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Chemical characterization of saponins contained in the body wall and the Cuvierian tubules of the sea cucumber Holothuria (Platyperona) sanctori (Delle Chiaje, 1823). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bahrami Y, Franco CMM. Acetylated Triterpene Glycosides and Their Biological Activity from Holothuroidea Reported in the Past Six Decades. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E147. [PMID: 27527190 PMCID: PMC4999908 DOI: 10.3390/md14080147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumbers have been valued for many centuries as a tonic and functional food, dietary delicacies and important ingredients of traditional medicine in many Asian countries. An assortment of bioactive compounds has been described in sea cucumbers. The most important and abundant secondary metabolites from sea cucumbers are triterpene glycosides (saponins). Due to the wide range of their potential biological activities, these natural compounds have gained attention and this has led to their emergence as high value compounds with extended application in nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, medicinal and pharmaceutical products. They are characterized by bearing a wide spectrum of structures, such as sulfated, non-sulfated and acetylated glycosides. Over 700 triterpene glycosides have been reported from the Holothuroidea in which more than 145 are decorated with an acetoxy group having 38 different aglycones. The majority of sea cucumber triterpene glycosides are of the holostane type containing a C18 (20) lactone group and either Δ(7(8)) or Δ(9(11)) double bond in their genins. The acetoxy group is mainly connected to the C-16, C-22, C-23 and/or C-25 of their aglycone. Apparently, the presence of an acetoxy group, particularly at C-16 of the aglycone, plays a significant role in the bioactivity; including induction of caspase, apoptosis, cytotoxicity, anticancer, antifungal and antibacterial activities of these compounds. This manuscript highlights the structure of acetylated saponins, their biological activity, and their structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadollah Bahrami
- Medical Biotechnology, Flinders Medical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide SA 5042, Australia.
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, Flinders University, Adelaide SA 5042, Australia.
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714415185, Iran.
| | - Christopher M M Franco
- Medical Biotechnology, Flinders Medical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide SA 5042, Australia.
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, Flinders University, Adelaide SA 5042, Australia.
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Guo L, Gao Z, Zhang L, Guo F, Chen Y, Li Y, Huang C. Saponin-enriched sea cucumber extracts exhibit an antiobesity effect through inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity and upregulation of LXR-β signaling. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:1312-1325. [PMID: 26440226 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1075047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sea cucumbers have been consumed as tonic, food, and nutrition supplements for many years. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the antiobesity and lipid-lowering effects of sea cucumber extracts in in vitro and in vivo models and elucidate the mechanism of action of the extracts on obesity and dyslipidemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS The 60% ethanol extracts from the body walls of 10 different sea cucumbers were investigated for the inhibition of pancreatic lipase (PL) activity in vitro. The optimal active extract (SC-3) was further chemically analyzed by LC-MS and UV. And 0.1% and 0.2% of SC-3 was mixed with a high-fat diet to treat C57/BL6 mice for 6 weeks or 2 weeks as preventive and therapeutic study. The body weight, serum, and liver lipid profile in the mice were investigated. RESULTS The crude extract of Pearsonothuria graeffei Semper (Holothuriidae) inhibited the PL activity by 36.44% of control at 0.5 μg/mL. SC-3 and echinoside A inhibited PL with an IC50 value at 2.86 μg/mL and 0.76 μM. 0.1% of SC-3 reduced the body weight (23.0 ± 0.62 versus 26.3 ± 0.76 g), the serum TC (2.46 ± 0.04 versus 2.83 ± 0.12 mmol/L), TG (0.19 ± 0.08 versus 0.40 ± 0.03 mmo/L), and LDL-c (0.48 ± 0.02 versus 0.51 ± 0.02 mmol/L), and liver TC (1.19 ± 0.17 versus 1.85 ± 0.13 mmol/mg) and TG (6.18 ± 0.92 versus 10.87 ± 0.97 mmol/mg) contents of the obese C57BL/six mice on a high-fat diet. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Sea cucumber may be used for developing antiobesity and antihyperlipidemia drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Guo
- a School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China and
| | - Ziyang Gao
- a School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China and
| | - Liuqiang Zhang
- a School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China and
| | - Fujiang Guo
- a School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China and
| | - Yan Chen
- b Institute for Nutritional Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Yiming Li
- a School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China and
| | - Cheng Huang
- a School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China and
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54
