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Li C, Zheng D, Luo J. Effects of traditional Chinese exercise on patients with cognitive impairment: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Nurs Open 2021; 8:2208-2220. [PMID: 33605528 PMCID: PMC8363389 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To systematically review the effectiveness of four types of traditional Chinese exercise (TCE) on patients with cognitive impairment (CI) and to rank these four TCE types. Design A Bayesian network meta‐analysis. Methods Four English databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Web of Science, and three Chinese databases, including CNKI, VIP and Wanfang, were searched from their inception to December 2019. Randomized control trials conducted to verify the effects of TCE on patients with CI were included. We used network meta‐analysis to evaluate the relative effects and rank probabilities of the four types of TCE. Results The results of the network meta‐analysis indicated that baduanjin (N = 9), tai chi (N = 11), liuzijue (N = 2) and qigong (N = 1) all had significant benefits compared with control conditions. According to the ranking probabilities, baduanjin was most likely to be associated with substantial improvement in cognition, followed by tai chi, liuzijue and qigong. Conclusion Our study revealed the effectiveness of TCE for improving global cognition in adults with cognitive impairment. Baduanjin may be the most effective exercise type. The evidence summarized in our study still contains bias, and more research should be carried out to verify the validity of TCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Neurology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongxiang Zheng
- Neurology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinglan Luo
- Internal Medicine Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Effects of Mind-Body Exercise on Brain Structure and Function: A Systematic Review on MRI Studies. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020205. [PMID: 33562412 PMCID: PMC7915202 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mind–body exercise has been proposed to confer both physical and mental health benefits. However, there is no clear consensus on the neural mechanisms underlying the improvements in health. Herein, we conducted a systematic review to reveal which brain region or network is regulated by mind–body exercise. PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were systematically searched to identify cross-sectional and intervention studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to explore the effect of mind–body exercise on brain structure and function, from their inception to June 2020. The risk of bias for cross-sectional studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist, whereas that of interventional studies was analyzed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. A total of 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. Our analysis revealed that mind–body exercise modulated brain structure, brain neural activity, and functional connectivity, mainly in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus/medial temporal lobe, lateral temporal lobe, insula, and the cingulate cortex, as well as the cognitive control and default mode networks, which might underlie the beneficial effects of such exercises on health. However, due to the heterogeneity of included studies, more randomized controlled trials with rigorous designs, similar measured outcomes, and whole-brain analyses are warranted.
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Musical Training and Brain Volume in Older Adults. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11010050. [PMID: 33466337 PMCID: PMC7824792 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Musical practice, including musical training and musical performance, has been found to benefit cognitive function in older adults. Less is known about the role of musical experiences on brain structure in older adults. The present study examined the role of different types of musical behaviors on brain structure in older adults. We administered the Goldsmiths Musical Sophistication Index, a questionnaire that includes questions about a variety of musical behaviors, including performance on an instrument, musical practice, allocation of time to music, musical listening expertise, and emotional responses to music. We demonstrated that musical training, defined as the extent of musical training, musical practice, and musicianship, was positively and significantly associated with the volume of the inferior frontal cortex and parahippocampus. In addition, musical training was positively associated with volume of the posterior cingulate cortex, insula, and medial orbitofrontal cortex. Together, the present study suggests that musical behaviors relate to a circuit of brain regions involved in executive function, memory, language, and emotion. As gray matter often declines with age, our study has promising implications for the positive role of musical practice on aging brain health.
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Comparison of Traditional Chinese Exercises and Nontraditional Chinese Exercise Modalities on Cognitive and Executive Function in Community Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:4380805. [PMID: 33299452 PMCID: PMC7704149 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4380805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Current evidence indicates that regular exercise can have a positive impact on cognitive function in older adults, but whether different exercise modalities may induce differential protective effects in different cognitive domains is uncertain. Objective To compare the effect of traditional Chinese exercise (TCE) modalities and non-traditional Chinese exercise (non-TCE) modalities on cognitive and executive function in community middle-aged and older adults through a cross-sectional study. Methods A total of 350 community middle-aged and older adults aged over 55 years participated in this study. Information on demographic characteristics, lifestyle and behavioural habits, and regular exercise was collected by a self-designed questionnaire. Global cognitive ability and executive function were assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale, the clock drawing test (CDT), the animal naming test (ANT), and the trail making test (TMT). Eligible subjects were categorized into the no regular exercise (no-RE), non-TCE, or TCE groups according to their self-reported exercise information. Comparisons of global cognitive and executive function among the three groups were conducted using ANOVA or the general linear model with adjustment for potential confounding factors. Results The results showed that for the non-TCE or TCE groups, the MoCA and CDT scores were significantly higher, and the TMT-A test time was significantly shorter than those in the no-RE group (all P < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed for the TMT-B and ANT tests. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, the MoCA, the CDT, and TMT-A scores in the TCE group were significant compared to those in the no-RE group. In addition, subgroup analysis showed that in the TCE group, the MoCA scores were significantly higher than those in the non-TCE group. Furthermore, in the TCE group, the CDT scores for those with an exercise duration of <5 years were higher and the TMT-A test time for those with an exercise duration of ≥5 years was shorter than those in the non-TCE group. Conclusions Both TCE and non-TCE have potential protective effects on global cognitive and executive function in community middle-aged and older adults. Compared to the non-TCE modality, the TCE modality may have a more positive association with these protective effects. Furthermore, prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Rockwood K, Andrew MK, Aubertin‐Leheudre M, Belleville S, Bherer L, Bowles SK, Kehler DS, Lim A, Middleton L, Phillips N, Wallace LM. CCCDTD5: Reducing the risk of later-life dementia. Evidence informing the Fifth Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia (CCCDTD-5). ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2020; 6:e12083. [PMID: 33204818 PMCID: PMC7656906 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Fifth Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia (CCCDTD-5) was a year-long process to synthesize the best available evidence on several topics. Our group undertook evaluation of risk reduction, in eight domains: nutrition; physical activity; hearing; sleep; cognitive training and stimulation; social engagement and education; frailty; and medications. Here we describe the rationale for the undertaking and summarize the background evidence-this is also tabulated in the Appendix. We further comment specifically on the relationship between age and dementia, and offer some suggestions for how reducing the risk of dementia in the seventh decade and beyond might be considered if we are to improve prospects for prevention in the near term. We draw to attention that a well-specified model of success in dementia prevention need not equate to the elimination of cognitive impairment in late life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Rockwood
