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Haney MJ, Zhao Y, Jin YS, Batrakova EV. Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Carriers for Enzyme Replacement Therapy to Treat CLN2 Batten Disease: Optimization of Drug Administration Routes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051273. [PMID: 32443895 PMCID: PMC7290714 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CLN2 Batten disease (BD) is one of a broad class of lysosomal storage disorders that is characterized by the deficiency of lysosomal enzyme, TPP1, resulting in a build-up of toxic intracellular storage material in all organs and subsequent damage. A major challenge for BD therapeutics is delivery of enzymatically active TPP1 to the brain to attenuate progressive loss of neurological functions. To accomplish this daunting task, we propose the harnessing of naturally occurring nanoparticles, extracellular vesicles (EVs). Herein, we incorporated TPP1 into EVs released by immune cells, macrophages, and examined biodistribution and therapeutic efficacy of EV-TPP1 in BD mouse model, using various routes of administration. Administration through intrathecal and intranasal routes resulted in high TPP1 accumulation in the brain, decreased neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, and reduced aggregation of lysosomal storage material in BD mouse model, CLN2 knock-out mice. Parenteral intravenous and intraperitoneal administrations led to TPP1 delivery to peripheral organs: liver, kidney, spleen, and lungs. A combination of intrathecal and intraperitoneal EV-TPP1 injections significantly prolonged lifespan in BD mice. Overall, the optimization of treatment strategies is crucial for successful applications of EVs-based therapeutics for BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Haney
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.J.H.); (Y.Z.)
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Yuling Zhao
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.J.H.); (Y.Z.)
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Yeon S. Jin
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Elena V. Batrakova
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.J.H.); (Y.Z.)
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +919-537-3712
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Beaudouin E, Defendi F, Picaud J, Drouet C, Ponard D, Moneret-Vautrin DA. Iatrogenic angioedema associated with ACEi, sitagliptin, and deficiency of 3 enzymes catabolizing bradykinin. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 46:119-122. [PMID: 24853572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
New concepts of idiopathic and iatrogenic angioedema underline the role of bradykinin, and the importance of catabolizing enzymes. A case is described of Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) and sitagliptin induced angioedema, where AO attacks decreased after the withdrawal of lisinopril but resolved only after the withdrawal of sitagliptin, an inhibitor of dipeptylpeptidase IV. ACE, aminopeptidase P and carboxypeptidase N were decreased down to 17%, 42%, 64% of median references values, and remained low one year after the interruption of these drugs: 56%, 28% and 50%, respectively. The combined deficiency of APP and CPN might enhance the inhibiting effect of the DPP IV inhibitor. The fact that this triple deficiency remained latent before and after the treatment indicates that searching for latent enzyme deficiencies should be carried out when there is intention to treat with a combination of drugs interfering with the bradykinin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Beaudouin
- Service d'Allergologie, Centre Hospitalier E Durkheim, Epinal, France
| | - F Defendi
- French Reference Center for Angioedema, CREAK, Grenoble, France. Université Joseph Fourier, GREPI/AGIM CNRS FRE 3405, Grenoble, France
| | - J Picaud
- Service d'Allergologie, Centre Hospitalier E Durkheim, Epinal, France
| | - C Drouet
- French Reference Center for Angioedema, CREAK, Grenoble, France. Université Joseph Fourier, GREPI/AGIM CNRS FRE 3405, Grenoble, France
| | - D Ponard
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie IBP, Grenoble, France
| | - D A Moneret-Vautrin
- Service d'Allergologie, Centre Hospitalier E Durkheim, Epinal, France. Université de Lorraine Nancy, France
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Chen L, Fischer R, Peng Y, Reeves E, McHugh K, Ternette N, Hanke T, Dong T, Elliott T, Shastri N, Kollnberger S, James E, Kessler B, Bowness P. Critical role of endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 in determining the length and sequence of peptides bound and presented by HLA-B27. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:284-94. [PMID: 24504800 DOI: 10.1002/art.38249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HLA-B27 and endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) are the two strongest genetic factors predisposing to ankylosing spondylitis (AS). A key aminopeptidase in class I major histocompatibility complex presentation, ERAP1 potentially contributes to the pathogenesis of AS by altering HLA-B27 peptide presentation. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of ERAP1 on the HLA-B27 peptide repertoire and peptide presentation to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). METHODS ERAP1-silenced and -competent HeLa.B27 and C1R.B27 cells were isotope-labeled, mixed, lysed, and then immunoprecipitated using W6/32 or ME1 antibodies. Peptides bound to HLA-B27 were eluted and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. Selected peptides were synthesized and tested for HLA-B27 binding ability. The effect of ERAP1 silencing/mutation on presentation of an immunodominant viral HLA-B27 epitope, KK10, to CTLs was also studied. RESULTS In both HeLa.B27 and C1R.B27 cells, the proportion of 9-mer HLA-B27-bound peptides was decreased by ERAP1 silencing, whereas the percentages of longer peptides (11-13 mer) were increased. Surprisingly, following ERAP1 silencing, C-terminally extended peptides were readily identified. These were better able to bind to HLA-B27 than were N-terminally extended peptides lacking an arginine at position 2. In both HeLa.B27 cells and mouse fibroblasts expressing HLA-B27, the absence of ERAP1 reduced peptide recognition by HLA-B27-restricted KK10-specific CTLs following infection with recombinant vaccinia virus or transfection with minigenes expressing KK10 precursors. Presence of an AS-protective variant of ERAP1, K528R, as compared to wild-type ERAP1, reduced the peptide recognition by KK10 CTLs following transfection with extended KK10 minigenes. CONCLUSION These results show that ERAP1 directly alters peptide binding and presentation by HLA-B27, thus demonstrating a potential pathogenic mechanism in AS. Inhibition of ERAP1 could potentially be used for treatment of AS and other ERAP1-associated diseases.
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Haroon N, Tsui FW, Uchanska-Ziegler B, Ziegler A, Inman RD. Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) exhibits functionally significant interaction with HLA-B27 and relates to subtype specificity in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 71:589-95. [PMID: 22355039 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The functional interaction of endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) with human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-B*27 could be important in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). AS is associated with B*27:04 and B*27:05, but not with B*27:06 and B*27:09. The authors studied the surface expression of peptide-HLA(pHLA)-B27 complexes and HLA class-I free heavy chains (FHCs) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with AS with different ERAP1 single nucleotide polymorphisms. The effects of ERAP1 suppression on HLA-B*27 subtypes were tested. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from Caucasian patients with AS for flow cytometry and were stained for pHLA and FHCs. Genotyping was performed for two ERAP1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs27044(C/G) and rs30187(C/T)). C1R cells transfected with different HLA-B27 subtypes (B*27:04, B*27:05, B*27:06 and B*27:09) were subjected to ERAP1 suppression by small interfering RNA and stained using the monoclonal antibody (mAb) MARB4 as well as antibodies for pHLA, FHC, intracellular FHC (IC-FHC). MARB4 has been reported to bind to HLA-B27 with extended peptides. RESULTS The authors found variations in FHC expression on the monocytes of patients with AS, depending on different ERAP1 variants. Subsequently, using Hmy2.C1R cells in vitro, the authors show that ERAP1 suppression leads to increased IC-FHC and surface pHLA that react with the monoclonal antibody MARB4. The functional interaction between ERAP1 and HLA-B27 molecules appears to be subtype-specific, since ERAP1 suppression leads to changes only in cells expressing B*27:04 or B*27:05, but not B*27:06 or B*27:09. CONCLUSIONS Direct or indirect alterations in the ERAP1-HLA-B27 interaction could be crucial by causing changes in peptide presentation or FHC formation by HLA-B27 molecules, as well as by contributing to differential subtype association in spondyloarthropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigil Haroon
- Division of Rheumatology, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Kuizon S, DiMaiuta K, Walus M, Jenkins EC, Kuizon M, Kida E, Golabek AA, Espinoza DO, Pullarkat RK, Junaid MA. A critical tryptophan and Ca2+ in activation and catalysis of TPPI, the enzyme deficient in classic late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11929. [PMID: 20689811 PMCID: PMC2914745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tripeptidyl aminopeptidase I (TPPI) is a crucial lysosomal enzyme that is deficient in the fatal neurodegenerative disorder called classic late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL). It is involved in the catabolism of proteins in the lysosomes. Recent X-ray crystallographic studies have provided insights into the structural/functional aspects of TPPI catalysis, and indicated presence of an octahedrally coordinated Ca2+. Methodology Purified precursor and mature TPPI were used to study inhibition by NBS and EDTA using biochemical and immunological approaches. Site-directed mutagenesis with confocal imaging technique identified a critical W residue in TPPI activity, and the