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Boeckmans J, Natale A, Rombaut M, Buyl K, Rogiers V, De Kock J, Vanhaecke T, Rodrigues RM. Anti-NASH Drug Development Hitches a Lift on PPAR Agonism. Cells 2019; 9:E37. [PMID: 31877771 PMCID: PMC7016963 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects one-third of the population worldwide, of which a substantial number of patients suffer from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH is a severe condition characterized by steatosis and concomitant liver inflammation and fibrosis, for which no drug is yet available. NAFLD is also generally conceived as the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Consequently, well-established drugs that are indicated for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidemia are thought to exert effects that alleviate the pathological features of NASH. One class of these drugs targets peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), which are nuclear receptors that play a regulatory role in lipid metabolism and inflammation. Therefore, PPARs are now also being investigated as potential anti-NASH druggable targets. In this paper, we review the mechanisms of action and physiological functions of PPARs and discuss the position of the different PPAR agonists in the therapeutic landscape of NASH. We particularly focus on the PPAR agonists currently under evaluation in clinical phase II and III trials. Preclinical strategies and how refinement and optimization may improve PPAR-targeted anti-NASH drug testing are also discussed. Finally, potential caveats related to PPAR agonism in anti-NASH therapy are stipulated.
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Leal VO. PPARβ/δ: Benefits in Coronary Artery Disease and Beyond. Arq Bras Cardiol 2019; 113:1128. [PMID: 31800688 PMCID: PMC7021254 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20190228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Viviane O. Leal
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ - Brazil,Mailing Address: Viviane O. Leal, Rua Mario dos Santos Braga, 30. Campus do Valonguinho, Faculdade de Nutrição, 4° Andar. Postal Code 24020-140. Centro, Niterói, RJ - Brazil E-mail:
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Barbosa JE, Stockler-Pinto MB, da Cruz BO, da Silva ACT, Anjos JS, Mesquita CT, Mafra D, Cardozo LFMF. Nrf2, NF-κB and PPARβ/δ mRNA Expression Profile in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Arq Bras Cardiol 2019; 113:1121-1127. [PMID: 31340238 PMCID: PMC7021271 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20190125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and inflammation are present in coronary artery disease (CAD) and are linked to the activation of the transcription nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). To attenuate these complications, transcription factors like nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) can be activated to inhibit NF-κB. However, the available data on expression of NF-κB, Nrf2 and PPARβ/δ in CAD patients are limited. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the expression of the transcription factors NF-κB and Nrf2 and PPAR𝛽/𝛿 in CAD patients. METHODS Thirty-five patients (17 men, mean age 62.4 ? 7.55 years) with CAD and twelve patients (5 men, mean age 63.50 ? 11.46 years) without CAD were enrolled. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and processed for mRNA expression of Nrf2, NF-κB, NADPH: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and PPARβ/δ mRNAs using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS There was no difference in the mRNA expressions of Nrf2 (1.35 ? 0.57), NF-κB (1.08 ? 0.50) or in the antioxidant enzyme NQO1 (1.05 ? 0.88) in the CAD group compared to the group without CAD (1.16 ? 0.76, 0.95 ? 0.33, 0.81 ? 0.55, respectively). However, PPARβ/δ was highest expressed in the CAD group (1.17 ? 0.86 vs. 0.56 ? 0.34, p = 0.008). CONCLUSION The main finding of this study was the PPARβ/δ being more expressed in the PBMC of patients with CAD compared to the control group, whereas no differences were observed in Nrf2 or NF-κB mRNA expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Ermida Barbosa
- Universidade Federal Fluminense - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Cardiovasculares, Niterói, RJ - Brazil
| | | | - Beatriz Oliveira da Cruz
- Universidade Federal Fluminense - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Cardiovasculares, Niterói, RJ - Brazil
| | - Ana Carla Tavares da Silva
- Universidade Federal Fluminense - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Cardiovasculares, Niterói, RJ - Brazil
| | - Juliana Saraiva Anjos
- Universidade Federal Fluminense - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Cardiovasculares, Niterói, RJ - Brazil
| | - Claudio Tinoco Mesquita
- Universidade Federal Fluminense - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Cardiovasculares, Niterói, RJ - Brazil
| | - Denise Mafra
- Universidade Federal Fluminense - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Cardiovasculares, Niterói, RJ - Brazil
| | - Ludmila F. M. F. Cardozo
- Universidade Federal Fluminense - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Cardiovasculares, Niterói, RJ - Brazil
