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Pigeault R, Caudron Q, Nicot A, Rivero A, Gandon S. Timing malaria transmission with mosquito fluctuations. Evol Lett 2018; 2:378-389. [PMID: 30283689 PMCID: PMC6122125 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal variations in the activity of arthropod vectors can dramatically affect the epidemiology and evolution of vector‐borne pathogens. Here, we explore the “Hawking hypothesis”, which states that these pathogens may evolve the ability to time investment in transmission to match the activity of their vectors. First, we use a theoretical model to identify the conditions promoting the evolution of time‐varying transmission strategies in pathogens. Second, we experimentally test the “Hawking hypothesis” by monitoring the within‐host dynamics of Plasmodium relictum throughout the acute and the chronic phases of the bird infection. We detect a periodic increase of parasitemia and mosquito infection in the late afternoon that coincides with an increase in the biting activity of its natural vector. We also detect a positive effect of mosquito bites on Plasmodium replication in the birds both in the acute and in the chronic phases of the infection. This study highlights that Plasmodium parasites use two different strategies to increase the match between transmission potential and vector availability. We discuss the adaptive nature of these unconditional and plastic transmission strategies with respect to the time scale and the predictability of the fluctuations in the activity of the vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Pigeault
- MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS 5290); University of Montpellier; Montpellier France
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | | | - Antoine Nicot
- CEFE (UMR CNRS 5175); University of Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Ana Rivero
- MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS 5290); University of Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Sylvain Gandon
- CEFE (UMR CNRS 5175); University of Montpellier; Montpellier France
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52
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Kronfeld-Schor N, Visser ME, Salis L, van Gils JA. Chronobiology of interspecific interactions in a changing world. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0248. [PMID: 28993492 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals should time activities, such as foraging, migration and reproduction, as well as seasonal physiological adaptation, in a way that maximizes fitness. The fitness outcome of such activities depends largely on their interspecific interactions; the temporal overlap with other species determines when they should be active in order to maximize their encounters with food and to minimize their encounters with predators, competitors and parasites. To cope with the constantly changing, but predictable structure of the environment, organisms have evolved internal biological clocks, which are synchronized mainly by light, the most predictable and reliable environmental cue (but which can be masked by other variables), which enable them to anticipate and prepare for predicted changes in the timing of the species they interact with, on top of responding to them directly. Here, we review examples where the internal timing system is used to predict interspecific interactions, and how these interactions affect the internal timing system and activity patterns. We then ask how plastic these mechanisms are, how this plasticity differs between and within species and how this variability in plasticity affects interspecific interactions in a changing world, in which light, the major synchronizer of the biological clock, is no longer a reliable cue owing to the rapidly changing climate, the use of artificial light and urbanization.This article is part of the themed issue 'Wild clocks: integrating chronobiology and ecology to understand timekeeping in free-living animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcel E Visser
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), PO 50, Wageningen 6700 AB, The Netherlands
| | - Lucia Salis
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), PO 50, Wageningen 6700 AB, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A van Gils
- Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, and Utrecht University, PO Box 59, Den Burg 1790 AB, The Netherlands
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53
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Ohm JR, Baldini F, Barreaux P, Lefevre T, Lynch PA, Suh E, Whitehead SA, Thomas MB. Rethinking the extrinsic incubation period of malaria parasites. Parasit Vectors 2018. [PMID: 29530073 PMCID: PMC5848458 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2761-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The time it takes for malaria parasites to develop within a mosquito, and become transmissible, is known as the extrinsic incubation period, or EIP. EIP is a key parameter influencing transmission intensity as it combines with mosquito mortality rate and competence to determine the number of mosquitoes that ultimately become infectious. In spite of its epidemiological significance, data on EIP are scant. Current approaches to estimate EIP are largely based on temperature-dependent models developed from data collected on parasite development within a single mosquito species in the 1930s. These models assume that the only factor affecting EIP is mean environmental temperature. Here, we review evidence to suggest that in addition to mean temperature, EIP is likely influenced by genetic diversity of the vector, diversity of the parasite, and variation in a range of biotic and abiotic factors that affect mosquito condition. We further demonstrate that the classic approach of measuring EIP as the time at which mosquitoes first become infectious likely misrepresents EIP for a mosquito population. We argue for a better understanding of EIP to improve models of transmission, refine predictions of the possible impacts of climate change, and determine the potential evolutionary responses of malaria parasites to current and future mosquito control tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna R Ohm