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Hu Y, Li S, Li J, Ye X, Ding T, Liu D, Chen J, Ge Z, Chen S. Identification of a highly sulfated fucoidan from sea cucumber Pearsonothuria graeffei with well-repeated tetrasaccharides units. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 134:808-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Seydi E, Motallebi A, Dastbaz M, Dehghan S, Salimi A, Nazemi M, Pourahmad J. Selective Toxicity of Persian Gulf Sea Cucumber (Holothuria parva) and Sponge (Haliclona oculata) Methanolic Extracts on Liver Mitochondria Isolated from an Animal Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2015; 15:e33073. [PMID: 26977167 PMCID: PMC4774342 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.33073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural products isolated from marine environments are well known for their pharmacodynamic potential in diverse disease treatments, such as for cancer or inflammatory conditions. Sea cucumbers are marine animals of the phylum Echinoderm and the class Holothuroidea, with leathery skin and gelatinous bodies. Sponges are important components of Persian Gulf animal communities, and the marine sponges of the genus Haliclona have been known to display broad-spectrum biological activity. Many studies have shown that sea cucumbers and sponges contain antioxidants and anti-cancer compounds. OBJECTIVES This study was designed to determine the selective toxicity of Persian Gulf sea cucumber (Holothuria parva) and sponge (Haliclona oculata) methanolic extracts on liver mitochondria isolated from an animal model of hepatocellular carcinoma, as part of a national project that hopes to identify novel potential anticancer candidates among Iranian Persian Gulf flora and fauna. MATERIALS AND METHODS To induce hepatocarcinogenesis, rats were given diethylnitrosamine (DEN) injections (200 mg/kg i.p. by a single dose), and then the cancer was promoted with 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) (0.02 w/w) for two weeks. Histopathological evaluations were performed, and levels of liver injury markers and a specific liver cancer marker (alpha-fetoprotein), were determined for confirmation of hepatocellular carcinoma induction. Finally, mitochondria were isolated from cancerous and non-cancerous hepatocytes. RESULTS Our results showed that H. parva methanolic extracts (250, 500, and 1000 µg/mL) and H. oculata methanolic extracts (200, 400, and 800 µg/mL) increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial swelling, and cytochrome c release in the mitochondria obtained from cancerous hepatocytes, but not in mitochondria obtained from non-cancerous liver hepatocytes. These extracts also induced caspase-3 activation, which is known as a final mediator of apoptosis, in the hepatocytes obtained only from cancerous, not non-cancerous, rat livers. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that H. parva and H. oculata may be promising therapeutic candidates for the treatment of HCC, following further confirmatory in vivo experiments and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enayatollah Seydi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Abbasali Motallebi
- Research and Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) and Iranian Fisheries Research Organization, Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Maryam Dastbaz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Sahar Dehghan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Ahmad Salimi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, IR Iran
| | - Melika Nazemi
- Research and Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) and Iranian Fisheries Research Organization, Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Jalal Pourahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
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Inter- and intra-organ spatial distributions of sea star saponins by MALDI imaging. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:8813-24. [PMID: 26412246 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9044-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Saponins are secondary metabolites that are abundant and diversified in echinoderms. Mass spectrometry is increasingly used not only to identify saponin congeners within animal extracts but also to decipher the structure/biological activity relationships of these molecules by determining their inter-organ and inter-individual variability. The usual method requires extensive purification procedures to prepare saponin extracts compatible with mass spectrometry analysis. Here, we selected the sea star Asterias rubens as a model animal to prove that direct analysis of saponins can be performed on tissue sections. We also demonstrated that carboxymethyl cellulose can be used as an embedding medium to facilitate the cryosectioning procedure. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging was also revealed to afford interesting data on the distribution of saponin molecules within the tissues. We indeed highlight that saponins are located not only inside the body wall of the animals but also within the mucus layer that probably protects the animal against external aggressions. Graphical Abstract Saponins are the most abundant secondary metabolites in sea stars. They should therefore participate in important biological activities. Here, MALDI imaging is presented as a powerful method to determine the spatial distribution of saponins within the animal tissues. The inhomogeneity of the intra-organ saponin distribution is highlighted, paving the way for future elegant structure/activity relationship investigations.
