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Liu X, Cui X, Guan G, Dong Y, Zhang Z. microRNA-192-5p is involved in nerve repair in rats with peripheral nerve injury by regulating XIAP. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:326-338. [PMID: 31944167 PMCID: PMC7028159 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1710916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to engage in the nerve injury, while the effect of microRNA-192-5p (miR-192-5p) on the nerve repair has not yet been well understood. This study is performed to investigate how miR-192-5p affects nerve repair in rats with peripheral nerve injury by regulating X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP).Methods: The rat model of left sciatic nerve injury was established, and the expression of miR-192-5p was then detected. A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the role of miR-192-5p on nerve repair in rats with peripheral nerve injury. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins (Caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2) and nerve repair factors (NGF, BDNF, and GAP-43) was measured. Bioinformatics analysis and dual-luciferase reporter gene assay confirmed the targeting relationship between miR-192-5p and XIAP.Results: MiR-192-5p inhibition promoted the recovery of sensory function and the recovery and regeneration in rats with sciatic nerve injury. MiR-192-5p inhibition promoted the recovery of muscle atrophy caused by nerve injury. MiR-192-5p inhibition inhibited neuronal apoptosis by affecting the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and promoted the recovery of nerve function by elevating the expression of nerve repair factors induced by peripheral nerve injury. Bioinformatics analysis and dual-luciferase reporter gene assay confirmed that XIAP was a target gene of miR-192-5p.Conclusion: This study demonstrates that miR-192-5p inhibition can up-regulate the expression of XIAP, decrease the apoptosis of nerve cells, and promote the repair and regeneration of peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Department of orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xintao Cui
- Department of orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guangwei Guan
- Department of orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ying Dong
- Department of orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Department of orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Wang Y, Jiang X, Feng F, Liu W, Sun H. Degradation of proteins by PROTACs and other strategies. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:207-238. [PMID: 32082969 PMCID: PMC7016280 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking the biological functions of scaffold proteins and aggregated proteins is a challenging goal. PROTAC proteolysis-targeting chimaera (PROTAC) technology may be the solution, considering its ability to selectively degrade target proteins. Recent progress in the PROTAC strategy include identification of the structure of the first ternary eutectic complex, extra-terminal domain-4-PROTAC-Von-Hippel-Lindau (BRD4-PROTAC-VHL), and PROTAC ARV-110 has entered clinical trials for the treatment of prostate cancer in 2019. These discoveries strongly proved the value of the PROTAC strategy. In this perspective, we summarized recent meaningful research of PROTAC, including the types of degradation proteins, preliminary biological data in vitro and in vivo, and new E3 ubiquitin ligases. Importantly, the molecular design, optimization strategy and clinical application of candidate molecules are highlighted in detail. Future perspectives for development of advanced PROTAC in medical fields have also been discussed systematically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xueyang Jiang
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Feng Feng
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian 223003, China
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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53
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Qu C, Sun J, Xu Q, Lv X, Yang W, Wang F, Wang Y, Yi Q, Jia Z, Wang L, Song L. An inhibitor of apoptosis protein (EsIAP1) from Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis regulates apoptosis through inhibiting the activity of EsCaspase-3/7-1. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20421. [PMID: 31892728 PMCID: PMC6938513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56971-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) maintain the balance between cell proliferation and cell death by inhibiting caspase activities and mediating immune responses. In the present study, a homolog of IAP (designated as EsIAP1) was identified from Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. EsIAP1 consisted of 451 amino acids containing two baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domains with the conserved Cx2 Cx6 Wx3 Dx5 Hx6 C motifs. EsIAP1 mRNA was expressed in various tissues and its expression level in hemocytes increased significantly (p < 0.01) at 12–48 h after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. In the hemocytes, EsIAP1 protein was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm. The hydrolytic activity of recombinant EsCaspase-3/7-1 against the substrate Ac-DEVD-pNA decreased after incubation with rEsIAP1. Moreover, rEsIAP1 could directly combine with rEsCaspase-3/7-1 in vitro. After EsIAP1 was interfered by dsRNA, the mRNA expression and the hydrolytic activity of EsCaspase-3/7-1 increased significantly, which was 2.26-fold (p < 0.05) and 1.71-fold (p < 0.05) compared to that in the dsGFP group, respectively. These results collectively demonstrated that EsIAP1 might play an important role in apoptosis pathway by regulating the activity of EsCaspase-3/7-1 in E. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jiejie Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Qingsong Xu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.,Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaojing Lv
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.,Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.,Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Wen Yang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Qilin Yi
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.,Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.,Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.,Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China. .,Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China. .,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China. .,Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Tokumoto M, Lee JY, Satoh M. Transcription Factors and Downstream Genes in Cadmium Toxicity. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:1083-1088. [PMID: 31257284 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a harmful heavy metal widely present in the environment which can cause severe kidney damage. The proximal tubular cells are the main target of renal Cd toxicity. The consequences of Cd cytotoxicity involve apoptosis and necrosis. Recently, we and others have focused on how Cd affects transcription factors and the regulation of their target genes. Those studies showed that transcription factors initiate numerous pathways upon Cd exposure, leading to apoptosis, autophagic cell death, disruption of cell-cell adhesion, and generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Of particular note, Cd induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, resulting in not only apoptosis but also autophagic dysregulation, which can trigger cell damage. In some cases, however, Cd-regulated transcription factors can induce cell survival signaling. This review centers on our own research to elucidate the transcription factor-downstream gene cascades that are central to Cd-induced renal toxicity.
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55
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Wenta T, Rychlowski M, Jarzab M, Lipinska B. HtrA4 Protease Promotes Chemotherapeutic-Dependent Cancer Cell Death. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101112. [PMID: 31546993 PMCID: PMC6829446 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The HtrA4 human protease is crucial in placentation and embryo implantation, and its altered level is connected with pre-eclampsia. The meta-analyses of microarray assays revealed that the HtrA4 level is changed in brain tumors and breast and prostate cancers, which suggests its involvement in oncogenesis. In spite of the HtrA4 involvement in important physiological and pathological processes, its function in the cell is poorly understood. In this work, using lung and breast cancer cell lines, we showed for the first time that the full-length HtrA4 and its N-terminally deleted variant promote cancer cell death induced by chemotherapeutic drugs by enhancing apoptosis. The effect is dependent on the HtrA4 proteolytic activity, and the N-terminally deleted HtrA4 is more efficient in the cell death stimulation. Furthermore, HtrA4 increases the effect of chemotherapeutics on the clonogenic potential and motility of cancer cells, and it increases cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. HtrA4 may modulate cell death by degrading the anti-apoptotic XIAP protein and also by proteolysis of the executioner pro-caspase 7 and cytoskeletal proteins, actin and β-tubulin. These findings provide new insight into the mechanism of the HtrA4 protease function in cell death and oncogenesis, and they may help to develop new anti-cancer therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Wenta
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Michal Rychlowski
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Miroslaw Jarzab
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Barbara Lipinska
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
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de Giffoni de Carvalho JT, da Silva Baldivia D, Leite DF, de Araújo LCA, de Toledo Espindola PP, Antunes KA, Rocha PS, de Picoli Souza K, dos Santos EL. Medicinal Plants from Brazilian Cerrado: Antioxidant and Anticancer Potential and Protection against Chemotherapy Toxicity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3685264. [PMID: 31534620 PMCID: PMC6732650 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3685264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of natural antioxidants in cancer therapy has increased: first, due to the potential of natural antioxidants to kill tumour cells and second, because of their capacity to protect healthy cells from the damage caused by chemotherapy. This review article discusses the antioxidant properties of extracts obtained from medicinal plants from the Brazilian Cerrado and the cell death profile induced by each of these extracts in malignant cells. Next, we describe the capacity of other medicinal plants from the Cerrado to protect against chemotherapy-induced cell toxicity. Finally, we focus on recent insights into the cell death profile induced by extracts from Cerrado plants and perspectives for future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Débora da Silva Baldivia
- Research Group on Biotechnology and Bioprospecting Applied to Metabolism, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Daniel Ferreira Leite
- Research Group on Biotechnology and Bioprospecting Applied to Metabolism, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Laura Costa Alves de Araújo
- Research Group on Biotechnology and Bioprospecting Applied to Metabolism, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil
| | | | - Katia Avila Antunes
- Research Group on Biotechnology and Bioprospecting Applied to Metabolism, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Paola Santos Rocha
- Research Group on Biotechnology and Bioprospecting Applied to Metabolism, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Kely de Picoli Souza
- Research Group on Biotechnology and Bioprospecting Applied to Metabolism, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Edson Lucas dos Santos
- Research Group on Biotechnology and Bioprospecting Applied to Metabolism, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil
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Momeny M, Esmaeili F, Hamzehlou S, Yousefi H, Javadikooshesh S, Vahdatirad V, Alishahi Z, Mousavipak SH, Bashash D, Dehpour AR, Tavangar SM, Tavakkoly-Bazzaz J, Haddad P, Kordbacheh F, Alimoghaddam K, Ghavamzadeh A, Ghaffari SH. The ERBB receptor inhibitor dacomitinib suppresses proliferation and invasion of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2019; 42:491-504. [PMID: 31025257 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-019-00448-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most common malignancy of the pancreas, is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death in the USA. Local progression, early tumor dissemination and low efficacy of current treatments are the major reasons for its high mortality rate. The ERBB family is over-expressed in PDAC and plays essential roles in its tumorigenesis; however, single-targeted ERBB inhibitors have shown limited activity in this disease. Here, we examined the anti-tumor activity of dacomitinib, a pan-ERBB receptor inhibitor, on PDAC cells. METHODS Anti-proliferative effects of dacomitinib were determined using a cell proliferation assay and crystal violet staining. Annexin V/PI staining, radiation therapy and cell migration and invasion assays were carried out to examine the effects of dacomitinib on apoptosis, radio-sensitivity and cell motility, respectively. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analyses were applied to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-tumor activity of dacomitinib. RESULTS We found that dacomitinib diminished PDAC cell proliferation via inhibition of FOXM1 and its targets Aurora kinase B and cyclin B1. Moreover, we found that dacomitinib induced apoptosis and potentiated radio-sensitivity via inhibition of the anti-apoptotic proteins survivin and MCL1. Treatment with dacomitinib attenuated cell migration and invasion through inhibition of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers ZEB1, Snail and N-cadherin. In contrast, we found that the anti-tumor activity of single-targeted ERBB agents including cetuximab (anti-EGFR mAb), trastuzumab (anti-HER2 mAb), H3.105.5 (anti-HER3 mAb) and erlotinib (EGFR small molecule inhibitor) were marginal. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that dacomitinib-mediated blockade of the ERBB receptors yields advantages over single-targeted ERBB inhibition and provide a rationale for further investigation of the therapeutic potential of dacomitinib in the treatment of ERBB-driven PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Momeny
