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Shen J, Guo H, Liu S, Jin W, Zhang ZW, Zhang Y, Liu K, Mao S, Zhou Z, Xie L, Wang G, Hao H, Liang Y. Aberrant branched-chain amino acid accumulation along the microbiota-gut-brain axis: Crucial targets affecting the occurrence and treatment of ischaemic stroke. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:347-368. [PMID: 36181407 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although increasing evidence illustrated that the bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut is closely related to the occurrence of various complex diseases. Limited effort has been made to explore the influence of intestinal flora on the risk of ischaemic stroke. The present study aims to identify microbiota and specialized microbiota metabolites related to the occurrence and treatment of ischaemic stroke. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The role of microbiota in the occurrence and the treatment of ischaemic stroke was evaluated on ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R), pseudo-germ-free and faecal transplantation animals. The target microbiota and specialized metabolites were identified by comparing their distribution in flora and metabolomic profiles in ischaemic stroke patients and animals with compared with healthy controls. The effects and mechanisms involved of the targeted metabolites in ischaemic stroke were explored in ischaemia/reperfusion rats, hypoxia/reoxygenation PC12 cells and LPS-induced inflammatory BV2 cells. KEY RESULTS Both ischaemic stroke patients and I/R rats had significant accumulation of branched-chain amino acids, which were closely associated with gut microflora dysbiosis and the development of ischaemic stroke. Lactobacillus helveticus (L.hel) and Lactobacillus brevis (L.bre) are identified as the microbiota most affected by ischaemia/reperfusion modelling and treatment. L.hel and L.bre colonization exhibited significant neuroprotective activity and could greatly alleviate the accumulation of branched-chain amino acids. In addition, branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) accumulation was shown to exacerbate microglia-induced neuroinflammation by activating AKT/STAT3/NF-κB signalling. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings demonstrated the crucial role of intestinal flora and microbiota metabolites in the occurrence and treatment of ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Shen
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shijia Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhang
- College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Keanqi Liu
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuying Mao
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihao Zhou
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Exploring the mechanism of active components from ginseng to manage diabetes mellitus based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. Sci Rep 2023; 13:793. [PMID: 36646777 PMCID: PMC9842641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27540-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of literature has shown that ginseng had a role in diabetes mellitus management. Ginsenosides are the main active components of ginseng. But what ginsenosides can manage in diabetic are not systematic. The targets of these ginsenosides are still incomplete. Our aim was to identify which ginsenosides can manage diabetes mellitus through network pharmacology and molecular docking. To identify the targets of these ginsenosides. In this work, we retrieved and screened ginsenosides and corresponding diabetes mellitus targets across multiple databases. PPI networks of the genes were constructed using STRING, and the core targets were screened out through topological analysis. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses were performed by using the R language. Finally, molecular docking was performed after bioinformatics analysis for verification. Our research results showed that 28 ginsenosides in ginseng might be against diabetes mellitus by modulating related proteins such as VEGFA, Caspase 3, and TNF-α. Among the 28 ginsenosides, 20(R)-Protopanaxatriol, 20(R)-Protopanaxadiol, and Ginsenoside Rg1 might play a significant role. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that the management of diabetes mellitus by ginsenosides may be related to the positive regulation of reactive oxygen metabolic processes, associated with the insulin signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, and AMPK signaling pathway. Molecular docking results and molecular dynamics simulation showed that most ginsenosides could stably bind to the core target, mainly hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic bond. This study suggests the management of ginseng on diabetes mellitus. We believe that our results can contribute to the systematic study of the mechanism of ginsenosides for the management of diabetes mellitus. At the same time, it can provide a theoretical basis for subsequent studies on the management of ginsenosides in diabetes mellitus.
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Zhu H, Zhang R, Huang Z, Zhou J. Progress in the Conversion of Ginsenoside Rb1 into Minor Ginsenosides Using β-Glucosidases. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020397. [PMID: 36673490 PMCID: PMC9858181 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, minor ginsenosides have received increasing attention due to their outstanding biological activities, yet they are of extremely low content in wild ginseng. Ginsenoside Rb1, which accounts for 20% of the total ginsenosides, is commonly used as a precursor to produce minor ginsenosides via β-glucosidases. To date, many research groups have used different approaches to obtain β-glucosidases that can hydrolyze ginsenoside Rb1. This paper provides a compilation and analysis of relevant literature published mainly in the last decade, focusing on enzymatic hydrolysis pathways, enzymatic characteristics and molecular mechanisms of ginsenoside Rb1 hydrolysis by β-glucosidases. Based on this, it can be concluded that: (1) The β-glucosidases that convert ginsenoside Rb1 are mainly derived from bacteria and fungi and are classified as glycoside hydrolase (GH) families 1 and 3, which hydrolyze ginsenoside Rb1 mainly through the six pathways. (2) Almost all of these β-glucosidases are acidic and neutral enzymes with molecular masses ranging from 44-230 kDa. Furthermore, the different enzymes vary widely in terms of their optimal temperature, degradation products and kinetics. (3) In contrast to the GH1 β-glucosidases, the GH3 β-glucosidases that convert Rb1 show close sequence-function relationships. Mutations affecting the substrate binding site might alter the catalytic efficiency of enzymes and yield different prosapogenins. Further studies should focus on elucidating molecular mechanisms and improving overall performances of β-glucosidases for better application in food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrong Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education, Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education, Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zunxi Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education, Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Junpei Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Education, Department for Plateau Characteristic Food Enzymes, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-871-6592-0830; Fax: +86-871-6592-0952
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Hou M, Nie F, Zhao J, Ju Z, Yang L, Wang Q, Zhao S, Wang Z. New Glycosyltransferases in Panax notoginseng Perfect Main Ginsenosides Biosynthetic Pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:963-973. [PMID: 36548634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides, the main bioactive ingredients of the Panax genus, are dammarane or oleanane triterpenoids with glycosylated modifications at C3/C6/C20 hydroxyls or C28 carboxyl, and their diverse glycosylation pattern has attracted great attention. However, the biosynthesis of some important saponins is still unclear. In this study, six UGTs were characterized, two of which were novel. PnUGT71A3 catalyzes not only the C6 hydroxyl glycosylation of protopanaxatriol (PPT) and F1 to form Rh1 and Rg1, respectively, but also the C20 hydroxyl glycosylation of protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type Rg3 to generate Rd. Especially, PnUGT94M1 is UDP-β-l-rhamnose (UDP-Rha)-dependent, regioselectively catalyzing the C2' hydroxyl rhamnosylation of C6 glucose of the PPT-type ginsenosides Rg1 and Rh1 to generate ginsenosides Re and Rg2, respectively. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that His21, Asp120, Ser363, and Pro372 are key residues, and the triple mutant (G344S/G345S/L346T) highly improved the activity toward Rg1 and Rh1. The findings in this study, perfect main ginsenosides biosynthetic pathways in the Panax genus, expand the biocatalyst toolbox for ginsenoside production and show that the PSPG motif is one of the options to modify UGTs to improve their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoqi Hou
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Feng Nie
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianing Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengcai Ju
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qingzhong Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Wang X, Xu G, Liu H, Chen Z, Huang S, Yuan J, Xie C, Du L. Inhibiting apoptosis of Schwann cell under the high-glucose condition: A promising approach to treat diabetic peripheral neuropathy using Chinese herbal medicine. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:114059. [PMID: 36462309 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of diabetes. Glycemic control and lifestyle alterations cannot prevent the development of DPN; therefore, investigating effective treatments for DPN is crucial. Schwann cells (SCs) maintain the physiological function of peripheral nerves and promote the repair and regeneration of injured nerves. Inhibiting the apoptosis of SCs through various pathological pathways in a high-glucose environment plays an important role in developing DPN. Therefore, inhibiting the apoptosis of SCs can be a novel treatment strategy for DPN. Previous studies have indicated the potential of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) in treating DPN. In this study, we have reviewed the effects of CHM (both monomers and extracts) on the apoptosis of SCs by interfering with the production of advanced glycation end products, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathological pathways. This review will demonstrate the potentialities of CHM in inhibiting apoptosis in SCs, providing new insights and perspectives for treating DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueru Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu610072, Sichuan, China; TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
| | - Gang Xu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu610072, Sichuan, China; TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hanyu Liu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu610072, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhengtao Chen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu610072, Sichuan, China.
| | - Susu Huang
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jiushu Yuan
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu610072, Sichuan, China.
| | - Chunguang Xie
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu610072, Sichuan, China; TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lian Du
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China.
