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Ruffault A, Bernier M, Fournier J, Hauw N. Anxiety and Motivation to Return to Sport During the French COVID-19 Lockdown. Front Psychol 2020; 11:610882. [PMID: 33391128 PMCID: PMC7773808 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.610882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeling anxious and presenting self-determined motivations about returning to sport after a break may impair sport performance and increase the risk of sustaining an injury. Hence, the aim of this study is to explore differences in anxiety and motivation to return to sport according to gender, expertise, training status before and during the lockdown, and athletes' availability (i.e., injury status) at the time of the lockdown. A total of 759 competitive athletes (49% female; mean age: 27 ± 10 years old) completed the cross-sectional study. Participants were invited to state their expertise, training status before and during the lockdown (did they have a training program), and whether they were injured at the start of the lockdown. Additionally, participants filled out psychometric self-report measures of anxiety (TFAI-return) and motivation (SMS-return) to return to sport. Due to non-normal distributions in the TFAI and SMS scores, non-parametric group comparisons were performed to compare participants for each categorical variable: non-parametric correlation tests were also performed to test the associations between continuous variables. Group comparisons showed higher scores of anxiety for females, younger athletes, athletes practicing and competing at the highest level, and athletes without a training program during the lockdown. Moreover, results suggested lower motivation scores (i.e., autonomous and controlled) for older athletes, experts (practicing for more than 10 years), athletes practicing and competing at a lower level, and athletes without a training program during the lockdown. Additionally, participants who were injured at the start of the lockdown reported higher scores of cognitive anxiety to return to sport than non-injured participants. The results of this study suggest that elite athletes may have suffered from external pressures to return to sport during the lockdown. Additionally, participants with a training program during the lockdown seemed to be less anxious and more self-determined to return to sport after the lockdown. Future studies may focus on the impact of cognitive behavioral interventions on anxiety and motivation to return to sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Ruffault
- Laboratory “Sport, Expertise, and Performance” (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche Interfacultaire Santé et Société, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Jean Fournier
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire en Neurosciences, Physiologie et Psychologie: Activité Physique, Santé et Apprentissages, Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
| | - Nicolas Hauw
- Institute of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (IFEPSA), West Catholic University of Angers, Angers, France
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Codella R, Chirico A. Another pitch to be taken into account when debating on COVID-19 and physical exercise: psychoneuroimmunity. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:1034. [PMID: 33269890 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.12004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Codella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy - .,Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy -
| | - Andrea Chirico
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Tornaghi M, Lovecchio N, Vandoni M, Chirico A, Codella R. Physical activity levels across COVID-19 outbreak in youngsters of Northwestern Lombardy. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:971-976. [PMID: 33269881 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11600-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Italy early experienced one of the most suffering impact of the COVID-19 outbreak in terms of number of cases and death toll. Progressively, more compelling national restrictions hardened citizens' lifestyle and habits, including limiting mobility and outdoor physical activity (PA). In a second phase, people were allowed to perform outdoor activities close to their houses and thereafter motor or sports activity were gradually reintroduced. These drastic changes raised the question on how to cope and exploit the residual opportunities of PA under circumstances of home confinement. METHODS International Physical Activity Questionnaires were administered to 1568 youngsters from North-western Italian high schools, before, during, and after lockdown enacted by Italian Government to contrast the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS Student's PA levels were significantly different before (1676.37±20.6 MET-min/week) and after (1774.50±33.93 MET-min/week) the governmental restrictions (TIME effect: F=3.49; η<inf>p</inf>2=0.005 P=0.03). There was a significant TIME*CATEGORY interaction effect (F=8.37; η<inf>p</inf>2=0.021; P<0.001). In particular, only highly active students (>2520 MET-min/week) increased their PA during (3467.48±55.85 MET-min/week) and after (3515.73±65.75 MET-min/week) the lockdown measures with respect to their baseline levels (3151.43±42.41 MET-min/week). CONCLUSIONS Lockdown measures, including isolation, impacted negatively on the PA levels of the already inactive or moderately active young population. Government actions should enhance strategies to control physical inactivity during pandemics like COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tornaghi
- Va.Pe Laboratorio di Valutazioni delle Prestazioni, Verano Brianza, Monza-Brianza, Italy
| | - Nicola Lovecchio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy - .,Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Vandoni
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Chirico
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Codella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