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
| | - Fatemeh Esmaeili
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Hamzehlou
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Yousefi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Sepehr Javadikooshesh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vasimeh Vahdatirad
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zivar Alishahi
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh H Mousavipak
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad R Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed M Tavangar
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Tavakkoly-Bazzaz
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peiman Haddad
- Radiation Oncology Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Kordbacheh
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Group, ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kamran Alimoghaddam
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ardeshir Ghavamzadeh
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed H Ghaffari
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Pereira SS, Monteiro MP, Antonini SR, Pignatelli D. Apoptosis regulation in adrenocortical carcinoma. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:R91-R104. [PMID: 30978697 PMCID: PMC6510712 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis evading is a hallmark of cancer. Tumor cells are characterized by having an impaired apoptosis signaling, a fact that deregulates the balance between cell death and survival, leading to tumor development, invasion and resistance to treatment. In general, patients with adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) have an extremely bad prognosis, which is related to disease progression and significant resistance to treatments. In this report, we performed an integrative review about the disruption of apoptosis in ACC that may underlie the characteristic poor prognosis in these patients. Although the apoptosis has been scarcely studied in ACC, the majority of the deregulation phenomena already described are anti-apoptotic. Most importantly, in a near future, targeting apoptosis modulation in ACC patients may become a promising therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia S Pereira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Endocrine, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Department of Anatomy, Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS/UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana P Monteiro
- Endocrine, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Department of Anatomy, Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS/UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Sonir R Antonini
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Duarte Pignatelli
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital S. João, Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence should be addressed to D Pignatelli:
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Liu J, Giri BR, Chen Y, Cheng G. 14-3-3 protein and ubiquitin C acting as SjIAP interaction partners facilitate tegumental integrity in Schistosoma japonicum. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:355-364. [PMID: 30797771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, caused by trematodes of the genus Schistosoma, remains an important public health issue. Adult schistosomes can survive in the definitive host for several decades, although they are subject to the host immune response. Consequently, understanding the mechanism underlying worm survival in the definitive hosts could aid in developing novel strategies against schistosomiasis. We previously found that an inhibitor of apoptosis in Schistosoma japonicum (SjIAP) could negatively regulate apoptosis by inhibiting caspase activity, which plays a critical role in maintaining tegument integrity. The current study aimed to further analyze the mechanism related to SjIAP governing worm tegument integrity; therefore, we used a yeast two-hybrid screen and identified a series of putative interacting partners of SjIAP, including 14-3-3 (Sj14-3-3) and ubiquitin C (SjUBC). Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that transcript profiles of Sj14-3-3 and SjUBC increased together with worm development in definitive hosts, which corresponds to those of SjIAP in S. japonicum. Immunohistochemical analysis showed Sj14-3-3 and SjUBC were located in the tegument of adult parasites while they were also ubiquitously distributed in the bodies of worms. Silencing of Sj14-3-3/SjUBC expression led to increased caspase activity and induced worm death. Inhibition of Sj14-3-3 or SjUBC resulted in significant morphological alterations in the schistosome tegument. Overall, our findings indicated that Sj14-3-3 and SjUBC interacting with SjIAP may belong to another strategy of S. japonicum to maintain the tegument integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, 200241, China
| | - Bikash Ranjan Giri
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, 200241, China
| | - Yongjun Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, 200241, China
| | - Guofeng Cheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, 200241, China.
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Baena-Lopez LA, Arthurton L, Xu DC, Galasso A. Non-apoptotic Caspase regulation of stem cell properties. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 82:118-126. [PMID: 29102718 PMCID: PMC6191935 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved family of proteins called caspases are the main factors mediating the orchestrated programme of cell suicide known as apoptosis. Since this protein family was associated with this essential biological function, the majority of scientific efforts were focused towards understanding their molecular activation and function during cell death. However, an emerging body of evidence has highlighted a repertoire of non-lethal roles within a large variety of cell types, including stem cells. Here we intend to provide a comprehensive overview of the key role of caspases as regulators of stem cell properties. Finally, we briefly discuss the possible pathological consequences of caspase malfunction in stem cells, and the therapeutic potential of caspase regulation applied to this context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lewis Arthurton
- University of Oxford, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, OX13RE, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Cui Xu
- University of Oxford, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, OX13RE, United Kingdom
| | - Alessia Galasso
- University of Oxford, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, OX13RE, United Kingdom
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Liu J, Giri BR, Chen Y, Luo R, Xia T, Grevelding CG, Cheng G. Schistosoma japonicum IAP and Teg20 safeguard tegumental integrity by inhibiting cellular apoptosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006654. [PMID: 30044778 PMCID: PMC6078320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomes are causative agents of human schistosomiasis, which is endemic in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Adult schistosomes can survive in their final hosts for several decades, and they have evolved various strategies to overcome the host immune response. Consequently, understanding the mechanisms that regulate parasitic cell survival will open avenues for developing novel strategies against schistosomiasis. Our previous study suggested that an inhibitor of apoptosis protein in Schistosoma japonicum (SjIAP) may play important roles in parasitic survival and development. Here, we demonstrated that SjIAP can negatively regulate cellular apoptosis in S. japonicum by suppressing caspase activity. Immunohistochemistry analysis indicated that SjIAP ubiquitously expressed within the worm body including the tegument. Silencing of SjIAP expression via small interfering RNA led to destruction of the tegument integrity in schistosomes. We further used co-immunoprecipitation to identify interaction partners of SjIAP and revealed the tegument protein SjTeg-20 as a putative interacting partner of SjIAP. The interaction between SjIAP and SjTeg-20 was confirmed by a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay. Moreover, results of a TUNEL assay, RNA interference, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, caspase assays, transcript profiling, and protein localization of both interacting molecules provided first evidence for an essential role of SjIAP and SjTeg-20 to maintain the structural integrity of the tegument by negatively regulating apoptosis. Taken together, our findings suggest that the cooperative activities of SjIAP and SjTeg-20 belong to the strategic inventory of S. japonicum ensuring survival in the hostile environment within the vasculature of the final host. Schistosomiasis is a worldwide public health concern particularly in developing countries. The causative agents, schistosomes, can survive within the vascular system of their final hosts for several decades despite facing the host’s immune response. Therefore, elucidating the mechanism of cell survival will contribute to the understanding of host-parasite interaction and may lead to the identification of suitable targets for developing novel strategies against schistosomiasis. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins are highly conserved proteins functioning as endogenous inhibitors of apoptotic cell death. Here, we demonstrated that an inhibitor of apoptosis protein of Schistosoma japonicum (SjIAP) governs the integrity of the tegument of schistosomes by inhibiting cellular apoptosis of the parasite. Further studies revealed that SjTeg-20, an S. japonicum tegumental protein, cooperates with SjIAP to inhibit apoptosis in schistosomes. Our findings provide new insights into the role of SjIAP and SjTeg-20 in maintaining the integrity of the worm tegument by negatively regulating apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Liu
- Department of Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Bikash R. Giri
- Department of Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjun Chen
- Department of Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Luo
- Department of Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianqi Xia
- Department of Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Guofeng Cheng
- Department of Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: ,
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62
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Abstract
Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family comprises a group of endogenous proteins that function as main regulators of caspase activity and cell death. They are considered the main culprits in evasion of apoptosis, which is a fundamental hallmark of carcinogenesis. Overexpression of IAP proteins has been documented in various solid and hematological malignancies, rendering them resistant to standard chemotherapeutics and radiation therapy and conferring poor prognosis. This observation has urged their exploitation as therapeutic targets in cancer with promising pre-clinical outcomes. This review describes the structural and functional features of IAP proteins to elucidate the mechanism of their anti-apoptotic activity. We also provide an update on patterns of IAP expression in different tumors, their impact on treatment response and prognosis, as well as the emerging investigational drugs targeting them. This aims at shedding the light on the advances in IAP targeting achieved to date, and encourage further development of clinically applicable therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervat S Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Speciality, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
- , Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mai K Bishr
- Department of Radiotherapy, Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt (CCHE), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fahad M Almutairi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayat G Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, El Sahel Teaching Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
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63