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Li Z, Hu L, Wang X, Zhou Z, Deng L, Xu Y, Zhang L. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel dual FFA1 (GPR40)/PPARδ agonists as potential anti-diabetic agents. Bioorg Chem 2019; 92:103254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Levada K, Omelyanchik A, Rodionova V, Weiskirchen R, Bartneck M. Magnetic-Assisted Treatment of Liver Fibrosis. Cells 2019; 8:E1279. [PMID: 31635053 PMCID: PMC6830324 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver injury can be induced by viruses, toxins, cellular activation, and metabolic dysregulation and can lead to liver fibrosis. Hepatic fibrosis still remains a major burden on the global health systems. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are considered the main cause of liver fibrosis. Hepatic stellate cells are key targets in antifibrotic treatment, but selective engagement of these cells is an unresolved issue. Current strategies for antifibrotic drugs, which are at the critical stage 3 clinical trials, target metabolic regulation, immune cell activation, and cell death. Here, we report on the critical factors for liver fibrosis, and on prospective novel drugs, which might soon enter the market. Apart from the current clinical trials, novel perspectives for anti-fibrotic treatment may arise from magnetic particles and controlled magnetic forces in various different fields. Magnetic-assisted techniques can, for instance, enable cell engineering and cell therapy to fight cancer, might enable to control the shape or orientation of single cells or tissues mechanically. Furthermore, magnetic forces may improve localized drug delivery mediated by magnetism-induced conformational changes, and they may also enhance non-invasive imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Levada
- Institute of Physics, Mathematics and Information Technology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia.
| | - Alexander Omelyanchik
- Institute of Physics, Mathematics and Information Technology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia.
| | - Valeria Rodionova
- Institute of Physics, Mathematics and Information Technology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia.
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", 119049 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Bartneck
- Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Westerouen Van Meeteren MJ, Drenth JPH, Tjwa ETTL. Elafibranor: a potential drug for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 29:117-123. [PMID: 31523999 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1668375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a progressive disease phenotype starting from simple steatosis, which can progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). It is component of the metabolic syndrome with a large impact on mortality in these patients. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors that regulate lipid and insulin metabolism, two key components in pathophysiology of NAFLD and NASH. Elafibranor acts as an agonist of PPAR-α and PPAR-δ and is currently under development for the treatment of NAFLD.Areas covered: This review summarizes the pharmacological aspects, the preclinical and clinical effectivity, and safety data of elafibranor for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis.Expert opinion: Current data support an effect of elafibranor on the resolution on NASH and the improvement of two key drivers of NASH progression - insulin resistance and serum lipid normalization. The safety profile is favorable, though reversible serum creatinine elevations occur with use, potentially limiting its use in patients with concurrent renal disease. The modest effect sizes in different NAFLD disease stages of elafibranor and other drugs in development for NASH, will likely lead to pursuing of drug combinations personalized to each stage of the NAFLD disease spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joost P H Drenth
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eric T T L Tjwa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Ganguli G, Mukherjee U, Sonawane A. Peroxisomes and Oxidative Stress: Their Implications in the Modulation of Cellular Immunity During Mycobacterial Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1121. [PMID: 31258517 PMCID: PMC6587667 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host redox dependent physiological responses play crucial roles in the determination of mycobacterial infection process. Mtb explores oxygen rich lung microenvironments to initiate infection process, however, later on the bacilli adapt to oxygen depleted conditions and become non-replicative and unresponsive toward anti-TB drugs to enter in the latency stage. Mtb is equipped with various sensory mechanisms and a battery of pro- and anti-oxidant enzymes to protect themselves from the host oxidative stress mechanisms. After host cell invasion, mycobacteria induces the expression of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) to generate superoxide radicals (O 2 - ), which are then converted to more toxic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and subsequently reduced to water by catalase. However, the metabolic cascades and their key regulators associated with cellular redox homeostasis are poorly understood. Phagocytosed mycobacteria en route through different subcellular organelles, where the local environment generated during infection determines the outcome of disease. For a long time, mitochondria were considered as the key player in the redox regulation, however, accumulating evidences report vital role for peroxisomes in the maintenance of cellular redox equilibrium in eukaryotic cells. Deletion of peroxisome-associated peroxin genes impaired detoxification of reactive oxygen species and peroxisome turnover post-infection, thereby leading to altered synthesis of transcription factors, various cell-signaling cascades in favor of the bacilli. This review focuses on how mycobacteria would utilize host peroxisomes to alter redox balance and metabolic regulatory mechanisms to support infection process. Here, we discuss implications of peroxisome biogenesis in the modulation of host responses against mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali Ganguli