- Division of Geriatric MedicineDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Melissa K. Andrew
- Division of Geriatric MedicineDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | | | - Sylvie Belleville
- Research CenterInstitut Universitaire de Gériatrie de MontréalMontréalQuebecCanada
- Psychology DepartmentUniversité de MontréalMontréalCanada
| | - Louis Bherer
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Centre de recherche, Institut de cardiologie de Montréal, Centre de rechercheInstitut universitaire de gériatrie de MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Susan K. Bowles
- Division of Geriatric MedicineDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
- College of PharmacyDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | - D Scott Kehler
- School of PhysiotherapyDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Andrew Lim
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences CentreUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Laura Middleton
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooOntarioCanada
| | - Natalie Phillips
- Department of PsychologyConcordia UniversityMontréalQuébecCanada
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Jin J, Wu Y, Li S, Jin S, Wang L, Zhang J, Zhou C, Gao Y, Wang Z. Effect of 1 Year of Qigong Exercise on Cognitive Function Among Older Chinese Adults at Risk of Cognitive Decline: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Psychol 2020; 11:546834. [PMID: 33192794 PMCID: PMC7662077 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.546834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The rapidly aging Chinese population is showing an increase in age-related illnesses, including mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. The best types of physical activity for the improvement of cognition remain unknown. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of a tailored qigong exercise with that of stretching exercise in the maintenance of cognitive abilities in Chinese elders at risk of cognitive decline. Methods: Seventy-four community-dwelling adults aged ≥60 years were screened for eligibility. Using a randomized control group design, participants with scores ≥19 on the Chinese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic (MoCA) were allocated to a 1-year qigong intervention (n = 33) and a stretching control exercise group (n = 33). The primary outcome was the MoCA score, as a measure of global cognitive function, and secondary outcomes were globe cognition and five domain scores on the Chinese version of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). The MoCA and RBANS were administered at baseline and 1 year after intervention to assess the effect of the exercises on cognitive decline. Results: Twenty-five of 33 (75.8%) participants in the qigong group and 26 of 33 (78.8%) participants in the control group completed the 1-year exercise programs. A bivariate test revealed strong correlation between MoCA and RBANS total scores after the intervention (r = 0.517, p < 0.01). Generalized estimating equations revealed a lower risk of progression of cognitive decline at 1 year in the qigong group than in the control group (odds ratio, 0.314; 95% confidence interval, 0.103-0.961; p = 0.04). Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA followed by post hoc t tests with Bonferroni corrections indicated that MoCA and RBANS scores were significantly higher in the qigong group than in the control group (MoCA and RBANS global cognition, memory, visuospatial/constructional ability, and language, all p < 0.01), with the exception of RBANS attention score (p > 0.05). Conclusions: One year of qigong practice was significantly superior to stretching exercise not only for the prevention of cognitive decline progression, but also for the improvement of several cognitive functions, among older Chinese adults at risk of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Department of Kinesiology, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States
| | - Yin Wu
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaohua Li
- School of Martial Arts, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Caoyang Middle School, Shanghai, China
| | - Suhui Jin
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenglin Zhou
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Kinesiology, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Martial Arts, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Xiong J, Ye M, Wang L, Zheng G. Effects of physical exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials: Physical exercise for executive function. Int J Nurs Stud 2020; 114:103810. [PMID: 33248291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of physical exercise interventions on executive function in cognitively healthy adults aged 60 years and older. METHODS Four electronic databases, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, Web of Science and Embase, were comprehensively searched from their inception to November 25, 2019. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effect of physical exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults were included. RESULTS Twenty-five eligible trials with fair methodological quality were identified. Compared to a no-exercise intervention, physical exercise had positive effect on working memory (Hedge's g=0.127, p<0.01, I2= 0%), cognitive flexibility (Hedge's g=0.511; p=0.007, I2=89.08%), and inhibitory control (Hedge's g=0.136; p=0.001, I2=0%) in cognitively healthy older adults. The moderator analysis indicated that more than 13 weeks of aerobic exercise significantly improved working memory and cognitive flexibility, and intervention lasting more than 26 weeks significantly improved inhibition; mind-body exercise significantly improved working memory. No significant effect on planning or semantic verbal fluency (SVF) was found. CONCLUSION Regular physical exercise training, especially aerobic exercise and mind-body exercise, had positive benefit for improving working memory, cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control of executive function in cognively healthy older adults. Further well-designed RCTs should focus on the impact of specific exercise forms with a standardized exercise scheme on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xiong
- College of Nursing and Health Management, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China; No.1 People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, JiangSu, China
| | - Mingzhu Ye
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lecong Wang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohua Zheng
- College of Nursing and Health Management, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Wei L, Chai Q, Chen J, Wang Q, Bao Y, Xu W, Ma E. The impact of Tai Chi on cognitive rehabilitation of elder adults with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Disabil Rehabil 2020; 44:2197-2206. [PMID: 33043709 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2020.1830311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wei
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qianwen Chai
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Site, Tianjin, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuting Bao
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiwei Xu
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Enting Ma
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Mohanty S, Sharma P, Sharma G. Yoga for infirmity in geriatric population amidst COVID-19 pandemic: Comment on "Age and Ageism in COVID-19: Elderly mental health-care vulnerabilities and needs". Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 53:102199. [PMID: 32590140 PMCID: PMC7293528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sriloy Mohanty
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Research, 7th Floor, Convergence Block, AIIMS, New Delhi, India.
| | - Payal Sharma
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Research, 7th Floor, Convergence Block, AIIMS, New Delhi, India.
| | - Gautam Sharma
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Research and Professor, Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-29, India.
