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Stangl-Kremser J, Lemberger U, Hassler MR, Garstka N, Grubmüller B, Haitel A, Enikeev DV, Glybochko PV, Kramer G, Susani M, Shariat SF. The prognostic impact of tumour NSD2 expression in advanced prostate cancer. Biomarkers 2020; 25:268-273. [PMID: 32091270 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2020.1734861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To assess the prognostic significance of the nuclear receptor binding SET protein 2 (NSD2), a co-activator of the NFkB-pathway, on tumour progression in patients with advanced prostate cancer (PCa).Methods: We retrospectively assessed NSD2 expression in 53 patients with metastatic and castration-resistant PCa. Immunohistochemical staining for NSD2 was carried out on specimen obtained from palliative resection of the prostate. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to assess the association between NSD2 expression and PCa progression.Results: Of the 53 patients, 41 had castration-resistant PCa and 48 men had metastases at time of tissue acquisition. NSD2 expression was increased in tumour specimen from 42 patients (79.2%). In univariable Cox regression analyses, NSD2 expression was associated with PSA progression, progression on imaging and overall survival (p = 0.04, respectively). In multivariable analyses, NSD2 expression did not retain its association with these endpoints.Conclusions: NSD2 expression is abnormal in almost 80% of patients with advanced PCa. Expression levels of this epigenetic regulator are easily detected by immunohistochemistry while this biomarker exhibited prognostic value for PCa progression and death in univariable analysis. Further studies on NSD2 involvement in PCa proliferation, progression, metastasis and resistance mechanisms are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ursula Lemberger
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie R Hassler
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nathalie Garstka
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Andrea Haitel
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dmitry V Enikeev
- Karl Landsteiner Institute of Urology and Andrology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petr V Glybochko
- Karl Landsteiner Institute of Urology and Andrology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gero Kramer
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Susani
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shahrokh F Shariat
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Karl Landsteiner Institute of Urology and Andrology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Urology, Motol Hospital, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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52
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Wang X, Fang Y, Sun W, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Wei X, Ding X, Xu Y. Endocrinotherapy resistance of prostate and breast cancer: Importance of the NF‑κB pathway (Review). Int J Oncol 2020; 56:1064-1074. [PMID: 32319568 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.4990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) and breast cancer (BCa) are two common sex hormone‑related cancer types with high rates of morbidity, and are leading causes of cancer death globally in men and women, respectively. The biological function of androgen or estrogen is a key factor for PCa or BCa tumorigenesis, respectively. Nevertheless, after hormone deprivation therapy, the majority of patients ultimately develop hormone‑independent malignancies that are resistant to endocrinotherapy. It is widely recognized, therefore, that understanding of the mechanisms underlying the process from hormone dependence towards hormone independence is critical to discover molecular targets for the control of advanced PCa and BCa. This review aimed to dissect the important mechanisms involved in the therapeutic resistance of PCa and BCa. It was concluded that activation of the NF‑κB pathway is an important common mechanism for metastasis and therapeutic resistance of the two types of cancer; in particular, the RelB‑activated noncanonical NF‑κB pathway appears to be able to lengthen and strengthen NF‑κB activity, which has been a focus of recent investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Wang
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, and Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yao Fang
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, and Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Sun
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, and Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Xu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, and Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Wei
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Xuansheng Ding
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, P.R. China
| | - Yong Xu
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, and Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