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Li TY, Ye C, Zhang YJ, Zhang JX, Yang M, He XH, Mei XY, Liu YX, Zhu YY, Huang HC, Zhu SS. 2,3-Butanediol from the leachates of pine needles induces the resistance of Panax notoginseng to the leaf pathogen Alternaria panax. PLANT DIVERSITY 2023; 45:104-116. [PMID: 36876306 PMCID: PMC9975478 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Compared with the use of monocultures in the field, cultivation of medicinal herbs in forests is an effective strategy to alleviate disease. Chemical interactions between herbs and trees play an important role in disease suppression in forests. We evaluated the ability of leachates from needles of Pinus armandii to induce resistance in Panax notoginseng leaves, identified the components via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and then deciphered the mechanism of 2,3-Butanediol as the main component in the leachates responsible for resistance induction via RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Prespraying leachates and 2,3-Butanediol onto leaves could induce the resistance of P. notoginseng to Alternaria panax. The RNA-seq results showed that prespraying 2,3-Butanediol onto leaves with or without A. panax infection upregulated the expression of large number of genes, many of which are involved in transcription factor activity and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Specifically, 2,3-Butanediol spraying resulted in jasmonic acid (JA) -mediated induced systemic resistance (ISR) by activating MYC2 and ERF1. Moreover, 2,3-Butanediol induced systemic acquired resistance (SAR) by upregulating pattern-triggered immunity (PTI)- and effector-triggered immunity (ETI)-related genes and activated camalexin biosynthesis through activation of WRKY33. Overall, 2,3-Butanediol from the leachates of pine needles could activate the resistance of P. notoginseng to leaf disease infection through ISR, SAR and camalexin biosynthesis. Thus, 2,3-Butanediol is worth developing as a chemical inducer for agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yao Li
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Chen Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yi-Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jun-Xing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xia-Hong He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Xin-Yue Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yi-Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - You-Yong Zhu
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Hui-Chuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Management of Education Ministry of China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
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Shin MB, Kim SA, Lee S, Shim WS, Lee KT, Lee SK, Yim SV, Kim BH. Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Ginsenosides between Fermented and Non-Fermented Red Ginseng in Healthy Volunteers. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122807. [PMID: 36559300 PMCID: PMC9784495 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermentation of red ginseng (RG) produces fermented red ginseng (FRG), thereby increasing the relative amount of downstream ginsenosides, including compound Y (CY), F2, Rh2, compound K (CK), compound O, protopanaxadiol (PPD), and protopanaxatriol (PPT). These downstream ginsenosides have beneficial pharmacological effects, and are easily absorbed by the human body. Based on these expectations, a randomized, single-dose, two-period, crossover clinical trial was planned to compare the pharmacokinetic characteristics of seven types (Rb1, CY, F2, CK, Rh2, PPD, and PPT) of ginsenoside components after FRG and RG administration. The safety and tolerability profiles were assessed in this clinical trial. Sixteen healthy Korean male subjects were administered 6 g of FRG or RG. All ginsenosides except Rb1 showed higher systemic exposure after FRG administration than after RG administration, based on comparisons of ginsenoside Cmax and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) between FRG and RG. CK, the main ginsenoside component produced during the fermentation process, had 69.23/74.53-fold higher Cmax/AUClast after administration of FRG than RG, and Rh2 had 20.27/18.47-fold higher Cmax/AUClast after administration of FRG than RG. In addition, CY and F2 were detected in FRG; however, all plasma concentrations of CY and F2, except in one subject, were below the lower limit of quantification in RG. There were no clinically significant findings with respect to clinical laboratory tests, blood pressures, or adverse events. Therefore, regular administration of FRG may exert better pharmacological effects than RG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong-Bae Shin
- Department of Regulatory Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ah Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyoung Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Wang-Seob Shim
- Kyung Hee Drug Analysis Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Kyung Hee Drug Analysis Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kwon Lee
- Ginseng Biotech Research Team, ILHWA Co., Ltd., Guri-si 11933, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Vin Yim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hyung Kim
- Department of Regulatory Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- East-West Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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Li J, Huang T, Lu J, Xu X, Zhang W. Metabonomic profiling of clubroot-susceptible and clubroot-resistant radish and the assessment of disease-resistant metabolites. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1037633. [PMID: 36570889 PMCID: PMC9772615 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1037633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae causes a serious threat to cruciferous plants including radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Knowledge on the pathogenic regularity and molecular mechanism of P. brassicae and radish is limited, especially on the metabolism level. In the present study, clubroot-susceptible and clubroot-resistant cultivars were inoculated with P. brassicae Race 4, root hairs initial infection of resting spores (107 CFU/mL) at 24 h post-inoculation and root galls symptom arising at cortex splitting stage were identified on both cultivars. Root samples of cortex splitting stage of two cultivars were collected and used for untargeted metabonomic analysis. We demonstrated changes in metabolite regulation and pathways during the cortex splitting stage of diseased roots between clubroot-susceptible and clubroot-resistant cultivars using untargeted metabonomic analysis. We identified a larger number of differentially regulated metabolites and heavier metabolite profile changes in the susceptible cultivar than in the resistant counterpart. The metabolites that were differentially regulated in both cultivars were mostly lipids and lipid-like molecules. Significantly regulated metabolites and pathways according to the P value and variable important in projection score were identified. Moreover, four compounds, including ethyl α-D-thioglucopyranoside, imipenem, ginsenoside Rg1, and 6-gingerol, were selected, and their anti-P. brassicae ability and effects on seedling growth were verified on the susceptible cultivar. Except for ethyl α-D-thioglucopyranoside, the remaining could inhibit clubroot development of varing degree. The use of 5 mg/L ginsenoside Rg1 + 5 mg/L 6-gingerol resulted in the lowest disease incidence and disease index among all treatments and enhanced seedling growth. The regulation of pathways or metabolites of carbapenem and ginsenoside was further explored. The results provide a preliminary understanding of the interaction between radish and P. brassicae at the metabolism level, as well as the development of measures for preventing clubroot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Li
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Tingmin Huang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jinbiao Lu
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiuhong Xu
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wanping Zhang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Hao YY, Cui WW, Gao HL, Wang MY, Liu Y, Li CR, Hou YL, Jia ZH. Jinlida granules ameliorate the high-fat-diet induced liver injury in mice by antagonising hepatocytes pyroptosis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:274-281. [PMID: 35138995 PMCID: PMC8843117 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2029501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Jinlida (JLD) as a traditional Chinese medicine formula has been used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and studies have shown its anti-obesity effect. OBJECTIVE To investigate the therapeutic effects of JLD in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL). MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups and fed a low-diet diet (LFD), high-fat diet (HFD), or HFD + JLD (3.8 g/kg) for 16 weeks, respectively. The free fatty acids-induced lipotoxicity in HepG2 cells were used to evaluate the anti-pyroptotic effects of JLD. The pharmacological effects of JLD on NAFL were investigated by pathological examination, intraperitoneal glucose and insulin tolerance tests, western blotting, and quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS In vivo studies showed that JLD ameliorated HFD-induced liver injury, significantly decreased body weight and enhanced insulin sensitivity and improved glucose tolerance. Furthermore, JLD suppressed both the mRNA expression of caspase-1 (1.58 vs. 2.90), IL-1β (0.93 vs. 3.44) and IL-18 (1.34 vs. 1.60) and protein expression of NLRP3 (2.04 vs. 5.71), pro-caspase-1 (2.68 vs. 4.92) and IL-1β (1.61 vs. 2.60). In vitro, JLD inhibited the formation of lipid droplets induced by 2 mM FFA (IC50 = 2.727 mM), reduced the protein expression of NLRP3 (0.74 vs. 2.27), caspase-1 (0.57 vs. 2.68), p20 (1.67 vs. 3.33), and IL-1β (1.44 vs. 2.41), and lowered the ratio of p-IKB-α/IKB-α (0.47 vs. 2.19). CONCLUSION JLD has a protective effect against NAFLD, which may be related to its anti-pyroptosis, suggesting that JLD has the potential as a novel agent in the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-yuan Hao
- College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Hebei, China
| | - Wen-wen Cui
- College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Hebei, China
- Hebei Yiling Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Hebei, China
| | - Huai-lin Gao
- College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Hebei, China
- Hebei Yiling Hospital, Hebei, China
| | - Ming-ye Wang
- College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Hebei, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Xianghe Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei, China
| | - Cui-ru Li
- College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Hebei, China
- National Key Laboratory of Luobing Research and Innovative Chinese Medicine, Hebei, China
| | - Yun-long Hou
- College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Hebei, China
- Hebei Yiling Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Hebei, China
| | - Zhen-hua Jia
- Hebei Yiling Hospital, Hebei, China
- National Key Laboratory of Luobing Research and Innovative Chinese Medicine, Hebei, China
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Su H, Tian CJ, Wang Y, Shi J, Chen X, Zhen Z, Bai Y, Deng L, Feng C, Ma Z, Liu J. Ginsenoside Rb1 reduces oxidative/carbonyl stress damage and ameliorates inflammation in the lung of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:2229-2236. [PMID: 36367996 PMCID: PMC9662009 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2140168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) is a biologically active component of ginseng [Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae)]. OBJECTIVE This study determined the underlying mechanisms of Rb1 treatment that acted on diabetes-injured lungs in diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model was used. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups (n = 10): control, Rb1 (20 mg/kg), insulin (15 U/kg to attain the euglycaemic state) and diabetic (untreated). After treatment for six weeks, oxidative stress assay; histological and ultrastructure analyses; TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-1 and IL-6 protein expression analyses; and the detection of apoptosis were performed. RESULTS There was decreased activity of SOD (3.53-fold), CAT (2.55-fold) and GSH (1.63-fold) and increased levels of NO (4.47-fold) and MDA (3.86-fold) in the diabetic group from control. Rb1 treatment increased SOD (2.4-fold), CAT (1.9-fold) and GSH (1.29-fold) and decreased the levels of NO (1.76-fold) and MDA (1.51-fold) as compared with diabetic rats. The expression of IL-6 (5.13-fold), IL-1α (2.35-fold), TNF-α (2.35-fold) and TGF-β (2.39-fold) was increased in diabetic rats from control. IL-6 (2.43-fold), IL-1α (2.27-fold), TNF-α (1.68-fold) and TGF-β (2.3-fold) were decreased in the Rb1 treatment group. Diabetes increased the apoptosis rate (2.23-fold vs. control), and Rb1 treatment decreased the apoptosis rate (1.73-fold vs. the diabetic rats). Rb1 and insulin ameliorated lung tissue injury. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that Rb1 could be useful for mitigating oxidative damage and inflammatory infiltration in the diabetic lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Su
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Cheng-Ju Tian
- College of Physical Education and Sports Rehabilitation, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Physical Education and Sports Rehabilitation, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Jiaojiao Shi
- College of Physical Education and Sports Rehabilitation, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Chen
- College of Physical Education and Sports Rehabilitation, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Zhong Zhen
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yu Bai
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lan Deng
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chunpeng Feng
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhuang Ma
- College of Physical Education and Sports Rehabilitation, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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61
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Ahn JC, Mathiyalagan R, Nahar J, Ramadhania ZM, Kong BM, Lee DW, Choi SK, Lee CS, Boopathi V, Yang DU, Kim BY, Park H, Yang DC, Kang SC. Transcriptome expression profile of compound-K-enriched red ginseng extract (DDK-401) in Korean volunteers and its apoptotic properties. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:999192. [PMID: 36532751 PMCID: PMC9751427 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.999192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng and ginsenosides have been reported to have various pharmacological effects, but their efficacies depend on intestinal absorption. Compound K (CK) is gaining prominence for its biological and pharmaceutical properties. In this study, CK-enriched fermented red ginseng extract (DDK-401) was prepared by enzymatic reactions. To examine its pharmacokinetics, a randomized, single-dose, two-sequence, crossover study was performed with eleven healthy Korean male and female volunteers. The volunteers were assigned to take a single oral dose of one of two extracts, DDK-401 or common red ginseng extract (DDK-204), during the initial period. After a 7-day washout, they received the other extract. The pharmacokinetics of DDK-401 showed that its maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) occurred at 184.8 ± 39.64 ng/mL, Tmax was at 2.4 h, and AUC0-12h was 920.3 ± 194.70 ng h/mL, which were all better than those of DDK-204. The maximum CK absorption in the female volunteers was higher than that in the male volunteers. The differentially expressed genes from the male and female groups were subjected to a KEGG pathway analysis, which showed results in the cell death pathway, such as apoptosis and necroptosis. In cytotoxicity tests, DDK-401 and DDK-204 were not particularly toxic to normal (HaCaT) cells, but at a concentration of 250 μg/mL, DDK-401 had a much higher toxicity to human lung cancer (A549) cells than DDK-204. DDK-401 also showed a stronger antioxidant capacity than DDK-204 in both the DPPH and potassium ferricyanide reducing power assays. DDK-401 reduced the reactive oxygen species production in HaCaT cells with induced oxidative stress and led to apoptosis in the A549 cells. In the mRNA sequence analysis, a signaling pathway with selected marker genes was assessed by RT-PCR. In the HaCaT cells, DDK-401 and DDK-204 did not regulate FOXO3, TLR4, MMP-9, or p38 expression; however, in the A549 cells, DDK-401 downregulated the expressions of MMP9 and TLR4 as well as upregulated the expressions of the p38 and caspase-8 genes compared to DDK-204. These results suggest that DDK-401 could act as a molecular switch for these two cellular processes in response to cell damage signaling and that it could be a potential candidate for further evaluations in health promotion studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Chan Ahn