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Fung AWT. Effect of physical exercise and medication on enhancing cognitive function in older adults with vascular risk. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20:1067-1071. [PMID: 32989840 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIM To examine the association of physical exercise (PE) and medication on cognitive function in older adults with vascular risk. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of 478 non-demented participants aged ≥60 years with vascular risk. Management strategy included PE (mind-body exercise and/or strenuous exercise), medication, PE combined with medication and no management at all. Participation of PE was determined by self-reporting exercise engagement in the past year. Cognitive preservation was defined as a global composite z-score that was equal to or above the age and educational adjusted mean of cognitively normal older adults. Binary logistic regression was carried out to examine the association between management strategy and cognitive preservation in each exercise modality adjusted by sociodemographic, physical, mental and genetic factors. RESULTS An association was found in preserved cognitive function for those who managed their vascular risk through PE (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.2-5.3, P = 0.015) and in combination with medication (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.0-4.6, P = 0.05). A similar pattern was also found in each exercise subtype. A significant short-term (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.0-12.4, P = 0.042) to lifelong (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.4-8.5, P = 0.006) cognitive benefit was found in MB exercise. CONCLUSION Medication alone may be insufficient to preserve cognitive function in older adults with vascular risk. In our sample, medication in combined with PE is found to have significant impact on cognitive improvement. Mind-body exercise might be better than strenuous exercise, as a more sustainable cognitive effect is observed. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 1067-1071..
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Wai-Tung Fung
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Bechard LE, McDougall A, Mitchell C, Regan K, Bergelt M, Dupuis S, Giangregorio L, Freeman S, Middleton LE. Dementia- and mild cognitive impairment-inclusive exercise: Perceptions, experiences, and needs of community exercise providers. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238187. [PMID: 32898193 PMCID: PMC7478809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE For persons who are at risk for, or living with, dementia exercise is recommended, yet many become or remain inactive. Exercise providers play a vital role in promoting and facilitating exercise in these groups by recognizing and being responsive to the needs of persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia in exercise programming. The objective of this study was to explore the experiences, perceptions, and needs of community exercise providers regarding dementia. MATERIALS & METHODS Five focus groups were held with community exercise providers (n = 30) who deliver exercise to older adults (≥55 years) in municipal, non-profit, for profit, or academic settings. RESULTS Three themes were developed: (1) Unique experiences and diverse perceptions: suggests unique personal experiences with MCI and dementia inform distinct perceptions of dementia; (2) Dementia-Inclusive Practices: learning as you go and adapting for the individual: reflects exercise providers' approaches to recognizing and accommodating individuals' unique abilities and preferences; (3) Training and Best Practices, with Flexibility: identifies exercise providers' desires for MCI- and dementia-specific knowledge and training strategies, which need to recognize dementia heterogeneity between and within persons over time. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight a willingness of exercise providers to support dementia-inclusive exercise, but recognize they have minimal training and lack educational resources to do so. Formal training resources may enhance exercise accessibility and participation for persons with MCI or dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Bechard
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Aidan McDougall
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheyenne Mitchell
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kayla Regan
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maximillian Bergelt
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sherry Dupuis
- Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lora Giangregorio
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shannon Freeman
- University of Northern British Columbia School of Nursing, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Laura E. Middleton
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Bauer ACM, Andringa G. The Potential of Immersive Virtual Reality for Cognitive Training in Elderly. Gerontology 2020; 66:614-623. [PMID: 32906122 DOI: 10.1159/000509830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of elderly is growing rapidly, including those that struggle with cognitive decline and, consequently, activities of daily living. Developing interventions that slow down cognitive decline would greatly benefit the autonomy of these elderly, as well as their caretakers. Virtual reality (VR) is an immersive and interactive human-computer interface with real-time simulation that is suggested to be a promising tool to improve cognitive functioning. This literature review discusses the features of immersive VR, including its opportunities and limitations, that are of special relevance for improving cognition in elderly. First, the high flexibility of VR allows for personalized and safe training of potentially harmful situations and isolated aspects of tasks. Second, VR's dynamic and real-time feedback on performance provides a labor-extensive tool for caretakers in elderly care. Third, the acquisition of high resolution data enables the exposure of subtle changes over time, relevant for detecting the nature and extent of cognitive changes in elderly, including those with dementia. Fourth, immersive VR has been related to cybersickness. Finally, VR is immersive and enables the perception and expression of emotions, motor behaviors, and multiple senses. Aged subjects are found to have sparing of emotional learning and show increased reliance on multisensory integration for learning. Moreover, they experience high levels of flow, motivation, and presence in VR setups. Despite the clear potential of immersive VR, the studies available are small scale and have not been replicated. The digital illiteracy of elderly and healthcare personnel form an additional barrier for implementation. Hence, while replication of outcomes and standardization of VR interventions is required before it can be used in standard care, VR may provide a particularly effective tool for training cognition in elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cornelia Maria Bauer
- Department of Science, University College Roosevelt, Utrecht University, Middelburg, The Netherlands
| | - Gerda Andringa
- Department of Science, University College Roosevelt, Utrecht University, Middelburg, The Netherlands, .,Academic Workplace for the Elderly in Zeeland, Middelburg, The Netherlands,