processing of precursor into mature enzyme. Principal Findings NBS is a potent inhibitor of the purified TPPI. In mammalian TPPI, W542 is critical for tripeptidyl peptidase activity as well as autocatalysis. Transfection studies have indicated that mutants of the TPPI that harbor residues other than W at position 542 have delayed processing, and are retained in the ER rather than transported to lysosomes. EDTA inhibits the autocatalytic processing of the precursor TPPI. Conclusions/Significance We propose that W542 and Ca2+ are critical for maintaining the proper tertiary structure of the precursor proprotein as well as the mature TPPI. Additionally, Ca2+ is necessary for the autocatalytic processing of the precursor protein into the mature TPPI. We have identified NBS as a potent TPPI inhibitor, which led in delineating a critical role for W542 residue. Studies with such compounds will prove valuable in identifying the critical residues in the TPPI catalysis and its structure-function analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomon Kuizon
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Kathleen DiMaiuta
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Marius Walus
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Edmund C. Jenkins
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Marisol Kuizon
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Kida
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Adam A. Golabek
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel O. Espinoza
- Department of Molecular Biology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Raju K. Pullarkat
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Mohammed A. Junaid
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Firat E, Saveanu L, Aichele P, Staeheli P, Huai J, Gaedicke S, Nil A, Besin G, Kanzler B, van Endert P, Niedermann G. The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Aminopeptidase 1 in Immunity to Infection and in Cross-Presentation. J Immunol 2007; 178:2241-8. [PMID: 17277129 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum-associated aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) is involved in the final processing of endogenous peptides presented by MHC class I molecules to CTLs. We generated ERAP1-deficient mice and analyzed cytotoxic responses upon infection with three viruses, including lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, which causes vigorous T cell activation and is controlled by CTLs. Despite pronounced effects on the presentation of selected epitopes, the in vivo cytotoxic response was altered for only one of several epitopes tested. Moreover, control of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus was not impaired in the knockout mice. Thus, we conclude that lack of ERAP1 has little influence on antiviral immunohierarchies and antiviral immunity in the infections studied. We also focused on the role of ERAP1 in cross-presentation. We demonstrate that ERAP1 is required for efficient cross-presentation of cell-associated Ag and of OVA/anti-OVA immunocomplexes. Surprisingly, however, ERAP1 deficiency has no effect on cross-presentation of soluble OVA, suggesting that for soluble exogenous proteins, final processing may not take place in an environment containing active ERAP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Firat
- Clinic for Radiotherapy, University Hospital of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Limnios EA, Nguyen NL, Ray S, McIver CJ, Tapsall JW. Dynamics of appearance and expansion of a prolyliminopeptidase- negative subtype among Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates collected in Sydney, Australia, from 2002 to 2005. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:1400-4. [PMID: 16597868 PMCID: PMC1448636 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.44.4.1400-1404.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated a wide geographic circulation of isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae that fail to produce prolyliminopeptidase (PIP). Tests based on the production of this enzyme are important elements of a number of identification systems for gonococci. We documented the appearance, expansion, and contraction of subtypes of 165 PIP-negative gonococci detected in an extended and systematic sample of the 3,926 N. gonorrhoeae isolates collected in Sydney, Australia, from July 2002 to September 2005. Their appearance, peak, and decline followed an "epidemic" curve. At the peak of their prevalence in 2003, PIP-negative gonococci comprised 22% of all isolates. Closely related phenotypes accounted for 162/165 of the PIP-negative gonococci. Algorithms for confirmation of N. gonorrhoeae should take account of the temporal and geographic variability of gonococci by utilizing two or more distinct confirmatory methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Athena Limnios
- Department of Microbiology, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Barker Street, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