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Ramya Mathiyalagan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Jinnatun Nahar
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Zelika Mega Ramadhania
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Byoung Man Kong
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | | | - Sung Keun Choi
- Daedong Korea Ginseng Co., Ltd., Geumsan-gun, South Korea
| | - Chang Soon Lee
- Daedong Korea Ginseng Co., Ltd., Geumsan-gun, South Korea
| | - Vinothini Boopathi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | | | - Bo Yeon Kim
- Exercise Nutrition & Biochemistry Lab, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Hyon Park
- Exercise Nutrition & Biochemistry Lab, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Se Chan Kang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea
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Ginsenosides in cancer: A focus on the regulation of cell metabolism. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113756. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Shenhuang plaster ameliorates the Inflammation of postoperative ileus through inhibiting PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113922. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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64
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Zhou P, Deng F, Yang Z, Cao C, Zhao H, Liu F, Zhong K, Fu L, Peng T, Sun D, Liu H, Li R, Yu Y. Ginsenoside Rb1 inhibits oxidative stress-induced ovarian granulosa cell injury through Akt-FoxO1 interaction. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 65:2301-2315. [PMID: 35661967 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rb1 shows a strong antioxidant effect and has potential activation effects on Akt. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of Rb1 on age-related ovarian granulosa cell injury. Ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) were obtained from 50 young women (≤30 years) and 50 aged women (≥38 years) at an IVF center. Young and aged ICR mice were administered with or without Rb1 (10 mg kg-1, i.p.) for 2 weeks. The protective effects of Rb1 were investigated and the role of Rb1 on the modulation of Akt-FoxO1 interaction was determined with immunofluorescence, Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, siRNA silencing and pharmacological inhibitor. Rb1 effectively decreased LDH and MDA, and reversed the apoptotic-related protein levels in hGL cells from old patients. Similar results were found in mice. In addition, the mitochondrial membrane potential was restored and the overaccumulation of ROS was reversed by Rb1. Rb1 preserved peroxide-impaired Akt activation, to some extent, by increasing phosphorylation at Ser473. Rb1 also facilitated p-Akt binding to FoxO1 and promoted the phosphorylation of FoxO1. SiRNA silencing of Akt, Akt inhibitor LY294002, and FoxO1 inhibitor AS1842856 attenuated the effects of Rb1. Ginsenoside Rb1 inhibits age-related GCs oxidative damage by activating Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 and by further interaction with FoxO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Feng Deng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zi Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Canhui Cao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongcui Zhao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fenting Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ke Zhong
- Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lin Fu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Tianliu Peng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Di Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Rong Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China.
- Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Li W, Wu X, Wu M, Yin J, Ding H, Wu T, Bie S, Li F, He Y, Han L, Yang W, Song X, Yu H, Li Z. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry profiling and unveiling the transformation of ginsenosides by the dual conditions of citric acid and high-pressure steaming. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9363. [PMID: 35902380 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Many methods have been reported for the production of rare ginsenosides, including heat treatment, acid hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, and microbial transformation. However, the conversion of original ginsenosides to rare ginsenosides under the dual conditions of citric acid and high-pressure steam sterilization has rarely been reported. METHODS In this study, a method involving ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was developed for analysis of chemical transformation of protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides Rg1 and Re, protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenoside Rb1 , and total ginsenosides in the dual conditions of citric acid and high-pressure steam sterilization. An internal ginsenoside database containing 126 known ginsenosides and 18 ginsenoside reference compounds was established to identify the transformation products and explore possible transformation pathways and mechanisms. RESULTS A total of 54 ginsenosides have been preliminarily identified in the transformation products of PPD-type ginsenosides Rg1 and Re, PPD-type ginsenoside Rb1 , and total ginsenosides, and the possible transformation pathways were as follows: Rg1 , Re → 20(S)-Rh12 , 20(R)-Rh12 ; Rg1 , Re → 20(S)-Rh1 , 20(R)-Rh1 → Rk3 , Rh4 , Rh5 ; Rb1 → gypenoside LXXV; Rb1 → 20(S)-Rg3 , 20(R)-Rg3 → Rk1 , Rg5 ; Re → 20(S)-Rg2 , 20(R)-Rg2 → 20(S)-Rf2 , 20(R)-Rf2 , Rg4 , F4 . CONCLUSIONS The results elucidated the possible transformation pathways and mechanisms of ginsenosides in the dual conditions of citric acid and high-pressure steam sterilization, which were helpful for revealing the mechanisms of ginsenosides and enhanced safety and quality control of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Meanwhile, a simple, efficient, and practical method was developed for the production of rare ginsenosides, which has the potential to produce diverse rare ginsenosides on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China
| | - Xinlong Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China
| | - Mengfan Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China
| | - Jiaxin Yin
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Ding
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China
| | - Tong Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China
| | - Songtao Bie
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China
| | - Fangyi Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China
| | - Yongzhi He
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China
| | - Lifeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China
| | - Wenzhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China
| | - Xinbo Song
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China
| | - Heshui Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Tianjin, China
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Liu Y, Deng Y, Wang F, Liu X, Wang J, Xiao J, Zhang C, Zhang Q. A New Mechanism for Ginsenoside Rb1 to Promote Glucose Uptake, Regulating Riboflavin Metabolism and Redox Homeostasis. Metabolites 2022; 12:1011. [PMID: 36355094 PMCID: PMC9698532 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose absorption promoters perform insulin mimic functions to enhance blood glucose transport to skeletal muscle cells and accelerate glucose consumption, thereby reducing blood glucose levels. In our screening exploration of food ingredients for improving glucose transportation and metabolism, we found that the saponins in American ginseng (Panaxquinquefolius L.) showed potential activity to promote glucose uptake, which can be used for stabilizing levels of postprandial blood glucose. The aim of this study was to identify key components of American ginseng with glucose uptake-promoting activity and to elucidate their metabolic regulatory mechanisms. Bio-guided isolation using zebrafish larvae and 2-NBDG indicator identified ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) as the most potential promotor of glucose uptake. Using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS combined with RT-qPCR and phenotypic verification, we found that riboflavin metabolism is the hinge for GRb1-mediated facilitation of glucose transport. GRb1-induced restoration of redox homeostasis was mediated by targeting riboflavin transporters (SLC52A1 and SLC52A3) and riboflavin kinase (RFK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yuchan Deng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Fengyu Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Cunli Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China
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67
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Han S, You L, Hu Y, Wei S, Liu T, Cho JY, Hu W. Ginsenoside F2 enhances glucose metabolism by modulating insulin signal transduction in human hepatocarcinoma cells. J Ginseng Res 2022; 47:420-428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
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Zhang X, Zhang L, Zhang B, Liu K, Sun J, Li Q, Zhao L. Herbal tea, a novel adjuvant therapy for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus: A review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:982387. [PMID: 36249806 PMCID: PMC9561533 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.982387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic, endocrine disease characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. Several studies have shown that herbal tea improves glucose metabolism disorders in patients with T2DM. This study summarizes the published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on herbal tea as a adjuvant therapy for treating T2DM and found that herbal teas have potential add-on effects in lowering blood glucose levels. In addition, we discussed the polyphenol contents in common herbal teas and their possible adverse effects. To better guide the application of herbal teas, we further summarized the hypoglycemic mechanisms of common herbal teas, which mainly involve: 1) improving insulin resistance, 2) protecting islet β-cells, 3) anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation, 4) inhibition of glucose absorption, and 5) suppression of gluconeogenesis. In conclusion, herbal tea, as a novel adjuvant therapy for treating T2DM, has the potential for further in-depth research and product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyuan Zhang
- Department of Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Boxun Zhang
- Department of Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Graduate College, Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Qingwei Li
- Department of Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qingwei Li, ; Linhua Zhao,
| | - Linhua Zhao
- Department of Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qingwei Li, ; Linhua Zhao,
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69
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Lei Z, Chen L, Hu Q, Yang Y, Tong F, Li K, Lin T, Nie Y, Rong H, Yu S, Song Q, Guo J. Ginsenoside Rb1 improves intestinal aging via regulating the expression of sirtuins in the intestinal epithelium and modulating the gut microbiota of mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:991597. [PMID: 36238549 PMCID: PMC9552198 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.991597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal aging seriously affects the absorption of nutrients of the aged people. Ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) which has multiple functions on treating gastrointestinal disorders is one of the important ingredients from Ginseng, the famous herb in tradition Chinese medicine. However, it is still unclear if GRb1 could improve intestinal aging. To investigate the function and mechanism of GRb1 on improving intestinal aging, GRb1 was administrated to 104-week-old C57BL/6 mice for 6 weeks. The jejunum, colon and feces were collected for morphology, histology, gene expression and gut microbiota tests using H&E staining, X-gal staining, qPCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence staining, and 16S rDNA sequencing technologies. The numbers of cells reduced and the accumulation of senescent cells increased in the intestinal crypts of old mice, and administration of GRb1 could reverse them. The protein levels of CLDN 2, 3, 7, and 15 were all decreased in the jejunum of old mice, and administration of GRb1 could significantly increase them. The expression levels of Tert, Lgr5, mKi67, and c-Myc were all significantly reduced in the small intestines of old mice, and GRb1 significantly increased them at transcriptional or posttranscriptional levels. The protein levels of SIRT1, SIRT3, and SIRT6 were all reduced in the jejunum of old mice, and GRb1 could increase the protein levels of them. The 16S rDNA sequencing results demonstrated the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota of old mice, and GRb1 changed the composition and functions of the gut microbiota in the old mice. In conclusion, GRb1 could improve the intestinal aging via regulating the expression of Sirtuins family and modulating the gut microbiota in the aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Lei
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zili Lei, , Jiao Guo,
| | - Lei Chen
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Hu
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhong Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital (School of Clinical Medicine), Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengxue Tong
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keying Li
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Lin
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya Nie
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hedong Rong
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siping Yu
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Song
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zili Lei, , Jiao Guo,
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A dual Keap1 and p47 phox inhibitor Ginsenoside Rb1 ameliorates high glucose/ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell injury and atherosclerosis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:824. [PMID: 36163178 PMCID: PMC9512801 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a vital contributor to the development and progression of diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a well-known molecule that participates in cellular defense against oxidative stress. Utilizing luciferase reporter assay from 379 natural products, we reported here that Ginsenoside Rb1 played a dual role in inhibiting Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and p47phox luciferase reporter activities. In endothelial cells (ECs), Rb1 pretreatment enhanced cell viability, reduced oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), and apoptosis, as well as ameliorated mitochondrial quality following oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) plus high glucose (HG) challenge. Rb1 directly bound to Keap1 and promoted its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation dependent on lysine residues (K108, K323, and K551) by recruiting the E3 ligase synovial apoptosis inhibitor 1 (SYVN1), leading to Nrf2 dissociation from Keap1, Nrf2 nuclear translocation, Nrf2/PGC-1α complex formation. We further identified that Rb1 could bind to p47phox and reduce its phosphorylation and membrane translocation, thereby disrupting the assembly of the NOX2 complex. Importantly, Rb1-mediated preservation of cytoplasmic p47phox stabilized and contributed to Nrf2 activation. Additionally, we revealed that Rb1 reduced aortic atherosclerotic plaque formation along with reductions in oxidative stress and inflammatory response in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced ApoE-/- mice, but not in ApoE-/- mice with deficiency of Nrf2 and PGC-1α. Collectively, we demonstrated that Rb1, which directly targeted Keap1 and p47phox in ECs, may be an attractive candidate for the treatment of atherosclerosis in diabetes.