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Weber M, Schnorr T, Morat M, Morat T, Donath L. Effects of Mind-Body Interventions Involving Meditative Movements on Quality of Life, Depressive Symptoms, Fear of Falling and Sleep Quality in Older Adults: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186556. [PMID: 32916879 PMCID: PMC7559727 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: The aim of the present systematic meta-analytical review was to quantify the effects of different mind–body interventions (MBI) involving meditative movements on relevant psychological health outcomes (i.e., quality of life (QoL), depressive symptoms, fear of falling (FoF) and sleep quality) in older adults without mental disorders. Methods: A structured literature search was conducted in five databases (Ovid, PsycINFO, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science). Inclusion criteria were: (i) the study was a (cluster) randomized controlled trial, (ii) the subjects were aged ≥59 years without mental illnesses, (iii) an intervention arm performing MBI compared to a non-exercise control group (e.g., wait-list or usual care), (iv) psychological health outcomes related to QoL, depressive symptoms, FoF or sleep quality were assessed and (v) a PEDro score of ≥5. The interventions of the included studies were sub-grouped into Tai Chi/Qigong (TCQ) and Yoga/Pilates (YP). Statistical analyses were conducted using a random-effects inverse-variance model. Results: Thirty-seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (comprising 3224 participants) were included. Small to moderate-but-significant overall effect sizes favoring experimental groups (Hedges’ g: 0.25 to 0.71) compared to non-exercise control groups were observed in all outcomes (all p values ≤ 0.007), apart from one subdomain of quality of life (i.e., social functioning, p = 0.15). Interestingly, a significant larger effect on QoL and depressive symptoms with increasing training frequency was found for TCQ (p = 0.03; p = 0.004). Conclusions: MBI involving meditative movements may serve as a promising opportunity to improve psychological health domains such as QoL, depressive symptoms, FoF and sleep quality in older adults. Hence, these forms of exercise may represent potential preventive measures regarding the increase of late-life mental disorders, which need to be further confirmed by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Weber
- Institute of Movement and Sport Gerontology, German Sport University, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (M.W.); (T.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Thiemo Schnorr
- Institute of Movement and Sport Gerontology, German Sport University, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (M.W.); (T.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Mareike Morat
- Institute of Exercise Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Tobias Morat
- Institute of Movement and Sport Gerontology, German Sport University, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (M.W.); (T.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Lars Donath
- Institute of Exercise Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University, 50933 Cologne, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-221-4982-7700
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Mattle M, Chocano-Bedoya PO, Fischbacher M, Meyer U, Abderhalden LA, Lang W, Mansky R, Kressig RW, Steurer J, Orav EJ, Bischoff-Ferrari HA. Association of Dance-Based Mind-Motor Activities With Falls and Physical Function Among Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2017688. [PMID: 32975570 PMCID: PMC7519422 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Falls increase morbidity and mortality in adults 65 years and older. The role of dance-based mind-motor activities in preventing falls among healthy older adults is not well established. OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of dance-based mind-motor activities in preventing falls. DATA SOURCES Systematic search included the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsychINFO, Abstracts in Social Gerontology, AgeLine, AMED, and Scopus databases from database inception to February 18, 2018, using the Medical Subject Headings aged 65 and older, accidental falls, and dancing. STUDY SELECTION This systematic review and meta-analysis included 29 randomized clinical trials that evaluated a dance-based mind-motor activity in healthy older adults with regard to fall risk, fall rate, or well-established measures of physical function in the domains of balance, mobility, and strength. The included studies targeted participants without comorbidities associated with higher fall risk. Dance-based mind-motor activities were defined as coordinated upright mind-motor movements that emphasize dynamic balance, structured through music or an inner rhythm (eg, breathing) and distinctive instructions or choreography, and that involve social interaction. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Standardized independent screening, data extraction, and bias assessment were performed. Data were pooled using random-effects models. The study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guideline. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Primary outcomes were risk of falling and rate of falls. For the secondary end points of physical function (balance, mobility, and strength), standardized mean differences (SMDs) were estimated and pooled (Hedges g). RESULTS In this systematic review and meta-analysis of 29 randomized clinical trials, dance-based mind-motor activities were significantly associated with reduced (37%) risk of falling (risk ratio, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.49-0.80; 8 trials, 1579 participants) and a significantly reduced (31%) rate of falls (incidence rate ratio, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.53-0.89; 7 trials, 2012 participants). In addition, dance-based mind-motor activities were significantly associated with improved physical function in the domains of balance (standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.33-0.90; 15 trials, 1476 participants), mobility (SMD, -0.56; 95% CI, -0.81 to -0.31; 13 trials, 1379 participants), and lower body strength (SMD, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.23-0.91; 13 trials, 1613 participants) but not upper body strength (SMD, 0.18; 95% CI, -0.03 to 0.38; 4 trials, 414 participants). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE Among healthy older adults, dance-based mind-motor activities were associated with decreased risk of falling and rate of falls and improved balance, mobility, and lower body strength. This type of activity may be useful in preventing falls in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Mattle
- Department of Geriatrics and Aging Research, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center on Aging and Mobility, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patricia O. Chocano-Bedoya
- Department of Geriatrics and Aging Research, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center on Aging and Mobility, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Fischbacher
- Department of Geriatrics and Aging Research, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center on Aging and Mobility, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ursina Meyer
- Department of Geriatrics and Aging Research, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center on Aging and Mobility, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lauren A. Abderhalden
- Department of Geriatrics and Aging Research, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center on Aging and Mobility, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wei Lang
- Department of Geriatrics and Aging Research, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center on Aging and Mobility, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Richard Mansky