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53
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Khurana N, Chandra PK, Kim H, Abdel-Mageed AB, Mondal D, Sikka SC. Bardoxolone-Methyl (CDDO-Me) Suppresses Androgen Receptor and Its Splice-Variant AR-V7 and Enhances Efficacy of Enzalutamide in Prostate Cancer Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9010068. [PMID: 31940946 PMCID: PMC7022272 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is fundamental to prostate cancer (PC) progression, and hence, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains a mainstay of treatment. However, augmented AR signaling via both full length AR (AR-FL) and constitutively active AR splice variants, especially AR-V7, is associated with the recurrence of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Oxidative stress also plays a crucial role in anti-androgen resistance and CRPC outgrowth. We examined whether a triterpenoid antioxidant drug, Bardoxolone-methyl, known as CDDO-Me or RTA 402, can decrease AR-FL and AR-V7 expression in PC cells. Nanomolar (nM) concentrations of CDDO-Me rapidly downregulated AR-FL in LNCaP and C4-2B cells, and both AR-FL and AR-V7 in CWR22Rv1 (22Rv1) cells. The AR-suppressive effect of CDDO-Me was evident at both the mRNA and protein levels. Mechanistically, acute exposure (2 h) to CDDO-Me increased and long-term exposure (24 h) decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in cells. This was concomitant with an increase in the anti-oxidant transcription factor, Nrf2. The anti-oxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) could overcome this AR-suppressive effect of CDDO-Me. Co-exposure of PC cells to CDDO-Me enhanced the efficacy of a clinically approved anti-androgen, enzalutamide (ENZ), as evident by decreased cell-viability along with migration and colony forming ability of PC cells. Thus, CDDO-Me which is in several late-stage clinical trials, may be used as an adjunct to ADT in PC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Khurana
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.K.); (H.K.); (A.B.A.-M.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine-Medical Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis Medical Campus, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110-1010, USA
| | - Partha K. Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Hogyoung Kim
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.K.); (H.K.); (A.B.A.-M.)
| | - Asim B. Abdel-Mageed
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.K.); (H.K.); (A.B.A.-M.)
| | - Debasis Mondal
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Department of Microbiology, Lincoln Memorial University—Debusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, 9737 Coghill Drive, Knoxville, TN 37932, USA
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (S.C.S.); Tel.: +865-338-5715 (D.M.); +504-988-5179 (S.C.S.)
| | - Suresh C. Sikka
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.K.); (H.K.); (A.B.A.-M.)
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (S.C.S.); Tel.: +865-338-5715 (D.M.); +504-988-5179 (S.C.S.)
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54
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The role of JNK in prostate cancer progression and therapeutic strategies. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 121:109679. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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55
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The Molecular Effects of Sulforaphane and Capsaicin on Metabolism upon Androgen and Tip60 Activation of Androgen Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215384. [PMID: 31671779 PMCID: PMC6861939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) stimulators, such as androgen and Tip60, play a pivotal role in prostatic carcinogenesis as androgen receptor signaling is critical for the growth and transformation of the prostate gland. Moreover, androgen and Tip60 promotes HIF-1α activation, involved in metabolic reprogramming by increasing glycolysis, a hallmark in cancer initiation and development. In this study we evaluated the effect of androgen and Tip60 stimulus in AR pathway activation and HIF-1α stabilization, in terms of proliferation and cell metabolism in androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells. The protective role of the bioactive compounds sulforaphane and capsaicin against the effect of these stimuli leading to pro-carcinogenic features was also addressed. Sulforaphane and capsaicin decreased nuclear AR, prostate specific antigen and Bcl-XL levels, and cell proliferation induced by androgen and Tip60 in LNCaP cells. These bioactive compounds prevented the increase in glycolysis, hexokinase and pyruvate kinase activity, and reduced HIF-1α stabilization induced by androgen and Tip60 in LNCaP cells. The protective role of sulforaphane and capsaicin on prostate cancer may rely on mechanisms involving the inhibition of Tip60, AR and HIF-1α effects.
