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Jules JR, Alencar J, Suárez-Mutis MC, Baptiste EJ, Albuquerque HD, Rosa-Freitas MG, Raccurt C, Oliveira RLD, Silva-do-Nascimento TF. Malaria in Haiti: A descriptive study on spatial and temporal profile from 2009 to 2018. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2022; 55:e0355. [PMID: 35239903 PMCID: PMC8909436 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0355-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Haiti is one of the Caribbean countries where malaria persists. More than 99% of malaria cases are caused by Plasmodium falciparum, the main vector being the mosquito Anopheles albimanus. In this paper, we describe the epidemiological profile of malaria in Haiti between 2009 and 2018. Methods We analyzed information on cases reported by the Ministry of Health of Haiti and the World Health Organization (WHO). Results: Between 2009 and 2018, 232,479 malaria cases were reported by the Ministry of Public Health and Population (MSPP); an increase in the incidence of malaria in the country in 2010, followed by a decrease in 2011, was primarily observed. Due to recent efforts to reduce malaria by 2020, its incidence declined from 60,130 cases in 2010 to 8,978 cases in 2018. Controversially, in terms of the number of reported cases, the MSPP and WHO report conflicting data. However, the results from both datasets present the same trend in Haiti from 2009 to 2018. The results also illustrate the endemicity of the disease throughout Haiti, both in rural and urban areas, especially along the coast. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the need to promote official data collection and analyses, as well as the application of epidemiological surveillance of malaria at the municipal level, for a better understanding of the real impact of malaria on the Haitian population and to create more appropriate interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Ricardo Jules
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Diptera, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Jeronimo Alencar
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Diptera, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Martha Cecília Suárez-Mutis
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ernst Jn Baptiste
- Ministère de la Santé Publique et de Population (MSPP), Laboratoire et de Recherche (DELR), Direction d'Épidémiologie, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Hermano de Albuquerque
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Maria Goreti Rosa-Freitas
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Geniac Ltda, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Ricardo Lourenço de Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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de Almeida NCV, Louzada J, Neves MSAS, Carvalho TM, Castro-Alves J, Silva-do-Nascimento TF, Escalante AA, Oliveira-Ferreira J. Larval habitats, species composition and distribution of malaria vectors in regions with autochthonous and imported malaria in Roraima state, Brazil. Malar J 2022; 21:13. [PMID: 35027049 PMCID: PMC8759267 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-04033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria control requires local action. Assessing the vector diversity and abundance provides information on the local malariogenic potential or risk of transmission. This study aimed to determine the Anopheles species composition, habitats, seasonal occurrence, and distribution in areas with autochthonous and imported malaria cases in Roraima State. Methods A longitudinal study was conducted from January 2017 to October 2018, sampling larvae and adult mosquitoes in three municipalities of Roraima State: Boa Vista, Pacaraima and São João da Baliza. These areas have different risks of malaria importation. Four to six mosquito larval habitats were selected for larval sampling at each municipality, along with two additional sites for adult mosquito collection. All larval habitats were surveyed every two months using a standardized larval sampling methodology and MosqTent for adult mosquitoes. Results A total of 544 Anopheles larvae and 1488 adult mosquitoes were collected from the three municipalities studied. Although the species abundance differed between municipalities, the larvae of Anopheles albitarsis s.l., Anopheles nuneztovari s.l. and Anopheles triannulatus s.l. were collected from all larval habitats studied while Anopheles darlingi were collected only from Boa Vista and São João da Baliza. Adults of 11 species of the genus Anopheles were collected, and the predominant species in Boa Vista was An. albitarsis (88.2%) followed by An. darlingi (6.9%), while in São João da Baliza, An. darlingi (85.6%) was the most predominant species followed by An. albitarsis s.l. (9.2%). In contrast, the most abundant species in Pacaraima was Anopheles braziliensis (62%), followed by Anopheles peryassui (18%). Overall, the majority of anophelines exhibited greater extradomicile than peridomicile-biting preference. Anopheles darlingi was the only species found indoors. Variability in biting times was observed among species and municipalities. Conclusion This study revealed the composition of anopheline species and habitats in Boa Vista, Pacaraima and São João da Baliza. The species sampled differed in their behaviour with only An. darlingi being found indoors. Anopheles darlingi appeared to be the most important vector in São João da Baliza, an area of autochthonous malaria, and An. albitarsis s.l. and An. braziliensis in areas of low transmission, although there were increasing reports of imported malaria. Understanding the diversity of vector species and their ecology is essential for designing effective vector control strategies for these municipalities. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-04033-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaime Louzada
- Universidade Federal de Roraima, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brasil
| | | | - Thiago M Carvalho
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Júlio Castro-Alves
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Ananias A Escalante
- Department of Biology/Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine (iGEM), Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseli Oliveira-Ferreira
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
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Silva-do-Nascimento TF, Sánchez-Ribas J, Oliveira TMP, Bourke BP, Oliveira-Ferreira J, Rosa-Freitas MG, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Marinho-e-Silva M, Neves MSAS, Conn JE, Sallum MAM. Molecular Analysis Reveals a High Diversity of Anopheline Mosquitoes in Yanomami Lands and the Pantanal Region of Brazil. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1995. [PMID: 34946944 PMCID: PMC8701885 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the species of the subfamily Anophelinae that are Plasmodium vectors is important to vector and malaria control. Despite the increase in cases, vector mosquitoes remain poorly known in Brazilian indigenous communities. This study explores Anophelinae mosquito diversity in the following areas: (1) a Yanomami reserve in the northwestern Amazon Brazil biome and (2) the Pantanal biome in southwestern Brazil. This is carried out by analyzing cytochrome c oxidase (COI) gene data using Refined Single Linkage (RESL), Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning (ASAP), and tree-based multi-rate Poisson tree processes (mPTP) as species delimitation approaches. A total of 216 specimens collected from the Yanomami and Pantanal regions were sequenced and combined with 547 reference sequences for species delimitation analyses. The mPTP analysis for all sequences resulted in the delimitation of 45 species groups, while the ASAP analysis provided the partition of 48 groups. RESL analysis resulted in 63 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). This study expands our scant knowledge of anopheline species in the Yanomami and Pantanal regions. At least 18 species of Anophelinae mosquitoes were found in these study areas. Additional studies are now required to determine the species that transmit Plasmodium spp. in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Fernandes Silva-do-Nascimento
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (T.F.S.-d.-N.); (J.S.-R.); (J.O.-F.); (M.G.R.-F.); (R.L.-d.-O.); (M.M.-e.-S.); (M.S.A.S.N.)
| | - Jordi Sánchez-Ribas
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (T.F.S.-d.-N.); (J.S.-R.); (J.O.-F.); (M.G.R.-F.); (R.L.-d.-O.); (M.M.-e.-S.); (M.S.A.S.N.)
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- Distrito Sanitário Especial Indígena Yanomami, Roraima 69301-080, Brazil
| | - Tatiane M. P. Oliveira
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil;
| | - Brian Patrick Bourke
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Museum Support Center MRC-534, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Rd., Suitland, MD 20746, USA;
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution—National Museum of Natural History, 10th St. NE & Constitution Ave. NE, Washington, DC 20002, USA
| | - Joseli Oliveira-Ferreira
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (T.F.S.-d.-N.); (J.S.-R.); (J.O.-F.); (M.G.R.-F.); (R.L.-d.-O.); (M.M.-e.-S.); (M.S.A.S.N.)
| | - Maria Goreti Rosa-Freitas
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (T.F.S.-d.-N.); (J.S.-R.); (J.O.-F.); (M.G.R.-F.); (R.L.-d.-O.); (M.M.-e.-S.); (M.S.A.S.N.)
- Geniac Ltd., São Paulo 01031-902, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (T.F.S.-d.-N.); (J.S.-R.); (J.O.-F.); (M.G.R.-F.); (R.L.-d.-O.); (M.M.-e.-S.); (M.S.A.S.N.)
| | - Mariana Marinho-e-Silva
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (T.F.S.-d.-N.); (J.S.-R.); (J.O.-F.); (M.G.R.-F.); (R.L.-d.-O.); (M.M.-e.-S.); (M.S.A.S.N.)
- Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial, Rio de Janeiro 20090-910, Brazil
| | - Maycon Sebastião Alberto Santos Neves
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (T.F.S.-d.-N.); (J.S.-R.); (J.O.-F.); (M.G.R.-F.); (R.L.-d.-O.); (M.M.-e.-S.); (M.S.A.S.N.)
| | - Jan E. Conn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12159, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil;
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de Lemos AB, da Silva OS, Deboni SC, Schallemberger V, dos Santos E, de Almeida MAB, Marth AAD, Silva S, Mello ARDL, Silva-do-Nascimento TF, Ferreira-da-Cruz MDF, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Cardoso JDC. Reemergence of human malaria in Atlantic Forest of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2021; 116:e210064. [PMID: 34259737 PMCID: PMC8279121 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760210064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Unforeseen Plasmodium infections in the Atlantic Forest of Brazilian Extra-Amazonian region could jeopardise malaria elimination. A human malaria case was registered in Três Forquilhas, in the Atlantic Forest biome of Rio Grande do Sul, after a 45 years' time-lapsed without any malaria autochthonous notification in this southern Brazilian state. This finding represents the expansion of the malaria distribution areas in Brazil and the southernmost human malaria case record in South America in this decade. The coexistence of the bromeliad-breeding vector Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii and non-human primates in the Atlantic Forest regularly visited by the patient claimed for the zoonotic origin of this infection. The reemergence of Atlantic Forest human malaria in Rio Grande do Sul was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bittencourt de Lemos
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Onilda Santos da Silva
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Sandra Cristina Deboni
- Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Divisão de Vigilância Epidemiológica, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Valdir Schallemberger
- Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Edmilson dos Santos
- Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Divisão de Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Marco Antônio Barreto de Almeida
- Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Divisão de Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Anne Andrea Dockhorn Marth
- Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, 18ª Coordenadoria Regional de Saúde, Osório, RS, Brasil
| | - Sidnei Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Aline Rosa de Lavigne Mello
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisas em Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Jáder da Cruz Cardoso
- Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Divisão de Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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Artigas P, Reguera-Gomez M, Valero MA, Osca D, da Silva Pacheco R, Rosa-Freitas MG, Fernandes Silva-do-Nascimento T, Paredes-Esquivel C, Lucientes J, Mas-Coma S, Bargues MD. Aedes albopictus diversity and relationships in south-western Europe and Brazil by rDNA/mtDNA and phenotypic analyses: ITS-2, a useful marker for spread studies. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:333. [PMID: 34174940 PMCID: PMC8235640 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04829-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes albopictus is a very invasive mosquito, which has recently colonized tropical and temperate regions worldwide. Of concern is its role in the spread of emerging or re-emerging mosquito-borne diseases. Ae. albopictus from south-western Europe and Brazil were studied to infer genetic and phenetic diversity at intra-individual, intra-population and inter-population levels, and to analyse its spread. METHODS Genotyping was made by rDNA 5.8S-ITS-2 and mtDNA cox1 sequencing to assess haplotype and nucleotide diversity, genetic distances and phylogenetic networks. Male and female phenotyping included combined landmark-and outlined-based geometric morphometrics of wing size and shape. RESULTS Specimens from seven populations from Spain, France and Brazil provided 12 cox1 and 162 5.8S-ITS-2 haplotypes, with great genetic variability difference between both markers (0.9% vs 31.2%). Five cox1 haplotypes were shared with other countries, mainly Italy, USA and China, but none was shared between Europe and Brazil. The 5.8S-ITS-2 showed 2-7 intra-individual (mean 4.7) and 16-34 intra-/inter-population haplotypes (24.7), including haplotypes shared between Spain, France and Brazil. A 4.3% of ITS-2 haplotypes were shared, mainly with Italy, USA and Thailand, evidencing worldwide spread and introductions from areas where recent outbreaks of Ae. albopictus-transmitted pathogens occurred. Wing size showed sex differences. Wing shape distinguished between Brazilian and European specimens. Both genetic and morphometric markers showed differences between insular Spain and continental Spain, France and Brazil. CONCLUSIONS ITS-2 proves to be a useful marker to assess Ae. albopictus spread, providing pronouncedly more information than cox1, including intra-individual, intra-population and inter-population levels, furnishing a complete overview of the evolutionary exchanges followed by this mosquito. Wing morphometry proves to be a useful phenotyping marker, allowing to distinguish different populations at the level of both male and female specimens. Results indicate the need for periodic surveillance monitorings to verify that no Ae. albopictus with high virus transmission capacity is introduced into Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Artigas
