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Han B, Chen L, Wang J, Wu Z, Yan L, Hou S. Constitutive Expresser of Pathogenesis Related Genes 1 Is Required for Pavement Cell Morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133249. [PMID: 26193674 PMCID: PMC4508093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
For over 50 years, researchers have focused on the mechanisms underlying the important roles of the cytoskeleton in controlling the cell growth direction and cell expansion. In our study, we performed ethyl methane sulfonate mutagenesis on Col-0 background and identified two new CONSTITUTIVE EXPRESSER OF PATHOGENESIS RELATED GENES 1 (CPR1) alleles with pavement cell (PC) morphogenetic defects. Morphological characterizations showed that polar growth initiation and expansion of PCs are seriously suppressed in cpr1. Closer cytoskeleton investigation showed that the directional arrangement of microtubules (MTs) during PC development is defective and the cortical fine actin filaments cannot be aggregated effectively to form actin cable networks in cpr1 mutants. These results suggest that the abnormal PC morphogenesis in cpr1 is accompanying with the aberrant arrangement of cytoskeleton. Site-directed mutagenesis and knockout within the F-box-associated (FBA) domain, which is reported to be a motif for recognizing particular substrates of CPR1, proved that the FBA domain is indispensable for normal CPR1 regulation of the PC morphogenesis. Further genetic analysis indicated that the defects on PC morphogenesis of cpr1 depend on two lipase-like proteins, ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 and PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4. Our results provide further insights into the relationship between the cytoskeleton and PC morphogenesis, and suggest that the cytoskeleton-mediated PC morphogenesis control might be tightly linked to plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongliang Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Longfeng Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suiwen Hou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Ślesak I, Szechyńska-Hebda M, Fedak H, Sidoruk N, Dąbrowska-Bronk J, Witoń D, Rusaczonek A, Antczak A, Drożdżek M, Karpińska B, Karpiński S. PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 affects reactive oxygen species metabolism, cell wall and wood properties in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. × tremuloides). PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1275-84. [PMID: 24943986 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The phytoalexin deficient 4 (PAD4) gene in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPAD4) is involved in the regulation of plant--pathogen interactions. The role of PAD4 in woody plants is not known; therefore, we characterized its function in hybrid aspen and its role in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent signalling and wood development. Three independent transgenic lines with different suppression levels of poplar PAD expression were generated. All these lines displayed deregulated ROS metabolism, which was manifested by an increased H2O2 level in the leaves and shoots, and higher activities of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and catalase (CAT) in the leaves in comparison to the wild-type plants. However, no changes in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) between the transgenic lines and wild type were observed in the leaves. Moreover, changes in the ROS metabolism in the pad4 transgenic lines positively correlated with wood formation. A higher rate of cell division, decreased tracheid average size and numbers, and increased cell wall thickness were observed. The results presented here suggest that the Populus tremula × tremuloides PAD gene might be involved in the regulation of cellular ROS homeostasis and in the cell division--cell death balance that is associated with wood development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireneusz Ślesak
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776, Warszawa, Poland
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Szechyńska-Hebda
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776, Warszawa, Poland
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Halina Fedak
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Natalia Sidoruk
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Joanna Dąbrowska-Bronk
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Damian Witoń
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Anna Rusaczonek
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Andrzej Antczak
- Department of Wood Science and Wood Preservation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Michał Drożdżek
- Department of Wood Science and Wood Preservation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Barbara Karpińska
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Stanisław Karpiński
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776, Warszawa, Poland
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53
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Galletti R, Johnson KL, Scofield S, San-Bento R, Watt AM, Murray JAH, Ingram GC. DEFECTIVE KERNEL 1 promotes and maintains plant epidermal differentiation. Development 2015; 142:1978-83. [PMID: 25953348 DOI: 10.1242/dev.122325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During plant epidermal development, many cell types are generated from protodermal cells, a process requiring complex co-ordination of cell division, growth, endoreduplication and the acquisition of differentiated cellular morphologies. Here we show that the Arabidopsis phytocalpain DEFECTIVE KERNEL 1 (DEK1) promotes the differentiated epidermal state. Plants with reduced DEK1 activity produce cotyledon epidermis with protodermal characteristics, despite showing normal growth and endoreduplication. Furthermore, in non-embryonic tissues (true leaves, sepals), DEK1 is required for epidermis differentiation maintenance. We show that the HD-ZIP IV family of epidermis-specific differentiation-promoting transcription factors are key, albeit indirect, targets of DEK1 activity. We propose a model in which DEK1 influences HD-ZIP IV gene expression, and thus epidermis differentiation, by promoting cell adhesion and communication in the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Galletti
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, Lyon 69364, Cedex 07, France