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT (deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Utsav Mukherjee
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT (deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT (deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
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Peters JM, Kim DJ, Bility MT, Borland MG, Zhu B, Gonzalez FJ. Regulatory mechanisms mediated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ in skin cancer. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1612-1622. [PMID: 31062422 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made during the past 20 years towards elucidating the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) in skin cancer. In 1999, the original notion that PPARβ/δ was involved with epithelial cell function was postulated based on a correlation between PPARβ/δ expression and the induction of messenger RNAs encoding proteins that mediate terminal differentiation in keratinocytes. Subsequent studies definitively revealed that PPARβ/δ could induce terminal differentiation and inhibit proliferation of keratinocytes. Molecular mechanisms have since been discovered to explain how this nuclear receptor can be targeted for preventing and treating skin cancer. This includes the regulation of terminal differentiation, mitotic signaling, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and cellular senescence. Interestingly, the effects of activating PPARβ/δ can preferentially target keratinocytes with genetic mutations associated with skin cancer. This review provides the history and current understanding of how PPARβ/δ can be targeted for both nonmelanoma skin cancer and melanoma and postulates how future approaches that modulate PPARβ/δ signaling may be developed for the prevention and treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Dae J Kim
- Department of Molecular Science, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas
| | - Moses T Bility
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael G Borland
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Bokai Zhu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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59
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Dhaini HR, Daher Z. Genetic polymorphisms of PPAR genes and human cancers: evidence for gene-environment interactions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2019; 37:146-179. [PMID: 31045458 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2019.1593011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear transcription factors that play a role in lipid metabolism, cell proliferation, terminal differentiation, apoptosis, and inflammation. Although several cancer models have been suggested to explain PPARs' involvement in tumorigenesis, however, their role is still unclear. In this review, we examined associations of the different PPARs, polymorphisms and various types of cancer with a focus on gene-environment interactions. Reviewed evidence suggests that functional genetic variants of the different PPARs may modulate the relationship between environmental exposure and cancer risk. In addition, this report unveils the scarcity of reliable quantitative environmental exposure data when examining these interactions, and the current gaps in studying gene-environment interactions in many types of cancer, particularly colorectal, prostate, and bladder cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan R Dhaini
- a Department of Environmental Health, American University of Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Zeina Daher
- b Faculty of Public Health I, Lebanese University , Beirut , Lebanon
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Abstract
Much evidence has accumulated in the literature over the last fifteen years that indicates vitamin A has a role in metabolic disease prevention and causation. This literature proposes that vitamin A can affect obesity development and the development of obesity-related diseases including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis, and cardiovascular disease. Retinoic acid, the transcriptionally active form of vitamin A, accounts for many of the reported associations. However, a number of proteins involved in vitamin A metabolism, including retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1, alternatively known as retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 or RALDH1), have also been identified as being associated with metabolic disease. Some of the reported effects of these vitamin A-related proteins are proposed to be independent of their roles in assuring normal retinoic acid homeostasis. This review will consider both human observational data as well as published data from molecular studies undertaken in rodent models and in cells in culture. The primary focus of the review will be on the effects that vitamin A per se and proteins involved in vitamin A metabolism have on adipocytes, adipose tissue biology, and adipose-related disease, as well as on early stage liver disease, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Blaner
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032.
