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Wang W, Han Y, Jo HA, Lee J, Song YS. Non-coding RNAs shuttled via exosomes reshape the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:67. [PMID: 32503591 PMCID: PMC7275461 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00893-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles secreted by almost all the cells. Molecular cargos of exosomes can partially reflect the characteristics of originating cells. Exosome-mediated cell-to-cell interactions in the microenvironment are critical in cancer progression. Hypoxia, a key pro-cancerous feature of the tumor microenvironment, alters the releasing and contents of exosomes. A growing body of evidence shows that hypoxia induces more aggressive phenotypes in cancer. Of note, non-coding RNAs shuttled in hypoxic tumor-derived exosomes have been demonstrated as fundamental molecules in regulating cancer biology and remodeling tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, these hypoxic tumor-derived exosomal non-coding RNAs can be detected in the body fluids, serving as promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. The current review discusses changes in cancer behaviors regulated by exosomes-secreted non-coding RNAs under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Wang
- Interdisciplinary Program in Cancer Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjin Han
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun A Jo
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Juwon Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sang Song
- Interdisciplinary Program in Cancer Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Chen H, Luo Q, Wang J, He H, Luo W, Zhang L, Xiao Q, Chen T, Xu X, Niu W, Ke Y, Wang Y. Response of pH-Sensitive Doxorubicin Nanoparticles on Complex Tumor Microenvironments by Tailoring Multiple Physicochemical Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:22673-22686. [PMID: 32337980 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellular internalization, delivery efficiency, and therapeutic efficacy of nanoparticles vary according to the microenvironmental complexity for tumor types. Adjusting their physicochemical properties, such as surface properties and size, has significant potential for dealing with such complexities. Herein, we prepare four types of pH-sensitive doxorubicin nanoparticles (DOX-D1, DOX-D2, DOX-W1, and DOX-W2 Nano) using simply changing reaction medium or reactant ratio. DOX-D1 and DOX-D2 Nano exhibit similar surface characteristics (surface coating and targeting ligand content) and different size, while both DOX-W Nano examples present similar surface characteristics and size. And they can re-self-assemble into smaller particles in blood-mimic conditions and the order of size is as follows: DOX-D1> DOX-D2 ≈ DOX-W Nano, and DOX-W Nano has a higher targeting ligand content than DOX-D Nano. Thus, the bioactivities in vitro and tumor microenvironment responses of DOX-D1, DOX-D2, and DOX-W1 are further investigated due to their different physicochemical properties. DOX-W1 Nano exhibits a higher cellular uptake, a stronger antiproliferation than DOX-D1 and DOX-D2 Nano attributed to its smaller size, and a higher targeting moiety content. Despite the similar sizes of DOX-W1 and DOX-D2, DOX-D2 Nano shows a greater in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability related to its surface coating. Interestingly, DOX-D1 with suitable size and surface property can efficiently bypass the BBB and deliver to an intracranial glioma; in comparison DOX-W1 Nano has excellent targeting efficiency in subcutaneous tumors (glioma and breast cancer). Accordingly, DOX-D1 Nano is preferential for the treatment of intracranial glioma while DOX-W1 Nano exhibits potent killing ability for subcutaneous tumors. Our work suggests tailoring multiple physicochemical properties of nanoparticles can play a significant role in addressing tumor microenvironment complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajian Chen
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qizhi Luo
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P.R. China
| | - Jihui Wang
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Haoqi He
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Wanxian Luo
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Taoliang Chen
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Xiangdong Xu
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Wenbo Niu
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yiquan Ke
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Kaur G, Batra S. Regulation of DNA methylation signatures on NF-κB and STAT3 pathway genes and TET activity in cigarette smoke extract-challenged cells/COPD exacerbation model in vitro. Cell Biol Toxicol 2020; 36:459-480. [PMID: 32342329 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-020-09522-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a global health problem. Currently, there is a lack of knowledge about the pathobiology of this disease and available therapies are ineffective. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD; however, not all smokers develop COPD. Exacerbations of COPD caused by microbes are common and detrimental. Approximately 20-50% of patient exacerbations are caused by bacterial colonization in the lower airways. It is generally accepted that epigenetic mechanisms, especially DNA methylation, play an important role during progression of COPD. Thus, we hypothesized that DNA methylation patterns vary significantly following smoke exposure and during exacerbations caused by bacterial infections. To test our hypothesis, we used an in vitro study model that mimics COPD exacerbations and performed extensive studies to understand the role of CpG promoter methylation of NF-κB and STAT3-mediated pathway genes. Both NF-κB and STAT3 transcription factors play critical roles in orchestrating inflammatory responses during cigarette smoke exposure. In brief, human lung adenocarcinoma cells with type II alveolar epithelium characteristics (A549) were challenged with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) or DMSO (control) followed by a 3-h challenge with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS; from Pseudomonas aeruginosa) prior to the termination of CSE exposure (COPD exacerbation group). The production of cytokines/chemokines, regulation of transcription factors, and DNA methylation of specific genes were then assessed. We also studied changes in the expression and activity of ten-eleven translocases (TETs), the enzymes responsible for DNA demethylation, and assessed their role in regulating DNA methylation in the CSE-challenged group. RESULTS There was a significant increase in the release of cytokines/chemokines (IL-8, MCP-1, IL-6 and CCL5) in the COPD exacerbation group as compared to the control group. Hypomethylation of NF-κB-mediated pathway genes correlated with their induction in our COPD exacerbation study model. Further, we observed an important role of TET1/2 in regulating the DNA methylation of NF-κB, STAT3, IKK, and NIK genes and cytokine/chemokine production by A549 cells during CSE challenge. CONCLUSIONS Studies to further define the role of TETs in CSE-mediated epigenetic regulation may lead to the development of better and more effective therapeutic intervention strategies for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Kaur
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunotoxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Sanjay Batra
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunotoxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA.
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Raj K, Horvath S. Current perspectives on the cellular and molecular features of epigenetic ageing. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:1532-1542. [PMID: 32276545 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220918329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT The field of epigenetic ageing is relatively new, and the speed of its expansion presents a challenge in keeping abreast with new discoveries and their implications. Several reviews have already addressed the great number of pathologies, health conditions, life-style, and external stressors that are associated with changes to the rate of epigenetic ageing. While these associations highlight and affirm the ability of epigenetic clock to capture biologically meaningful changes associated with age, they do not inform us about the underlying mechanisms. In this very early period since the development of the clock, there have been rather limited experimental research that are aimed at uncovering the mechanism. Hence, the perspective that we proffer is derived from available but nevertheless limited lines of evidence that together provide a seemingly coherent narrative that can be tested. This, we believe would be helpful towards uncovering the workings of the epigenetic clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Raj
- Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Machnik M, Oleksiewicz U. Dynamic Signatures of the Epigenome: Friend or Foe? Cells 2020; 9:cells9030653. [PMID: 32156057 PMCID: PMC7140607 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly dynamic epigenetic signaling is influenced mainly by (micro)environmental stimuli and genetic factors. The exact mechanisms affecting particular epigenomic patterns differ dependently on the context. In the current review, we focus on the causes and effects of the dynamic signatures of the human epigenome as evaluated with the high-throughput profiling data and single-gene approaches. We will discuss three different aspects of phenotypic outcomes occurring as a consequence of epigenetics interplaying with genotype and environment. The first issue is related to the cases of environmental impacts on epigenetic profile, and its adverse and advantageous effects related to human health and evolutionary adaptation. The next topic will present a model of the interwoven co-evolution of genetic and epigenetic patterns exemplified with transposable elements (TEs) and their epigenetic repressors Krüppel-associated box zinc finger proteins (KRAB–ZNFs). The third aspect concentrates on the mitosis-based microevolution that takes place during carcinogenesis, leading to clonal diversity and expansion of tumor cells. The whole picture of epigenome plasticity and its role in distinct biological processes is still incomplete. However, accumulating data define epigenomic dynamics as an essential co-factor driving adaptation at the cellular and inter-species levels with a benefit or disadvantage to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Machnik
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
- Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
| | - Urszula Oleksiewicz
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
- Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Nayak A, Roy AD, Rout N, Singh SP, Bhattacharyya A, Roychowdhury A. HIF1α-dependent upregulation of ATAD2 promotes proliferation and migration of stomach cancer cells in response to hypoxia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 523:916-923. [PMID: 31959473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stomach cancer is a difficult-to-treat disease. Lack of detection markers and limited understanding of the disease mechanisms contribute to the aggressive nature of stomach cancer cells (SCCs). Recently, an ATPase, ATAD2 has been found to be highly expressed in stomach cancer contributing to increased malignancy. However, nothing is known about the mechanism of ATAD2 upregulation and its involvement in stomach carcinogenesis. Since hypoxic microenvironment plays a crucial role in the progression of solid tumors like stomach cancer; we have examined the regulation and function of ATAD2 expression in hypoxic SCCs. ATAD2 is induced in hypoxia-treated SCCs. Stomach adenocarcinoma and metastatic tissues with high HIF1α level also show enhanced ATAD2 expression. In the absence of hypoxia-inducible factor HIF1α, ATAD2 protein level is found to be less indicating towards a potential correlation between them. We identify the presence of HIF1α-binding site (HBS) and HIF1α ancillary site (HAS) in the ATAD2 promoter. Using both in vitro and in vivo binding studies, we confirm that HIF1α binds with the ATAD2 promoter in hypoxic condition. ATAD2 upregulation promotes proliferation and migration of SCCs exposed to hypoxia. Thus, we identify ATAD2 as a hypoxia-responsive and HIF1α-regulated gene and elucidate that upregulated expression of ATAD2 enhances tumor-promoting functions in hypoxic SCCs. Therefore, we propose ATAD2 as a promising therapeutic target for stomach cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Nayak
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Arjama Dhar Roy
- Cancer and Molecular Signaling Lab, School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, HBNI, P.O. Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via: Jatni, Dist. Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Niranjan Rout
- Oncopathology, Acharya Harihar Regional Cancer Centre, Cuttack, 753007, Odisha, India
| | | | - Asima Bhattacharyya
- Cancer and Molecular Signaling Lab, School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, HBNI, P.O. Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via: Jatni, Dist. Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India.
| | - Anasuya Roychowdhury
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India.
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Dal Monte M, Evans BA, Arioglu-Inan E, Michel MC. Upregulation of β 3-adrenoceptors-a general marker of and protective mechanism against hypoxia? Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 393:141-146. [PMID: 31853614 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01780-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
β3-Adrenoceptors exhibit a restricted expression pattern, particularly in humans. However, they have been found to be upregulated in various cancers and under several conditions associated with hypoperfusion such as congestive heart failure and diabetes for instance in the heart and other tissues. These conditions are frequently associated with hypoxia. Furthermore, direct induction of hypoxia has consistently been reported to cause upregulation of β3-adrenoceptors across various tissues of multiple species including humans, rats, dogs, and fish. While a canonical hypoxia-response element in the promoter of the human β3-adrenoceptor gene may play a role in this, no such sequence was found in rodent homologs. Moreover, not all upregulation of β3-adrenoceptor protein is accompanied by increased expression of corresponding mRNA, indicating that the upregulation may involve factors other than transcriptional changes. We propose that upregulation of β3-adrenoceptors at the mRNA and/or protein level is a general marker of hypoxic conditions. Moreover, it may be an additional pathway whereby cells and tissues adapt to reduced oxygen levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bronwyn A Evans
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ebru Arioglu-Inan
- Department. of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Martin C Michel
- Department. of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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Hypoxia and lncRNAs in gastrointestinal cancers. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152687. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Epigenetics: A Potential Mechanism Involved in the Pathogenesis of Various Adverse Consequences of Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122937. [PMID: 31208080 PMCID: PMC6627863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics is defined as the heritable phenotypic changes which do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence, including histone modifications, non-coding RNAs, and DNA methylation. Recently, much attention has been paid to the role of hypoxia-mediated epigenetic regulation in cancer, pulmonary hypertension, adaptation to high altitude, and cardiorenal disease. In contrast to sustained hypoxia, chronic intermittent hypoxia with re-oxygenation (IHR) plays a major role in the pathogenesis of various adverse consequences of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), resembling ischemia re-perfusion injury. Nevertheless, the role of epigenetics in the pathogenesis of OSA is currently underexplored. This review proposes that epigenetic processes are involved in the development of various adverse consequences of OSA by influencing adaptive potential and phenotypic variability under conditions of chronic IHR. Improved understanding of the interaction between genetic and environmental factors through epigenetic regulations holds great value to give deeper insight into the mechanisms underlying IHR-related low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, and sympathetic hyperactivity, and clarify their implications for biomedical research.
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