| | - Kim L Johnson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Simon Scofield
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Rita San-Bento
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, Lyon 69364, Cedex 07, France
| | - Andrea M Watt
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - James A H Murray
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Gwyneth C Ingram
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, Lyon 69364, Cedex 07, France
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54
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Lin D, Ren H, Fu Y. ROP GTPase-mediated auxin signaling regulates pavement cell interdigitation in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:31-9. [PMID: 25168157 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In multicellular plant organs, cell shape formation depends on molecular switches to transduce developmental or environmental signals and to coordinate cell-to-cell communication. Plants have a specific subfamily of the Rho GTPase family, usually called Rho of Plants (ROP), which serve as a critical signal transducer involved in many cellular processes. In the last decade, important advances in the ROP-mediated regulation of plant cell morphogenesis have been made by using Arabidopsis thaliana leaf and cotyledon pavement cells. Especially, the auxin-ROP signaling networks have been demonstrated to control interdigitated growth of pavement cells to form jigsaw-puzzle shapes. Here, we review findings related to the discovery of this novel auxin-signaling mechanism at the cell surface. This signaling pathway is to a large extent independent of the well-known Transport Inhibitor Response (TIR)-Auxin Signaling F-Box (AFB) pathway, and instead requires Auxin Binding Protein 1 (ABP1) interaction with the plasma membrane-localized, transmembrane kinase (TMK) receptor-like kinase to regulate ROP proteins. Once activated, ROP influences cytoskeletal organization and inhibits endocytosis of the auxin transporter PIN1. The present review focuses on ROP signaling and its self-organizing feature allowing ROP proteins to serve as a bustling signal decoder and integrator for plant cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshu Lin
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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55
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Céccoli G, Bustos D, Ortega LI, Senn ME, Vegetti A, Taleisnik E. Plasticity in sunflower leaf and cell growth under high salinity. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:41-51. [PMID: 24942979 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A group of sunflower lines that exhibit a range of leaf Na(+) concentrations under high salinity was used to explore whether the responses to the osmotic and ionic components of salinity can be distinguished in leaf expansion kinetics analysis. It was expected that at the initial stages of the salt treatment, leaf expansion kinetics changes would be dominated by responses to the osmotic component of salinity, and that later on, ion inclusion would impose further kinetics changes. It was also expected that differential leaf Na(+) accumulation would be reflected in specific changes in cell division and expansion rates. Plants of four sunflower lines were gradually treated with a relatively high (130 mm NaCl) salt treatment. Leaf expansion kinetics curves were compared in leaves that were formed before, during and after the initiation of the salt treatment. Leaf areas were smaller in salt-treated plants, but the analysis of growth curves did not reveal differences that could be attributed to differential Na(+) accumulation, since similar changes in leaf expansion kinetics were observed in lines with different magnitudes of salt accumulation. Nevertheless, in a high leaf Na(+) -including line, cell divisions were affected earlier, resulting in leaves with proportionally fewer cells than in a Na(+) -excluding line. A distinct change in leaf epidermal pavement shape caused by salinity is reported for the first time. Mature pavement cells in leaves of control plants exhibited typical lobed, jigsaw-puzzle shape, whereas in treated plants, they tended to retain closer-to-circular shapes and a lower number of lobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Céccoli
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Litoral), Esperanza, Argentina; CONICET, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de la República Argentina, Córdoba, Argentina
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Littlejohn GR, Meckel T, Schwarzländer M, Costa A. Functional imaging in living plants-cell biology meets physiology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:740. [PMID: 25566307 PMCID: PMC4271570 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- George R. Littlejohn
- Division of Plant and Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of ExeterExeter, UK
| | - Tobias Meckel
- Membrane Dynamics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität DarmstadtDarmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Chemical Signalling, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of MilanMilan, Italy
- Milan Division, Institute of Biophysics, National Research CouncilMilan, Italy
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57
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Cosgrove DJ. Re-constructing our models of cellulose and primary cell wall assembly. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 22:122-131. [PMID: 25460077 PMCID: PMC4293254 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The cellulose microfibril has more subtlety than is commonly recognized. Details of its structure may influence how matrix polysaccharides interact with its distinctive hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces to form a strong yet extensible structure. Recent advances in this field include the first structures of bacterial and plant cellulose synthases and revised estimates of microfibril structure, reduced from 36 to 18 chains. New results also indicate that cellulose interactions with xyloglucan are more limited than commonly believed, whereas pectin–cellulose interactions are more prevalent. Computational results indicate that xyloglucan binds tightest to the hydrophobic surface of cellulose microfibrils. Wall extensibility may be controlled at limited regions (‘biomechanical hotspots’) where cellulose–cellulose contacts are made, potentially mediated by trace amounts of xyloglucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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58