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61
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Li Z, Chen Y, Zhou Z, Deng L, Xu Y, Hu L, Liu B, Zhang L. Discovery of first-in-class thiazole-based dual FFA1/PPARδ agonists as potential anti-diabetic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 164:352-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Understanding Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors: From the Structure to the Regulatory Actions on Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1127:39-57. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11488-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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63
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Reddy AT, Lakshmi SP, Banno A, Reddy RC. Identification and Molecular Characterization of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor δ as a Novel Target for Covalent Modification by 15-Deoxy-Δ 12,14-prostaglandin J 2. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:3269-3278. [PMID: 30398845 PMCID: PMC6470001 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PPARδ belongs to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family of nuclear receptors. Upon activation by an agonist, PPARδ controls a variety of physiological processes via regulation of its target genes. 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) is a cyclopentenone prostaglandin that features an electrophilic, α,β-unsaturated ketone (an enone) in the cyclopentenone ring. Many of 15d-PGJ2's biological effects result from covalent interaction between C9 and the thiol group of a catalytic cysteine (Cys) in target proteins. In this study, we investigated whether 15d-PGJ2 activates PPARδ by forming a covalent adduct. Our data show that 15d-PGJ2 activates PPARδ's transcriptional activity through formation of a covalent adduct between its endocyclic enone at C9 and Cys249 in the receptor's ligand-binding domain. As expected, no adduct formation was seen following a Cys-to-Ser mutation at residue 249 (C249S) of PPARδ or with a PGD2/PGJ2 analogue that lacks the electrophilic C9. Furthermore, the PPARδ C249S mutation weakened induction of the receptor's DNA binding activity by 15d-PGJ2, which highlights the biological significance of our findings. Calculated chemical properties as well as data from molecular orbital calculations, reactive molecular dynamics simulations, and intrinsic reaction coordinate modeling also supported the selectivity of 15d-PGJ2's C9 toward PPARδ's Cys thiol. In summary, our results provide the molecular, chemical, and structural basis of 15d-PGJ2-mediated PPARδ activation, designating 15d-PGJ2 as the first covalent PPARδ ligand to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind T. Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240
| | - Sowmya P. Lakshmi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240
| | - Asoka Banno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Raju C. Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240
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Fujii J, Homma T, Kobayashi S, Seo HG. Mutual interaction between oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pathogenesis of diseases specifically focusing on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Biol Chem 2018; 9:1-15. [PMID: 30364769 PMCID: PMC6198288 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v9.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced during normal physiologic processes with the consumption of oxygen. While ROS play signaling roles, when they are produced in excess beyond normal antioxidative capacity this can cause pathogenic damage to cells. The majority of such oxidation occurs in polyunsaturated fatty acids and sulfhydryl group in proteins, resulting in lipid peroxidation and protein misfolding, respectively. The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is enhanced under conditions of oxidative stress and results in ER stress, which, together, leads to the malfunction of cellular homeostasis. Multiple types of defensive machinery are activated in unfolded protein response under ER stress to resolve this unfavorable situation. ER stress triggers the malfunction of protein secretion and is associated with a variety of pathogenic conditions including defective insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells and accelerated lipid droplet formation in hepatocytes. Herein we use nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as an illustration of such pathological liver conditions that result from ER stress in association with oxidative stress. Protecting the ER by eliminating excessive ROS via the administration of antioxidants or by enhancing lipid-metabolizing capacity via the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors represent promising therapeutics for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Takujiro Homma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Sho Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Han Geuk Seo
- Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
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65
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PPARβ/δ: Linking Metabolism to Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072013. [PMID: 29996502 PMCID: PMC6073704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the general belief that regeneration is a rare event, mainly occurring in simple organisms, the ability of regeneration is widely distributed in the animal kingdom. Yet, the efficiency and extent of regeneration varies greatly. Humans can recover from blood loss as well as damage to tissues like bone and liver. Yet damage to the heart and brain cannot be reversed, resulting in scaring. Thus, there is a great interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms of naturally occurring regeneration and to apply this knowledge to repair human organs. During regeneration, injury-activated immune cells induce wound healing, extracellular matrix remodeling, migration, dedifferentiation and/or proliferation with subsequent differentiation of somatic or stem cells. An anti-inflammatory response stops the regenerative process, which ends with tissue remodeling to achieve the original functional state. Notably, many of these processes are associated with enhanced glycolysis. Therefore, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ—which is known to be involved for example in lipid catabolism, glucose homeostasis, inflammation, survival, proliferation, differentiation, as well as mammalian regeneration of the skin, bone and liver—appears to be a promising target to promote mammalian regeneration. This review summarizes our current knowledge of PPARβ/δ in processes associated with wound healing and regeneration.