- Department of Geriatrics and Aging Research, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center on Aging and Mobility, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto W. Kressig
- University Department of Geriatric Medicine Felix Platter, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johann Steurer
- Horten Centre, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E. John Orav
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Heike A. Bischoff-Ferrari
- Department of Geriatrics and Aging Research, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center on Aging and Mobility, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Ozkul C, Guclu-Gunduz A, Eldemir K, Apaydin Y, Yazici G, Irkec C. Combined exercise training improves cognitive functions in multiple sclerosis patients with cognitive impairment: A single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 45:102419. [PMID: 32736216 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment is common in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The effects of different exercise trainings on cognitive functions in patients with MS are promising. However, the effects are not yet clear in MS patients with cognitive impairment. This study aimed to investigate the effect of combined exercise training on different cognitive functions in MS patients with cognitive impairment. METHODS Relapsing-remitting and mild disabled MS patients with cognitive impairment were randomly assigned to two groups: Exercise Group (EG, n:17) and the Control Group (CG, n:17). The EG received a combined exercise training consisting of aerobic and Pilates training in three sessions per week for 8 weeks while the CG performed the relaxation exercises at home. Cognitive functions, walking capacity, fatigue, mood, and quality of life were assessed at baseline and after eight weeks using the Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests (BRB-N), Six-Minute Walk Test (6-MWT), Fatigue Impact Scale (FIS), Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) and MS Quality of Life-54 (MSQoL-54), respectively. RESULTS This study showed significant group-by-time interactions on long-term verbal memory, walking capacity, cognitive fatigue, and physical quality of life in favor of the EG (p<0.003). Moreover, verbal memory, visuospatial memory, verbal fluency, information processing speed, walking capacity, fatigue, and quality of life improved in the EG (p<0.05) while only verbal memory increased in the CG (p<0.05). Furthermore, the change in visuospatial memory was associated with the change in mental quality of life (r:0.352, p: 0.041) while the change in verbal fluency (r: -0.362, p:0.035) and processing speed (r: -0.356, p:0.039) were associated with the change in mood. CONCLUSION Combined exercise training has beneficial effects on different cognitive functions in mild disabled RRMS patients with cognitive impairment. In addition, there is a mutual relationship in improvements in cognitive functions, mood, and quality of life after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagla Ozkul
- Gazi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Arzu Guclu-Gunduz
- Gazi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kader Eldemir
- Gazi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Apaydin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Yazici
- Gazi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ceyla Irkec
- Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Ankara, Turkey
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García-Garro PA, Hita-Contreras F, Martínez-Amat A, Achalandabaso-Ochoa A, Jiménez-García JD, Cruz-Díaz D, Aibar-Almazán A. Effectiveness of A Pilates Training Program on Cognitive and Functional Abilities in Postmenopausal Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3580. [PMID: 32443744 PMCID: PMC7277224 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a Pilates exercises program on the cognitive and physical functioning of older Spanish women. This study is a randomized clinical trial; a total of 110 women aged ≥60 years were initially allocated to either a Pilates group (PG, n = 55), who underwent a 12-week Pilates exercise program, or to a control group (CG, n = 55), who did not receive any intervention. Global cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination), verbal fluency (Isaacs test), executive function (Trail Making Test), functional flexibility (Back Scratch Test and Chair Sit-and-Reach Test), and lower-body strength (30 s Chair-Stand Test) were assessed before and immediately after the intervention period. The main findings of this study suggest that women in the PG (within-group differences) experienced improvements across all the variables examined except for global cognitive function. When compared with the CG (between-group differences), our analysis revealed significant benefits in the PG for all measures except for global cognitive function and functional flexibility (Back Scratch Test). In conclusion, our results suggest that Pilates has the potential to improve both cognitive and functional abilities among Spanish women aged 60 years and over.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Alexandra García-Garro
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (P.A.G.-G.); (F.H.-C.); (A.M.-A.); (D.C.-D.); (A.A.-A.)
| | - Fidel Hita-Contreras
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (P.A.G.-G.); (F.H.-C.); (A.M.-A.); (D.C.-D.); (A.A.-A.)
| | - Antonio Martínez-Amat
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (P.A.G.-G.); (F.H.-C.); (A.M.-A.); (D.C.-D.); (A.A.-A.)
| | - Alexander Achalandabaso-Ochoa
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (P.A.G.-G.); (F.H.-C.); (A.M.-A.); (D.C.-D.); (A.A.-A.)
| | - José Daniel Jiménez-García
- Department of Teaching Physical Education, Fine Arts and Music, University of Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain;
| | - David Cruz-Díaz
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (P.A.G.-G.); (F.H.-C.); (A.M.-A.); (D.C.-D.); (A.A.-A.)
| | - Agustín Aibar-Almazán
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (P.A.G.-G.); (F.H.-C.); (A.M.-A.); (D.C.-D.); (A.A.-A.)
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Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Performance in Older Adults: A Narrative Review of the Evidence, Possible Biological Mechanisms, and Recommendations for Exercise Prescription. J Aging Res 2020; 2020:1407896. [PMID: 32509348 PMCID: PMC7244966 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1407896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity and exercise have emerged as potential methods to improve brain health among older adults. However, there are currently no physical activity guidelines aimed at improving cognitive function, and the mechanisms underlying these cognitive benefits are poorly understood. The purpose of this narrative review is to present the current evidence regarding the effects of physical activity and exercise on cognition in older adults without cognitive impairment, identify potential mechanisms underlying these effects, and make recommendations for exercise prescription to enhance cognitive performance. The review begins with a summary of evidence of the effect of chronic physical activity and exercise on cognition. Attention then turns to four main biological mechanisms that appear to underlie exercise-induced cognitive improvement, including the upregulation of growth factors and neuroplasticity, inhibition of inflammatory biomarker production, improved vascular function, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation. The last section provides an overview of exercise parameters known to optimize cognition in older adults, such as exercise type, frequency, intensity, session duration, and exercise program duration.
