of MAPK pathway inhibitors over compounds targeting any other pathway or cellular function. The accuracy of our approach was highlighted in a pilot screen of ~6000 compounds where 40 actives were detected, including 18 MEK, 10 RAF, and 3 ERK inhibitors along with a few compounds representing previously under-characterized inhibitors of the MAPK pathway. One such compound, bafetinib, a second generation BCR/ABL inhibitor, reduced phosphorylation of ERK and when combined with trametinib, both in vitro and in vivo, reduced growth of vemurafenib resistant melanoma cells. While piloted in a model of BRAF-driven melanoma, our results set the stage for using this approach to rapidly generate reporters against any transcriptionally active pathway across a wide variety of disease-relevant cell-based models to expedite drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelli M Morris
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew J Mhyre
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Savanna S Carmack
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carrie H Myers
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - James M Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA.
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11
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Xuan YH, Kim CM, Je BI, Liu JM, Li TY, Lee GS, Kim TH, Han CD. Transposon Ds-Mediated Insertional Mutagenesis in Rice (Oryza sativa). Curr Protoc Plant Biol 2016; 1:466-487. [PMID: 31725960 DOI: 10.1002/cppb.20030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) is the most important consumed staple food for a large and diverse population worldwide. Since databases of genomic sequences became available, functional genomics and genetic manipulations have been widely practiced in rice research communities. Insertional mutants are the most common genetic materials utilized to analyze gene function. To mutagenize rice genomes, we exploited the transpositional activity of an Activator/Dissociation (Ac/Ds) system in rice. To mobilize Ds in rice genomes, a maize Ac cDNA was expressed under the CaMV35S promoter, and a gene trap Ds was utilized to detect expression of host genes via the reporter gene GUS. Conventional transposon-mediated gene-tagging systems rely on genetic crossing and selection markers. Furthermore, the activities of transposases have to be monitored. By taking advantage of the fact that Ds becomes highly active during tissue culture, a plant regeneration system employing tissue culture was employed to generate a large Ds transposant population in rice. This system overcomes the requirement for markers and the monitoring of Ac activity. In the regenerated populations, more than 70% of the plant lines contained independent Ds insertions and 12% expressed GUS at seedling stages. This protocol describes the method for producing a Ds-mediated insertional population via tissue culture regeneration systems. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hu Xuan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Chul Min Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program), Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Byoung Il Je
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program), Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jing Miao Liu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program), Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Tian Ya Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Gang-Seob Lee
- Biosafty Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Science (NIAS), RDA, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Tae-Ho Kim
- Genomics Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Science (NIAS), RDA, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Chang-Deok Han
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 program), Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
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12
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Abstract
RFX transcription factors are key regulators of ciliogenesis in vertebrates. In Xenopus and zebrafish embryos, knockdown of Rfx2 causes defects in neural tube closure and in left-right axis patterning. To determine the essential role of the Rfx2 gene in mammalian development, we generated Rfx2-deficient mice using an embryonic stem cell clone containing a lacZ gene trap reporter inserted into the first intron of the Rfx2 gene. We found that the Rfx2 lacZ reporter is expressed in ciliated tissues during mouse development including the node, the floor plate and the dorsal neural tube. However, mice homozygous for the Rfx2 gene trap mutation did not have defects in neural tube closure or in organ situs. The gene trap insertion appears to create a null allele as Rfx2 mRNA was not detected in Rfx2gt/gt embryos. Although Rfx2-deficient mice do not have an obvious embryonic phenotype, we found that Rfx2gt/gt males are infertile because of a defect in spermatid maturation at or before the round and elongating spermatid stage. Our results indicate that Rfx2 is not essential for embryonic development in the mouse but is required for spermatogenesis. genesis 53:604-611, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Shawlot
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas
| | - Mercedes Vazquez-Chantada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas
| | - Richard H Finnell
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas
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13
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Dietrich JE, Panavaite L, Gunther S, Wennekamp S, Groner AC, Pigge A, Salvenmoser S, Trono D, Hufnagel L, Hiiragi T. Venus trap in the mouse embryo reveals distinct molecular dynamics underlying specification of first embryonic lineages. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:1005-21. [PMID: 26142281 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian development begins with the segregation of embryonic and extra-embryonic lineages in the blastocyst. Recent studies revealed cell-to-cell gene expression heterogeneity and dynamic cell rearrangements during mouse blastocyst formation. Thus, mechanistic understanding of lineage specification requires quantitative description of gene expression dynamics at a single-cell resolution in living embryos. However, only a few fluorescent gene expression reporter mice are available and quantitative live image analysis is limited so far. Here, we carried out a fluorescence gene-trap screen and established reporter mice expressing Venus specifically in the first lineages. Lineage tracking, quantitative gene expression and cell position analyses allowed us to build a comprehensive lineage map of mouse pre-implantation development. Our systematic analysis revealed that, contrary to the available models, the timing and mechanism of lineage specification may be distinct between the trophectoderm and the inner cell mass. While expression of our trophectoderm-specific lineage marker is upregulated in outside cells upon asymmetric divisions at 8- and 16-cell stages, the inside-specific upregulation of the inner-cell-mass marker only becomes evident at the 64-cell stage. This study thus provides a framework toward systems-level understanding of embryogenesis marked by high dynamicity and stochastic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens-Erik Dietrich
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Panavaite
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Gunther
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wennekamp
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna C Groner
- School of Life Sciences Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anton Pigge
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Salvenmoser
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Didier Trono
- School of Life Sciences Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lars Hufnagel
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Takashi Hiiragi
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Cuevas E, Rybak-Wolf A, Rohde AM, Nguyen DTT, Wulczyn FG. Lin41/Trim71 is essential for mouse development and specifically expressed in postnatal ependymal cells of the brain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:20. [PMID: 25883935 PMCID: PMC4382986 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lin41/Trim71 is a heterochronic gene encoding a member of the Trim-NHL protein family, and is the original, genetically defined target of the microRNA let-7 in C. elegans. Both the LIN41 protein and multiple regulatory microRNA binding sites in the 3′ UTR of the mRNA are highly conserved from nematodes to humans. Functional studies have described essential roles for mouse LIN41 in embryonic stem cells, cellular reprogramming and the timing of embryonic neurogenesis. We have used a new gene trap mouse line deficient in Lin41 to characterize Lin41 expression during embryonic development and in the postnatal central nervous system (CNS). In the embryo, Lin41 is required for embryonic viability and neural tube closure. Nevertheless, neurosphere assays suggest that Lin41 is not required for adult neurogenesis. Instead, we show that Lin41 promoter activity and protein expression in the postnatal CNS is restricted to ependymal cells lining the walls of the four ventricles. We use ependymal cell culture to confirm reestablishment of Lin41 expression during differentiation of ependymal progenitors to post-mitotic cells possessing motile cilia. Our results reveal that terminally differentiated ependymal cells express Lin41, a gene to date associated with self-renewing stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cuevas
- Laboratory F.G. Wulczyn, Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany ; Laboratory S. Sahara, MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London London, UK
| | - Agnieszka Rybak-Wolf
- Laboratory N. Rajewsky, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna M Rohde
- Laboratory F.G. Wulczyn, Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Duong T T Nguyen
- Laboratory F.G. Wulczyn, Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - F Gregory Wulczyn
- Laboratory F.G. Wulczyn, Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin, Germany
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15
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Abstract