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Amatori S, Donati Zeppa S, Preti A, Gervasi M, Gobbi E, Ferrini F, Rocchi MBL, Baldari C, Perroni F, Piccoli G, Stocchi V, Sestili P, Sisti D. Dietary Habits and Psychological States during COVID-19 Home Isolation in Italian College Students: The Role of Physical Exercise. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3660. [PMID: 33260711 PMCID: PMC7759990 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Social isolation has adverse effects on mental health, physical exercise, and dietary habits. This longitudinal observational study aimed to investigate the effects of mood states and exercise on nutritional choices, on 176 college students (92 males, 84 females; 23 ± 4 years old) during the COVID-19 lockdown. During 21 days, nutrition and exercise were daily monitored, and the mood states assessed. A factor analysis was used to reduce the number of nutritional variables collected. The relationships between exercise, mood and nutrition were investigated using a multivariate general linear model and a mediation model. Seven factors were found, reflecting different nutritional choices. Exercise was positively associated with fruit, vegetables and fish consumption (p = 0.004). Depression and quality of life were, directly and inversely, associated with cereals, legumes (p = 0.005; p = 0.004) and low-fat meat intake (p = 0.040; p = 0.004). Exercise mediated the effect of mood states on fruit, vegetables and fish consumption, respectively, accounting for 4.2% and 1.8% of the total variance. Poorer mood states possibly led to unhealthy dietary habits, which can themselves be linked to negative mood levels. Exercise led to healthier nutritional choices, and mediating the effects of mood states, it might represent a key measure in uncommon situations, such as home-confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Amatori
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (S.A.); (S.D.Z.); (M.G.); (E.G.); (F.F.); (M.B.L.R.); (F.P.); (G.P.); (V.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Sabrina Donati Zeppa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (S.A.); (S.D.Z.); (M.G.); (E.G.); (F.F.); (M.B.L.R.); (F.P.); (G.P.); (V.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Antonio Preti
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy;
| | - Marco Gervasi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (S.A.); (S.D.Z.); (M.G.); (E.G.); (F.F.); (M.B.L.R.); (F.P.); (G.P.); (V.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Erica Gobbi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (S.A.); (S.D.Z.); (M.G.); (E.G.); (F.F.); (M.B.L.R.); (F.P.); (G.P.); (V.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Fabio Ferrini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (S.A.); (S.D.Z.); (M.G.); (E.G.); (F.F.); (M.B.L.R.); (F.P.); (G.P.); (V.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Marco B. L. Rocchi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (S.A.); (S.D.Z.); (M.G.); (E.G.); (F.F.); (M.B.L.R.); (F.P.); (G.P.); (V.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Carlo Baldari
- Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Perroni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (S.A.); (S.D.Z.); (M.G.); (E.G.); (F.F.); (M.B.L.R.); (F.P.); (G.P.); (V.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (S.A.); (S.D.Z.); (M.G.); (E.G.); (F.F.); (M.B.L.R.); (F.P.); (G.P.); (V.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Vilberto Stocchi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (S.A.); (S.D.Z.); (M.G.); (E.G.); (F.F.); (M.B.L.R.); (F.P.); (G.P.); (V.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Piero Sestili
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (S.A.); (S.D.Z.); (M.G.); (E.G.); (F.F.); (M.B.L.R.); (F.P.); (G.P.); (V.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Davide Sisti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (S.A.); (S.D.Z.); (M.G.); (E.G.); (F.F.); (M.B.L.R.); (F.P.); (G.P.); (V.S.); (D.S.)
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Guicciardi M, Pazzona R. The Rebooting in Sports and Physical Activities After COVID-19 Italian Lockdown: An Exploratory Study. Front Psychol 2020; 11:607233. [PMID: 33324304 PMCID: PMC7723834 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.607233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The lockdown imposed in Italy to reduce the spread of COVID-19 posited unusual challenges to people practicing sports and physical activities. The rebooting of activities highlighted the need to cope with new behaviors and routines, such as wearing a face mask while exercising. We conducted a web-based survey in Italy at the start of physical activities' rebooting, to investigate how people reacted to the new norms. Participants completed the questionnaires assessing insomnia, regulatory self-efficacy, optimism, mood states, and mental toughness. Age, gender, and environment were assumed as design variables. Results showed that in outdoor activities, the younger females as compared to the older manifest less regulatory self-efficacy, while the younger males manifest more regulatory self-efficacy than the older. In indoor activities, a reversed pattern of regulatory-self-efficacy was observed. Regarding life orientation, younger participants showed less optimism and positive expectation for the future and seem to be more exposed to the unexpected effects of the restrictions: they showed more sleep disturbances, confusion, depression, anger, and fatigue and less vigor and mental toughness than older participants. An understanding of the psychological implications of the rebooting phase can support the enactment of more appropriate behaviors to practice sports and physical activities when living at the time of the coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Guicciardi
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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56
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Franceschini C, Musetti A, Zenesini C, Palagini L, Scarpelli S, Quattropani MC, Lenzo V, Freda MF, Lemmo D, Vegni E, Borghi L, Saita E, Cattivelli R, De Gennaro L, Plazzi G, Riemann D, Castelnuovo G. Poor Sleep Quality and Its Consequences on Mental Health During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Italy. Front Psychol 2020; 11:574475. [PMID: 33304294 PMCID: PMC7693628 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.574475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) seriously affected the whole of Italy. The extreme virulence and the speed of propagation resulted in restrictions and home confinement. This change was immediately perceived by people who found themselves exposed to feelings of uncertainty, fear, anger, stress, and a drastic change in the diurnal but above all nocturnal lifestyle. For these reasons, we aimed to study the quality of sleep and its connection to distress levels and to evaluate how lifestyle changed in the Italian population during the lockdown. Methods By means of an Internet survey we recruited 6,519 adults during the whole of the COVID-19 lockdown (from March 10–1st phase to May 4–2nd phase). We investigated the sociodemographic and COVID-19-related information and assessed sleep quality