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68
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Canli S, Ozyurda F. A multi-modal exercise intervention that improves cognitive function and physical performance, elderly with mobility-related disability: a randomized controlled trial. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:1027-1033. [PMID: 32253894 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical exercise interventions have showed improvement on cognitive performance and mobility of old people. However, the results regarding the inclusion of cognitive activities into exercise were not evaluated simultaneously. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of multimodal exercise program on cognitive function and physical performance in elderly people with mobility disabilities. METHODS The sample of the study consisted of 70 old people randomly appointed to the exercise and control groups (35 people for each) with mobility disabilities. A new exercise program was conducted for old people in the exercise group for 6 months. Evaluation between 1st and 24th week included cognitive change, mobility, balance and walking parameters. RESULTS Exercise group showed better performance on orientation, memory and language point than before the intervention (P<0.05). Again, the total mental test score of the exercise group significantly increased from 18.7±3.5 to 20.1±3.5 after the intervention (P<0.001). People without a cognitive disorder increased from 8 to 11 in the exercise group (P<0.001), while the number did not change in control group. Correlation was found between exercise group and activities such as mobility, walking and balance performance (r=0.81; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS A multimodal exercise program with intense mental activities enabled an improvement in both cognitive and physical performance in old people with loss of competences due to mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap Canli
- Department of Elderly Care Program, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey -
| | - Ferda Ozyurda
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medical Sciences, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
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69
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Xiao T, Yang L, Smith L, Loprinzi PD, Veronese N, Yao J, Zhang Z, Yu JJ. Correlation Between Cognition and Balance Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults Observed Through a Tai Chi Intervention Program. Front Psychol 2020; 11:668. [PMID: 32328017 PMCID: PMC7153433 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Age-associated decline in cognition and balance may cause severe ability loss for daily living activities among middle-aged and older adults. The relationship between cognition and balance in this aging population remains to be explored. Objective The present study Is exploratory in nature and aimed to examine the relationship between balance (both static and dynamic components) and global cognitive function among middle-aged and older adults through Tai Chi (TC) practice as a research avenue. Methods A short-term (12 weeks) intervention of TC was conducted among middle-aged and older adults in the community setting. Global cognitive function (using the Chinese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score (MoCA) and balance (i.e., one leg standing test score; Timed Up and Go Test score, TUGT) of all participants were assessed before and after the intervention. Age, body mass index (BMI), sex, and physical fitness variables (Chair Stand Test, CST; the 6-Meter Walk Test, 6MWT) were also collected as confounding factors. Results Significant moderator effects of baseline CST on the association between the dichotomized baseline MoCA score and the baseline left leg balance score (p = 0.0247), the baseline right leg balance score (p = 0.0140) and the baseline TUGT score (p = 0.0346) were found. Change score of left score balance (p = 0.0192) and change score of TUGT (p = 0.0162) were found to be significantly associated with change score of cognitive function. Conclusion Cognitive function and balance are interrelated in middle-aged and older adults. The association between global cognitive function and balance Is moderated by strength of lower limbs. The change scores of cognitive function and balance introduced by TC training were found to be positively correlated. Future research Is warranted to further confirm the cause-effect relationship of cognitive function and balance and its influencing factors among middle-aged and older adults utilizing intervention studies with larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xiao
- College of Mathematics and Statistics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Lee Smith
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management School of Applied Sciences, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Geriatrics Division, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Jie Yao
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
| | - Zonghao Zhang
- College of Physical Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jane Jie Yu
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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70
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Tai Chi Training Evokes Significant Changes in Brain White Matter Network in Older Women. Healthcare (Basel) 2020; 8:healthcare8010057. [PMID: 32182844 PMCID: PMC7151065 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare8010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cognitive decline is age relevant and it can start as early as middle age. The decline becomes more obvious among older adults, which is highly associated with increased risk of developing dementia (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease). White matter damage was found to be related to cognitive decline through aging. The purpose of the current study was to compare the effects of Tai Chi (TC) versus walking on the brain white matter network among Chinese elderly women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted where 42 healthy elderly women were included. Tai Chi practitioners (20 females, average age: 62.9 ± 2.38 years, education level 9.05 ± 1.8 years) and the matched walking participants (22 females, average age: 63.27 ± 3.58 years, educational level: 8.86 ± 2.74 years) underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) scans. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and graph theory were employed to study the data, construct the white matter matrix, and compare the brain network attributes between the two groups. Results: Results from graph-based analyses showed that the small-world attributes were higher for the TC group than for the walking group (p < 0.05, Cohen’s d = 1.534). Some effects were significant (p < 0.001) with very large effect sizes. Meanwhile, the aggregation coefficient and local efficiency attributes were also higher for the TC group than for the walking group (p > 0.05). However, no significant difference was found between the two groups in node attributes and edge analysis. Conclusion: Regular TC training is more conducive to optimize the brain functioning and networking of the elderly. The results of the current study help to identify the mechanisms underlying the cognitive protective effects of TC.