Primary cilia are essential cellular organelles projecting from the cell surface to sense and transduce developmental signaling. They are tiny but have complicated structures containing microtubule (MT)-based internal structures (the axoneme) and mother centriole formed basal body. Intraflagellar transport (Ift) operated by Ift proteins and motors are indispensable for cilia formation and function. Mutations in Ift proteins or Ift motors cause various human diseases, some of which have severe bone defects. Over the last few decades, major advances have occurred in understanding the roles of these proteins and cilia in bone development and remodeling by examining cilia/Ift protein-related human diseases and establishing mouse transgenic models. In this review, we describe current advances in the understanding of the cilia/Ift structure and function. We further summarize cilia/Ift-related human diseases and current mouse models with an emphasis on bone-related phenotypes, cilia morphology, and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yuan
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 701 Ellicott St, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
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16
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Araki M, Nakahara M, Muta M, Itou M, Yanai C, Yamazoe F, Miyake M, Morita A, Araki M, Okamoto Y, Nakagata N, Yoshinobu K, Yamamura KI, Araki K. Database for exchangeable gene trap clones: pathway and gene ontology analysis of exchangeable gene trap clone mouse lines. Dev Growth Differ 2014; 56:161-74. [PMID: 24444128 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Gene trapping in embryonic stem (ES) cells is a proven method for large-scale random insertional mutagenesis in the mouse genome. We have established an exchangeable gene trap system, in which a reporter gene can be exchanged for any other DNA of interest through Cre/mutant lox-mediated recombination. We isolated trap clones, analyzed trapped genes, and constructed the database for Exchangeable Gene Trap Clones (EGTC) [http://egtc.jp]. The number of registered ES cell lines was 1162 on 31 August 2013. We also established 454 mouse lines from trap ES clones and deposited them in the mouse embryo bank at the Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Japan. The EGTC database is the most extensive academic resource for gene-trap mouse lines. Because we used a promoter-trap strategy, all trapped genes were expressed in ES cells. To understand the general characteristics of the trapped genes in the EGTC library, we used Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) for pathway analysis and found that the EGTC ES clones covered a broad range of pathways. We also used Gene Ontology (GO) classification data provided by Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI) to compare the functional distribution of genes in each GO term between trapped genes in the EGTC mouse lines and total genes annotated in MGI. We found the functional distributions for the trapped genes in the EGTC mouse lines and for the RefSeq genes for the whole mouse genome were similar, indicating that the EGTC mouse lines had trapped a wide range of mouse genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatake Araki
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
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17
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Abstract
In the formation of the spinal network, various transcription factors interact to develop specific cell types. By using a gene trap technique, we established a stable line of zebrafish in which the red fluorescent protein (RFP) was inserted into the pax8 gene. RFP insertion marked putative pax8-lineage cells with fluorescence and inhibited pax8 expression in homozygous embryos. Pax8 homozygous embryos displayed defects in the otic vesicle, as previously reported in studies with morpholinos. The pax8 homozygous embryos survived to adulthood, in contrast to mammalian counterparts that die prematurely. RFP is expressed in the dorsal spinal cord. Examination of the axon morphology revealed that RFP(+) neurons include commissural bifurcating longitudinal (CoBL) interneurons, but other inhibitory neurons such as commissural local (CoLo) interneurons and circumferential ascending (CiA) interneurons do not express RFP. We examined the effect of inhibiting pax2a/pax8 expression on interneuron development. In pax8 homozygous fish, the RFP(+) cells underwent differentiation similar to that of pax8 heterozygous fish, and the swimming behavior remained intact. In contrast, the RFP(+) cells of pax2a/pax8 double mutants displayed altered cell fates. CoBLs were not observed. Instead, RFP(+) cells exhibited axons descending ipsilaterally, a morphology resembling that of V2a/V2b interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Ikenaga
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jason M. Urban
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nichole Gebhart
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Kohei Hatta
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics
- Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Fumihito Ono
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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18