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Francesco Baldini
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Priscille Barreaux
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Thierry Lefevre
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Penelope A Lynch
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Penryn Campus, University of Exeter, Cornwall, UK
| | - Eunho Suh
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Shelley A Whitehead
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Matthew B Thomas
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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54
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de Rezende Dias G, Fujii TTS, Fogel BF, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Silva-do-Nascimento TF, Pitaluga AN, Carvalho-Pinto CJ, Carvalho AB, Peixoto AA, Rona LDP. Cryptic diversity in an Atlantic Forest malaria vector from the mountains of South-East Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:36. [PMID: 29335015 PMCID: PMC5769553 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2615-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii is the primary vector of human and simian malarias in Brazilian regions covered by the Atlantic Rainforest. Previous studies found that An. cruzii presents high levels of behavioural, chromosomal and molecular polymorphisms, which led to the hypothesis that it may be a complex of cryptic species. Here, An. cruzii specimens were collected in five sites in South-East Brazil located at different altitudes on the inner and coastal slopes of two mountain ranges covered by Atlantic Rainforest, known as Serra do Mar and Serra da Mantiqueria. Partial sequences for two genes (Clock and cpr) were generated and compared with previously published sequences from Florianópolis (southern Brazil). Genetic diversity was analysed with estimates of population structure (F ST ) and haplotype phylogenetic trees in order to understand how many species of the complex may occur in this biome and how populations across the species distribution are related. RESULTS The sequences from specimens collected at sites located on the lower coastal slopes of Serra do Mar (Guapimirim, Tinguá and Sana) clustered together in the phylogenetic analysis, while the major haplotypes from sites located on higher altitude and at the continental side of the same mountains (Bocaina) clustered with those from Serra da Mantiqueira (Itatiaia), an inner mountain range. These two An. cruzii lineages showed statistically significant genetic differentiation and fixed characters, and have high F ST values typical of between species comparisons. Finally, in Bocaina, where the two lineages occur in sympatry, we found deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium due to a deficit of heterozygotes, indicating partial reproductive isolation. These results strongly suggest that at least two distinct lineages of An. cruzii (provisorily named "Group 1" and "Group 2") occur in the mountains of South-East Brazil. CONCLUSIONS At least two genetically distinct An. cruzii lineages occur in the Atlantic Forest covered mountains of South-East Brazil. The co-occurrence of distinct lineages of An. cruzii (possibly incipient species) in those mountains is an interesting biological phenomenon and may have important implications for malaria prevalence, Plasmodium transmission dynamics and control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thais Tenorio Soares Fujii
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Polo de Xerém, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Fernandes Fogel
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Polo de Xerém, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM, CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - André Nóbrega Pitaluga
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores, IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM, CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos José Carvalho-Pinto
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, MIP, CCB, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM, CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonio Bernardo Carvalho
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM, CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Afrânio Peixoto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM, CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luísa Damazio Pitaluga Rona
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK. .,Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, BEG, CCB, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM, CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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55
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Bewick S, Agusto F, Calabrese JM, Muturi EJ, Fagan WF. Epidemiology of La Crosse Virus Emergence, Appalachia Region, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:1921-1929. [PMID: 27767009 PMCID: PMC5088026 DOI: 10.3201/eid2211.160308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence may involve invasive mosquitoes other than Asian tiger mosquitoes, climate change, and changes in wildlife densities. La Crosse encephalitis is a viral disease that has emerged in new locations across the Appalachian region of the United States. Conventional wisdom suggests that ongoing emergence of La Crosse virus (LACV) could stem from the invasive Asian tiger (Aedes albopictus) mosquito. Efforts to prove this, however, are complicated by the numerous transmission routes and species interactions involved in LACV dynamics. To analyze LACV transmission by Asian tiger mosquitoes, we constructed epidemiologic models. These models accurately predict empirical infection rates. They do not, however, support the hypothesis that Asian tiger mosquitoes are responsible for the recent emergence of LACV at new foci. Consequently, we conclude that other factors, including different invasive mosquitoes, changes in climate variables, or changes in wildlife densities, should be considered as alternative explanations for recent increases in La Crosse encephalitis.