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Yeh JRJ, Ju R, Brdlik CM, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Matyskiela ME, Shotwell JD, Crews CM. Targeted gene disruption of methionine aminopeptidase 2 results in an embryonic gastrulation defect and endothelial cell growth arrest. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:10379-10384. [PMID: 16790550 PMCID: PMC1480595 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0511313103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The antiangiogenic agent fumagillin (Fg) and its analog TNP-470 bind to intracellular metalloprotease methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP-2) and inhibit endothelial cell growth in a p53-dependent manner. To confirm the role of MetAP-2 in endothelial cell proliferation and to validate it as a physiological target for the Fg class of antiangiogenic agents, we have generated a conditional MetAP-2 knockout mouse. Ubiquitous deletion of the MetAP-2 gene (MAP2) resulted in an early gastrulation defect, which is bypassed in double MetAP-2/p53 knockout embryos. Targeted deletion of MAP2 specifically in the hemangioblast lineage resulted in abnormal vascular development, and these embryos die at the midsomite stage. In addition, knockdown of MetAP-2 using small interfering RNA or homologous recombination specifically suppresses the proliferation of cultured endothelial cells. Together, these results demonstrate an essential role for MetAP-2 in angiogenesis and indicate that MetAP-2 is responsible for the endothelial cell growth arrest induced by Fg and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rong Ju
- Departments of *Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology
| | | | - Wenjun Zhang
- Departments of *Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology
| | - Yi Zhang
- Departments of *Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology
| | | | | | - Craig M Crews
- Departments of *Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology,
- Pharmacology, and
- Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103
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Yan J, Parekh VV, Mendez-Fernandez Y, Olivares-Villagómez D, Dragovic S, Hill T, Roopenian DC, Joyce S, Van Kaer L. In vivo role of ER-associated peptidase activity in tailoring peptides for presentation by MHC class Ia and class Ib molecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:647-59. [PMID: 16505142 PMCID: PMC2118255 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20052271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated aminopeptidase (ERAP)1 has been implicated in the final proteolytic processing of peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. To evaluate the in vivo role of ERAP1, we have generated ERAP1-deficient mice. Cell surface expression of the class Ia molecules H-2Kb and H-2Db and of the class Ib molecule Qa-2 was significantly reduced in these animals. Although cells from mutant animals exhibited reduced capacity to present several self- and foreign antigens to Kb-, Db-, or Qa-1b-restricted CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, presentation of some antigens was unaffected or significantly enhanced. Consistent with these findings, mice generated defective CD8+ T cell responses against class I-presented antigens. These findings reveal an important in vivo role of ER-associated peptidase activity in tailoring peptides for presentation by MHC class Ia and class Ib molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Kim S, LaMontagne K, Sabio M, Sharma S, Versace RW, Yusuff N, Phillips PE. Depletion of methionine aminopeptidase 2 does not alter cell response to fumagillin or bengamides. Cancer Res 2004; 64:2984-7. [PMID: 15126329 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of endothelial cell growth by fumagillin has been assumed to be mediated by inhibition of the molecular target methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAp2). New data show that depletion of MetAp2 by siRNA does not inhibit endothelial cell growth. Moreover, MetAp2-depleted endothelial cells remain responsive to inhibition by either fumagillin or a newly identified MetAp2 enzyme inhibitor. These data suggest that MetAp2 function is not required for endothelial cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunkyu Kim
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, USA
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Mitsui T, Nomura S, Okada M, Ohno Y, Kobayashi H, Nakashima Y, Murata Y, Takeuchi M, Kuno N, Nagasaka T, O-Wang J, Cooper MD, Mizutani S. Hypertension and angiotensin II hypersensitivity in aminopeptidase A-deficient mice. Mol Med 2003; 9:57-62. [PMID: 12765341 PMCID: PMC1430374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Local concentrations of the vasopressor peptide, angiotensin II (AngII), depend upon the balance between synthesis and degradation. Previous studies of blood pressure (BP) regulation have focused primarily on the generation of AngII and its receptors, and less attention has been devoted to angiotensin degradation. Aminopeptidase A (APA, EC 3.4.11.7) is responsible for the N-terminal cleavage of AngII, a hydrolytic event that serves as a rate-limiting step in angiotensin degradation. To evaluate the physiological role of APA, we examined BP homeostasis in APA-deficient mice. We measured basal BP and BP with continuous infusion of