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71
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Molecular Mechanistic Pathways Targeted by Natural Compounds in the Prevention and Treatment of Diabetic Kidney Disease. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196221. [PMID: 36234757 PMCID: PMC9571643 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most common complications of diabetes, and its prevalence is still growing rapidly. However, the efficient therapies for this kidney disease are still limited. The pathogenesis of DKD involves glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress, and renal fibrosis. Glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity can cause oxidative stress, which can lead to inflammation and aggravate renal fibrosis. In this review, we have focused on in vitro and in vivo experiments to investigate the mechanistic pathways by which natural compounds exert their effects against the progression of DKD. The accumulated and collected data revealed that some natural compounds could regulate inflammation, oxidative stress, renal fibrosis, and activate autophagy, thereby protecting the kidney. The main pathways targeted by these reviewed compounds include the Nrf2 signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, TGF-β signaling pathway, NLRP3 inflammasome, autophagy, glycolipid metabolism and ER stress. This review presented an updated overview of the potential benefits of these natural compounds for the prevention and treatment of DKD progression, aimed to provide new potential therapeutic lead compounds and references for the innovative drug development and clinical treatment of DKD.
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72
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Integration of multiplatform metabolomics and multivariate analysis for geographical origin discrimination of Panax ginseng. Food Res Int 2022; 159:111610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kumar P, Singh R, Kumar A, Toropova AP, Toropov AA, Devi M, Lal S, Sindhu J, Singh D. Identifications of good and bad structural fragments of hydrazone/2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole hybrids with correlation intensity index and consensus modelling using Monte Carlo based QSAR studies, their molecular docking and ADME analysis. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 33:677-700. [PMID: 36093620 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2022.2120068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The application of QSAR along with other in silico tools like molecular docking, and molecular dynamics provide a lot of promise for finding new treatments for life-threatening diseases like Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The present study is an attempt to develop Monte Carlo algorithm-based QSAR models using freely available CORAL software. The experimental data on the α-amylase inhibition by a series of benzothiazole-linked hydrazone/2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole hybrids were selected as endpoint for the model generation. Initially, a total of eight QSAR models were built using correlation intensity index (CII) as a criterion of predictive potential. The model developed from split 6 using CII was the most reliable because of the highest numerical value of the determination coefficient of the validation set (r2VAL = 0.8739). The important structural fragments responsible for altering the endpoint were also extracted from the best-built model. With the goal of improved prediction quality and lower prediction errors, the validated models were used to build consensus models. Molecular docking was used to know the binding mode and pose of the selected derivatives. Further, to get insight into their metabolism by living beings, ADME studies were investigated using internet freeware, SwissADME.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - R Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - A Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, GJUS&T, Hisar, India
| | - A P Toropova
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - A A Toropov
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - M Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - S Lal
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - J Sindhu
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
| | - D Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
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74
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New Therapeutic Approaches to and Mechanisms of Ginsenoside Rg1 against Neurological Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162529. [PMID: 36010610 PMCID: PMC9406801 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Huntington’s disease (HD), stroke, cerebral infarction, ischemia-reperfusion injury, depression and, stress, have high incidence and morbidity and often lead to disability. However, there is no particularly effective medication against them. Therefore, finding drugs with a suitable efficacy, low toxicity and manageable effects to improve the quality of life of patients is an urgent problem. Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) is the main active component of ginseng and has a variety of pharmacological effects. In this review, we focused on the therapeutic potential of Rg1 for improving neurological diseases. We introduce the mechanisms of Ginsenoside Rg1 in neurological diseases, including apoptosis, neuroinflammation, the microRNA (miRNA) family, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, oxidative stress, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and learning and memory of Rg1 in neurological diseases. In addition, Rg1 can also improve neurological diseases through the interaction of different signal pathways. The purpose of this review is to explore more in-depth ideas for the clinical treatment of neurological diseases (including PD, AD, HD, stroke, cerebral infarction, ischemia–reperfusion injury, depression, and stress). Therefore, Rg1 is expected to become a new therapeutic method for the clinical treatment of neurological diseases.
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75
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Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Indole-2-Carboxamides with Potent Apoptotic Antiproliferative Activity as EGFR/CDK2 Dual Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15081006. [PMID: 36015154 PMCID: PMC9414584 DOI: 10.3390/ph15081006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The apoptotic antiproliferative actions of our previously reported CB1 allosteric modulators 5-chlorobenzofuran-2-carboxamide derivatives VIIa–j prompted us to develop and synthesise a novel series of indole-2-carboxamide derivatives 5a–k, 6a–c, and 7. Different spectroscopic methods of analysis were used to validate the novel compounds. Using the MTT assay method, the novel compounds were examined for antiproliferative activity against four distinct cancer cell lines. Compounds 5a–k, 6a–c, and 7 demonstrated greater antiproliferative activity against the breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) than other tested cancer cell lines, and 5a–k (which contain the phenethyl moiety in their backbone structure) demonstrated greater potency than 6a–c and 7, indicating the importance of the phenethyl moiety for antiproliferative action. Compared to reference doxorubicin (GI50 = 1.10 µM), compounds 5d, 5e, 5h, 5i, 5j, and 5k were the most effective of the synthesised derivatives, with GI50 ranging from 0.95 µM to 1.50 µM. Compounds 5d, 5e, 5h, 5i, 5j, and 5k were tested for their inhibitory impact on EGFR and CDK2, and the results indicated that the compounds tested had strong antiproliferative activity and are effective at suppressing both CDK2 and EGFR. Moreover, the studied compounds induced apoptosis with high potency, as evidenced by their effects on apoptotic markers such as Caspases 3, 8, 9, Cytochrome C, Bax, Bcl2, and p53.