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
| | - Marta Reguera-Gomez
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
| | - María Adela Valero
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
| | - David Osca
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
| | - Raquel da Silva Pacheco
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
- Laboratõrio de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, INI, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - María Goreti Rosa-Freitas
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia Paredes-Esquivel
- Grupo de Zoología Aplicada y de La Conservación, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Javier Lucientes
- Instituto de Investigación Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
| | - María Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
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Martins LMO, David MR, Maciel-de-Freitas R, Silva-do-Nascimento TF. Diversity of Anopheles mosquitoes from four landscapes in the highest endemic region of malaria transmission in Brazil. J Vector Ecol 2018; 43:235-244. [PMID: 30408291 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Malaria transmission in South America is overwhelmingly located in the Amazon region with limited cases outside that biome. A key factor in the mitigation of malaria transmission is the determination of vector diversity and bionomics in endemic areas. Anopheles mosquitoes were collected in four different landscapes of Cruzeiro do Sul-Acre, the current area with highest malaria transmission in Brazil. We performed adult mosquito collections every three months over two years and associated vector occurrence with local abiotic factors. A total of 1,754 Anopheles belonging to nine species were collected, but only four of them (An. albitarsis s.l. Lynch-Arribalzaga, An. braziliensis Chagas, An. peryassui Dyar and Knab, and An. triannulatus Neiva and Pinto) represented 77.1% of the total. Vector density and diversity was uneven across field sites and collection periods. Higher Anopheles abundance (54.8%) and richness were observed in a deforested palm tree area (IFC), with An. braziliensis the most frequent mosquito (40.5%). Only 7.3% of mosquitoes were collected in the SAB village, but 66.4% of them were An. darlingi and An. oswaldoi, species often regarded as primary and secondary vectors of malaria in the Amazon region. A distinct biting preference was observed between 18:00-19:40. The distance from the nearest breeding site and minimum temperature explained 41.6% of the Anopheles community composition. Our data show that the Anopheles species composition may present great variation on a microgeographic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M O Martins
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Instituto Federal do Acre, Campus Cruzeiro do Sul, IFAC, Brasil
| | - M R David
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - R Maciel-de-Freitas
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - T F Silva-do-Nascimento
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Marinho-E-Silva M, Sallum MAM, Rosa-Freitas MG, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Silva-do-Nascimento TF. Anophelines species and the receptivity and vulnerability to malaria transmission in the Pantanal wetlands, Central Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:87-95. [PMID: 29236930 PMCID: PMC5722263 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on malaria vectors in the Pantanal biome, Central Brazil, were conducted more than half a century ago. OBJECTIVES To update anopheline records and assess receptivity and vulnerability to malaria transmission. METHODS Five-day anopheline collections were conducted bimonthly in Salobra, Mato Grosso do Sul state, for one year. Indoors, mosquitoes were collected from their resting places, while in open fields, they were captured using protected human-baited and horse-baited traps near the house and at the Miranda River margin, respectively. Hourly biting activity outdoors was also assessed. Secondary data were collected on the arrival of tourists, economic projects, and malaria cases. FINDINGS A total of 24,894 anophelines belonging to 13 species were caught. The main Brazilian malaria vector Anopheles darlingi was the predominant species, followed by An. triannulatus s.l. Hourly variation in anopheline biting showed three main peaks occurring at sunset, around midnight, and at sunrise, the first and last being the most prominent. The highest density of all species was recorded near the river margin and during the transition period between the rainy and early dry seasons. This coincides with the time of main influx of outsider workers and tourists, whose activities mostly occur in the open fields and frequently start before sunrise and last until sunset. Some of these individuals originate from neighbouring malaria-endemic countries and states, and are likely responsible for the recorded imported and introduced malaria cases. MAIN CONCLUSION Pantanal is a malaria-prone area in Brazil. Surveillance and anopheline control measures must be applied to avoid malaria re-emergence in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Marinho-E-Silva
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Goreti Rosa-Freitas