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Zhen MC, Wang FQ, Wu SF, Zhao YL, Liu PG, Yin ZY. Identification of mTOR as a primary resistance factor of the IAP antagonist AT406 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:9466-9475. [PMID: 28036295 PMCID: PMC5354745 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins (IAPs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is often associated with poor prognosis. Here we showed that AT406, an IAP antagonist, was cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic to both established (HepG2, SMMC-7721 lines) and primary HCC cells. Activation of mTOR could be a key resistance factor of AT406 in HCC cells. mTOR inhibition (by OSI-027), kinase-dead mutation or knockdown remarkably enhanced AT406-induced lethality in HCC cells. Reversely, forced-activation of mTOR by adding SC79 or exogenous expressing a constitutively active S6K1 (T389E) attenuated AT406-induced cytotoxicity against HCC cells. We showed that AT406 induced degradation of IAPs (cIAP-1 and XIAP), but didn't affect another anti-apoptosis protein Mcl-1. Co-treatment of OSI-027 caused simultaneous Mcl-1 downregulation to overcome AT406's resistance. Significantly, shRNA knockdown of Mcl-1 remarkably facilitated AT406-induced apoptosis in HCC cells. In vivo, AT406 oral administration suppressed HepG2 tumor growth in nude mice. Its activity was potentiated with co-administration of OSI-027. We conclude that mTOR could be a key resistance factor of AT406 in HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Chuan Zhen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Xiamen, Fujian, 361004, China
| | - Fu-Qiang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Xiamen, Fujian, 361004, China
| | - Shao-Feng Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Xiamen, Fujian, 361004, China
| | - Yi-Lin Zhao
- Department of Tumor Interventional Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361004, China
| | - Ping-Guo Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Xiamen, Fujian, 361004, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Xiamen, Fujian, 361004, China
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64
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Mondal T, Bag I, SNCVL P, Garikapati KR, Bhadra U, Pal Bhadra M. Two way controls of apoptotic regulators consign DmArgonaute-1 a better clasp on it. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190548. [PMID: 29385168 PMCID: PMC5791970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Argonaute family proteins are well conserved among all organisms. Its role in mitotic cell cycle progression and apoptotic cell elimination is poorly understood. Earlier we have established the contribution of Ago-1 in cell cycle control related to G2/M cyclin in Drosophila. Here we have extended our study in understanding the relationship of Ago-1 in regulating apoptosis during Drosophila development. Apoptosis play a critical role in controlling organ shape and size during development of multi cellular organism. Multifarious regulatory pathways control apoptosis during development among which highly conserved JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) pathway play a crucial role. Here we have over expressed Ago-1 in Drosophila eye and brain by employing UAS (upstream activation sequence)-GAL4 system under the expression of eye and brain specific driver. Over expression of Ago-1 resulted in reduced number of ommatidia in the eye and produced smaller size brain in adult and larval Drosophila. A drastic reversal of the phenotype towards normal was observed upon introduction of a single copy of the dominant negative mutation of basket (bsk, Drosophila homolog of JNK) indicating an active and physical involvement of the bsk with Ago-1 in inducing developmental apoptotic process. Further study showed that Ago-1 stimulates phosphorylation of JNK through transforming growth factor-β activated kinase 1- hemipterous (Tak1-hep) axis of JNK pathway. JNK phosphorylation results in up regulation of pro-apoptotic genes head involution defective (hid), grim & reaper (rpr) and induces activation of Drosophila caspases (cysteinyl aspartate proteinases);DRONC (Death regulator Nedd2-like caspase), ICE (alternatively Drice, Death related ICE-like caspase) and DCP1 (Death caspase-1) by inhibiting apoptotic inhibitor protein DIAP1 (Death-associated inhibitor of apoptosis 1). Further, Ago-1 also inhibits miR-14 expression to trigger apoptosis. Our findings propose that Ago-1 acts as a key regulator in controlling cell death, tumor regression and stress response in metazoan providing a constructive bridge between RNAi machinery and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Mondal
- Department of Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IICT Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Indira Bag
- Department of Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Pushpavalli SNCVL
- Department of Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Koteswara Rao Garikapati
- Department of Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Utpal Bhadra
- Gene Silencing and Functional Genomics Group, CSIR-Centre For Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Manika Pal Bhadra
- Department of Chemical Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IICT Campus, Hyderabad, India
- * E-mail: ,
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65
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Abstract
Any therapy that aims at eradicating a cancerous growth will have at its core a cell death-inducing component. Here we argue that paediatric oncology presents with its unique set of considerations and problems, which—while taking the lead from oncological research experiences obtained from the adult population—need to be clinically evaluated independently. This is particularly true when considering long-term side effects. Precision medicine offers a promising new approach in therapy, but given as a monotherapy and in a limited combination, as found in an apoptosis inducer/sensitiser combination, it will most likely lead to mutation escape of the target cell population and the emergence of resistance. However, using the increasing amount of the molecular data as the basis for a complex combination therapy combining several key components such as cell death-inducing agents, kinase inhibitors and BH3 mimetics, holds great promise.
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66
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Chromatin remodeling gene AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A suppresses gastric cancer cell proliferation by targeting PIK3CA and PDK1. Oncotarget 2018; 7:46127-46141. [PMID: 27323812 PMCID: PMC5216786 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A (ARID1A) was frequently mutated in cancers. The modulation mechanism of ARID1A for PI3K/AKT signaling in gastric cancer (GC) remains elusive. Here, we found that depletion of endogenous ARID1A enhanced the in vitro proliferation, colony formation, cellular growth, nutrient uptake and in vivo xenograft tumor growth of GC cells. PI3K/AKT activation by ARID1A-silencing was profiled using a phospho-protein antibody array. The phosphorylation of PDK1, AKT, GSK3β and 70S6K, and the protein and mRNA expressions of PI3K and PDK1, were upregulated by ARID1A-silencing. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assay revealed that ARID1A-involved SWI/SNF complex inhibited PIK3CA and PDK1 transcription by direct binding to their promoters. Serial deletion mutation analyses revealed that the ARID1A central region containing the HIC1-binding domain, but not the ARID DNA-binding domain and the C-terminal domain, was essential for the inhibition of GC cell growth, PI3K/AKT pathway phosphorylation and its transcriptional modulation activity of PIK3CA and PDK1. The proliferation, cellular growth and glucose consumption of ARID1A-deficient GC cells were efficiently prohibited by allosteric inhibitors mk2206 and LY294002, which targeting AKT and PI3K, respectively. Both inhibitors also downregulated the phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT pathway in ARID1A-deficient GC cells. Such cells were sensitized to the treatment of LY294002, and AT7867, another inhibitor of AKT and p70S6K. The administration of LY294002 alone inhibited the in vivo growth of ARID1A- deficient GC cells in mouse xenograft model. Our study provides a novel insight into the modulatory function and mechanism of ARID1A in PI3K/AKT signaling in GC.
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67
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Kalkavan H, Green DR. MOMP, cell suicide as a BCL-2 family business. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:46-55. [PMID: 29053143 PMCID: PMC5729535 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis shapes development and differentiation, has a key role in tissue homeostasis, and is deregulated in cancer. In most cases, successful apoptosis is triggered by mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), which defines the mitochondrial or intrinsic pathway and ultimately leads to caspase activation and protein substrate cleavage. The mitochondrial apoptotic pathway centered on MOMP is controlled by an intricate network of events that determine the balance of the cell fate choice between survival and death. Here we will review how MOMP proceeds and how the main effectors cytochrome c, a heme protein that has a crucial role in respiration, and second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (SMAC), as well as other intermembrane space proteins, orchestrate caspase activation. Moreover, we discuss recent insights on the interplay of the upstream coordinators and initiators of MOMP, the BCL-2 family. This review highlights how our increasing knowledge on the regulation of critical checkpoints of apoptosis integrates with understanding of cancer development and has begun to translate into therapeutic clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halime Kalkavan
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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68
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Identification of ARNT-regulated BIRC3 as the target factor in cadmium renal toxicity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17287. [PMID: 29229987 PMCID: PMC5725491 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17494-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental contaminant that exhibits renal toxicity. The target transcription factors involved in Cd renal toxicity are still unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that Cd decreased the activity of the ARNT transcription factor, and knockdown of ARNT significantly decreased the viability of human proximal tubular HK-2 cells. Microarray analysis in ARNT knockdown cells revealed a decrease in the expression of a number of genes, including a known apoptosis inhibitor, BIRC3, whose gene and protein expression level was also decreased by Cd treatment. Although the BIRC family consists of 8 members, Cd suppressed only BIRC3 gene expression. BIRC3 is known to suppress apoptosis through the inhibition effect on caspase-3. Knockdown of BIRC3 by siRNA as well as Cd treatment increased the level of active caspase-3. Moreover, knockdown of BIRC3 not only triggered cell toxicity and apoptosis but also strengthened Cd toxicity in HK-2 cells. Meanwhile, the activation of caspase-3 by suppression of BIRC3 gene expression was mostly specific to Cd and to proximal tubular cells. These results suggest that Cd induces apoptosis through the inhibition of ARNT-regulated BIRC3 in human proximal tubular cells.
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69
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Powell M, Pyati P, Cao M, Bell H, Gatehouse JA, Fitches E. Insecticidal effects of dsRNA targeting the Diap1 gene in dipteran pests. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15147. [PMID: 29123201 PMCID: PMC5680328 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15534-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) gene Diap1 encodes a protein referred to as DIAP1 (D rosophila Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein 1) that acts to supress apoptosis in "normal" cells in the fly. In this study we investigate the use of RNA interference (RNAi) to control two dipteran pests, Musca domestica and Delia radicum, by disrupting the control of apoptosis. Larval injections of 125-500 ng of Diap1 dsRNA resulted in dose-dependent mortality which was shown to be attributable to down-regulation of target mRNA. Insects injected with Diap1 dsRNA have approx. 1.5-2-fold higher levels of caspase activity than controls 24 hours post injection, providing biochemical evidence that inhibition of apoptotic activity by the Diap1 gene product has been decreased. By contrast adults were insensitive to injected dsRNA. Oral delivery failed to induce RNAi effects and we suggest this is attributable to degradation of ingested dsRNA by intra and extracellular RNAses. Non-target effects were demonstrated via mortality and down-regulation of Diap1 mRNA levels in M. domestica larvae injected with D. radicum Diap1 dsRNA, despite the absence of 21 bp identical sequence regions in the dsRNA. Here we show that identical 15 bp regions in dsRNA are sufficient to trigger non-target RNAi effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Powell
- Fera Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - Prashant Pyati
- School of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Min Cao
- School of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Howard Bell
- Fera Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - John A Gatehouse
- School of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Fitches
- School of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.