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Jiang SY, Ramachandran S. Functional genomics of rice pollen and seed development by genome-wide transcript profiling and Ds insertion mutagenesis. Int J Biol Sci 2010; 7:28-40. [PMID: 21209789 PMCID: PMC3014553 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice pollen and seed development are directly related to grain yield. To further improve rice yield, it is important for us to functionally annotate the genes controlling pollen/seed development and to use them for rice breeding. Here we first carried out a genome-wide expression analysis with an emphasis on genes being involved in rice pollen and seed development. Based on the transcript profiling, we have identified and functionally classified 82 highly expressed pollen-specific, 12 developing seed-specific and 19 germinating seed-specific genes. We then presented the utilization of the maize transposon Dissociation (Ds) insertion lines for functional genomics of rice pollen and seed development and as alternative germplasm resources for rice breeding. We have established a two-element Activator/Dissociation (Ac/Ds) gene trap tagging system and generated around 20,000 Ds insertion lines. We have subjected these lines for screens to obtain high and low yield Ds insertion lines. Some interesting lines have been obtained with higher yield or male sterility. Flanking Sequence Tags (FSTs) analyses showed that these Ds-tagged genes encoded various proteins including transcription factors, transport proteins, unknown functional proteins and so on. They exhibited diversified expression patterns. Our results suggested that rice could be improved not only by introducing foreign genes but also by knocking out its endogenous genes. This finding might provide a new way for rice breeder to further improve rice varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ye Jiang
- Rice Functional Genomics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, Singapore 117604
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19
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Sambasivan R, Cheedipudi S, Pasupuleti N, Saleh A, Pavlath GK, Dhawan J. The small chromatin-binding protein p8 coordinates the association of anti-proliferative and pro-myogenic proteins at the myogenin promoter. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:3481-91. [PMID: 19723804 PMCID: PMC2746131 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.048678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Quiescent muscle progenitors called satellite cells persist in adult skeletal muscle and, upon injury to muscle, re-enter the cell cycle and either undergo self-renewal or differentiate to regenerate lost myofibers. Using synchronized cultures of C2C12 myoblasts to model these divergent programs, we show that p8 (also known as Nupr1), a G1-induced gene, negatively regulates the cell cycle and promotes myogenic differentiation. p8 is a small chromatin protein related to the high mobility group (HMG) family of architectural factors and binds to histone acetyltransferase p300 (p300, also known as CBP). We confirm this interaction and show that p300-dependent events (Myc expression, global histone acetylation and post-translational acetylation of the myogenic regulator MyoD) are all affected in p8-knockdown myoblasts, correlating with repression of MyoD target-gene expression and severely defective differentiation. We report two new partners for p8 that support a role in muscle-specific gene regulation: p68 (Ddx5), an RNA helicase reported to bind both p300 and MyoD, and MyoD itself. We show that, similar to MyoD and p300, p8 and p68 are located at the myogenin promoter, and that knockdown of p8 compromises chromatin association of all four proteins. Thus, p8 represents a new node in a chromatin regulatory network that coordinates myogenic differentiation with cell-cycle exit.
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Francia P, Simoni L, Cominelli E, Tonelli C, Galbiati M. Gene trap-based identification of a guard cell promoter in Arabidopsis. Plant Signal Behav 2008; 3:684-6. [PMID: 19704826 PMCID: PMC2634557 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.9.5820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Preserving crop yield under drought stress is a major challenge for modern agriculture. To cope with the detrimental effects of water scarcity on crop productivity it is important to develop new plants with a more sustainable use of water and capable of higher performance under stress conditions. Transpiration through stomatal pores accounts for over 90% of water loss in land plants. Recent studies have increased our understanding of the networks that control stomatal activity and have led to practical approaches for enhancing drought tolerance. Genetic engineering of target genes in stomata requires effective expression systems, including suitable promoters, because constitutive promoters (i.e., CaMV35S) are not always functional or can have negative effects on plant growth and productivity. Here we describe the identification of the CYP86A2 guard cell promoter and discuss its potential for gene expression in stomata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Francia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano, Italy