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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de Rezende Dias G, Fujii TTS, Fogel BF, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Silva-do-Nascimento TF, Pitaluga AN, Carvalho-Pinto CJ, Carvalho AB, Peixoto AA, Rona LDP. Cryptic diversity in an Atlantic Forest malaria vector from the mountains of South-East Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:36. [PMID: 29335015 PMCID: PMC5769553 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2615-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii is the primary vector of human and simian malarias in Brazilian regions covered by the Atlantic Rainforest. Previous studies found that An. cruzii presents high levels of behavioural, chromosomal and molecular polymorphisms, which led to the hypothesis that it may be a complex of cryptic species. Here, An. cruzii specimens were collected in five sites in South-East Brazil located at different altitudes on the inner and coastal slopes of two mountain ranges covered by Atlantic Rainforest, known as Serra do Mar and Serra da Mantiqueria. Partial sequences for two genes (Clock and cpr) were generated and compared with previously published sequences from Florianópolis (southern Brazil). Genetic diversity was analysed with estimates of population structure (F ST ) and haplotype phylogenetic trees in order to understand how many species of the complex may occur in this biome and how populations across the species distribution are related. RESULTS The sequences from specimens collected at sites located on the lower coastal slopes of Serra do Mar (Guapimirim, Tinguá and Sana) clustered together in the phylogenetic analysis, while the major haplotypes from sites located on higher altitude and at the continental side of the same mountains (Bocaina) clustered with those from Serra da Mantiqueira (Itatiaia), an inner mountain range. These two An. cruzii lineages showed statistically significant genetic differentiation and fixed characters, and have high F ST values typical of between species comparisons. Finally, in Bocaina, where the two lineages occur in sympatry, we found deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium due to a deficit of heterozygotes, indicating partial reproductive isolation. These results strongly suggest that at least two distinct lineages of An. cruzii (provisorily named "Group 1" and "Group 2") occur in the mountains of South-East Brazil. CONCLUSIONS At least two genetically distinct An. cruzii lineages occur in the Atlantic Forest covered mountains of South-East Brazil. The co-occurrence of distinct lineages of An. cruzii (possibly incipient species) in those mountains is an interesting biological phenomenon and may have important implications for malaria prevalence, Plasmodium transmission dynamics and control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thais Tenorio Soares Fujii
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Polo de Xerém, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Fernandes Fogel
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Polo de Xerém, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM, CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - André Nóbrega Pitaluga
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores, IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM, CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos José Carvalho-Pinto
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, MIP, CCB, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM, CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonio Bernardo Carvalho
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM, CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Afrânio Peixoto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM, CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luísa Damazio Pitaluga Rona
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK. .,Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, BEG, CCB, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM, CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Sánchez-Ribas J, Oliveira-Ferreira J, Gimnig JE, Pereira-Ribeiro C, Santos-Neves MSA, Silva-do-Nascimento TF. Environmental variables associated with anopheline larvae distribution and abundance in Yanomami villages within unaltered areas of the Brazilian Amazon. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:571. [PMID: 29145867 PMCID: PMC5691859 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2517-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many indigenous villages in the Amazon basin still suffer from a high malaria burden. Despite this health situation, there are few studies on the bionomics of anopheline larvae in such areas. This publication aims to identify the main larval habitats of the most abundant anopheline species and to assess their associations with some environmental factors. Methods We conducted a 19-month longitudinal study from January 2013 to July 2014, sampling anopheline larvae in two indigenous Yanomami communities, comprised of four villages each. All natural larval habitats were surveyed every two months with a 350 ml manual dipper, following a standardized larval sampling methodology. In a third study area, we conducted two field expeditions in 2013 followed by four systematic collections during the long dry season of 2014–2015. Results We identified 177 larval habitats in the three study areas, from which 9122 larvae belonging to 13 species were collected. Although species abundance differed between villages, An. oswaldoi (s.l.) was overall the most abundant species. Anopheles darlingi, An. oswaldoi (s.l.), An. triannulatus (s.s.) and An. mattogrossensis were primarily found in larval habitats that were partially or mostly sun-exposed. In contrast, An. costai-like and An. guarao-like mosquitoes were found in more shaded aquatic habitats. Anopheles darlingi was significantly associated with proximity to human habitations and larval habitats associated with river flood pulses and clear water. Conclusions This study of anopheline larvae in the Brazilian Yanomami area detected high heterogeneities at micro-scale levels regarding species occurrence and densities. Sun exposure was a major modulator of anopheline occurrence, particularly for An. darlingi. Lakes associated with the rivers, and particularly oxbow lakes, were the main larval habitats for An. darlingi and other secondary malaria vectors. The results of this study will serve as a basis to plan larval source management activities in remote indigenous communities of the Amazon, particularly for those located within low-order river-floodplain systems. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-017-2517-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Sánchez-Ribas