- Fera Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom.
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70
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Pistritto G, Trisciuoglio D, Ceci C, Garufi A, D'Orazi G. Apoptosis as anticancer mechanism: function and dysfunction of its modulators and targeted therapeutic strategies. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 8:603-19. [PMID: 27019364 PMCID: PMC4925817 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 974] [Impact Index Per Article: 139.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that results in the orderly and efficient removal of damaged cells, such as those resulting from DNA damage or during development. Apoptosis can be triggered by signals from within the cell, such as genotoxic stress, or by extrinsic signals, such as the binding of ligands to cell surface death receptors. Deregulation in apoptotic cell death machinery is an hallmark of cancer. Apoptosis alteration is responsible not only for tumor development and progression but also for tumor resistance to therapies. Most anticancer drugs currently used in clinical oncology exploit the intact apoptotic signaling pathways to trigger cancer cell death. Thus, defects in the death pathways may result in drug resistance so limiting the efficacy of therapies. Therefore, a better understanding of the apoptotic cell death signaling pathways may improve the efficacy of cancer therapy and bypass resistance. This review will highlight the role of the fundamental regulators of apoptosis and how their deregulation, including activation of anti-apoptotic factors (i.e., Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, etc) or inactivation of pro-apoptotic factors (i.e., p53 pathway) ends up in cancer cell resistance to therapies. In addition, therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating apoptotic activity are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppa Pistritto
- Department of Systems Medicine, University "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Trisciuoglio
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00158 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Ceci
- Department of Systems Medicine, University "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Garufi
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00158 Rome, Italy.,Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Tumor Biology Unit, University "G. d'Annunzio", 66013 Chieti, Italy
| | - Gabriella D'Orazi
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00158 Rome, Italy.,Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Tumor Biology Unit, University "G. d'Annunzio", 66013 Chieti, Italy
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71
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Lee CC, Chang WH, Chang YS, Liu TY, Chen YC, Wu YC, Chang JG. 4β-Hydroxywithanolide E Modulates Alternative Splicing of Apoptotic Genes in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Huh-7 Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7290. [PMID: 28779122 PMCID: PMC5544667 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a mechanism for increasing protein diversity from a limited number of genes. Studies have demonstrated that aberrant regulation in the alternative splicing of apoptotic gene transcripts may contribute to the development of cancer. In this study, we isolated 4β-Hydroxywithanolide E (4bHWE) from the traditional herb Physalis peruviana and investigated its biological effect in cancer cells. The results demonstrated that 4bHWE modulates the alternative splicing of various apoptotic genes, including HIPK3, SMAC/DIABLO, and SURVIVIN. We also discovered that the levels of SRSF1 phospho-isoform were decreased and the levels of H3K36me3 were increased in 4bHWE treatment. Knockdown experiments revealed that the splicing site selection of SMAC/DIABLO could be mediated by changes in the level of H3K36me3 in 4bHWE-treated cells. Furthermore, we extended our study to apoptosis-associated molecules, and detected increased levels of poly ADP-ribose polymerase cleavage and the active form of CASPASE-3 in 4bHWE-induced apoptosis. In vivo experiments indicated that the treatment of tumor-bearing mice with 4bHWE resulted in a marked decrease in tumor size. This study is the first to demonstrate that 4bHWE affects alternative splicing by modulating splicing factors and histone modifications, and provides a novel view of the antitumor mechanism of 4bHWE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chin Lee
- Epigenome Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsin Chang
- Department of Primary Care Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Sian Chang
- Epigenome Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for Precision Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yuan Liu
- Center for Precision Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Chen
- Center for Precision Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Natural Products and Drug Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Jan-Gowth Chang
- Epigenome Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Center for Precision Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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72
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Vermaak E, Maree FF, Theron J. The Culicoides sonorensis inhibitor of apoptosis 1 protein protects mammalian cells from apoptosis induced by infection with African horse sickness virus and bluetongue virus. Virus Res 2017; 232:152-161. [PMID: 28267609 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
African horse sickness virus (AHSV) and bluetongue virus (BTV) are arboviruses of the genus Orbivirus that are transmitted to their vertebrate hosts by Culicoides biting midges. These orbiviruses exhibit lytic infection (apoptosis) in mammalian cells, but cause persistent infection with no cytopathic effects in Culicoides sonorensis cells. Although regulation of apoptosis could thus be integral for establishing persistent virus infection in midge cells, nothing is known about the presence and function of apoptosis pathways in Culicoides midges and their derived cell lines. Here, we report the cloning and functional characterization of an inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP), designated CsIAP1, from C. sonorensis cells. The CsIAP1 protein contains two baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domains and a RING domain. Silencing of the Cs iap1 gene in C. sonorensis cells caused apoptosis, indicating that CsIAP1 plays a role in cell survival. Stable expression of the CsIAP1 protein in BSR mammalian cells suppressed apoptosis induced by AHSV-4 and BTV-10 infection, and biochemical data indicated that CsIAP1 is an inhibitor of mammalian caspase-9, an initiator caspase in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Mutagenesis studies indicated that the BIR2 and RING domains are required for the anti-apoptotic activity of CsIAP1. The results suggest that the mechanism by which CsIAP1 suppresses apoptosis in insect cells may involve inhibition of a Culicoides caspase-9 homologue through a mechanism that requires both the BIR2 and RING domains. This study provides the first evidence that the CsIAP1 protein is a key negative regulator of apoptosis in C. sonorensis cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Vermaak
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Francois F Maree
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Jacques Theron
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
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73
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AnvariFar H, Amirkolaie AK, Miandare HK, Ouraji H, Jalali MA, Üçüncü Sİ. Apoptosis in fish: environmental factors and programmed cell death. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 368:425-439. [PMID: 28035476 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death, is a critical component in maintaining homeostasis and growth in all tissues and plays a significant role in immunity and cytotoxicity. In contrast to necrosis or traumatic cell death, apoptosis is a well-controlled and vital process characterized mainly by cytoplasmic shrinkage, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, membrane blebbing and apoptotic bodies. Our understanding of apoptosis is partly based on observations in invertebrates but mainly in mammals. Despite the great advantages of fish models in studying vertebrate development and diseases and the tremendous interest observed in recent years, reports on apoptosis in fish are still limited. Although apoptotic machinery is well conserved between aquatic and terrestrial organisms throughout the history of evolution, some differences exist in key components of apoptotic pathways. Core parts of apoptotic machinery in fish are virtually expressed as equivalent to the mammalian models. Some differences are, however, evident, such as the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis including lack of a C-terminal region in the Fas-associated protein with a death domain in fish. Aquatic species inhabit a complex and highly fluctuating environment, making these species good examples to reveal features of apoptosis that may not be easily investigated in mammals. Therefore, in order to gain a wider view on programmed cell death in fish, interactions between the main environmental factors, chemicals and apoptosis are discussed in this review. It is indicated that apoptosis can be induced in fish by exposure to environmental stressors during different stages of the fish life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein AnvariFar
- Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, Department of Fisheries, University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 578, Sari, Iran. .,University of Applied Science and Technology, Provincial Unit, P.O. Box: 4916694338, Golestan, Iran.