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Quigley A, Brouillette MJ, Gahagan J, O’Brien KK, MacKay-Lyons M. Feasibility and Impact of a Yoga Intervention on Cognition, Physical Function, Physical Activity, and Affective Outcomes among People Living with HIV: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2020; 19:2325958220935698. [PMID: 32583707 PMCID: PMC7318828 DOI: 10.1177/2325958220935698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this pilot randomized controlled trial is to assess the feasibility and impact of a triweekly 12-week yoga intervention among people living with HIV (PLWH). Additional objectives included evaluating cognition, physical function, medication adherence, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and mental health among yoga participants versus controls using blinded assessors. We recruited 22 medically stable PLWH aged ≥35 years. A priori feasibility criteria were ≥70% yoga session attendance and ≥70% of participants satisfied with the intervention using a postparticipation questionnaire. Two participants withdrew from the yoga group. Mean yoga class attendance was 82%, with 100% satisfaction. Intention-to-treat analyses (yoga n = 11, control n = 11) showed no within- or between-group differences in cognitive and physical function. The yoga group improved over time in HRQoL cognition (P = .047) with trends toward improvements in HRQoL health transition (P =.063) and depression (P = .055). This pilot study provides preliminary evidence of feasibility and benefits of yoga for PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adria Quigley
- Department of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Jacqueline Gahagan
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kelly Kathleen O’Brien
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marilyn MacKay-Lyons
- Department of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Canada
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The Rehabilitative Effects of Virtual Reality Games on Balance Performance among Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16214161. [PMID: 31661938 PMCID: PMC6861947 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This research aims to evaluate the effect of virtual reality (VR) games on balance recovery of children with cerebral palsy (CP) by quantitatively synthesizing the existing literature, and to further determine the impact of VR game intervention (the duration of each intervention, intervention frequency, intervention cycle, and total intervention time) on the balance recovery of children with CP. To this end, relevant literature up until 3 August 2019 was retrieved from Chinese databases (CNKI and Wanfang Data) and the databases in other languages (Web of Science, Pubmed, EBSCOhost, Informit, Scopus, Science Direct, and ProQuest), and bias analysis was conducted with the PEDro scale in this research. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were selected and underwent meta-analysis, and combined effect size was calculated with a random effects model. The results showed that VR games may improve the balance of children with CP (Hedge’s g = 0.29; 95% CI 0.10–0.48), and no significant influence of the intervention on balance of children with CP was shown in the subgroup analysis. In conclusion, VR games played a positive role in the improvement of balance of children with CP, but these results should be viewed with caution owing to current methodological defects (difference in measurement, heterogeneity of control groups, intervention combined with other treatments, etc.).
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Zou L, Loprinzi PD, Yu JJ, Yang L, Li C, Yeung AS, Kong Z, Chiou SY, Xiao T. Superior Effects of Modified Chen-Style Tai Chi versus 24-Style Tai Chi on Cognitive Function, Fitness, and Balance Performance in Adults over 55. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9050102. [PMID: 31060221 PMCID: PMC6562620 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9050102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cognitive decline and balance impairment are prevalent in the aging population. Previous studies investigated the beneficial effects of 24-style Tai Chi (TC-24) on either cognitive function or balance performance of older adults. It still remains largely unknown whether modified Chen-style TC (MTC) that includes 18 complex movements is more beneficial for these age-related health outcomes, as compared to TC-24. Objective: We investigated if MTC would show greater effects than TC-24 on global cognitive function and balance-related outcomes among older adults. Methods: We conducted a randomized trial where 80 eligible adults aged over 55 were allocated into two different styles of Tai Chi (TC) arms (sixty-minute session × three times per week, 12 weeks). Outcome assessments were performed at three time periods (baseline, Week 6, and Week 12) and included the Chinese Version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) for overall cognitive function, One-leg Standing Test (LST) for static balance, Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT) for dynamic balance, chair Stand Test (CST) for leg power, and the six-meter Walk Test (6MWT) for aerobic exercise capacity. Results: Compared to TC-24 arm, MTC arm demonstrated significantly greater improvements in MoCA, LST, TUGT, CST, and 6MWT (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: Both forms of TC were effective in enhancing global cognitive function, balance, and fitness. Furthermore, MTC was more effective than TC-24 in enhancing these health-related parameters in an aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liye Zou
- Lifestyle (Mind-Body Movement) Research Center, College of Sports Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Jane Jie Yu
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Lin Yang
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB T2S 3C3, Canada.
- Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada.
| | - Chunxiao Li
- Physical Education and Sport Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore.
| | - Albert S Yeung
- Depression Clinical and Research Program at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Shin-Yi Chiou
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Tao Xiao
- College of Mathematics and Statistics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Wuqinxi Qigong as an Alternative Exercise for Improving Risk Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16081396. [PMID: 31003412 PMCID: PMC6517947 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16081396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: The improvement of living standards has led to increases in the prevalence of hypokinetic diseases. In particular, multifactorial complex diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, are becoming more prevalent. Currently, developing effective methods to combat or prevent metabolic syndrome is of critical public health importance. Thus, we conducted a systematic review to evaluate the existing literature regarding the effects of Wuqinxi exercise on reducing risk factors related to metabolic syndrome. Methods: Both English- and Chinese-language databases were searched for randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of Wuqinxi on these outcomes. Meanwhile, we extracted usable data for computing pooled effect size estimates, along with the random-effects model. Results: The synthesized results showed positive effects of Wuqinxi exercise on systolic blood pressure (SBP, SMD = 0.62, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.85, p < 0.001, I2 = 24.06%), diastolic blood pressure (DBP, SMD = 0.62, 95% CI 0.22 to 1.00, p < 0.001, I2 = 61.28%), total plasma cholesterol (TC, SMD = 0.88, 95% CI 0.41 to 1.36, p < 0.001, I2 = 78.71%), triglyceride (TG, SMD = 0.87, 95% CI 0.49 to 1.24, p < 0.001, I2 = 67.22%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, SMD = 1.24, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.72, p < 0.001, I2 = 78.27%), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL, SMD = 0.95, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.46, p < 0.001, I2 = 82.27%). In addition, regression results showed that longer-duration Wuqinxi intervention significantly improved DBP (β = 0.00016, Q = 5.72, df = 1, p = 0.02), TC (β = −0.00010, Q = 9.03, df = 1, p = 0.01), TG (β = 0.00012, Q = 6.23, df = 1, p = 0.01), and LDL (β = 0.00011, Q = 5.52, df = 1, p = 0.02). Conclusions: Wuqinxi may be an effective intervention to alleviate the cardiovascular disease risk factors of metabolic syndrome.