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76
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Fu Z, Wang X, Lu X, Yang Y, Zhao L, Zhou L, Wang K, Fu H. Mannose-decorated ginsenoside Rb1 albumin nanoparticles for targeted anti-inflammatory therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:962380. [PMID: 36046677 PMCID: PMC9420840 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.962380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rb1 is a potential anti-inflammatory natural molecule, but its therapeutic efficacy was tremendously hampered by the low solubility and non-targeted delivery. In this study, we innovatively developed a mannose (Man)-modified albumin bovine serum albumin carrier (Man-BSA) to overcome the previously mentioned dilemmas of Rb1. The constructed Man-BSA@Rb1 NPs could improve the solubility and increase the cellular uptake of Rb1, finally leading to the enhanced anti-inflammatory effects. The robust therapeutics of Man-BSA@Rb1 NPs were measured in terms of nitrite, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, which might be achieved by potently inhibiting nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Raw264.7 cells. Moreover, the therapeutic efficacy of Man-BSA@Rb1 NPs was further confirmed in the d-Gal/LPS-induced liver injury model. The results indicated that Man-BSA may offer a promising system to improve the anti-inflammatory therapy of Rb1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Fu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuan Lu
- School of Pharmacy and Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Pharmacy and Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lingling Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kaikai Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Kaikai Wang, ; Hanlin Fu,
| | - Hanlin Fu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Kaikai Wang, ; Hanlin Fu,
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77
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He L, Yang FQ, Tang P, Gao TH, Yang CX, Tan L, Yue P, Hua YN, Liu SJ, Guo JL. Regulation of the intestinal flora: A potential mechanism of natural medicines in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113091. [PMID: 35576662 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus comprises a group of heterogeneous disorders, which are usually subdivided into type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the onset of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes primarily involves autoimmune insulin deficiency. In comparison, type 2 diabetes is contributed by the pathological state of insulin deficiency and insulin resistance. In recent years, significant differences were found in the abundance of microflora, intestinal barrier, and intestinal metabolites in diabetic subjects when compared to normal subjects. To further understand the relationship between diabetes mellitus and intestinal flora, this paper summarizes the interaction mechanism between diabetes mellitus and intestinal flora. Furthermore, the natural compounds found to treat diabetes through intestinal flora were classified and summarized. This review is expected to provide a valuable resource for the development of new diabetic drugs and the applications of natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying He
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Fang-Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Pan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Ting-Hui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Cai-Xia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Li Tan
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Pan Yue
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Ya-Nan Hua
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Si-Jing Liu
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Jin-Lin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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Lyu TJ, Zhang ZX, Chen J, Liu ZJ. Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates apoptosis, senescence and oxidative stress in ox‑LDL‑induced vascular endothelial cells via the AMPK/SIRT3/p53 signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:545. [PMID: 35978936 PMCID: PMC9366316 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) mainly refers to coronary atherosclerotic heart disease and its pathogenesis is complex. Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) has a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as antitumor effects, enhancing immunity and exerting protective effects on the vascular system. In the present study, the effect of Rg1 on vascular endothelial cells in CHD was investigated. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) was used to induce human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and cells were treated with 1, 5 or 10 µM Rg1. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, TUNEL staining, western blot analysis of apoptosis-related proteins and senescence-related proteins, senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining, ELISA and other techniques including related kits of oxidative stress markers were used to detect the viability, apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α and senescence of ox-LDL-induced HUVECs induced by Rg1. Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression levels of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/sirtuin 3 (SIRT3)/p53 signaling pathway-related proteins. In addition, the associated mechanism was further determined using the AMPK pathway inhibitor compound C (CC). Rg1 increased the viability, and inhibited the apoptosis, senescence, oxidative stress and inflammation of ox-LDL-induced HUVECs. Pretreatment with CC partially reversed the protective effect of Rg1 on ox-LDL-induced HUVECs. In conclusion, Rg1 ameliorated apoptosis, senescence and oxidative stress of ox-LDL-induced HUVECs, at least in part, via the AMPK/SIRT3/p53 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Jiao Lyu
- Department of Cardiology, Putuo Center Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Xiu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Yangpu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200090, P.R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Yangpu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200090, P.R. China
| | - Zong-Jun Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Putuo Center Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
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Rahimi G, Mohammad KS, Zarei M, Shokoohi M, Oskoueian E, Poorbagher MRM, Karimi E. Zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using Hyssopus Officinalis L. Extract Induced oxidative stress and changes the expression of key genes involved in inflammatory and antioxidant Systems. Biol Res 2022; 55:24. [PMID: 35765116 PMCID: PMC9238176 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-022-00392-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in the synthesis of bioactive nanoparticles resulted in the discovery and introduction of new bioactive nanoparticles to the pharmaceutical industry. In this regard, this research is aimed to synthesize the zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using Hyssopus officinalis L. extract and to evaluate the safety of nanoparticles using Balb/C mice. METHODS Forty male mice were divided into four groups and received 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of ZnO-NPs for thirty days. At the end of the experiment, blood sugar, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (A.S.T.), and alanine aminotransferase (A.L.T.) were determined. Furthermore, histopathological and oxidative stress biomarker analyses in liver and kidney tissues were performed. The changes in the major inflammatory- and antioxidant-related genes were determined. RESULTS The results showed that blood sugar and creatinine reduced significantly (P < 0.05) when 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg ZnO-NPs were supplemented to the diet. The serum ALT and AST and lipid peroxidation in the liver and kidney tissues were increased significantly (p < 0.05) when 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg ZnO-NPs were supplemented to the diet. Supplementation of ZnO-NPs suppressed the expression of antioxidant-related genes (SOD and CAT) and up-regulated the inflammatory biomarkers (iNOS and TNF- α). The concentration of 200 mg/Kg nanoparticles indicated cellular degeneration and necrosis in the liver and kidney tissues. CONCLUSIONS Overall, it can be concluded that supplementation of ZnO-NPs synthesized using Hyssopus Officinalis L. extract in this study at 50 mg/kg or higher concentrations might be toxic to the mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghasem Rahimi
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mahsa Zarei
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shokoohi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Ehsan Oskoueian
- Department of Research and Development, Arka Industrial Cluster, Mashhad, Iran.
| | | | - Ehsan Karimi
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.
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Liu Y, Liu N, Liu Y, He H, Luo Z, Liu W, Song N, Ju M. Ginsenoside Rb1 Reduces D-GalN/LPS-induced Acute Liver Injury by Regulating TLR4/NF-κB Signaling and NLRP3 Inflammasome. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2022; 10:474-485. [PMID: 35836757 PMCID: PMC9240244 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2021.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver injury (ALI) is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on ALI and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS Mice were pretreated with ginsenoside Rb1 by intraperitoneal injection for 3 days before D-GalN/LPS treatment, to induce ALI. The survival rate was monitored every hour for 24 h, and serum biochemical parameters, hepatic index and histopathological analysis were evaluated to measure the degree of liver injury. ELISA was used to detect oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines in hepatic tissue and serum. Immunohistochemistry staining, RT-PCR and western blotting were performed to evaluate the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and NLR family, pyrin domain-containing 3 protein (NLRP3) in liver tissue and Kupffer cells (KCs). RESULTS Ginsenoside Rb1 improved survival with D-GalN/LPS-induced ALI by up to 80%, significantly ameliorated the increased alanine and aspartate transaminase, restored the hepatic pathological changes and reduced the levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines altered by D-GalN/LPS. Compared to the control group, the KCs were increased in the D-GalN/LPS groups but did not increase significantly with Rb1 pretreatment. D-GalN/LPS could upregulate while Rb1 pretreatment could downregulate the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, NLRP3, apoptosis associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC) and caspase-1 in isolated KCs. Furthermore, ginsenoside Rb1 inhibited activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome induced by D-GalN/LPS administration. CONCLUSIONS Ginsenoside Rb1 protects mice against D-GalN/LPS-induced ALI by attenuating oxidative stress and the inflammatory response through the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ninghua Liu
- Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujing Liu
- Department of Nursing, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Luo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Song
- Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence to: Minjie Ju, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8725-9231. Tel/Fax: +86-21-6404-1990, E-mail: ; Nan Song, Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8110-739X. Tel/Fax: +86-21-6437-7134, E-mail:
| | - Minjie Ju
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence to: Minjie Ju, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8725-9231. Tel/Fax: +86-21-6404-1990, E-mail: ; Nan Song, Department of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8110-739X. Tel/Fax: +86-21-6437-7134, E-mail:
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81
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The Untapped Potential of Ginsenosides and American Ginseng Berry in Promoting Mental Health via the Gut-Brain Axis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122523. [PMID: 35745252 PMCID: PMC9227060 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the popularity of the ginseng (Panax) root in health research and on the market, the ginseng berry’s potential remains relatively unexplored. Implementing ginseng berry cultivations and designing berry-derived products could improve the accessibility to mental health-promoting nutraceuticals. Indeed, the berry could have a higher concentration of neuroprotective and antidepressant compounds than the root, which has already been the subject of research demonstrating its efficacy in the context of neuroprotection and mental health. In this review, data on the berry’s application in supporting mental health via the gut–brain axis is compiled and discussed.
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82
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Yan TC, Cao J, Ye LH. Recent advances on discovery of enzyme inhibitors from natural products using bioactivity screening. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2766-2787. [PMID: 35593478 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The essence of enzymes is to keep the homeostasis and balance of human by catalyzing metabolic responses and modulating cell. Suppression of enzyme slows the progress of some diseases, making it a therapeutic target. Therefore, it is important to develop enzyme inhibitors by proper bioactivity screening strategies for the future treatment of some major diseases. In this review, we summarized the recent (2015-2020) applications of several screening strategies (electrophoretically mediated microanalysis, enzyme immobilization, affinity chromatography, and affinity ultrafiltration) in finding enzyme inhibitors from certain species of bioactive natural compounds of plant origin (flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic acids, saponins, anthraquinones, coumarins). At the same time, the advantages and disadvantages of each strategy were also discussed, and the future possible development direction in enzyme inhibitor screening has prospected. To sum up, it is expected to help readers select suitable screening strategies for enzyme inhibitors and provide useful information for the study of the biological of specific kinds of natural products. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ci Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Jun Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China.,College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Li-Hong Ye
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
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83
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A Comparative Study on Analysis of Ginsenosides in American Ginseng Root Residue by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS and UPLC-HRMS-MS/MS. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103071. [PMID: 35630548 PMCID: PMC9143245 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), a popular herbal and nutritional supplement consumed worldwide, has been demonstrated to possess vital biological activities, which can be attributed to the presence of ginsenosides. However, the presence of ginsenosides in ginseng root residue, a by-product obtained during processing of ginseng beverage, remains unexplored. The objectives of this study were to develop a high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection-mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS) and an ultra-high-performance-liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS-MS/MS) method for the comparison of ginsenoside analysis in ginseng root residue. Results showed that by employing a Supelco Ascentis Express C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm ID, particle size 2.7 μm) and a gradient mobile phase of deionized water and acetonitrile with a flow rate at 1 mL/min and detection at 205 nm, a total of 10 ginsenosides, including internal standard saikosaponin A, were separated within 18 min and detected by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS. Whereas with UPLC-HRMS-MS/MS, all the 10 ginsenosides were separated within six minutes by using an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm ID, particle size 1.7 μm, 130 Å) and a gradient mobile phase of ammonium acetate and acetonitrile with column temperature at 50 °C, flow rate at 0.4 mL/min and detection by selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. High accuracy and precision was shown, with limit of quantitation (LOQ) ranging from 0.2−1.9 μg/g for HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS and 0.269−6.640 ng/g for UPLC-HRMS-MS/MS. The contents of nine ginsenosides in the ginseng root residue ranged from <LOQ-26.39 mg/g by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS and <LOQ-21.25 mg/g by UPLC-HRMS-MS/MS, with a total amount of 38.37 and 34.71 mg/g, respectively.
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84
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Shao J, Li C, Bai L, Ni X, Ge S, Zhang J, Zhao H. Recent evidence in support of traditional chinese medicine to restore normal leptin function in simple obesity. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09482. [PMID: 35620623 PMCID: PMC9127329 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Shao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, PR China
| | - Chen Li
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Litao Bai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Ni
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Beijing, PR China
- Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shaoqin Ge
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, PR China
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, PR China
| | - Hanqing Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, PR China
- Corresponding author.