| | - Abdolsamad Keramat Amirkolaie
- Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, Department of Fisheries, University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 578, Sari, Iran
| | - Hamed Kolangi Miandare
- Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, 49138-15739, Iran
| | - Hossein Ouraji
- Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, Department of Fisheries, University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 578, Sari, Iran
| | - M Ali Jalali
- Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, 49138-15739, Iran.,Sturgeon Affairs Management, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran.,Center for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, 3280, Australia
| | - Sema İşisağ Üçüncü
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ege University, Bornova, 35100, İzmir, Turkey
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74
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Hamajima R, Iwamoto A, Tomizaki M, Suganuma I, Kitaguchi K, Kobayashi M, Yamada H, Ikeda M. Functional analysis of inhibitor of apoptosis 1 of the silkworm Bombyx mori. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 79:97-107. [PMID: 28327305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in genome-wide surveys have revealed a number of lepidopteran insect homologs of mammalian and Drosophila genes that are responsible for apoptosis regulation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms for apoptosis regulation in lepidopteran insect cells remain poorly understood. In the present study, we demonstrated that the transfection of Bombyx mori BM-N cells with dsRNA against the B. mori cellular iap1 gene (cbm-iap1) induces severe apoptosis that is accompanied by an increase of caspase-3-like protease activity. In these apoptotic cells, the cleaved form of the endogenous initiator caspase Dronc (Bm-Dronc) was detected, indicating that cBm-IAP1 protein depletion by RNAi silencing resulted in the activation of Bm-Dronc. In transient expression assays in BM-N cells, cBm-IAP1 suppressed the apoptosis triggered by Bm-Dronc overexpression and depressed the elevation of caspase-3-like protease activity, but also increased the cleaved form of Bm-Dronc protein. cBm-IAP1 also suppressed the caspase-3-like protease activity stimulated by Bm-caspase-1 overexpression. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that cBm-IAP1 strongly interacts with Bm-Dronc, but only has weak affinity for Bm-caspase-1. Transient expression analyses showed that truncated cBm-IAP1 proteins defective in the BIR1, BIR2 or RING domain were unable to suppress Bm-Dronc-induced apoptosis. In addition, BM-N cells expressing truncated cBm-IAP1 proteins underwent apoptosis, suggesting that intact cBm-IAP1, which has anti-apoptotic activity, was replaced or displaced by the overexpressed truncated cBm-IAP1 proteins, which are incapable of interfering with the apoptotic caspase cascade. Taken together, the present results demonstrate that cBm-IAP1 is a vital negative regulator of apoptosis in BM-N cells and functions by preventing the activation and/or activity of Bm-Dronc and Bm-caspase-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Hamajima
- Laboratory of Sericulture and Entomoresources, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Asako Iwamoto
- Laboratory of Sericulture and Entomoresources, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Moe Tomizaki
- Laboratory of Sericulture and Entomoresources, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ikue Suganuma
- Laboratory of Sericulture and Entomoresources, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Koji Kitaguchi
- Laboratory of Sericulture and Entomoresources, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Sericulture and Entomoresources, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hayato Yamada
- Laboratory of Sericulture and Entomoresources, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Motoko Ikeda
- Laboratory of Sericulture and Entomoresources, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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75
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microRNA-137 promotes apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells via the regulation of XIAP. Br J Cancer 2016; 116:66-76. [PMID: 27875524 PMCID: PMC5220146 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: microRNAs (miRNAs) have regulatory roles in various cellular processes, including apoptosis. Recently, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) has been reported to be dysregulated in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). However, the mechanism underlying this dysregulation is largely unknown. Methods: Using bioinformatics and a literature analysis, a panel of miRNAs dysregulated in EOC was chosen for further experimental confirmation from hundreds of miRNAs that were predicted to interact with the XIAP 3′UTR. A dual-luciferase reporter assay was employed to detect the interaction by cellular co-transfection of an miRNA expression vector and a reporter vector with the XIAP 3′UTR fused to a Renilla luciferase reporter. DAPI and TUNEL approaches were used to further determine the effects of an miR-137 mimic and inhibitor on cisplatin-induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Results: We identified eight miRNAs by screening a panel of dysregulated miRNAs that may target the XIAP 3′UTR. The strongest inhibitory miRNA, miR-137, suppressed the activity of a luciferase reporter gene fused with the XIAP 3′UTR and decreased the levels of XIAP protein in SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells. Furthermore, forced expression of miR-137 increased cisplatin-induced apoptosis, and the depressed expression of miR-137 decreased cisplatin-induced apoptosis in SKOV3 and primary EOC cells. Consistently, the disruption of miR-137 via CRISPR/Cas9 inhibited apoptosis and upregulated XIAP in A2780 cells. Furthermore, the effect of miR-137 on apoptosis could be rescued by XIAP in SKOV3 cells. In addition, miR-137 expression is inversely correlated with the level of XIAP protein in both ovarian cancer tissues and cell lines. Conclusions: Our data suggest that multiple miRNAs can regulate XIAP via its 3′UTR. miR-137 can sensitise ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis, providing new insight into overcoming drug resistance in ovarian cancer.
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76
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Wang T, Shigdar S, Gantier MP, Hou Y, Wang L, Li Y, Shamaileh HA, Yin W, Zhou SF, Zhao X, Duan W. Cancer stem cell targeted therapy: progress amid controversies. Oncotarget 2016; 6:44191-206. [PMID: 26496035 PMCID: PMC4792551 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cancer stem cells have been well characterized in numerous malignancies, the fundamental characteristics of this group of cells, however, have been challenged by some recent observations: cancer stem cells may not necessary to be rare within tumors; cancer stem cells and non-cancer stem cells may undergo reversible phenotypic changes; and the cancer stem cells phenotype can vary substantially between patients. Here the current status and progresses of cancer stem cells theory is illustrated and via providing a panoramic view of cancer therapy, we addressed the recent controversies regarding the feasibility of cancer stem cells targeted anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- School of Nursing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Shigdar
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael P Gantier
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yingchun Hou
- Co-Innovation Center for Qinba Region's Sustainable Development, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yong Li
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital and St George Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, Australia
| | - Hadi Al Shamaileh
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wang Yin
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Xinhan Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
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77
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Telegina DV, Korbolina EE, Ershov NI, Kolosova NG, Kozhevnikova OS. Identification of functional networks associated with cell death in the retina of OXYS rats during the development of retinopathy. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:3544-56. [PMID: 26440064 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1080399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of blindness in developed countries, and the molecular pathogenesis of early events in AMD is poorly understood. Senescence-accelerated OXYS rats develop AMD-like retinopathy. The aim of this study was to explore the differences in retinal gene expression between OXYS and Wistar (control) rats at age 20 d and to identify the pathways of retinal cell death involved in the OXYS retinopathy initiation and progression. Retinal mRNA profiles of 20-day-old OXYS and Wistar rats were generated at the sequencing read depth 40 mln, in triplicate, using Illumina GAIIx. A terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was performed to measure the apoptosis level. GeneMANIA was used to construct interaction networks for differentially expressed (DE) apoptosis-related genes at ages 20 d and 3 and 18 months. Functional analysis was suggestive of a developmental process, signal transduction, and cell differentiation as the most enriched biological processes among 245 DE genes at age 20 d An increased level of apoptosis was observed in OXYS rats at age 20 d but not at advanced stages. We identified functional clusters in the constructed interaction networks and possible hub genes (Rasa1, cFLAR, Birc3, Cdk1, Hspa1b, Erbb3, and Ntf3). We also demonstrated the significance of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway at preclinical, early, and advanced stages of retinopathy development. Besides the cell death signaling pathways, immune system-related processes and lipid-metabolic processes showed overrepresentation in the clusters of all networks. These characteristics of the expression profile of the genes functionally associated with apoptosis may contribute to the pathogenesis of AMD-like retinopathy in senescence-accelerated OXYS rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nataliya G Kolosova
- a Institute of Cytology and Genetics ; Novosibirsk , Russia.,b Novosibirsk State University ; Novosibirsk , Russia
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78
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Guo H, Xian JA, Wang AL. Analysis of digital gene expression profiling in hemocytes of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei under nitrite stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 56:1-11. [PMID: 27377029 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of nitrite in water is highly toxic to aquatic animals. To understand immune responses in shrimp under such environmental stress, a digital gene expression (DGE) technology was applied to detect the gene expression profile of the Litopenaeus vannamei hemocytes in response to nitrite for 48 h. A total of 1922 differently expressed unigenes were generated. Of these transcripts, 1269 and 653 genes were up- or down-regulated respectively. Functional categorization and pathways of the differentially expressed genes revealed that immune defense, xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism, amino acid and nucleobase metabolic process, apoptosis were the differentially regulated processes occurring during nitrite stress. We selected 19 differential expression transcripts (DETs) to validate the sequencing results by real time quantitative PCR (qPCR). The Pearson's correlation coefficient (R) of the 19 DETs was 0.843, which confirmed the consistency and accuracy between these two approaches. Subsequently, we screened 10 genes to examine the changes in the time course of gene expression in more detail. The results indicated that expressions of ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC transporter), caspase10, QM protein, C type lectin 4 (CTL4), protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), serine protease inhibitor 8 (SPI8), transglutaminase (TGase), chitinase1, inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAP) and cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP450) were induced to participate in the anti-stress defense against nitrite. These results will provide a reference for follow-up study of molecular toxicology and valuable gene information for better understanding of immune response in L. vannamei under environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture Environment of Zhanjiang, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-An Xian
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
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79
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Zhao X, Sun B, Zhang J, Zhang R, Zhang Q. Short-chain C6 ceramide sensitizes AT406-induced anti-pancreatic cancer cell activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:166-172. [PMID: 27562715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study has shown that AT406, a first-in-class small molecular antagonist of IAPs (inhibitor of apoptosis proteins), inhibits pancreatic cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this research is to increase AT406's sensitivity by adding short-chain C6 ceramide. We show that co-treatment of C6 ceramide dramatically potentiated AT406-induced caspase/apoptosis activation and cytotoxicity in established (Panc-1 and Mia-PaCa-2 lines) and primary human pancreatic cancer cells. Reversely, caspase inhibitors largely attenuated C6 ceramide plus AT406-induced above cancer cell death. Molecularly, C6 ceramide downregulated Bcl-2 to increase AT406's sensitivity in pancreatic cancer cells. Intriguingly, C6 ceramide-mediated AT406 sensitization was nullified with Bcl-2 shRNA knockdown or pretreatment of the Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-737. In vivo, liposomal C6 ceramide plus AT406 co-administration dramatically inhibited Panc-1 xenograft tumor growth in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. The combined anti-tumor activity was significantly more potent than either single treatment. Expressions of IAPs (cIAP1/XIAP) and Bcl-2 were downregulated in Panc-1 xenografts with the co-administration. Together, we demonstrate that C6 ceramide sensitizes AT406-mediated anti-pancreatic cancer cell activity possibly via downregulating Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, CPLA Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
| | - Baoyou Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery III, The Chest Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ruishen Zhang
- Hospital of China Railway Electric Bureau Group First Engineering Company, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Chest Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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80