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Zientara-Rytter K, Sirko A. Selective autophagy receptor Joka2 co-localizes with cytoskeleton in plant cells. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e28523. [PMID: 24705105 PMCID: PMC4091515 DOI: 10.4161/psb.28523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, especially selective autophagy, is poorly characterized in plants compared with mammals and yeasts, where numerous factors required for the proper regulation of autophagy have been identified. The evidence for the importance of the cytoskeleton (both actin filaments and microtubules) in various aspects of autophagy comes mostly from work on yeasts and mammals, while in plant cells these links are poorly explored. In this report we demonstrate that tobacco protein Joka2, a member of a family of selective autophagy cargo receptors closely related to mammalian NBR1 and p62 colocalizes with both major cytoskeletal components, microtubules and microfilaments and, additionally, resides in close proximity of the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnieszka Sirko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics; Polish Academy of Sciences; Warsaw, Poland
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59
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Liu N, Lin Z, Guan L, Gaughan G, Lin G. Antioxidant enzymes regulate reactive oxygen species during pod elongation in Pisum sativum and Brassica chinensis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87588. [PMID: 24503564 PMCID: PMC3913645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has focused on the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell wall loosening and cell extension in plant vegetative growth, but few studies have investigated ROS functions specifically in plant reproductive organs. In this study, ROS levels and antioxidant enzyme activities were assessed in Pisum sativum and Brassica chinensis pods at five developmental stages. In juvenile pods, the high levels of O2.- and .OH indicates that they had functions in cell wall loosening and cell elongation. In later developmental stages, high levels of .OH were also related to increases in cell wall thickness in lignified tissues. Throughout pod development, most of the O2.- was detected on plasma membranes of parenchyma cells and outer epidermis cells of the mesocarp, while most of the H2O2 was detected on plasma membranes of most cells throughout the mesocarp. This suggests that these sites are presumably the locations of ROS generation. The antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) apparently contributed to ROS accumulation in pod wall tissues. Furthermore, specifically SOD and POD were found to be associated with pod growth through the regulation of ROS generation and transformation. Throughout pod development, O2.- decreases were associated with increased SOD activity, while changes in H2O2 accumulation were associated with changes in CAT and POD activities. Additionally, high POD activity may contribute to the generation of(.)OH in the early development of pods. It is concluded that the ROS are produced in different sites of plasma membranes with the regulation of antioxidant enzymes, and that substantial ROS generation and accumulation are evident in cell elongation and cell wall loosening in pod wall cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhifang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lanlan Guan
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gerald Gaughan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Guizhu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
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60
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Larson ER, Tierney ML, Tinaz B, Domozych DS. Using monoclonal antibodies to label living root hairs: a novel tool for studying cell wall microarchitecture and dynamics in Arabidopsis. PLANT METHODS 2014; 10:30. [PMID: 25309618 PMCID: PMC4192329 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-10-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Arabidopsis root hair represents a valuable cell model for elucidating polar expansion mechanisms in plant cells and the overall biology of roots. The deposition and development of the cell wall is central to the root hair expansion apparatus. During this process, incorporation of specific wall polymers into the growing wall architecture constitutes a critical spatio-temporal event that controls hair size and growth rate and one that is closely coordinated with the cell's endomembrane, cytoskeletal and signal transduction apparatuses. RESULTS In this study, the protocol for live cell labeling of roots with monoclonal antibodies that bind to specific wall polymers is presented. This method allows for rapid assessment of root hair cell wall composition during development and assists in describing changes to cell wall composition in transgenic mutant lines. Enzymatic "unmasking" of specific polymers prior to labeling allows for refined interpretation of cell wall chemistry. Live cell immunofluorescence data may also be correlated with transmission electron microscopy-based immunogold labeling. CONCLUSIONS Live Arabidopsis root hairs may be labeled with cell wall polymer-specific antibodies. This methodology allows for direct visualization of cell wall dynamics throughout development in stable transgenic plant lines. It also provides an important new tool in the elucidation of the specific interactions occurring between membrane trafficking networks, cytoskeleton and the cell wall deposition/remodeling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Larson
- />Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Science Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
- />Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
| | - Mary L Tierney
- />Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Science Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
- />Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
| | - Berke Tinaz
- />Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY USA
| | - David S Domozych
- />Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY USA
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