AngII in APA mutant mice by tail-cuff method. We also evaluated the development and histology of AngII-targeted organs as well as urine excretion in these mice. Homozygous APA mutant mice were found to have elevated basal systolic BP when compared with heterozygous mutant and wild-type littermate mice. Infusion of AngII led to an enhanced systolic BP response in the APA-deficient mice. Despite the sustained elevation of BP in APA knockout mice, neither their renal and cardiac sizes nor their histological appearances were not different from control mice. Moreover, the volume, osmolality, and electrolyte content of the urine were normal in APA-deficient mice. APA deficiency increased baseline BP and enhanced the hypertensive response to increased levels of AngII. These findings indicate a physiological role for APA in lowering BP and offer novel insight into the mechanisms for developing hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Mitsui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Seiji Nomura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Seiji Nomura, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan. Phone: +81-52-744-2261; fax: +81-52-744-2268; e-mail:
| | - Mayumi Okada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Ohno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Honami Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakashima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Murata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mikihito Takeuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naohiko Kuno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nagasaka
- Division of Pathology, Clinical Laboratory, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jiyang O-Wang
- Division of Pathology, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Max D Cooper
- Division of Developmental and Clinical Immunology, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Shigehiko Mizutani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Molinaro G, Adam A, Lepage Y, Hammerschmidt D, Koenigbauer U, Eastlund T. Hypotensive reaction during staphylococcal protein A column therapy in a patient with anomalous degradation of bradykinin and Des-Arg9-bradykinin after contact activation. Transfusion 2002; 42:1458-65. [PMID: 12421219 DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2002.00196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypotensive reactions have occurred in patients taking angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors after infusion of blood previously in contact with negatively charged surfaces capable of generating kinins, which accumulate when ACE, a kininase, is inhibited. A patient with anomalous bradykinin (BK) metabolism who experienced hypotension during extracorporeal staphylococcal protein A (SPA) therapy while on an ACE inhibitor was studied. CASE REPORT A patient with mitomycin-associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome received SPA treatments after her ACE inhibitor, lisinopril, was held. Lisinopril was restarted before her 18th SPA treatment, and immediately after return of treated plasma she developed facial redness and hypotension, which resolved after the return stopped and recurred when restarted. To study formation and degradation of kinins, exposed her plasma to glass beads. We found a normal kinin formation rate but an abnormal degradation and accumulation of Des-Arg9-BK. The kinin degradation enzymes ACE, aminopeptidase P (APP), and carboxypeptidase N (CPN) were measured while on an ACE inhibitor, showing absence of ACE activity, low APP, but normal CPN. CONCLUSION This patient's vasodilation and hypotension during SPA therapy was associated with a pre- existing anomaly of BK metabolism. Her ACE inhibitor shifted degradation toward Des-Arg9-BK formation, and her low APP was associated with a prolonged t50 and accumulation of the vasoactive Des-Arg9-BK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Molinaro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Montreal, Montréal, Canada
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Keller SR, Davis AC, Clairmont KB. Mice deficient in the insulin-regulated membrane aminopeptidase show substantial decreases in glucose transporter GLUT4 levels but maintain normal glucose homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:17677-86. [PMID: 11884418 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m202037200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is a zinc-dependent membrane aminopeptidase. It is the homologue of the human placental leucine aminopeptidase. In fat and muscle cells, IRAP colocalizes with the insulin-responsive glucose transporter GLUT4 in intracellular vesicles and redistributes to the cell surface in response to insulin, as GLUT4 does. To address the question of the physiological function of IRAP, we generated mice with a targeted disruption of the IRAP gene (IRAP-/-). Herein, we describe the characterization of these mice with regard to glucose homeostasis and regulation of GLUT4. Fed and fasted blood glucose and insulin levels in the IRAP-/- mice were normal. Whereas IRAP-/- mice responded to glucose administration like control mice, they exhibited an impaired response to