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Minutoli L, Rinaldi M, Marini H, Irrera N, Crea G, Lorenzini C, Puzzolo D, Valenti A, Pisani A, Adamo EB, Altavilla D, Squadrito F, Micali A. Apoptotic Pathways Linked to Endocrine System as Potential Therapeutic Targets for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081311. [PMID: 27529214 PMCID: PMC5000708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a chronic condition common in older men that can result in bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms. The molecular mechanisms and networks underlying the development and the progression of the disease are still far from being fully understood. BPH results from smooth muscle cell and epithelial cell proliferation, primarily within the transition zone of the prostate. Apoptosis and inflammation play important roles in the control of cell growth and in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Disturbances in molecular mechanisms of apoptosis machinery have been linked to BPH. Increased levels of the glycoprotein Dickkopf-related protein 3 in BPH cause an inhibition of the apoptosis machinery through a reduction in B cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 associated X protein (Bax) expression. Inhibitors of apoptosis proteins influence cell death by direct inhibition of caspases and modulation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB. Current pharmacotherapy targets either the static component of BPH, including finasteride and dutasteride, or the dynamic component of BPH, including α-adrenoceptor antagonists such as tamsulosin and alfuzosin. Both these classes of drugs significantly interfere with the apoptosis machinery. Furthermore, phytotherapic supplements and new drugs may also modulate several molecular steps of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letteria Minutoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Mariagrazia Rinaldi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Herbert Marini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Natasha Irrera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Crea
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Cesare Lorenzini
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Domenico Puzzolo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Andrea Valenti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Antonina Pisani
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Elena B Adamo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Domenica Altavilla
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Francesco Squadrito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico "G. Martino", 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Antonio Micali
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
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81
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El-Mesery M, Shaker ME, Elgaml A. The SMAC mimetic BV6 induces cell death and sensitizes different cell lines to TNF-α and TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:2015-2022. [PMID: 27465142 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216661779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitors of apoptosis proteins are implicated in promoting cancer cells survival and resistance toward immune surveillance and chemotherapy. Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (SMAC) mimetics are novel compounds developed to mimic the inhibitory effect of the endogenous SMAC/DIABLO on these IAPs. Here, we examined the potential effects of the novel SMAC mimetic BV6 on different human cancer cell lines. Our results indicated that BV6 was able to induce cell death in different human cancer cell lines. Mechanistically, BV6 dose dependently induced degradation of IAPs, including cIAP1 and cIAP2. This was coincided with activating the non-canonical NF -kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, as indicated by stabilizing NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) for p100 processing to p52. More interestingly, BV6 was able to sensitize some of the resistant cancer cell lines to apoptosis induced by the death ligands tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) that are produced by different cells of the immune system. Such cell death enhancement was mediated by inducing an additional cleavage of caspase-9 to augment that of caspase-8 induced by death ligands. This eventually led to more processing of the executioner caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). In conclusion, therapeutic targeting of IAPs by BV6 might be an effective approach to enhance cancer regression induced by immune system. Our data also open up the future possibility of using BV6 in combination with other antitumor therapies to overcome cancer drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Mesery
- 1 Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Shaker
- 2 Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Abdelaziz Elgaml
- 3 Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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82
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Jiang Y, Meng Q, Chen B, Shen H, Yan B, Sun B. The small-molecule IAP antagonist AT406 inhibits pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:293-299. [PMID: 27387230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we tested the anti-pancreatic cancer activity by AT406, a small-molecule antagonist of IAP (inhibitor of apoptosis proteins). In established (Panc-1 and Mia-PaCa-2 lines) and primary human pancreatic cancer cells, treatment of AT406 significantly inhibited cell survival and proliferation. Yet, same AT406 treatment was non-cytotoxic to pancreatic epithelial HPDE6c7 cells. AT406 increased caspase-3/-9 activity and provoked apoptosis in the pancreatic cancer cells. Reversely, AT406' cytotoxicity in these cells was largely attenuated with pre-treatment of caspase inhibitors. AT406 treatment caused degradation of IAP family proteins (cIAP1 and XIAP) and release of cytochrome C, leaving Bcl-2 unaffected in pancreatic cancer cells. Bcl-2 inhibition (by ABT-737) or shRNA knockdown dramatically sensitized Panc-1 cells to AT406. In vivo, oral administration of AT406 at well-tolerated doses downregulated IAPs (cIAP1/XIAP) and inhibited Panc-1 xenograft tumor growth in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) nude mice. Together, our preclinical results suggest that AT406 could be further evaluated as a promising anti-pancreatic cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qinghua Meng
- Department of General Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University in Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyu Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Baoyou Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No.9677 Jing-Shi Road, Jinan 250014, China.
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83
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Prognostic significance of Livin expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma after radiotherapy. Cancer Radiother 2016; 20:384-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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84
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Nho KJ, Chun JM, Kim HK. Induction of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by timosaponin A-III. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 45:295-301. [PMID: 27344126 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Timosaponin A-III (TSA-III), a saponin isolated from the rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides, exhibits potent cytotoxicity and has the potential to be developed as an anticancer agent. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the anticancer activity of TSA-III has not been fully elucidated. In this study, the apoptotic effects of TSA-III were investigated in HepG2 cells. Treatment with TSA-III significantly inhibited cell growth in a concentration- and time-dependent manner by inducing apoptosis in HepG2 cells. This induction was associated with increased fluorescence intensity of Annexin V-FITC, activation of caspases, and altered expression of inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family members. In addition, TSA-III mediated mitochondrial dysfunction with the release of HtrA2/Omi, Smac/Diablo, and cytochrome c. These findings suggest that TSA-III induces mitochondria-mediated and caspase-dependent apoptosis in HepG2 cells by altering expression of the IAP family. Thus, TSA-III could possibly be used to treat other types of cancer with similar pathologic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Jin Nho
- K-Herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Mi Chun
- K-Herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Kyoung Kim
- Mibyeong Research Center, KIOM, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, Republic of Korea.
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85
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Phang CW, Karsani SA, Sethi G, Abd Malek SN. Flavokawain C Inhibits Cell Cycle and Promotes Apoptosis, Associated with Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Regulation of MAPKs and Akt Signaling Pathways in HCT 116 Human Colon Carcinoma Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148775. [PMID: 26859847 PMCID: PMC4747580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavokawain C (FKC) is a naturally occurring chalcone which can be found in Kava (Piper methysticum Forst) root. The present study evaluated the effect of FKC on the growth of various human cancer cell lines and the underlying associated mechanisms. FKC showed higher cytotoxic activity against HCT 116 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner in comparison to other cell lines (MCF-7, HT-29, A549 and CaSki), with minimal toxicity on normal human colon cells. The apoptosis-inducing capability of FKC on HCT 116 cells was evidenced by cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation and increased phosphatidylserine externalization. FKC was found to disrupt mitochondrial membrane potential, resulting in the release of Smac/DIABLO, AIF and cytochrome c into the cytoplasm. Our results also revealed that FKC induced intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis via upregulation of the levels of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bak) and death receptors (DR5), while downregulation of the levels of anti-apoptotic proteins (XIAP, cIAP-1, c-FlipL, Bcl-xL and survivin), resulting in the activation of caspase-3, -8 and -9 and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). FKC was also found to cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, as suggested by the elevation of GADD153 protein after FKC treatment. After the cells were exposed to FKC (60μM) over 18hrs, there was a substantial increase in the phosphorylation of ERK 1/2. The expression of phosphorylated Akt was also reduced. FKC also caused cell cycle arrest in the S phase in HCT 116 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner and with accumulation of cells in the sub-G1 phase. This was accompanied by the downregulation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK2 and CDK4), consistent with the upregulation of CDK inhibitors (p21Cip1 and p27Kip1), and hypophosphorylation of Rb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Weng Phang
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saiful Anuar Karsani
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sri Nurestri Abd Malek
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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86
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Sobhy H. A Review of Functional Motifs Utilized by Viruses. Proteomes 2016; 4:proteomes4010003. [PMID: 28248213 PMCID: PMC5217368 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes4010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Short linear motifs (SLiM) are short peptides that facilitate protein function and protein-protein interactions. Viruses utilize these motifs to enter into the host, interact with cellular proteins, or egress from host cells. Studying functional motifs may help to predict protein characteristics, interactions, or the putative cellular role of a protein. In virology, it may reveal aspects of the virus tropism and help find antiviral therapeutics. This review highlights the recent understanding of functional motifs utilized by viruses. Special attention was paid to the function of proteins harboring these motifs, and viruses encoding these proteins. The review highlights motifs involved in (i) immune response and post-translational modifications (e.g., ubiquitylation, SUMOylation or ISGylation); (ii) virus-host cell interactions, including virus attachment, entry, fusion, egress and nuclear trafficking; (iii) virulence and antiviral activities; (iv) virion structure; and (v) low-complexity regions (LCRs) or motifs enriched with residues (Xaa-rich motifs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Sobhy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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87
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Chen W, Zeng W, Li X, Xiong W, Zhang M, Huang Y, Zhou L, Jiang S. MicroRNA-509-3p increases the sensitivity of epithelial ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 17:187-97. [PMID: 26786897 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS XIAP is upregulated in chemoresistant epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). However, the molecular mechanism of this dysregulation remains unclear. MATERIALS & METHODS The regulation of XIAP by miR-509-3p was investigated by luciferase reporter assay, real-time PCR and immunobloting, and the roles of miR-509-3p in cellular proliferation and apoptosis were accessed through MTT and DAPI assays. RESULTS miR-509-3p, a downregulated miRNA in chemoresistant EOC, can directly target the XIAP via its 3'UTR. Overexpression of miR-509-3p can not only downregulate the expression of XIAP in ovarian cancer cells but also inhibit the proliferation of EOC cells and increase their sensitivity to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that restoring certain dysregulated miRNAs to their normal levels could increase the therapeutic effects of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenshu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Mengdie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longshu Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songshan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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88
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Intrinsic and chemo-sensitizing activity of SMAC-mimetics on high-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2052. [PMID: 26775704 PMCID: PMC4816168 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
SMAC-mimetics represent a targeted therapy approach to overcome apoptosis resistance in many tumors. Here, we investigated the efficacy of the SMAC-mimetic BV6 in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). In ALL cell lines, intrinsic apoptosis sensitivity was associated with rapid cIAP degradation, NF-κB activation, TNF-α secretion and induction of an autocrine TNF-α-dependent cell death loop. This pattern of responsiveness was also observed upon ex vivo analysis of 40 primograft BCP-ALL samples. Treatment with BV6 induced cell death in the majority of ALL primografts including leukemias with high-risk and poor-prognosis features. Inhibition of cell death by the TNF receptor fusion protein etanercept demonstrated that BV6 activity is dependent on TNF-α. In a preclinical NOD/SCID/huALL model of high-risk ALL, marked anti-leukemia effectivity and significantly prolonged survival were observed upon BV6 treatment. Interestingly, also in vivo, intrinsic SMAC-mimetic activity was mediated by TNF-α. Importantly, BV6 increased the effectivity of conventional induction therapy including vincristine, dexamethasone and asparaginase leading to prolonged remission induction. These data suggest SMAC-mimetics as an important addendum to efficient therapy of pediatric BCP-ALL.