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56
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Suzuki A, Shim J, Ogata K, Yoshioka H, Iwata J. Cholesterol metabolism plays a crucial role in the regulation of autophagy for cell differentiation of granular convoluted tubules in male mouse submandibular glands. Development 2019; 146:dev.178335. [PMID: 31558435 DOI: 10.1242/dev.178335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It has been long appreciated that sex hormone receptors are expressed in various non-gonadal organs. However, it remains unclear how sex hormones regulate the morphogenesis of these non-gonadal organs. To address this issue, we used a male mouse model of androgen-dependent salivary gland morphogenesis. Mice with excessive cholesterol synthesis in the salivary glands exhibited defects in the maturation of granular convoluted tubules (GCTs), which is regulated through sex hormone-dependent cascades. We found that excessive cholesterol synthesis resulted in autophagy failure specifically in the duct cells of salivary glands, followed by the accumulation of NRF2, a transcription factor known as one of the specific substrates for autophagy. The accumulated NRF2 suppressed the expression of Foxa1, which forms a transcriptional complex with the androgen receptor to regulate target genes. Taken together, our results indicate that cholesterol metabolism plays a crucial role in GCT differentiation through autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA.,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Junbo Shim
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA.,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Kenichi Ogata
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA.,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Hiroki Yoshioka
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA.,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA .,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center University of Texas Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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57
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Livingstone TL, Beasy G, Mills RD, Plumb J, Needs PW, Mithen R, Traka MH. Plant Bioactives and the Prevention of Prostate Cancer: Evidence from Human Studies. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092245. [PMID: 31540470 PMCID: PMC6769996 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer has become the most common form of non-cutaneous (internal) malignancy in men, accounting for 26% of all new male visceral cancer cases in the UK. The aetiology and pathogenesis of prostate cancer are not understood, but given the age-adjusted geographical variations in prostate cancer incidence quoted in epidemiological studies, there is increasing interest in nutrition as a relevant factor. In particular, foods rich in phytochemicals have been proposed to reduce the risk of prostate cancer. Epidemiological studies have reported evidence that plant-based foods including cruciferous vegetables, garlic, tomatoes, pomegranate and green tea are associated with a significant reduction in the progression of prostate cancer. However, while there is well-documented mechanistic evidence at a cellular level of the manner by which individual dietary components may reduce the risk of prostate cancer or its progression, evidence from intervention studies is limited. Moreover, clinical trials investigating the link between the dietary bioactives found in these foods and prostate cancer have reported varied conclusions. Herein, we review the plant bioactives for which there is substantial evidence from epidemiological and human intervention studies. The aim of this review is to provide important insights into how particular plant bioactives (e.g., sulfur-containing compounds, carotenoids and polyphenols) present in commonly consumed food groups may influence the development and progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey L. Livingstone
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK; (T.L.L.); (J.P.); (P.W.N.); (R.M.)
- Urology Department, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane Norwich NR4 7UY, UK;
| | - Gemma Beasy
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK; (T.L.L.); (J.P.); (P.W.N.); (R.M.)
| | - Robert D. Mills
- Urology Department, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane Norwich NR4 7UY, UK;
| | - Jenny Plumb
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK; (T.L.L.); (J.P.); (P.W.N.); (R.M.)
| | - Paul W. Needs
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK; (T.L.L.); (J.P.); (P.W.N.); (R.M.)
| | - Richard Mithen
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK; (T.L.L.); (J.P.); (P.W.N.); (R.M.)
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 84 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 92019, New Zealand
| | - Maria H. Traka
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ, UK; (T.L.L.); (J.P.); (P.W.N.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +4-4(0)16-032-55194
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58
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Interplay Between SOX9, Wnt/β-Catenin and Androgen Receptor Signaling in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092066. [PMID: 31027362 PMCID: PMC6540097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays a key role not only in the initiation of prostate cancer (PCa) but also in its transition to aggressive and invasive castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, the crosstalk of AR with other signaling pathways contributes significantly to the emergence and growth of CRPC. Wnt/β-catenin signaling facilitates ductal morphogenesis in fetal prostate and its anomalous expression has been linked with PCa. β-catenin has also been reported to form complex with AR and thus augment AR signaling in PCa. The transcription factor SOX9 has been shown to be the driving force of aggressive and invasive PCa cells and regulate AR expression in PCa cells. Furthermore, SOX9 has also been shown to propel PCa by the reactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In this review, we discuss the critical role of SOX9/AR/Wnt/β-catenin signaling axis in the development and progression of CRPC. The phytochemicals like sulforaphane and curcumin that can concurrently target SOX9, AR and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways in PCa may thus be beneficial in the chemoprevention of PCa.