insulin. Basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in extensor digitorum longus muscle, and adipocytes isolated from IRAP-/- mice were decreased by 30-60% but were normal for soleus muscle from male IRAP-/- mice. Total GLUT4 levels were diminished by 40-85% in the IRAP-/- mice in the different muscles and in adipocytes. The relative distribution of GLUT4 in subcellular fractions of basal and insulin-stimulated IRAP-/- adipocytes was the same as in control cells. We conclude that IRAP-/- mice maintain normal glucose homeostasis despite decreased glucose uptake into muscle and fat cells. The absence of IRAP does not affect the subcellular distribution of GLUT4 in adipocytes. However, it leads to substantial decreases in GLUT4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna R Keller
- University of Virginia, Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Endocrinology, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
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Xiao W, Chow BL, Hanna M, Doetsch PW. Deletion of the MAG1 DNA glycosylase gene suppresses alkylation-induced killing and mutagenesis in yeast cells lacking AP endonucleases. Mutat Res 2001; 487:137-47. [PMID: 11738940 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-8777(01)00113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA base excision repair (BER) is initiated by DNA glycosylases that recognize and remove damaged bases. The phosphate backbone adjacent to the resulting apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site is then cleaved by an AP endonuclease or glycosylase-associated AP lyase to invoke subsequent BER steps. We have used a genetic approach in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to address whether AP sites are blocks to DNA replication and the biological consequences if AP sites persist in the genome. We found that yeast cells deficient in the two AP endonucleases (apn1 apn2 double mutant) are extremely sensitive to killing by methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), a model DNA alkylating agent. Interestingly, this sensitivity can be reduced up to 2500-fold by deleting the MAG1 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase gene, suggesting that Mag1 not only removes lethal base lesions, but also benign lesions and possibly normal bases, and that the resulting AP sites are highly toxic to the cells. This rescuing effect appears to be specific for DNA alkylation damage, since the mag1 mutation reduces killing effects of two other DNA alkylating agents, but does not alter the sensitivity of apn cells to killing by UV, gamma-ray or H(2)O(2). Our mutagenesis assays indicate that nearly half of spontaneous and almost all MMS-induced mutations in the AP endonuclease-deficient cells are due to Mag1 DNA glycosylase activity. Although the DNA replication apparatus appears to be incapable of replicating past AP sites, Polzeta-mediated translesion synthesis is able to bypass AP sites, and accounts for all spontaneous and MMS-induced mutagenesis in the AP endonuclease-deficient cells. These results allow us to delineate base lesion flow within the BER pathway and link AP sites to other DNA damage repair and tolerance pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E5.
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Osada T, Watanabe G, Kondo S, Toyoda M, Sakaki Y, Takeuchi T. Male reproductive defects caused by puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase deficiency in mice. Mol Endocrinol 2001; 15:960-71. [PMID: 11376114 DOI: 10.1210/mend.15.6.0643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Male reproductive performance is composed of two principal elements, copulation and spermatogenesis. A wealth of literature has described the intricate web of endocrine events underlying these biological processes. In the present study we show that puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (Psa)-deficient mice are infertile, lack copulatory behavior, and have impaired spermatogenesis. The reproductive deficits of the mutants are not restored by androgen administration, although no aberrant localization of the sex steroid receptors was detectable in their brains and testes. Considering the strong expression of the Psa gene in the brain and Sertoli cells and the degenerative morphology of Sertoli cells in Psa-deficient mice, Psa may participate in testosterone-mediated reproductive signal pathways in the brain and testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Osada
- Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, 11 Minamiooya, Machida, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan
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16