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85
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Oxidative Stress and Ginsenosides: An Update on the Molecular Mechanisms. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:9299574. [PMID: 35498130 PMCID: PMC9045968 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9299574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are a class of active components extracted from ginseng plants (such as Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, and Panax notoginseng). Ginsenosides have significant protective effects on the nervous system, cardiovascular system, and immune system, so they have been widely used in the treatment of related diseases. Entry of a variety of endogenous or exogenous harmful substances into the body can lead to an imbalance between the antioxidant defense system and reactive oxygen species, thus producing toxic effects on a variety of tissues and cells. In addition, oxidative stress can alter multiple signaling pathways, including the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, and NF-κB pathways. With the deepening of research in this field, various ginsenoside monomers have been reported to exert antioxidant effects through multiple signaling pathways and thus have good application prospects. This article summarized the research advancements regarding the antioxidative effects and related mechanisms of ginsenosides, providing a theoretical basis for experimental research on and clinical treatment with ginsenosides.
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86
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Zou H, Zhang M, Zhu X, Zhu L, Chen S, Luo M, Xie Q, Chen Y, Zhang K, Bu Q, Wei Y, Ye T, Li Q, Yan X, Zhou Z, Yang C, Li Y, Zhou H, Zhang C, You X, Zheng G, Zhao G. Ginsenoside Rb1 Improves Metabolic Disorder in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice Associated With Modulation of Gut Microbiota. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:826487. [PMID: 35516426 PMCID: PMC9062662 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.826487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota plays an important role in metabolic homeostasis. Previous studies demonstrated that ginsenoside Rb1 might improve obesity-induced metabolic disorders through regulating glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver and adipose tissues. Due to low bioavailability and enrichment in the intestinal tract of Rb1, we hypothesized that modulation of the gut microbiota might account for its pharmacological effects as well. Here, we show that oral administration of Rb1 significantly decreased serum LDL-c, TG, insulin, and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in mice with a high-fat diet (HFD). Dynamic profiling of the gut microbiota showed that this metabolic improvement was accompanied by restoring of relative abundance of some key bacterial genera. In addition, the free fatty acids profiles in feces were significantly different between the HFD-fed mice with or without Rb1. The content of eight long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) was significantly increased in mice with Rb1, which was positively correlated with the increase of Akkermansia and Parasuttereller, and negatively correlated with the decrease of Oscillibacter and Intestinimonas. Among these eight increased LCFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), octadecenoic acids, and myristic acid were positively correlated with metabolic improvement. Furthermore, the colonic expression of the free fatty acid receptors 4 (Ffar4) gene was significantly upregulated after Rb1 treatment, in response to a notable increase of LCFA in feces. These findings suggested that Rb1 likely modulated the gut microbiota and intestinal free fatty acids profiles, which should be beneficial for the improvement of metabolic disorders in HFD-fed mice. This study provides a novel mechanism of Rb1 for the treatment of metabolic disorders induced by obesity, which may provide a therapeutic avenue for the development of new nutraceutical-based remedies for treating metabolic diseases, such as hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Laboratory for Nutrition, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Master Lab for Innovative Application of Nature Products, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhu
- Zhejiang Hongguan Bio-Pharma Co., Ltd., Jiaxing, China
| | - Liyan Zhu
- Zhejiang Hongguan Bio-Pharma Co., Ltd., Jiaxing, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingjing Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qinglian Xie
- Engineering Laboratory for Nutrition, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Master Lab for Innovative Application of Nature Products, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Kangxi Zhang
- Master Lab for Innovative Application of Nature Products, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingyun Bu
- Master Lab for Innovative Application of Nature Products, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuchen Wei
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tao Ye
- Zhejiang Hongguan Bio-Pharma Co., Ltd., Jiaxing, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Suzhou BiomeMatch Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Yan
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihua Zhou
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Yang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Li
- Engineering Laboratory for Nutrition, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haokui Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Haokui Zhou,
| | - Chenhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Chenhong Zhang,
| | - Xiaoyan You
- Master Lab for Innovative Application of Nature Products, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Xiaoyan You,
| | - Guangyong Zheng
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Guangyong Zheng,
| | - Guoping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Master Lab for Innovative Application of Nature Products, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Suzhou BiomeMatch Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Guoping Zhao,
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87
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Cheang I, Liao S, Zhu Q, Ni G, Wei C, Jia Z, Wu Y, Li X. Integrating Evidence of the Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory in Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Continuum. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:867521. [PMID: 35370696 PMCID: PMC8964948 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.867521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease has become a major public health problem. The concept of “cardiovascular continuum” refers to the continuous process from the risk factors that lead to arteriosclerosis, vulnerable plaque rupture, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, heart failure, and death. These characteristics of etiology and progressive development coincide with the idea of “preventing disease” in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which corresponds to the process of systemic intervention. With the update of the understanding via translational medicine, this article reviews the current evidence of the TCM collateral disease theory set prescriptions in both mechanical and clinical aspects, which could lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iokfai Cheang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengen Liao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gehui Ni
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cong Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Collateral Disease Research and Innovative Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Yiling Hospital, Key Disciplines of State Administration of TCM for Collateral Disease, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhenhua Jia
- National Key Laboratory of Collateral Disease Research and Innovative Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Yiling Hospital, Key Disciplines of State Administration of TCM for Collateral Disease, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yiling Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Collateral Disease Research and Innovative Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Yiling Hospital, Key Disciplines of State Administration of TCM for Collateral Disease, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xinli Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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88
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Mechanism of Astragalus membranaceus Alleviating Acquired Hyperlipidemia Induced by High-Fat Diet through Regulating Lipid Metabolism. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14050954. [PMID: 35267929 PMCID: PMC8912611 DOI: 10.3390/nu14050954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Astragalus membranaceus (AM) is a food and medicinal homologous plant. The current research is aimed to investigate the beneficial effects and mechanisms of AM in treating acquired hyperlipidemia. The network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis results showed 481 AM-related targets and 474 acquired hyperlipidemia-associated targets, and 101 candidate targets were obtained through the intersection, mainly enriched in endocrine resistance, AGE-RAGE in diabetic complications and p53 signaling pathways. Quercetin, kaempferol, calycosin, formononetin and isorhamnetin were determined as the candidate active components of AM in the treatment of acquired hyperlipidemia. Moreover, key targets of AM, namely, AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), cyclin D1 (CCND1) and estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), were screened out, which were closely related to adipogenesis, fatty acid metabolism and bile acid metabolism. The subsequent animal experiments showed that AM extract treatment improved the lipid profiles of the high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice by reducing lipogenesis and increasing lipolysis and lipid β-oxidation, which were associated with the downregulating of AKT1 and CCND1, and the upregulating of VEGFA and ESR1 in liver and adipose tissue. Overall, AM alleviated acquired hyperlipidemia through regulating lipid metabolism, and AKT1, VEGFA, CCND1 and ESR1 might be the key targets.
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89
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A Network Pharmacology Study on the Active Components and Targets of the Radix Ginseng and Radix Bupleuri Herb Pair for Treating Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1638740. [PMID: 35178098 PMCID: PMC8846978 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1638740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the potential active components and corresponding target herb pairs of Radix Ginseng (Renshen) and Radix Bupleuri (Chaihu) in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through network pharmacology and in vitro experiments. METHODS The active components and potential targets of the herb pair of Renshen and Chaihu were screened through a network database system, and Venn analysis was performed with the obtained NAFLD targets. The intersecting targets were analysed for gene ontology (GO) functions and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) pathways, and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was generated. Cytoscape software was used to construct active component-target networks of the Renshen and Chaihu herb pair. Free fatty acids were added to the HepG2 cell line to create high-fat models that were treated with different concentrations of stigmasterol. The effect of stigmasterol on the lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells and PPARγ-knockdown cells was determined by oil red O staining, Nile red staining, and TG level. PPARγ and UCP-1 mRNA, and protein expression levels were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses, respectively. RESULTS Twenty active components obtained from the Renshen and Chaihu herb pair were identified. The herb pair active component-target network showed that both Renshen and Chaihu contained stigmasterol and kaempferol as active components. The PPI network comprised 63 protein nodes. GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the targets were mainly involved in lipid metabolism. Eight core targets were identified: AKT1, PPARG, MAPK3, TNF, TP53, SIRT1, STAT3, and PPARA. In vitro experiments demonstrated that stigmasterol reduced lipid accumulation and TG levels in HepG2 cells, and the mechanism may have been related to the activation of the PPARγ-UCP-1 signalling pathway. CONCLUSION This study preliminarily illustrated the potential components and corresponding core targets of the Renshen and Chaihu herb pair in treating NAFLD. The effect of stigmasterol on the PPARγ-UCP-1 signalling pathway in enhancing lipid metabolism may represent one of the mechanisms of the Renshen and Chaihu herb pair in the treatment of NAFLD. The results provide new evidence and research insights to reveal the roles of Renshen and Chaihu in the management of NAFLD.
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90
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de Oliveira Zanuso B, de Oliveira Dos Santos AR, Miola VFB, Gissoni Campos LM, Spilla CSG, Barbalho SM. Panax ginseng and aging related disorders: A systematic review. Exp Gerontol 2022; 161:111731. [PMID: 35143871 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aging process predisposes numerous homeostatic disorders, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Changes in diet and lifestyle and therapeutic adjuvants are essential to minimize the effects of comorbidities associated with aging. Natural products such as Panax ginseng have been used to treat and prevent diseases related to aging. This review aims to investigate the effects of Panax ginseng in various conditions associated with aging, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. The ginsenosides, chemical constituents found in Panax ginseng, can inhibit the effects of inflammatory cytokines, inhibit signaling pathways that induce inflammation, and inhibit cells that participate in inflammatory processes. Besides, ginsenosides are involved in neuroprotective effects on the central nervous system due to anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. The use of ginseng extract showed actions on lipid homeostasis, positively regulating high-density lipoprotein, down-regulating low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride levels, and producing beneficial effects on vascular endothelial function. The use of this plant in cancer resulted in improved quality of life and mood. It decreased symptoms of fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and dyspnea, reducing anxiety. Panax ginseng has been shown to exert potent therapeutic benefits that can act as a complementary treatment in managing patients with chronic diseases related to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara de Oliveira Zanuso
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Rita de Oliveira Dos Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitor Fernando Bordin Miola
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leila M Gissoni Campos
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Sergio Galina Spilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Maria Barbalho
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Higino Muzzi Filho, 1001, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology of Marília, Marília, São Paulo, Brazil.