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Chen J, Montagner A, Tan NS, Wahli W. Insights into the Role of PPARβ/δ in NAFLD. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071893. [PMID: 29954129 PMCID: PMC6073272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health issue in developed countries. Although usually associated with obesity, NAFLD is also diagnosed in individuals with low body mass index (BMI) values, especially in Asia. NAFLD can progress from steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is characterized by liver damage and inflammation, leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NAFLD development can be induced by lipid metabolism alterations; imbalances of pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules; and changes in various other factors, such as gut nutrient-derived signals and adipokines. Obesity-related metabolic disorders may be improved by activation of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)β/δ, which is involved in metabolic processes and other functions. This review is focused on research findings related to PPARβ/δ-mediated regulation of hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism and NAFLD development. It also discusses the potential use of pharmacological PPARβ/δ activation for NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Chen
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Alexandra Montagner
- ToxAlim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, 31300 Toulouse, France.
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31027 Toulouse, France.
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
- KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore.
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology & Research, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore.
| | - Walter Wahli
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
- ToxAlim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, 31300 Toulouse, France.
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Génopode, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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The Role of PPAR and Its Cross-Talk with CAR and LXR in Obesity and Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041260. [PMID: 29690611 PMCID: PMC5979375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and atherosclerosis has substantially increased worldwide over the past several decades. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), as fatty acids sensors, have been therapeutic targets in several human lipid metabolic diseases, such as obesity, atherosclerosis, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and liver X receptors (LXRs) were also reported as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity and atherosclerosis, respectively. Further clarification of the internal relationships between these three lipid metabolic nuclear receptors is necessary to enable drug discovery. In this review, we mainly summarized the cross-talk of PPARs-CAR in obesity and PPARs-LXRs in atherosclerosis.
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Botta M, Audano M, Sahebkar A, Sirtori CR, Mitro N, Ruscica M. PPAR Agonists and Metabolic Syndrome: An Established Role? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1197. [PMID: 29662003 PMCID: PMC5979533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches to metabolic syndrome (MetS) are numerous and may target lipoproteins, blood pressure or anthropometric indices. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are involved in the metabolic regulation of lipid and lipoprotein levels, i.e., triglycerides (TGs), blood glucose, and abdominal adiposity. PPARs may be classified into the α, β/δ and γ subtypes. The PPAR-α agonists, mainly fibrates (including newer molecules such as pemafibrate) and omega-3 fatty acids, are powerful TG-lowering agents. They mainly affect TG catabolism and, particularly with fibrates, raise the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). PPAR-γ agonists, mainly glitazones, show a smaller activity on TGs but are powerful glucose-lowering agents. Newer PPAR-α/δ agonists, e.g., elafibranor, have been designed to achieve single drugs with TG-lowering and HDL-C-raising effects, in addition to the insulin-sensitizing and antihyperglycemic effects of glitazones. They also hold promise for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) which is closely associated with the MetS. The PPAR system thus offers an important hope in the management of atherogenic dyslipidemias, although concerns regarding potential adverse events such as the rise of plasma creatinine, gallstone formation, drug-drug interactions (i.e., gemfibrozil) and myopathy should also be acknowledged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Botta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Matteo Audano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran.
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran.
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran.
| | - Cesare R Sirtori
- Centro Dislipidemie, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162 Milan, Italy.
| | - Nico Mitro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Ruscica
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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