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Osada T, Watanabe G, Sakaki Y, Takeuchi T. Puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase is essential for the maternal recognition of pregnancy in mice. Mol Endocrinol 2001; 15:882-93. [PMID: 11376108 DOI: 10.1210/mend.15.6.0644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal recognition of pregnancy in rodents requires semicircadian surges of hypophyseal PRL secretion during early gestation, which are required for the formation of the corpus luteum of pregnancy (CLP). Here we show that puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (Psa)-deficient mice display female infertility that results from impaired formation of CLP. Transplantation of mutant ovaries into normal females restored fertility but not vice versa. Psa-deficient females revealed no semicircadian surges of PRL induced after mating stimuli. Pregnancy in the mutant females was restored by grafting intact pituitaries to elevate circulating levels of PRL. Psa is thus required for the appearance of the semicircadian surges of PRL secretion that are crucial for maintaining pregnancy in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Osada
- Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, 11 Minamiooya, Machida, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan
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17
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Osada T, Ikegami S, Takiguchi-Hayashi K, Yamazaki Y, Katoh-Fukui Y, Higashinakagawa T, Sakaki Y, Takeuchi T. Increased anxiety and impaired pain response in puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase gene-deficient mice obtained by a mouse gene-trap method. J Neurosci 1999; 19:6068-78. [PMID: 10407043 PMCID: PMC6783060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A mouse mutation, termed goku, was generated by a gene-trap strategy. goku homozygous mice showed dwarfism, a marked increase in anxiety, and an analgesic effect. Molecular analysis indicated that the mutated gene encodes a puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (Psa; EC 3. 4.11.14), whose functions in vivo are unknown. Transcriptional arrest of the Psa gene and a drastic decrease of aminopeptidase activity indicated that the function of Psa is disrupted in homozygous mice. Together with the finding that the Psa gene is strongly expressed in the brain, especially in the striatum and hippocampus, these results suggest that the Psa gene is required for normal growth and the behavior associated with anxiety and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Osada
- Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, Tokyo,194-8511, Japan
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18
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Lin Q, Taniuchi I, Kitamura D, Wang J, Kearney JF, Watanabe T, Cooper MD. T and B cell development in BP-1/6C3/aminopeptidase A-deficient mice. J Immunol 1998; 160:4681-7. [PMID: 9590213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stage-restricted expression of cell surface molecules serves to delineate B lineage cells during their progressive differentiation within the bone marrow. The BP-1/6C3 Ag, aminopeptidase A (APA), is selectively expressed by the pre-B and immature B cells. This ectoenzyme, which is also present on bone marrow-derived stromal cells, thymic cortical epithelial cells, renal proximal tubular cells, intestinal enterocytes, and endothelial cells, cleaves acidic glutamyl and aspartyl residues from the N-terminus of angiotensin and other biologically active peptides to quench their functional activity. BP-1/6C3/APA expression by early B lineage cells is up-regulated by IL-7, an important growth factor for pre-B cells and T cells. To explore the physiologic role of this peptidase, we generated a mouse model of BP-1 deficiency by gene targeting in embryonal stem cells. While mice homozygous for the BP-1 mutation did not express detectable BP-1 protein or enzyme activity, they developed normally, generated normal numbers of T and B cells, exhibited integrity of Ab responses to both thymus-dependent and -independent Ags, and produced normal serum Ig levels. Phenotypic analysis of bone marrow and thymic lymphocytes indicated a normal pattern of B and T lineage differentiation. B lymphopoiesis in fetal liver cultures and the proliferative responses of bone marrow cells to IL-7 and LPS were also unimpaired. These findings indicate that BP-1 ectoenzyme activity is not essential for normal B and T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Lin
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-3300, USA
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Fernández de Palencia P, Martín-Hernández MC, Joosten HM, Peláez C. Isolation and characterization of proteinase- and aminopeptidase-deficient mutants of Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei IFPL 731. Lett Appl Microbiol 1997; 25:215-9. [PMID: 9351266 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.1997.00212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteinase-deficient (Prt-) and aminopeptidase-deficient (Amp-) variants of Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei IFPL 731 were isolated and characterized. The Prt- mutant was isolated from strains that developed poorly on glucose milk agar. The Amp- mutant was isolated on the basis of its inability to hydrolyse L-leucine-beta-naphtylamide. The Prt- variant developed poorly, while in milk the Amp- variant grew at about the same rate as the parental strain. The characterization of aminopeptidase activity in more detail showed that at least two enzymes are involved The results of the present study suggest that the proteolytic system of Lactobacillus casei is subjected to a regulatory system.