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Elmore CL, Wu X, Leclerc D, Watson ED, Bottiglieri T, Krupenko NI, Krupenko SA, Cross JC, Rozen R, Gravel RA, Matthews RG. Metabolic derangement of methionine and folate metabolism in mice deficient in methionine synthase reductase. Mol Genet Metab 2007; 91:85-97. [PMID: 17369066 PMCID: PMC1973089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Revised: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia is a metabolic derangement that is linked to the distribution of folate pools, which provide one-carbon units for biosynthesis of purines and thymidylate and for remethylation of homocysteine to form methionine. In humans, methionine synthase deficiency results in the accumulation of methyltetrahydrofolate at the expense of folate derivatives required for purine and thymidylate biosynthesis. Complete ablation of methionine synthase activity in mice results in embryonic lethality. Other mouse models for hyperhomocyst(e)inemia have normal or reduced levels of methyltetrahydrofolate and are not embryonic lethal, although they have decreased ratios of AdoMet/AdoHcy and impaired methylation. We have constructed a mouse model with a gene trap insertion in the Mtrr gene specifying methionine synthase reductase, an enzyme essential for the activity of methionine synthase. This model is a hypomorph, with reduced methionine synthase reductase activity, thus avoiding the lethality associated with the absence of methionine synthase activity. Mtrr(gt/gt) mice have increased plasma homocyst(e)ine, decreased plasma methionine, and increased tissue methyltetrahydrofolate. Unexpectedly, Mtrr(gt/gt) mice do not show decreases in the AdoMet/AdoHcy ratio in most tissues. The different metabolite profiles in the various genetic mouse models for hyperhomocyst(e)inemia may be useful in understanding biological effects of elevated homocyst(e)ine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Lee Elmore
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xuchu Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel Leclerc
- Departments of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University–Montreal Children’s Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Erica D. Watson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Teodoro Bottiglieri
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Natalia I. Krupenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Sergey A. Krupenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - James C. Cross
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rima Rozen
- Departments of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University–Montreal Children’s Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Roy A. Gravel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rowena G. Matthews
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- * Corresponding author. Mailing address: Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Room 4002, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2216, Tel: +1 734 764 9459; Fax: +1 734 763 6492; E-mail address: (R.G. Matthews)
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22
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Enkhmandakh B, Makeyev AV, Bayarsaihan D. The role of the proline-rich domain of Ssdp1 in the modular architecture of the vertebrate head organizer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:11631-6. [PMID: 16864769 PMCID: PMC1544221 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0605209103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lim1, Ssdp1, and Ldb1 proteins are components of the Ldb1-associated transcriptional complex, which is important in the head-organizing activity during early mouse development. Depletion of each individual protein alone causes a headless phenotype. To explore in more detail the modular architecture of the complex, we have generated two different gene-trapped mouse lines that express truncated forms of Ssdp1. Embryos derived from the gene-trapped line that encodes a truncated Ssdp1 lacking the proline-rich sequence exhibit a lethal abnormal head-development phenotype, resembling mouse embryos deficient for Lim1, Ssdp1, or Otx2 genes. Embryos derived from the second gene-trapped line, in which most of the proline-rich domain of Ssdp1 is retained, did not show abnormalities in head development. Our data demonstrate that components of the Ldb1-dependent module can be subdivided further into discrete functional domains and that the proline-rich stretch of Ssdp1 is critical for embryonic head development. Furthermore, phylogenetic comparisons revealed that in Caenorhabditis elegans, a similar proline-rich sequence is absent in Ssdp but present in Ldb1. We conclude that although the overall architecture of the Ldb1-dependent module has been preserved, the genetic specification of its individual components has diversified during evolution, without compromising the function of the module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badam Enkhmandakh
- *Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Craniofacial Biology, Birth Defects Center, University of Louisville, 501 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY 40292; and
| | - Alexandr V. Makeyev
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032
| | - Dashzeveg Bayarsaihan
- *Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Craniofacial Biology, Birth Defects Center, University of Louisville, 501 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY 40292; and
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23