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89
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Westhoff MA, Marschall N, Debatin KM. Novel Approaches to Apoptosis-Inducing Therapies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 930:173-204. [PMID: 27558822 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39406-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Induction of apoptotic programmed cell death is one of the underlying principles of most current cancer therapies. In this review, we discuss the limitations and drawbacks of this approach and identify three distinct, but overlapping strategies to avoid these difficulties and further enhance the efficacy of apoptosis-inducing therapies. We postulate that the application of multi-targeted small molecule inhibitor cocktails will reduce the risk of the cancer cell populations developing resistance towards therapy. Following from these considerations regarding population genetics and ecology, we advocate the reconsideration of therapeutic end points to maximise the benefits, in terms of quantity and quality of life, for the patients. Finally, combining both previous points, we also suggest an altered focus on the cellular and molecular targets of therapy, i.e. targeting the (cancer cells') interaction with the tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike-Andrew Westhoff
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Eythstrasse 24, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nicolas Marschall
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Eythstrasse 24, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Klaus-Michael Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Eythstrasse 24, 89075, Ulm, Germany.
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90
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Lee J, Banu SK, McCracken JA, Arosh JA. Early pregnancy modulates survival and apoptosis pathways in the corpus luteum in sheep. Reproduction 2015; 151:187-202. [PMID: 26585285 DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The corpus luteum (CL) is a transient endocrine gland. Functional and structural demise of the CL allows a new estrous cycle. On the other hand, survival of CL and its secretion of progesterone are required for the establishment of pregnancy. Survival or apoptosis of the luteal cells is precisely controlled by interactions between survival and apoptosis pathways. Regulation of these cell signaling components during natural luteolysis and establishment of pregnancy is largely unknown in ruminants. The objective of the present study was to determine the regulation of survival and apoptosis signaling protein machinery in the CL on days 12, 14, and 16 of the estrous cycle and pregnancy in sheep. Results indicate that: i) expressions of p-ERK1/2, p-AKT, β-catenin, NFκB -p65, -p50, -p52, p-Src, p-β -arrestin, p-GSK3β, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), and p-CREB proteins are suppressed during natural luteolysis; in contrast, their expressions are sustained or increased during establishment of pregnancy; ii) expressions of cleaved caspase-3, apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), c-Fos, c-Jun, and EGR-1 proteins are increased during natural luteolysis; in contrast, their expressions are decreased during establishment of pregnancy; and iii) expressions of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Bad, and Bax proteins are not modulated during natural luteolysis while expressions of Bcl2 and Bcl-XL proteins are increased during establishment of pregnancy in sheep. These proteomic changes are evident in both large and small luteal cells. These results together indicate that regression of the CL during natural luteolysis or survival of the CL during establishment of pregnancy is precisely controlled by distinct programmed suppression or activation of intraluteal cell survival and apoptosis pathways in sheep/ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John A McCracken
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Cell Signaling LaboratoryDepartment of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Mail Stop: TAMU 4458, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USADepartment of Animal ScienceUniversity of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
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91
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Ravi M, Tentu S, Baskar G, Rohan Prasad S, Raghavan S, Jayaprakash P, Jeyakanthan J, Rayala SK, Venkatraman G. Molecular mechanism of anti-cancer activity of phycocyanin in triple-negative breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:768. [PMID: 26499490 PMCID: PMC4619068 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1784-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triple-negative breast cancers represent an important clinical challenge, as these cancers do not respond to conventional endocrine therapies or other available targeted agents. Phycocyanin (PC), a natural, water soluble and non-toxic molecule is shown to have potent anti-cancer property. Methods In this study, we determined the efficacy of PC as an anti-neoplastic agent in vitro on a series of breast cancer cell lines. We studied effects of PC in inducing DNA damage and apoptosis through western blot and qPCR. Also, anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic properties were studied by classic wound healing and vasculogenic mimicry assays. Results We found that triple negative MDA-MB-231 cells were most sensitive to PC (IC50 : 5.98 ± 0.95 μM) as compared to other cells. They also showed decreased cell proliferation and reduced colony formation ability upon treatment with PC. Profile of Cell cycle analysis showed that PC caused G1 arrest which could be attributed to decreased mRNA levels of Cyclin E and CDK-2 and increased p21 levels. Mechanistic studies revealed that PC induced apoptosis as evident by increase in percentage of annexin positive cells, increase in γ-H2AX levels, and by changing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio followed by release of cytochrome C and increased Caspase 9 levels. MDA MB 231 cells treated with PC resulted in decreased cell migration and increased cell adhesive property and also showed anti-angiogenic effects. We also observed that PC suppressed cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and prostaglandin E(2) production. All these biological effects of phycocyanin on MDA MB 231 cells could be attributed to decreased MAPK signaling pathway. We also observed that PC is non-toxic to non-malignant cells, platelets and RBC’s. Conclusion Taken together, these findings demonstrate, for the first time, that PC may be a promising anti-neoplastic agent for treatment of triple negative breast cancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1784-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathangi Ravi
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, 600116, India.
| | - Shilpa Tentu
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), Chennai, 600036, India.
| | - Ganga Baskar
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, 600116, India.
| | - Surabhi Rohan Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), Chennai, 600036, India.
| | - Swetha Raghavan
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), Chennai, 600036, India.
| | | | | | - Suresh K Rayala
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), Chennai, 600036, India.
| | - Ganesh Venkatraman
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, 600116, India.
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Abstract
PURPOSE A distinct subset of genes, so-called "late fiber genes," is expressed in cells bordering the central, organelle-free zone (OFZ) of the lens. The purpose of this study was to identify additional members of this group. METHODS Fiber cells were harvested from various layers of the lens by laser micro-dissection and subjected to microarray, in situ hybridization, and Western blot analysis. RESULTS Expression of Livin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family encoded by Birc7, was strongly upregulated in deep cortical fiber cells. The depth-dependent distribution of Livin mRNA was confirmed by quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization. The onset of Livin expression coincided with loss of organelles from primary fiber cells. Livin expression peaked at 1 month but was sustained even in aged lenses. Antibodies raised against mouse Livin labeled multiple bands on immunoblots, reflecting progressive proteolysis of the parent molecule during differentiation. Mice harboring a floxed Birc7 allele were generated and used to conditionally delete Birc7 in lens. Lenses from knockout mice grew normally and retained their transparency, suggesting that Livin does not have an indispensable role in fiber cell differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Birc7 is a late fiber gene of the mouse lens. In tumor cells, Livin acts as an antiapoptotic protein, but its function in the lens is enigmatic. Livin is a RING domain protein with putative E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Its expression in cells bordering the OFZ is consistent with a role in organelle degradation, a process in which the ubiquitin proteasome pathway has been implicated previously.
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93
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Lucchesi C, Sheikh MS, Huang Y. Negative regulation of RNA-binding protein HuR by tumor-suppressor ECRG2. Oncogene 2015; 35:2565-73. [PMID: 26434587 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer-related gene 2 (ECRG2) is a newer tumor suppressor whose function in the regulation of cell growth and apoptosis remains to be elucidated. Here we show that ECRG2 expression was upregulated in response to DNA damage, and increased ECRG2 expression induced growth suppression in cancer cells but not in non-cancerous epithelial cells. ECRG2-mediated growth suppression was associated with activation of caspases and marked reduction in the levels of apoptosis inhibitor, X chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). ECRG2, via RNA-binding protein human antigen R (HuR), regulated XIAP mRNA stability and expression. Furthermore, ECRG2 increased HuR ubiquitination and degradation but was unable to modulate the non-ubiquitinable mutant form of HuR. We also identified missense and frame-shift ECRG2 mutations in various human malignancies and noted that, unlike wild-type ECRG2, one cancer-derived ECRG2 mutant harboring glutamic acid instead of valine at position 30 (V30E) failed to induce cell death and activation of caspases. This naturally occurring V30E mutant also did not suppress XIAP and HuR. Importantly, the V30E mutant overexpressing cancer cells acquired resistance against multiple anticancer drugs, thus suggesting that ECRG2 mutations appear to have an important role in the acquisition of anticancer drug resistance in a subset of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lucchesi
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - M S Sheikh
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Y Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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94
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Intimacy and a deadly feud: the interplay of autophagy and apoptosis mediated by amino acids. Amino Acids 2015; 47:2089-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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95
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Nitulescu GM, Draghici C, Olaru OT, Matei L, Ioana A, Dragu LD, Bleotu C. Synthesis and apoptotic activity of new pyrazole derivatives in cancer cell lines. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5799-808. [PMID: 26193760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We designed and synthesized new pyrazole thiourea chimeric derivatives and confirmed their structures by NMR and IR spectra. Apoptotic effects were studied in human cancer cells. The N-[(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)carbonyl]-N'-(3-bromophenyl)-thiourea compound (4b) exhibited the highest apoptosis-inducing effect. Compound 4b and the thiazole derivatives, 5b and 6b, increased the expression of tumor necrosis factor receptors TRAIL-R2 and TRAIL-R1, accompanied by down-modulation of pro-caspase 3 levels, and the augmentation of cleaved caspase 3. They also reduced the levels of apoptosis inhibitory proteins and the expression of the heat-shock proteins Hsp27 and Hsp70. All the tested pyrazole derivatives induced a concentration-dependent increase of cells in G2/M phases. The analysis of the experimental data indicates the reduction of Akt phosphorylation as the most probable cellular mechanism of action for the tested compounds. The in vitro study indicated that compound 4b could be a promising anti-cancer drug, to be further developed in animal models of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Mihai Nitulescu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, Bucharest 020956, Romania.