using the Medical Outcomes Study–sleep scale (MOS-SS) and mental health with the short form of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales–21 Items (DASS-21). Multiple logistic regression model was used to evaluate the multivariate association between the dependent variable (good sleeper vs. poor sleeper) and all the variables that were significant in the univariate analysis. Results A total of 3,562 (55.32%) participants reported poor sleep quality according to the MOS-Sleep Index II score. The multiple binary logistic regression results of poor sleepers revealed several risk factors during the outbreak restrictions: female gender, living in Central Italy, having someone close who died because of COVID-19, markedly changed sleep–wake rhythms characterized by earlier or postponed habitual bedtime, earlier habitual awakening time and reduced number of afternoon naps, and extremely severe levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. Conclusion This is the first study designed to understand sleep quality and sleep habits during the whole of the lockdown period in the Italian population that provides more than 6,000 participants in a survey developed specifically for the health emergency related to COVID-19. Our study found that more than half of the Italian population had impaired sleep quality and sleep habits due to elevated psychological distress during the COVID-19 lockdown containment measures. A multidisciplinary action should be undertaken in order to plan appropriate responses to the current crisis caused by the lockdown for the COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Musetti
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Corrado Zenesini
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Palagini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatric Section, University of Pisa, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana (AOUP), Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Vittorio Lenzo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Lemmo
- Department of Humanistic Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Vegni
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lidia Borghi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Saita
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Cattivelli
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Psychology Research Laboratory, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Verbania, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Plazzi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Dieter Riemann
- Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gianluca Castelnuovo
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Psychology Research Laboratory, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Verbania, Italy
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Lenzo V, Quattropani MC, Musetti A, Zenesini C, Freda MF, Lemmo D, Vegni E, Borghi L, Plazzi G, Castelnuovo G, Cattivelli R, Saita E, Franceschini C. Resilience Contributes to Low Emotional Impact of the COVID-19 Outbreak Among the General Population in Italy. Front Psychol 2020; 11:576485. [PMID: 33250818 PMCID: PMC7672208 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.576485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 outbreak is severely affecting the overall mental health with unknown psychological consequences. Although a strong psychological impact is possible, scant evidence is available to date. Past studies have shown that resilience decreases the negative effects of stress. This study aimed to examine depression, anxiety, and stress among the Italian general population during the phase characterized by lockdown, and to investigate the role of resilience as a potential predictor. METHODS A total sample of 6,314 Italian people participated in this study. Participants were recruited between March 29 and May 04 2020 through an online survey. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) and the Resilience Scale (RS) were administered. Demographic data and lockdown related information were also collected. A correlational analysis was carried out to examine relationships between psychopathological domains and resilience. Three hierarchical regression analyses were conducted using the depression, anxiety, and stress as dependent variables and the resilience as independent variable controlling for age, gender, and education. COVID-19 specific variables were also included in the three regression analyses. A further exploratory analysis was carried out to examine which aspects of resilience predict depression, anxiety, and stress. RESULTS The prevalence of moderate to extremely severe symptoms among participants was 32% for depression, 24.4% for anxiety, and 31.7% for stress. The sample mean scores on depression, anxiety, and stress were higher than the normal scores reported in the literature. Results of correlational analysis showed that resilience factors, such as meaningfulness, self-reliance, existential aloneness, and equanimity, are inversely associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. Results of regression analyses indicated that resilience was statically significant in predicting depression, anxiety, and stress. Geographic area of residence and infected acquaintances were also significant predictors. Regarding the resilience factors, results revealed that meaningfulness, perseverance, and equanimity were statistically significant in predicting all the DASS-21 scales. CONCLUSION About a third of respondents reported moderate to extremely severe depression, anxiety, and stress. The present study suggests that psychological resilience may independently contribute to low emotional distress and psychological ill-being. These findings can help explain the variability of individual responses during the COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Lenzo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria C. Quattropani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Musetti
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Corrado Zenesini
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Lemmo
- Department of Humanistic Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Vegni
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lidia Borghi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Plazzi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gianluca Castelnuovo
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Verbania, Italy
| | - Roberto Cattivelli
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Verbania, Italy
| | - Emanuela Saita
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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