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Galy B, Ferring D, Benesova M, Benes V, Hentze MW. Targeted mutagenesis of the murine IRP1 and IRP2 genes reveals context-dependent RNA processing differences in vivo. RNA 2004; 10:1019-1025. [PMID: 15208438 PMCID: PMC1370593 DOI: 10.1261/rna.7220704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2004] [Accepted: 03/31/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report the targeted mutagenesis of the murine iron regulatory protein (IRP)-1 and IRP2 genes, respectively, with a classical gene trap construct. Insertion of the targeting cassette into the second intron of either gene by homologous recombination interrupts their open reading frames near the N termini. Mice that are homozygous for the correctly modified IRP1 or IRP2 alleles, respectively, display a strong reduction (90%, IRP1(-/-)) or nondetectable levels (IRP2(-/-)) of the targeted proteins. Interestingly, the pre-mRNAs transcribed from the identical targeting cassettes are processed differently within the two different contexts. Detailed analysis of the respective products identifies the choice of alternative splice and 3' end processing sites in the same tissues in vivo. We discuss the implications for the understanding of RNA processing and for targeting strategies for functional genomics in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Galy
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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24
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Dahl JP, Wang-Dunlop J, Gonzales C, Goad MEP, Mark RJ, Kwak SP. Characterization of the WAVE1 knock-out mouse: implications for CNS development. J Neurosci 2003; 23:3343-52. [PMID: 12716942 PMCID: PMC6742295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing neurons must respond to a wide range of extracellular signals during the process of brain morphogenesis. One mechanism through which immature neurons respond to such signals is by altering cellular actin dynamics. A recently discovered link between extracellular signaling events and the actin cytoskeleton is the WASP/WAVE (Wiscott-Aldrich Syndrome protein/WASP-family verprolin-homologous protein) family of proteins. Through a direct interaction with the Arp2/3 (actin-related protein) complex, this family functions to regulate the actin cytoskeleton by mediating signals from cdc42 as well as other small GTPases. To evaluate the role of WASP/WAVE proteins in the process of neuronal morphogenesis, we used a retroviral gene trap to generate a line of mice bearing a disruption in the WAVE1 gene. Using a heterologous reporter gene, we found that WAVE1 expression becomes increasingly restricted to the CNS over the course of development. Homozygous disruption of the WAVE1 gene results in postnatal lethality. In addition, these animals have severe limb weakness, a resting tremor, and notable neuroanatomical malformations without overt histopathology of peripheral organs. We did not detect any alterations in neuronal morphology in vivo or the ability of embryonic neurons to form processes in vitro. Our data indicate that WAVE1, although important for the general development of the CNS, is not essential for the formation and extension of neuritic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Dahl
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Wyeth Research, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
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25
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Abstract
The proteoglycan agrin is required for postsynaptic differentiation at the skeletal neuromuscular junction, but is also associated with basal laminae in numerous other tissues, and with the surfaces of some neurons. Little is known about its roles at sites other than the neuromuscular junction, or about how its expression and subcellular localization are regulated in any tissue. Here we demonstrate that the murine agrin gene generates two proteins with different NH(2) termini, and present evidence that these isoforms differ in subcellular localization, tissue distribution, and function. The two isoforms share approximately 1,900 amino acids (aa) of common sequence following unique NH(2) termini of 49 or 150 aa; we therefore call them short NH(2)-terminal (SN) and long NH(2)-terminal (LN) isoforms. In the mouse genome, LN-specific exons are upstream of an SN-specific exon, which is in turn upstream of common exons. LN-agrin is expressed in both neural and nonneural tissues. In spinal cord it is expressed in discrete subsets of cells, including motoneurons. In contrast, SN-agrin is selectively expressed in the nervous system but is widely distributed in many neuronal cell types. Both isoforms are externalized from cells but LN-agrin assembles into basal laminae whereas SN-agrin remains cell associated. Differential expression of the two isoforms appears to be transcriptionally regulated, whereas the unique SN and LN sequences direct their distinct subcellular localizations. Insertion of a "gene trap" construct into the mouse genome between the LN and SN exons abolished expression of LN-agrin with no detectable effect on expression levels of SN-agrin or on SN-agrin bioactivity in vitro. Agrin protein was absent from all basal laminae in mice lacking LN-agrin transcripts. The formation of the neuromuscular junctions was as drastically impaired in these mutants as in mice lacking all forms of agrin. Thus, basal lamina-associated LN-agrin is required for neuromuscular synaptogenesis, whereas cell-associated SN-agrin may play distinct roles in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Burgess