| | - Constantin Draghici
- C.D. Nenitzescu Institute of Organic Chemistry, 202B Spl. Independentei, Bucharest 060023, Romania
| | - Octavian Tudorel Olaru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, Bucharest 020956, Romania
| | - Lilia Matei
- Stefan S Nicolau Institute of Virology, 285 Mihai Bravu Avenue, Bucharest 030304, Romania
| | - Aldea Ioana
- Stefan S Nicolau Institute of Virology, 285 Mihai Bravu Avenue, Bucharest 030304, Romania
| | - Laura Denisa Dragu
- Stefan S Nicolau Institute of Virology, 285 Mihai Bravu Avenue, Bucharest 030304, Romania
| | - Coralia Bleotu
- Stefan S Nicolau Institute of Virology, 285 Mihai Bravu Avenue, Bucharest 030304, Romania
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Chang LC, Yu YL, Liu CY, Cheng YY, Chou RH, Hsieh MT, Lin HY, Hung HY, Huang LJ, Wu YC, Kuo SC. The newly synthesized 2-arylnaphthyridin-4-one, CSC-3436, induces apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by inhibiting tubulin dynamics and activating CDK1. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015; 75:1303-15. [PMID: 25947085 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-015-2765-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the anticancer therapeutic potential of a new synthetic compound, 2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-5-methylnaphthyridin-4-one (CSC-3436), on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. METHODS Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Cell cycle distribution was assessed by propidium iodide staining and subjected to flow cytometry analysis. Protein expression was detected by western blot analysis. Pharmacological inhibitors and shRNAs were applied to examine the possible pathways involved CSC-3436-inhibited viability of NSCLC cells. RESULTS CSC-3436 decreased NSCLC cell viability by inducing apoptosis. In vivo and in vitro tubulin polymerization assays revealed that CSC-3463 caused tubulin depolymerization by directly binding to the colchicine-binding site. Furthermore, CSC-3436 caused the mitotic arrest with a marked activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and increased the expression of phospho-Ser/Thr-Pro mitotic protein monoclonal 2. The CDK1 inhibitor, roscovitine, reversed the CSC-3436-induced upregulation of CDK1 activity as well as the mitotic arrest. DNA damage response kinases, including ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ATM and Rad3-related, DNA-dependent protein kinase, checkpoint kinase 1, and checkpoint kinase 2, were phosphorylated and activated by CSC-3436. c-Jun N-terminal kinase was activated by CSC-3436 and involved in the regulation of mitotic arrest and apoptosis. CSC-3436-induced apoptosis was accompanied by the activation of pro-apoptotic factors FADD, TRADD, and RIP and the inactivation of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, resulting in the cleavage and subsequent activation of caspases. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal the cellular events in which CSC-3436 induces tumor cell death and demonstrate that CSC-3436 is a potential tubulin-disrupting agent for antitumor therapy against NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Chu Chang
- Chinese Medicinal Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Road, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, ROC,
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Zimmermann M, Kugler SJ, Schulz A, Nagel AC. Loss of putzig Activity Results in Apoptosis during Wing Imaginal Development in Drosophila. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124652. [PMID: 25894556 PMCID: PMC4403878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila gene putzig (pzg) encodes a nuclear protein that is an integral component of the Trf2/Dref complex involved in the transcription of proliferation-related genes. Moreover, Pzg is found in a complex together with the nucleosome remodeling factor NURF, where it promotes Notch target gene activation. Here we show that downregulation of pzg activity in the developing wing imaginal discs induces an apoptotic response, accompanied by the induction of the pro-apoptotic gene reaper, repression of Drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis protein accumulation and the activation of the caspases Drice, Caspase3 and Dcp1. As a further consequence ‘Apoptosis induced Proliferation’ (AiP) and ‘Apoptosis induced Apoptosis’ (AiA) are triggered. As expected, the activity of the stress kinase Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), proposed to mediate both processes, is ectopically induced in response to pzg loss. In addition, the expression of the mitogen wingless (wg) but not of decapentaplegic (dpp) is observed. We present evidence that downregulation of Notch activates Dcp1 caspase and JNK signaling, however, neither induces ectopic wg nor dpp expression. In contrast, the consequences of Dref-RNAi were largely indistinguishable from pzg-RNAi with regard to apoptosis induction. Moreover, overexpression of Dref ameliorated the downregulation of pzg compatible with the notion that the two are required together to maintain cell and tissue homeostasis in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Zimmermann
- Institute of Genetics, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabrina J. Kugler
- Institute of Genetics, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Adriana Schulz
- Institute of Genetics, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anja C. Nagel
- Institute of Genetics, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
- * E-mail:
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98
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Cell death in development: Signaling pathways and core mechanisms. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 39:12-9. [PMID: 25668151 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death eliminates unneeded and dangerous cells in a timely and effective manner during development. In this review, we examine the role cell death plays during development in worms, flies and mammals. We discuss signaling pathways that regulate developmental cell death, and describe how they communicate with the core cell death pathways. In most organisms, the majority of developmental cell death is seen in the nervous system. Therefore we focus on what is known about the regulation of developmental cell death in this tissue. Understanding how the cell death is regulated during development may provide insight into how this process can be manipulated in the treatment of disease.
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Qu Y, Xia P, Zhang S, Pan S, Zhao J. Silencing XIAP suppresses osteosarcoma cell growth, and enhances the sensitivity of osteosarcoma cells to doxorubicin and cisplatin. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:1177-84. [PMID: 25572427 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) is an important member of the inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) family. It has been shown that XIAP promotes the invasion, metastasis, growth and survival of malignant cells, and confers resistance to some chemotherapeutic drugs in various types of cancer. However, little is known regarding its detailed role in osteosarcoma (OS). In the present study, we first investigated the expression of XIAP in OS tissues, and an increased expression of XIAP in OS tissues compared to adjacent non-tumor tissue was identified. Additionally, its expression level correlated with key pathological characteristics including clinical stage, tumor size and metastasis. Subsequently, small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to block XIAP expression to evaluate the effect of XIAP siRNA on cell proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle, apoptosis, tumorigenicity, and the combined effects of doxorubicin or cisplatin in OS cell lines (MG63 cells). Downregulation of XIAP expression using the RNA silencing approach efficiently decreased cell proliferation and colony formation, and induced cell apoptosis and cell cycle in the G0/G1 stage. In addition, this downregulation inhibited tumor growth in a nude murine model. The resuls also showed that treatment with XIAP-shRNA in combination with doxorubicin or cisplatin enhanced chemosensitivity. These results suggested that XIAP may aid the diagnosis of OS and may be an effective strategy for gene therapy of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Nanguan, Changchun, Jilin 130042, P.R. China
| | - Peng Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Nanguan, Changchun, Jilin 130042, P.R. China
| | - Shanyong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Nanguan, Changchun, Jilin 130042, P.R. China
| | - Su Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Nanguan, Changchun, Jilin 130042, P.R. China
| | - Jianwu Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Nanguan, Changchun, Jilin 130042, P.R. China
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Hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibits thapsigargin-induced apoptosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113499. [PMID: 25409163 PMCID: PMC4237446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously reported that the hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) down-regulates TLR4 signaling and lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes. There have been several reports regarding the association between HCV infection and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Here, we examined the regulation of HCV NS5A on the apoptosis of hepatocytes induced by thapsigargin, an inducer of ER stress. Methods The apoptotic response to thapsigargin and the expression of molecules involved in human hepatocyte apoptotic pathways were examined in the presence or absence of HCV NS5A expression. Results HCV JFH1 infection induced ER stress in the Huh7 cell line. HCV NS5A protected HepG2 cells against thapsigargin-induced apoptosis, the effect of which was linked to the enhanced expression of the 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein/immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein (GRP78). Consistent with a conferred pro-survival advantage, HCV NS5A reduced poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase cleavage and activation of caspases-3, -7 and -9, and Bax expression, while increasing the expressions of the anti-apoptotic molecules XIAP and c-FLIP. HCV NS5A weakly interacts with GRP78 and enhances GRP78 expression in hepatocytes. Conclusion HCV NS5A enhances GRP78 expression, resulting in the inhibition of apoptotic properties, and inhibits thapsigargin-induced apoptotic pathways in human hepatocytes, suggesting that disruption of ER stress-mediated apoptosis may have a role in the pathogenesis of HCV infection. Thus, HCV NS5A might engender the survival of HCV-infected hepatocytes contributing to the establishment of persistent infection.
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