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59
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Wu X, Tian H, Xue L, Wang L. SIRT6 abrogation promotes adrenocortical carcinoma through activation of NF-κB signaling. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 458:1-10. [PMID: 30989475 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03525-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
As an uncommon malignancy in the adrenal gland, adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is characterized by thorny diagnosis and poor clinical outcome, necessitating innovative treatment strategies. Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6), a tumor suppressor, modulates aerobic glycolysis of malignant cells and has an impact on tumorigenesis. This study focused on investigating SIRT6 expression in ACC and how it generates cancer phenotypes. SIRT6 expression was inhibited in ACC tissues according to western blotting, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. MTT assay, TUNEL assay, and flow cytometry were performed to evaluate the contribution of SIRT6 to cell invasion, proliferation, death, and migration. It was shown that SIRT6 knockdown promoted cell invasion, proliferation, and migration, and inhibited cell death. Moreover, it was found that SIRT6 knockdown upregulated TLR4 and reinforced phosphorylation of the nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-κB) subunit p65 as well as inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase. Additionally, SIRT6 knockdown significantly enhanced expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide as well as transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1. It also reinforced reactive oxygen species generation. Overall, our research findings demonstrate that SIRT6 serves as a tumor suppressor via regulation of the NF-κB pathway, which could offer an innovative strategy to treat ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyi Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Haoming Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Long Xue
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Women and Children's Hospital of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610043, China
| | - Lizhi Wang
- Department of Eugenics, Women and Children's Hospital of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610043, China
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60
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Rogati F, Millán E, Appendino G, Correa A, Caprioglio D, Minassi A, Muñoz E. Identification of a Strigoterpenoid with Dual Nrf2 and Nf-κB Modulatory Activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:606-610. [PMID: 30996804 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sesquiterpene-coumarin ether samarcandone provided a suitable framework to replace the apocarotenoid A-C ring system of strigol (1), replicating, after linking to a butenolide moiety, the activity of the natural phytohormone on Nrf2 and also showing potent NF-kB inhibitory activity, overall modulating two critical pathways of inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rogati
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Bovio 6, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Estrella Millán
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba, Avda Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Avda Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- University Hospital Reina Sofía, Avda Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Giovanni Appendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Bovio 6, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Alejandro Correa
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba, Avda Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Avda Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- University Hospital Reina Sofía, Avda Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Diego Caprioglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Bovio 6, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Alberto Minassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Bovio 6, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba, Avda Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Avda Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- University Hospital Reina Sofía, Avda Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
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61
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Anti-Cancer Effects of Green Tea Polyphenols Against Prostate Cancer. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24010193. [PMID: 30621039 PMCID: PMC6337309 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men. Green tea consumption is reported to play an important role in the prevention of carcinogenesis in many types of malignancies, including prostate cancer; however, epidemiological studies show conflicting results regarding these anti-cancer effects. In recent years, in addition to prevention, many investigators have shown the efficacy and safety of green tea polyphenols and combination therapies with green tea extracts and anti-cancer agents in in vivo and in vitro studies. Furthermore, numerous studies have revealed the molecular mechanisms of the anti-cancer effects of green tea extracts. We believe that improved understanding of the detailed pathological roles at the molecular level is important to evaluate the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer. Therefore, in this review, we present current knowledge regarding the anti-cancer effects of green tea extracts in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer, with a particular focus on the molecular mechanisms of action, such as influencing tumor growth, apoptosis, androgen receptor signaling, cell cycle, and various malignant behaviors. Finally, the future direction for the use of green tea extracts as treatment strategies in patients with prostate cancer is introduced.
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