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Komada M, McLean DJ, Griswold MD, Russell LD, Soriano P. E-MAP-115, encoding a microtubule-associated protein, is a retinoic acid-inducible gene required for spermatogenesis. Genes Dev 2000; 14:1332-42. [PMID: 10837026 PMCID: PMC316653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2000] [Accepted: 04/06/2000] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell type-specific microtubules, such as the Sertoli cell microtubules and the manchette and flagellum microtubules of the spermatids, play essential roles in spermatogenesis. We identified the gene encoding E-MAP-115 (epithelial microtubule-associated protein of 115 kD) as a retinoic acid-inducible gene using gene trap mutagenesis in mouse embryonic stem cells. The gene trap insertion led to a null allele of the E-MAP-115 gene and, in agreement with its high expression in the testis, male mice homozygous for the mutation were sterile because of deformation of spermatid nuclei and subsequent gradual loss of germ cells. Consistent with a possible role for E-MAP-115 in stabilizing microtubules, microtubule associations in the mutant were morphologically abnormal in the manchette of spermatids and in Sertoli cells. We hypothesize that the abnormal microtubules in these two cell types are responsible for deformation of spermatid nuclei and germ cell loss, respectively, and indicate an essential role for E-MAP-115 in microtubule functions required for spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Komada
- Program in Developmental Biology, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109 USA
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27
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Osada T, Ikegami S, Takiguchi-Hayashi K, Yamazaki Y, Katoh-Fukui Y, Higashinakagawa T, Sakaki Y, Takeuchi T. Increased anxiety and impaired pain response in puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase gene-deficient mice obtained by a mouse gene-trap method. J Neurosci 1999; 19:6068-78. [PMID: 10407043 PMCID: PMC6783060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A mouse mutation, termed goku, was generated by a gene-trap strategy. goku homozygous mice showed dwarfism, a marked increase in anxiety, and an analgesic effect. Molecular analysis indicated that the mutated gene encodes a puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (Psa; EC 3. 4.11.14), whose functions in vivo are unknown. Transcriptional arrest of the Psa gene and a drastic decrease of aminopeptidase activity indicated that the function of Psa is disrupted in homozygous mice. Together with the finding that the Psa gene is strongly expressed in the brain, especially in the striatum and hippocampus, these results suggest that the Psa gene is required for normal growth and the behavior associated with anxiety and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Osada
- Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, Tokyo,194-8511, Japan
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28
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Bullock SL, Fletcher JM, Beddington RS, Wilson VA. Renal agenesis in mice homozygous for a gene trap mutation in the gene encoding heparan sulfate 2-sulfotransferase. Genes Dev 1998; 12:1894-906. [PMID: 9637690 PMCID: PMC316906 DOI: 10.1101/gad.12.12.1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans have been implicated in the presentation of a number of secreted signaling molecules to their signal-transducing receptors. We have characterized a gene trap mutation in the gene encoding a heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzyme, heparan sulfate 2-sulfotransferase (HS2ST). Transgenic mice were generated from embryonic stem cells harboring this insertion. lacZ reporter gene activity in heterozygous embryos demonstrates that the gene is expressed differentially during embryogenesis, presumably directing dynamic changes in heparan sulfate structure. Moreover, mice homozygous for the Hs2st gene trap allele die in the neonatal period, exhibiting bilateral renal agenesis and defects of the eye and the skeleton. Analysis of kidney development in Hs2st mutants reveals that the gene is not required for two early events-ureteric bud outgrowth from the Wolffian duct and initial induction of Pax-2 expression in the metanephric mesenchyme. It is required, however, for mesenchymal condensation around the ureteric bud and initiation of branching morphogenesis. Because 2-O-sulfation has been shown to influence the functional interactions of ligands with heparan sulfate in vitro, we discuss the possibility that the Hs2st mutant phenotype is a consequence of compromised interactions between growth factors and their signal-transducing receptors. These data provide the first genetic evidence that the regulated synthesis of differentially glycosylated proteoglycans can affect morphogenesis during vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Bullock
- Laboratory of Mammalian Development, Medical Research Council (MRC) National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK
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