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Scaloni A, Jones W, Pospischil M, Sassa S, Schneewind O, Popowicz AM, Bossa F, Graziano SL, Manning JM. Deficiency of acylpeptide hydrolase in small-cell lung carcinoma cell lines. J Lab Clin Med 1992; 120:546-52. [PMID: 1328432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
During protein biosynthesis, processing of the N terminus of many proteins may occur through acetylation and deacetylation. The enzyme acylpeptide hydrolase is likely involved in deacetylation of nascent peptide chains or of bioactive peptides. The related enzyme, acylase, hydrolyzes the acetyl amino acid product of the acylpeptide hydrolase reaction to acetate and a free amino acid. There is a reciprocal relationship between the substrates for these enzymes (i.e., substrates for one enzyme are competitive inhibitors for the other). In several cultured cell lines, including normal and malignant cells, the ratio of acylpeptide hydrolase to acylase enzyme activities appears to be coordinated and characteristic for a given cell type. Thus, in normal cultured lung cells, hamster ovary cells, hepatoma cells, and lymphocyte cells, nearly equal amounts of these enzymes are expressed, conducive to optimal processing of acetylated N-terminal residues. Four lines of erythroleukemic cell lines were found to express nearly twice as much acylase as acylpeptide hydrolase activity. In the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell line, where 80% of the proteins have been reported to remain acetylated at their N terminus, acylpeptide hydrolase is hardly expressed but acylase activity is not reduced. The 3p21 region of human chromosome 3, which contains the DNF15S2 locus that encodes acylpeptide hydrolase (Jones et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:2194), undergoes deletion in some carcinoma cells; the gene that encodes for the acylase is also present on region 3p of the same chromosome. We found that both acylpeptide hydrolase and acylase activities are practically absent in six small-cell lung carcinoma cell lines tested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A Scaloni
- Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021-6399
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21
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Iwaki-Egawa S, Watanabe Y, Fujimoto Y. Identification of a rat liver dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV with a liver plasma membrane glycoprotein (gp110). A study using dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV-deficient rats. FEBS Lett 1991; 286:167-70. [PMID: 1677896 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80966-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A rat liver plasma membrane glycoprotein, gp110, was compared with dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV (DAP IV) by using Wistar rats (DAP IV-positive rats) and Fischer 344 rats (DAP IV-negative rats). Fischer rats also lacked gp110 and gp110 of Wistar rats had DAP IV activity. Furthermore, we showed that the C-terminal sequence of gp110 was Ser-Leu-Arg, which was the same as the C-terminal amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the cDNA of DAP IV. According to these results, we concluded that gp110 was identical with DAP IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Iwaki-Egawa
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hokkaido Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- N Iyngkaran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Hirsch HH, Suárez Rendueles P, Achstetter T, Wolf DH. Aminopeptidase yscII of yeast. Isolation of mutants and their biochemical and genetic analysis. Eur J Biochem 1988; 173:589-98. [PMID: 3286257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb14040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mutant strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective in aminopeptidase yscII were isolated by screening for reduced external activity against the chromogenic substrate lysine beta-naphthylamide. One of the selected mutant strains analyzed in detail showed wild-type staining activity when tested at 23 degrees C but mutant activity after exposure to 37 degrees C, suggesting a temperature-sensitive mutation. Electrophoretic separation of mutant crude extracts on non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels and subsequent activity staining using lysine and leucine beta-naphthylamides as substrates revealed that in all strains isolated the same distinct activity band was affected, which corresponded to the aminopeptidase activity identified previously as aminopeptidase yscII [Achstetter, T., Ehmann, C. & Wolf, D. H. (1983) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 226, 292-305]. All mutants strains isolated fell into the same complementation group. Tetrad dissection of sporulated diploids heterozygous for the wild-type and mutant allele resulted in a 2:2 segregation of mutant and wild-type phenotype indicating a single gene mutation. The characteristics of the mutations analyzed point to the gene which we called APE2 as the structural gene of aminopeptidase yscII. No vital consequences of aminopeptidase yscII deficiency on cell life and differentiation could be detected. However, the enzyme seems to be involved in the cellular supply of leucine from externally offered leucine-containing dipeptide substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Hirsch
- Biochemisches Institut der Universität, Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- N Blau
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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