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Guo L, Kong Z, Zhang Y. Qigong-Based Therapy for Treating Adults with Major Depressive Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E826. [PMID: 30866431 PMCID: PMC6427394 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This current meta-analysis review was conducted to examine the effectiveness of Qigong-based therapy on individuals with major depressive disorder. Six electronic databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wangfang) were employed to retrieve potential articles that were randomized controlled trials. The synthesized effect sizes (Hedges' g) were computerized to explore the effectiveness of Qigong-based therapy. Additionally, a moderator analysis was performed based on the control type. The pooled results indicated that Qigong-based therapy has a significant benefit on depression severity (Hedges' g = -0.64, 95% CI -0.92 to -0.35, p < 0. 001, I² = 41.73%). Specifically, Qigong led to significantly reduced depression as compared to the active control groups (Hedges' g = -0.47, 95% CI -0.81 to -0.12, p = 0.01, I² = 22.75%) and the passive control groups (Hedges' g = -0.80, 95% CI -1.23 to -0.37, p < 0.01, I² = 48.07%), respectively. For studies which reported categorical outcomes, Qigong intervention showed significantly improved treatment response rates (OR = 4.38, 95% CI 1.26 to 15.23, p = 0.02) and remission rates (OR = 8.52, 95% CI 1.91 to 37.98, p = 0.005) in comparison to the waitlist control group. Conclusions: Qigong-based exercises may be effective for alleviating depression symptoms in individuals with major depressive disorder. Future well-designed, randomized, controlled trials with large sample sizes are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Guo
- College of Physical Education, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041000, China.
| | - Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macau, China.
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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Zhou S, Zhang Y, Kong Z, Loprinzi PD, Hu Y, Ye J, Liu S, Yu JJ, Zou L. The Effects of Tai Chi on Markers of Atherosclerosis, Lower-limb Physical Function, and Cognitive Ability in Adults Aged Over 60: A Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16050753. [PMID: 30832288 PMCID: PMC6427726 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Tai Chi (TC) on arterial stiffness, physical function of lower-limb, and cognitive ability in adults aged over 60. Methods: This study was a prospective and randomized 12-week intervention trial with three repeated measurements (baseline, 6, and 12 weeks). Sixty healthy adults who met the inclusion criteria were randomly allocated into three training conditions (TC-24, TC-42, and TC-56) matched by gender, with 20 participants (10 males, 10 females) in each of the three groups. We measured the following health outcomes, including markers of atherosclerosis, physical function (leg power, and static and dynamic balance) of lower-limb, and cognitive ability. Results: When all three TC groups (p < 0.05) have showed significant improvements on these outcomes but overall cognitive ability at 6 or 12 weeks training period, TC-56 appears to have superior effects on arterial stiffness and static/dynamic balance in the present study. Conclusions: Study results of the present study add to growing body of evidence regarding therapeutic TC for health promotion and disease prevention in aging population. Future studies should further determine whether TC-42 and TC-56 are beneficial for other non-Chinese populations, with rigorous research design and follow-up assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Zhou
- Department of Chinese Martial Arts, College of Sport Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Yongzhou 425100, China.
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Seoul National University, Seuoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management School of Applied Sciences, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 36877, USA.
| | - Yang Hu
- Sports Science Research Center, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jiajie Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Shijie Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jane Jie Yu
- Sports and Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Sports, Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Liye Zou
- Lifestyle (Mind-Body Movement) Research Center, College of Sports Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Sun S, Loprinzi PD, Guan H, Zou L, Kong Z, Hu Y, Shi Q, Nie J. The Effects of High-Intensity Interval Exercise and Hypoxia on Cognition in Sedentary Young Adults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55020043. [PMID: 30744172 PMCID: PMC6409841 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Limited research has evaluated the effects of acute exercise on cognition under different conditions of inspired oxygenation. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIE) under normoxia (inspired fraction of oxygen (FIO2): 0.209) and moderate hypoxia (FIO2: 0.154) on cognitive function. Design: A single-blinded cross-over design was used to observe the main effects of exercise and oxygen level, and interaction effects on cognitive task performance. Methods: Twenty inactive adults (10 males and 10 females, 19–27 years old) performed a cognitive task (i.e., the Go/No-Go task) before and immediately after an acute bout of HIE under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The HIE comprised 10 repetitions of 6 s high-intensity cycling against 7.5% body weight interspersed with 30 s passive recovery. Heart rate, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and rating of perceived exertion were monitored. Results: The acute bout of HIE did not affect the reaction time (p = 0.204, η2 = 0.083) but the accuracy rate decreased significantly after HIE under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions (p = 0.001, η2 = 0.467). Moreover, moderate hypoxia had no influence either on reaction time (p = 0.782, η2 = 0.004) or response accuracy (p = 0.972, η2 < 0.001). Conclusions: These results indicate that an acute session of HIE may impair response accuracy immediately post-HIE, without sacrificing reaction time. Meanwhile moderate hypoxia was found to have no adverse effect on cognitive function in inactive young adults, at least in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyan Sun
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China.
- Department of Physical Education, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China.
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, School of Applied Sciences, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Hongwei Guan
- Department of Health Promotion and Physical Education, School of Health Sciences and Human Performance, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
| | - Liye Zou
- Lifestyle (Mind-Body Movement) Research Center, College of Sports Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Yang Hu
- Sports Science Research Center, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Qingde Shi
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao, China.
| | - Jinlei Nie
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao, China.
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