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56
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Lefevre T, Ohm J, Dabiré KR, Cohuet A, Choisy M, Thomas MB, Cator L. Transmission traits of malaria parasites within the mosquito: Genetic variation, phenotypic plasticity, and consequences for control. Evol Appl 2017; 11:456-469. [PMID: 29636799 PMCID: PMC5891056 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluating the risk of emergence and transmission of vector‐borne diseases requires knowledge of the genetic and environmental contributions to pathogen transmission traits. Compared to the significant effort devoted to understanding the biology of malaria transmission from vertebrate hosts to mosquito vectors, the strategies that malaria parasites have evolved to maximize transmission from vectors to vertebrate hosts have been largely overlooked. While determinants of infection success within the mosquito host have recently received attention, the causes of variability for other key transmission traits of malaria, namely the duration of parasite development and its virulence within the vector, as well as its ability to alter mosquito behavior, remain largely unknown. This important gap in our knowledge needs to be bridged in order to obtain an integrative view of the ecology and evolution of malaria transmission strategies. Associations between transmission traits also need to be characterized, as they trade‐offs and constraints could have important implications for understanding the evolution of parasite transmission. Finally, theoretical studies are required to evaluate how genetic and environmental influences on parasite transmission traits can shape malaria dynamics and evolution in response to disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Lefevre
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS University of Montpellier Montpellier France.,Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) Bobo Dioulasso Burkina Faso.,Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT) Bobo Dioulasso Burkina Faso
| | - Johanna Ohm
- Department of Entomology and Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics Penn State University University Park PA USA
| | - Kounbobr R Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) Bobo Dioulasso Burkina Faso.,Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT) Bobo Dioulasso Burkina Faso
| | - Anna Cohuet
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS University of Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Marc Choisy
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS University of Montpellier Montpellier France.,Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Matthew B Thomas
- Department of Entomology and Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics Penn State University University Park PA USA
| | - Lauren Cator
- Grand Challenges in Ecosystems and Environment Imperial College London Ascot UK
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57
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Reece SE, Prior KF, Mideo N. The Life and Times of Parasites: Rhythms in Strategies for Within-host Survival and Between-host Transmission. J Biol Rhythms 2017; 32:516-533. [PMID: 28845736 PMCID: PMC5734377 DOI: 10.1177/0748730417718904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biological rhythms are thought to have evolved to enable organisms to organize their activities according to the earth's predictable cycles, but quantifying the fitness advantages of rhythms is challenging and data revealing their costs and benefits are scarce. More difficult still is explaining why parasites that live exclusively within the bodies of other organisms have biological rhythms. Rhythms exist in the development and traits of parasites, in host immune responses, and in disease susceptibility. This raises the possibility that timing matters for how hosts and parasites interact and, consequently, for the severity and transmission of diseases. Here, we take an evolutionary ecological perspective to examine why parasites exhibit biological rhythms and how their rhythms are regulated. Specifically, we examine the adaptive significance (evolutionary costs and benefits) of rhythms for parasites and explore to what extent interactions between hosts and parasites can drive rhythms in infections. That parasites with altered rhythms can evade the effects of control interventions underscores the urgent need to understand how and why parasites exhibit biological rhythms. Thus, we contend that examining the roles of biological rhythms in disease offers innovative approaches to improve health and opens up a new arena for studying host-parasite (and host-parasite-vector) coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Reece
- Institutes of Evolution, Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kimberley F. Prior
- Institutes of Evolution, Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicole Mideo
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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58
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Environmental determinants of haemosporidian parasite prevalence in a declining population of Tree swallows. Parasitology 2017; 145:961-970. [PMID: 29166965 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017002128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of vector-borne parasites such as haemosporidian species is influenced by several environmental factors. While the negative effects of parasitism on hosts are well documented, these can also be amplified by interactions with environmental stressors, many of which are anthropogenic. Yet, we know little about the possible effects of anthropogenic perturbations on parasite prevalence. The goals of this study were to assess the prevalence and environmental determinants of haemosporidian parasites in a declining population of Tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) living in an agricultural landscape in southern Québec, Canada. Overall, a low prevalence and a moderate lineage diversity were identified in both adults and nestlings, confirming that transmission can occur during the breeding period. Anthropic areas, extensive cultures (hayfields and pastures) and forest cover within 500 km of nest boxes, as well as daily temperature fluctuations, were all related to infection by haemosporidian parasites. These findings suggest that anthropogenic alterations of landscape composition can modulate the prevalence of haemosporidian parasites in Tree swallows. Our results represent a baseline for future comparative studies assessing haemosporidian parasite prevalence in human-modified landscapes.
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Efficiency of two larval diets for mass-rearing of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187420. [PMID: 29095933 PMCID: PMC5667843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is a major vector of arboviruses that may be controlled on an area-wide basis using the sterile insect technique (SIT). Larval diet is a major factor in mass-rearing for SIT programs. We compared dietary effects on immature development and adult fitness-related characteristics for an International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) diet, developed for rearing Ae. albopictus, and a standardized laboratory rodent diet (LRD), under a 14:10 h (light:dark) photoperiod ("light" treatment) or continuous darkness during larval rearing. Larval development was generally fastest in the IAEA diet, likely reflecting the high protein and lipid content of this diet. The proportion of larvae that survived to pupation or to adult emergence did not differ significantly between diets or light treatments. Insects from the LRD-dark treatment produced the highest proportion of male pupae (93% at 24 h after the beginning of pupation) whereas adult sex ratio from the IAEA diet tended to be more male-biased than that of the LRD diet. Adult longevity did not differ significantly with larval diet or light conditions, irrespective of sex. In other aspects the LRD diet generally performed best. Adult males from the LRD diet were significantly larger than those from the IAEA diet, irrespective of light treatment. Females from the LRD diet had ~25% higher fecundity and ~8% higher egg fertility compared to those from the IAEA diet. Adult flight ability did not differ between larval diets, and males had a similar number of copulations with wild females, irrespective of larval diet. The LRD diet had lower protein and fat content but a higher carbohydrate and energetic content than the IAEA diet. We conclude that the LRD diet is a low-cost standardized diet that is likely to be suitable for mass-rearing of Ae. aegypti for area-wide SIT-based vector control.
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60
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Rijo-Ferreira
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joseph S. Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JST); (LMF)
| | - Luisa M. Figueiredo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail: (JST); (LMF)
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