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91
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He JY, Hong Q, Chen BX, Cui SY, Liu R, Cai GY, Guo J, Chen XM. Ginsenoside Rb1 alleviates diabetic kidney podocyte injury by inhibiting aldose reductase activity. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:342-353. [PMID: 34811512 PMCID: PMC8791932 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00788-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax notoginseng, a traditional Chinese medicine, exerts beneficial effect on diabetic kidney disease (DKD), but its mechanism is not well clarified. In this study we investigated the effects of ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1), the main active ingredients of Panax notoginseng, in alleviating podocyte injury in diabetic nephropathy and the underlying mechanisms. In cultured mouse podocyte cells, Rb1 (10 μM) significantly inhibited high glucose-induced cell apoptosis and mitochondrial injury. Furthermore, Rb1 treatment reversed high glucose-induced increases in Cyto c, Caspase 9 and mitochondrial regulatory protein NOX4, but did not affect the upregulated expression of aldose reductase (AR). Molecular docking analysis revealed that Rb1 could combine with AR and inhibited its activity. We compared the effects of Rb1 with eparestat, a known aldose reductase inhibitor, in high glucose-treated podocytes, and found that both alleviated high glucose-induced cell apoptosis and mitochondrial damage, and Rb1 was more effective in inhibiting apoptosis. In AR-overexpressing podocytes, Rb1 (10 μM) inhibited AR-mediated ROS overproduction and protected against high glucose-induced mitochondrial injury. In streptozotocin-induced DKD mice, administration of Rb1 (40 mg·kg-1·d-1, ig, for 7 weeks) significantly mitigated diabetic-induced glomerular injuries, such as glomerular hypertrophy and mesangial matrix expansion, and reduced the expression of apoptotic proteins. Collectively, Rb1 combines with AR to alleviate high glucose-induced podocyte apoptosis and mitochondrial damage, and effectively mitigates the progression of diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-yi He
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing, 100853 China ,grid.411847.f0000 0004 1804 4300Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Quan Hong
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Bi-xia Chen
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing, 100853 China ,grid.411847.f0000 0004 1804 4300Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Shao-yuan Cui
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Ran Liu
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Guang-yan Cai
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Jiao Guo
- grid.411847.f0000 0004 1804 4300Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Xiang-mei Chen
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing, 100853 China ,grid.411847.f0000 0004 1804 4300Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, 510006 China
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92
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Zhang C, Han M, Zhang X, Tong H, Sun X, Sun G. Ginsenoside Rb1 Protects Against Diabetic Cardiomyopathy by Regulating the Adipocytokine Pathway. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:71-83. [PMID: 35023944 PMCID: PMC8743619 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s348866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Obesity and diabetes are often accompanied by chronic inflammation and insulin resistance, which lead to complications such as diabetic cardiomyopathy. Ginsenoside Rb1 has been used to treat diabetes and obesity and reduce inflammation as well as risk of heart diseases. However, the role of ginsenoside Rb1 in treating diabetic cardiomyopathy remains unclear. Methods Diabetic mice were administered ginsenoside Rb1 for 12 weeks, and their body weight, body fat, and blood glucose levels as well as and serum insulin, lipids, and adipocytokine levels were assessed. Lipid accumulation, pathological morphology of the adipose tissue, liver, and heart were examined. Western blot and qRT-PCR were performed to investigate the molecular changes in response to ginsenoside Rb1 treatment. Results Ginsenoside Rb1 treatment significantly reduced body weight and body fat, attenuated hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, and ameliorated insulin resistance and abnormal levels of adipocytokines in diabetic mice. In addition, lipid accumulation and inflammation reduced while the functions of heart improved in the ginsenoside Rb1-treated group. Furthermore, antioxidant function improved in the ginsenoside Rb1-treated diabetic hearts. PCR and Western blotting analyses revealed that the lipid-lowering effect of ginsenoside Rb1 and the resulting improvement of cardiac function could be attributed to the adipocytokine pathway, which promoted energy homeostasis and alleviated cardiac dysfunction. Conclusion Ginsenoside Rb1 lowered lipid levels in a adipocytokine-mediated manner and attenuated hyperglycemia/hyperlipidemia-induced oxidative stress, hypertrophy, inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meixin Han
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongna Tong
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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93
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Zheng D, Chu Y, Li S, Zhou S, Li W, Xie Y, Sun H. Enhancing effect of borneol on pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rb 1 , ginsenoside Rg 1 and notoginsenoside R 1 in healthy volunteers after oral administration of compound Danshen dropping pills (CDDP). Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5311. [PMID: 34981536 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Borneol (Bingpian), a monoterpenoid pharmaceutical ingredient, is commonly used as a main composition in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparations such as compound Danshen dropping pills (CDDP), and has also been approved by the US FDA as a flavoring substance or adjuvant in food. Borneol plays a regulating and guiding role as messenger drug in CDDP. However, the effect of borneol on the pharmacokinetics of the components of CDDP in human plasma is unclear. In this study, we investigate the effects of borneol on the pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1 ), ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1 ) and notoginsenoside R1 (NR1 ) in CDDP. We used a double-cycle crossover-administration model in twelve healthy male volunteers, giving CDDP with borneol (drug T) and without borneol (drug R). The selective response monitoring (SRM) mode was used for mass spectrometry quantification in the positive mode. As a result, we found that borneol could significantly affect the pharmacokinetic parameters of notoginsenosides, and increase the absorption and systemic exposure of Rb1 , Rg1 and NR1 in human plasma by about 1.85 to 3.71 times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Yang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovation Chinese Medicine, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China.,Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Shuming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovation Chinese Medicine, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China.,Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Shuiping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovation Chinese Medicine, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China.,Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Yuesheng Xie
- School of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - He Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovation Chinese Medicine, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China.,Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
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94
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Molecular profiling of ginsenoside metabolites to identify estrogen receptor alpha activity. Gene 2021; 813:146108. [PMID: 34929341 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD) and 20(S)-Protopanaxatriol (PPT) are major metabolites of ginseng in humans and are considered to have estrogenic activity in cellular bioassays. In this study, we conducted in silico analyses to determine whether PPD and PPT interact with estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and compared them with ERα agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists to identify their ERα activity. The transcriptome profile of 17β-estradiol (E2), PPD, and PPT in MCF-7 cells expressing ERα was further compared to understand the ERα activity of ginsenoside metabolites. The results showed that PPD and PPT interacted with the 1ERE, 1GWR, and 3UUD ERα proteins in the E2 interaction model, the 3ERD protein in the diethylstilbestrol (DES) interaction model, and the 1X7R protein in the genistein (GEN) interaction model. Conversely, neither the 4PP6 protein of the interaction model with the antagonist resveratrol (RES) nor the 1ERR protein of the interaction model with the antagonist raloxifene (RAL) showed the conformation of amino acid residues. When E2, PPD, and PPT were exposed to MCF-7 cells, cell proliferation and gene expression were observed. The transcriptomic profiles of E2, PPD, and PPT were compared using a knowledge-based pathway. PPD-induced transcription profiling was similar to that of E2, and the neural transmission pathway was detected in both compounds. In contrast, PPT-induced transcription profiling displayed characteristics of gene expression associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. These results suggest that ginsenoside metabolites have ERα agonist activity and exhibit neuroprotective effects and anti-inflammatory actions. However, a meta-analysis using public microarray data showed that the mother compounds GRb1 and GRg1 of PPD and PPT showed metabolic functions in insulin signaling pathways, condensed DNA repair and cell cycle pathways, and immune response and synaptogenesis. These results suggest that the ginsenoside metabolites have potent ERα agonist activity; however, their gene expression profiles may differ from those of E2.