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - John E Gimnig
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, USA
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10
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Sánchez-Ribas J, Oliveira-Ferreira J, Rosa-Freitas MG, Trilla L, Silva-do-Nascimento TF. New classification of natural breeding habitats for Neotropical anophelines in the Yanomami Indian Reserve, Amazon Region, Brazil and a new larval sampling methodology. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:760-70. [PMID: 26517655 PMCID: PMC4667579 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we present the first in a series of articles about the ecology of immature stages of anophelines in the Brazilian Yanomami area. We propose a new larval habitat classification and a new larval sampling methodology. We also report some preliminary results illustrating the applicability of the methodology based on data collected in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest in a longitudinal study of two remote Yanomami communities, Parafuri and Toototobi. In these areas, we mapped and classified 112 natural breeding habitats located in low-order river systems based on their association with river flood pulses, seasonality and exposure to sun. Our classification rendered seven types of larval habitats: lakes associated with the river, which are subdivided into oxbow lakes and nonoxbow lakes, flooded areas associated with the river, flooded areas not associated with the river, rainfall pools, small forest streams, medium forest streams and rivers. The methodology for larval sampling was based on the accurate quantification of the effective breeding area, taking into account the area of the perimeter and subtypes of microenvironments present per larval habitat type using a laser range finder and a small portable inflatable boat. The new classification and new sampling methodology proposed herein may be useful in vector control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Sánchez-Ribas
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de
Imunoparasitologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Mosquitos
Transmissores de Hematozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Joseli Oliveira-Ferreira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de
Imunoparasitologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Maria Goreti Rosa-Freitas
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Mosquitos
Transmissores de Hematozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Lluís Trilla
- Institut de Recerca en Energia de Catalunya, Barcelona,
Spain
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11
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Moreno M, Bickersmith S, Harlow W, Hildebrandt J, McKeon SN, Silva-do-Nascimento TF, Loaiza JR, Ruiz F, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Sallum MAM, Bergo ES, Fritz GN, Wilkerson RC, Linton YM, Juri MJD, Rangel Y, Póvoa MM, Gutiérrez-Builes LA, Correa MM, Conn JE. Phylogeography of the neotropical Anopheles triannulatus complex (Diptera: Culicidae) supports deep structure and complex patterns. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:47. [PMID: 23433428 PMCID: PMC3606328 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular phylogenetic relationships and population structure of the species of the Anopheles triannulatus complex: Anopheles triannulatus s.s., Anopheles halophylus and the putative species Anopheles triannulatus C were investigated. METHODS The mitochondrial COI gene, the nuclear white gene and rDNA ITS2 of samples that include the known geographic distribution of these taxa were analyzed. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using Bayesian inference, Maximum parsimony and Maximum likelihood approaches. RESULTS Each data set analyzed septely yielded a different topology but none provided evidence for the seption of An. halophylus and An. triannulatus C, consistent with the hypothesis that the two are undergoing incipient speciation. The phylogenetic analyses of the white gene found three main clades, whereas the statistical parsimony network detected only a single metapopulation of Anopheles triannulatus s.l. Seven COI lineages were detected by phylogenetic and network analysis. In contrast, the network, but not the phylogenetic analyses, strongly supported three ITS2 groups. Combined data analyses provided the best resolution of the trees, with two major clades, Amazonian (clade I) and trans-Andean + Amazon Delta (clade II). Clade I consists of multiple subclades: An. halophylus + An. triannulatus C; trans-Andean Venezuela; central Amazonia + central Bolivia; Atlantic coastal lowland; and Amazon delta. Clade II includes three subclades: Panama; cis-Andean Colombia; and cis-Venezuela. The Amazon delta specimens are in both clades, likely indicating local sympatry. Spatial and molecular variance analyses detected nine groups, corroborating some of subclades obtained in the combined data analysis. CONCLUSION Combination of the three molecular markers provided the best resolution for differentiation within An. triannulatus s.s. and An. halophylus and C. The latest two species seem to be very closely related and the analyses performed were not conclusive regarding species differentiation. Further studies including new molecular markers would be desirable to solve this species status question. Besides, results of the study indicate a trans-Andean origin for An. triannulatus s.l. The potential implications for malaria epidemiology remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Moreno