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95
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Liu Z, Qu CY, Li JX, Wang YF, Li W, Wang CZ, Wang DS, Song J, Sun GZ, Yuan CS. Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Effects of Malonyl Ginsenosides from American Ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius L.) on Type 2 Diabetic Mice. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:33652-33664. [PMID: 34926913 PMCID: PMC8675029 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is popularly consumed as traditional herbal medicine and health food for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Malonyl ginsenosides (MGR) are the main natural ginsenosides in American ginseng. However, whether the malonyl ginsenosides in P. quinquefolius (PQ-MGR) possess antidiabetic effects has not been explored yet. In this study, the antidiabetic effects and the underlying mechanism of PQ-MGR in high-fat diet/streptozotocin (HFD/STZ)-induced T2DM mice were investigated. The chemical composition was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Our results showed that 14 malonyl ginsenosides were identified in the PQ-MGR. Among them, the content of m-Rb1 represented about 77.4% of the total malonyl ginsenosides. After a 5-week experiment, the PQ-MGR significantly reduced the fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels and improved glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Furthermore, Western blot analysis demonstrated that the protein expressions of p-PI3K, p-AKT, p-AMPK, p-ACC, PPARγ, and GLUT4 in the liver and skeletal muscle were significantly upregulated after PQ-MGR treatment. In contrast, the protein expressions of p-IRS1 and p-JNK were significantly downregulated. Our results revealed that PQ-MGR could ameliorate glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin resistance in T2DM via regulation of the insulin receptor substrate-1/phosphoinositide3-kinase/protein-kinase B (IRS1/PI3K/Akt) and AMP-activated protein kinase/acetyl-CoA carboxylase (AMPK/ACC) pathways. These findings suggest that PQ-MGR may be used as an antidiabetic candidate drug for T2DM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
- Institute
of Agricultural Modernization, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Chun-Yuan Qu
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jia-Xin Li
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yan-Fang Wang
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Wei Li
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang
Center for Herbal Medicine Research and The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Dong-Sheng Wang
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jia Song
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Guang-Zhi Sun
- Institute
of Agricultural Modernization, Jilin Agricultural
University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang
Center for Herbal Medicine Research and The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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96
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Yang X, Dong B, An L, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Wang H, Song Z. Ginsenoside Rb1 ameliorates Glycemic Disorder in Mice With High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity via Regulating Gut Microbiota and Amino Acid Metabolism. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:756491. [PMID: 34899310 PMCID: PMC8654325 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.756491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidences suggested an association between gut microbiome dysbiosis and impaired glycemic control. Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) is a biologically active substance of ginseng, which serves anti-diabetic effects. However, its working mechanism especially interaction with gut microbes remains elusive in detail. In this study, we investigated the impact of Rb1 oral supplementation on high fat diet (HFD) induced obesity mice, and explored its mechanism in regulating blood glucose. The results showed that higher liver weight and lower cecum weight were observed in HFD fed mice, which was maintained by Rb1 administration. In addition, Rb1 ameliorated HFD induced blood lipid abnormality and improved insulin sensitivity. Several mRNA expressions in the liver were measured by quantitative real-time PCR, of which UCP2, Nr1H4, and Fiaf were reversed by Rb1 treatment. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis indicated that Rb1 significantly altered gut microbiota composition and increased the abundance of mucin-degrading bacterium Akkermansia spp. compared to HFD mice. As suggested via functional prediction, amino acid metabolism was modulated by Rb1 supplementation. Subsequent serum amino acids investigation indicated that several diabetes associated amino acids, like branched-chain amino acids, tryptophan and alanine, were altered in company with Rb1 supplementation. Moreover, correlation analysis firstly implied that the circulation level of alanine was related to Akkermansia spp.. In summary, Rb1 supplementation improved HFD induced insulin resistance in mice, and was associated with profound changes in microbial composition and amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bangjian Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun An
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Honglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ziteng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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97
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Ke S, Wu L, Wang M, Liu D, Shi G, Zhu J, Qian X. Ginsenoside Rb1 attenuates age-associated vascular impairment by modulating the Gas6 pathway. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:1369-1377. [PMID: 34629012 PMCID: PMC8510614 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1986076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) exerts many beneficial effects and protects against cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether Rb1 could attenuate age-related vascular impairment and identify the mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female C57BL/6J mice aged 2 and 18 months, randomly assigned to Young, Young + 20 mg/kg Rb1, Old + vehicle, Old + 10 mg/kg Rb1 and Old + 20 mg/kg Rb1 groups, were daily intraperitoneal injected with vehicle or Rb1 for 3 months. The thoracic aorta segments were used to inspect the endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. Left thoracic aorta tissues were collected for histological or molecular expression analyses, including ageing-related proteins, markers relevant to calcification and fibrosis, and expression of Gas6/Axl. RESULTS We found that in Old + vehicle group, the expression of senescence proteins and cellular adhesion molecules were significantly increased, with worse endothelium-dependent thoracic aorta relaxation (58.35% ± 2.50%) than in Young group (88.84% ± 1.20%). However, Rb1 treatment significantly decreased the expression levels of these proteins and preserved endothelium-dependent relaxation in aged mice. Moreover, Rb1 treatment also reduced calcium deposition, collagen deposition, and the protein expression levels of collagen I and collagen III in aged mice. Furthermore, we found that the downregulation of Gas6 protein expression by 41.72% and mRNA expression by 52.73% in aged mice compared with young mice was abrogated by Rb1 treatment. But there was no significant difference on Axl expression among the groups. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms that Rb1 could ameliorate vascular injury, suggesting that Rb1 might be a potential anti-ageing related vascular impairment agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiye Ke
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dinghui Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangyao Shi
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieming Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxian Qian
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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98
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Arafa ESA, Refaey MS, Abd El-Ghafar OAM, Hassanein EHM, Sayed AM. The promising therapeutic potentials of ginsenosides mediated through p38 MAPK signaling inhibition. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08354. [PMID: 34825082 PMCID: PMC8605069 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK) is a 38kD polypeptide recognized as the target for many potential anti-inflammatory agents. Accumulating evidence indicates that p38 MAPK could perform many roles in human disease pathophysiology. Therefore, great therapeutic benefits can be attained from p38 MAPK inhibitors. Ginseng is an exceptionally valued medicinal plant of the family Araliaceae (Panax genus). Recently, several studies targeted the therapeutic effects of purified individual ginsenoside, the most significant active ingredient of ginseng, and studied its particular molecular mechanism(s) of action rather than whole-plant extracts. Interestingly, several ginsenosides: ginsenosides compound K, F1, Rb1, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, Rg3, Rg5, Rh1, Rh2, Ro, notoginsenoside R1, and protopanaxadiol have shown to possess great therapeutic potentials mediated by their ability to downregulate p38 MAPK signaling in different cell lines and experimental animal models. Our review compiles the research findings of various ginsenosides as potent anti-inflammatory agents, highlighting the crucial role of p38 MAPK suppression in their pharmacological actions. In addition, in silico studies were conducted to explore the probable binding of these ginsenosides to p38 MAPK. The results obtained proposed p38 MAPK involvement in the beneficial pharmacological activities of ginsenosides in different ailments. p38 MAPK plays many roles in human disease pathophysiology. Therefore, great therapeutic benefits can be attained from p38 MAPK inhibitors. Several ginsenosides showed to possess great therapeutic potentials mediated by its ability to downregulate p38 MAPK signaling. in silico studies were conducted to explore the binding of these ginsenosides to p38 MAPK and evidenced the promising their inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Shaimaa A Arafa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Refaey
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufiya, 32958, Egypt
| | - Omnia A M Abd El-Ghafar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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99
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Tan Y, Zhang J, Yang K, Xu Z, Zhang H, Chen W, Peng T, Wang X, Liu Z, Wei P, Li N, Zhang Z, Liu T, Hua Q. Anti-Stroke Chinese Herbal Medicines Inhibit Abnormal Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Processing in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:261-272. [PMID: 34776438 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese Herbal Medicines (CHMs), as an important and integral part of a larger system of medicine practiced in China, called Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), have been used in stroke therapy for centuries. A large body of studies suggest that some Chinese herbs can help reverse cognitive impairment in stroke patients, while whether these herbs also exert therapeutic benefits for Alzheimer's disease remains to be seen. OBJECTIVE To address this issue, we selected four types of CHMs that are commonly prescribed for stroke treatment in clinical practice, namely DengZhanXiXin (D1), TongLuoJiuNao (T2), QingKaiLing (Q3), and HuangQinGan (H4), and tested their effects on amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) processing in vitro. METHODS AβPP, β-secretase (BACE1), and 99-amino acid C-terminal fragment of AβPP (C99) stably transfected cells were used for the tests of AβPP processing. The production of Aβ, activity of BACE1, neprilysin (NEP), and γ-secretase were assessed by ELISA, RT-PCR, and western blot. RESULTS By upregulating BACE1 activity, D1 increased Aβ production whereas decreased the ratio of Aβ 42/Aβ 40; by downregulating BACE1 activity and modulating the expression of γ-secretase, T2 decreased Aβ production and the ratio of Aβ 42/Aβ 40; by downregulating BACE1 activity, Q3 decreased Aβ production; H4 did not change Aβ production due to the simultaneously downregulation of BACE1 and NEP activity. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that these four anti-stroke CHMs regulate AβPP processing through different mechanisms. Particularly, T2 with relatively simple components and prominent effect on AβPP processing may be a promising candidate for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tan
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiani Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zihui Xu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Weihang Chen
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Peng
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoheng Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wei
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Na Li
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenqiang Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tonghua Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Hua
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Phuong Thao TT, Bui TQ, Thi Thanh Hai N, Huynh LK, Quy PT, Bao NC, Dung NT, Chi NL, Van Loc T, Smirnova IE, Petrova AV, Ninh PT, Van Sung T, Nhung NTA. Newly synthesised oxime and lactone derivatives from Dipterocarpus alatus dipterocarpol as anti-diabetic inhibitors: experimental bioassay-based evidence and theoretical computation-based prediction. RSC Adv 2021; 11:35765-35782. [PMID: 35492788 PMCID: PMC9043233 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04461c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dipterocarpus alatus-derived products are expected to exhibit anti-diabetes properties. Natural dipterocarpol (1) was isolated from Dipterocarpus alatus collected in Quang Nam province, Vietnam; afterwards, 20 derivatives including 13 oxime esters (2 and 3a–3m) and 7 lactones (4, 5, 6a–6e) were semi-synthesised. Their inhibitory effects towards diabetes-related proteins were investigated experimentally (α-glucosidase) and computationally (3W37, 3AJ7, and PTP1B). Except for compound 2, the other 19 compounds (3a–3m, 4, 5, and 6a–6d) are reported for the first time, which were modified at positions C-3, C-24 and C-25 of the dipterocarpol via imidation, esterification, oxidative cleavage and lactonisation reactions. A framework based on docking-QSARIS combination was proposed to predict the inhibitory behaviour of the ligand-protein complexes. Enzyme assays revealed the most effective α-glucosidase inhibitors, which follow the order 5 (IC50 of 2.73 ± 0.05 μM) > 6c (IC50 of 4.62 ± 0.12 μM) > 6e (IC50 of 7.31 ± 0.11 μM), and the computation-based analysis confirmed this, i.e., 5 (mass: 416.2 amu; polarisability: 52.4 Å3; DS: −14.9 kcal mol−1) > 6c (mass: 490.1 amu; polarisability: 48.8 Å3; DS: −13.7 kcal mol−1) > 6e (mass: 549.2 amu; polarisability: 51.6 Å3; DS: −15.2 kcal mol−1). Further theoretical justifications predicted 5 and 6c as versatile anti-diabetic inhibitors. The experimental results encourage next stages for the development of anti-diabetic drugs and the computational strategy invites more relevant work for validation. Dipterocarpus alatus-derived products are expected to exhibit anti-diabetes properties.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Thi Phuong Thao
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay Ha Noi Vietnam .,Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay Ha Noi Vietnam
| | - Thanh Q Bui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue University Hue City Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Thanh Hai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue University Hue City Vietnam
| | - Lam K Huynh
- International University Quarter 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam.,Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Phan Tu Quy
- Department of Natural Sciences & Technology, Tay Nguyen University Buon Ma Thuot Vietnam
| | | | - Nguyen Thi Dung
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay Ha Noi Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Linh Chi
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay Ha Noi Vietnam .,Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay Ha Noi Vietnam
| | - Tran Van Loc
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay Ha Noi Vietnam .,Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay Ha Noi Vietnam
| | - Irina E Smirnova
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry-Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences Prospekt Oktyabrya 71 Ufa Russian Federation
| | - Anastasiya V Petrova
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry-Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences Prospekt Oktyabrya 71 Ufa Russian Federation
| | - Pham Thi Ninh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay Ha Noi Vietnam .,Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay Ha Noi Vietnam
| | - Tran Van Sung
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay Ha Noi Vietnam .,Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay Ha Noi Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Ai Nhung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue University Hue City Vietnam
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