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Griffin Laboratory, Albany, NY, USA
- Present address: Division Infectious Diseases University of California San Diego, George Palade Labs, School of Medicine, 92093, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0741, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sara Bickersmith
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Griffin Laboratory, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Wesley Harlow
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Griffin Laboratory, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Jessica Hildebrandt
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Griffin Laboratory, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Sascha N McKeon
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Griffin Laboratory, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Jose R Loaiza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Clayton, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Freddy Ruiz
- Division of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Maria AM Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo S Bergo
- Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, SUCEN, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gary N Fritz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL, USA
| | - Richard C Wilkerson
- Division of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Yvonne M Linton
- Division of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Maria J Dantur Juri
- Instituto Superior de Entomología "Dr. Abraham Willink", Facultad de Ciencias, Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Yadira Rangel
- Laboratorio de Biologia de Vectores, Instituto de Zoología y Ecología Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | - Lina A Gutiérrez-Builes
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Margarita M Correa
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jan E Conn
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Griffin Laboratory, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
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Silva-do-Nascimento TF, Pitaluga LDR, Peixoto AA, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Molecular divergence in the timeless and cpr genes among three sympatric cryptic species of the Anopheles triannulatus complex. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 106 Suppl 1:218-22. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000900027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Silva-do-Nascimento TF, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Diverse population dynamics of three Anopheles species belonging to the Triannulatus Complex (Diptera: Culicidae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008; 102:975-82. [PMID: 18209937 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762007000800013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Triannulatus Complex of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) consists of at least three sibling species, namely Anopheles triannulatus s.s., Anopheles halophylus and a third undescribed member herein referred to as An. triannulatus "C". Sympatric anophelines belonging to species complexes, even though closely related, may exploit different environments such as larval habitats. In this paper we hypothesize that rainfall and seasonal flooding would distinctly influence the availability of larval habitats and consequently the seasonal population dynamics of sympatric members of the Triannulatus Complex. A reflection of this is distinct seasonal biting frequencies exhibited by three members of the Triannulatus Complex at a site in Central Brazil. Population dynamics seem to be influenced by the water level in the local rivers, although biting frequency of all three species was negatively influenced by rainfall. An. triannulatus s.s. was more abundant following the end of the rainy season, but notably 30 to 60 days after flooding. On the other hand, An. halophylus and An. triannulatus C peaked during the middle of the dry season, when water impoundments have no inflow, are somewhat reduced in size and the water becomes brackish. Differences in population dynamics were greater between An. triannulatus s.s. and An. halophylus and An. triannulatus C than between An. halophylus and An. triannulatus C. This might reflect differences in larval habitat exploitation and therefore spatial segregation among these members of the complex.
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Rosa-Freitas MG, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, de Carvalho-Pinto CJ, Flores-Mendoza C, Silva-do-Nascimento TF. Anopheline species complexes in Brazil. Current knowledge of those related to malaria transmission. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1998; 93:651-5. [PMID: 9830533 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761998000500016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M G Rosa-Freitas
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
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