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Abstract
Saponins are a large family of amphiphilic glycosides of steroids and triterpenes found in plants and some marine organisms. By expressing a large diversity of structures on both sugar chains and aglycones, saponins exhibit a wide range of biological and pharmacological properties and serve as major active principles in folk medicines, especially in traditional Chinese medicines. Isolation of saponins from natural sources is usually a formidable task due to the microheterogeneity of saponins in Nature. Chemical synthesis can provide access to large amounts of natural saponins as well as congeners for understanding their structure-activity relationships and mechanisms of action. This article presents a comprehensive account on chemical synthesis of saponins. First highlighted are general considerations on saponin synthesis, including preparation of aglycones and carbohydrate building blocks, assembly strategies, and protecting-group strategies. Next described is the state of the art in the synthesis of each type of saponins, with an emphasis on those representative saponins having sophisticated structures and potent biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Stephane Laval
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China.
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58
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Guo Y, Ding Y, Xu F, Liu B, Kou Z, Xiao W, Zhu J. Systems pharmacology-based drug discovery for marine resources: an example using sea cucumber (Holothurians). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 165:61-72. [PMID: 25701746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sea cucumber, a kind of marine animal, have long been utilized as tonic and traditional remedies in the Middle East and Asia because of its effectiveness against hypertension, asthma, rheumatism, cuts and burns, impotence, and constipation. In this study, an overall study performed on sea cucumber was used as an example to show drug discovery from marine resource by using systems pharmacology model. The value of marine natural resources has been extensively considered because these resources can be potentially used to treat and prevent human diseases. However, the discovery of drugs from oceans is difficult, because of complex environments in terms of composition and active mechanisms. Thus, a comprehensive systems approach which could discover active constituents and their targets from marine resource, understand the biological basis for their pharmacological properties is necessary. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, a feasible pharmacological model based on systems pharmacology was established to investigate marine medicine by incorporating active compound screening, target identification, and network and pathway analysis. RESULTS As a result, 106 candidate components of sea cucumber and 26 potential targets were identified. Furthermore, the functions of sea cucumber in health improvement and disease treatment were elucidated in a holistic way based on the established compound-target and target-disease networks, and incorporated pathways. CONCLUSIONS This study established a novel strategy that could be used to explore specific active mechanisms and discover new drugs from marine sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Guo
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, PR China
| | - Yan Ding
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, PR China; Institute of Chemistry and Applications of Plant Resources, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, PR China.
| | - Feifei Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, PR China
| | - Baoyue Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, PR China
| | - Zinong Kou
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Lianyungang 222001, PR China
| | - Jingbo Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, PR China; Institute of Chemistry and Applications of Plant Resources, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, PR China.
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59
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2009-2010. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:268-422. [PMID: 24863367 PMCID: PMC7168572 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review is the sixth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2010. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, arrays and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural typed constitutes the remainder. The main groups of compound that are discussed in this section are oligo and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals. Many of these applications are presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions and applications to chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Harvey
- Department of BiochemistryOxford Glycobiology InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QUUK
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Aminin DL, Menchinskaya ES, Pisliagin EA, Silchenko AS, Avilov SA, Kalinin VI. Anticancer activity of sea cucumber triterpene glycosides. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:1202-23. [PMID: 25756523 PMCID: PMC4377980 DOI: 10.3390/md13031202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triterpene glycosides are characteristic secondary metabolites of sea cucumbers (Holothurioidea, Echinodermata). They have hemolytic, cytotoxic, antifungal, and other biological activities caused by membranotropic action. These natural products suppress the proliferation of various human tumor cell lines in vitro and, more importantly, intraperitoneal administration in rodents of solutions of some sea cucumber triterpene glycosides significantly reduces both tumor burden and metastasis. The anticancer molecular mechanisms include the induction of tumor cell apoptosis through the activation of intracellular caspase cell death pathways, arrest of the cell cycle at S or G2/M phases, influence on nuclear factors, NF-κB, and up-down regulation of certain cellular receptors and enzymes participating in cancerogenesis, such as EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), Akt (protein kinase B), ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinases), FAK (focal adhesion kinase), MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase-9) and others. Administration of some glycosides leads to a reduction of cancer cell adhesion, suppression of cell migration and tube formation in those cells, suppression of angiogenesis, inhibition of cell proliferation, colony formation and tumor invasion. As a result, marked growth inhibition of tumors occurs in vitro and in vivo. Some holothurian triterpene glycosides have the potential to be used as P-gp mediated MDR reversal agents in combined therapy with standard cytostatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry L Aminin
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Prospect 100 letya Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina S Menchinskaya
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Prospect 100 letya Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Evgeny A Pisliagin
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Prospect 100 letya Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Alexandra S Silchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Prospect 100 letya Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Sergey A Avilov
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Prospect 100 letya Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Vladimir I Kalinin
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Prospect 100 letya Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
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Structure elucidation of new acetylated saponins, Lessoniosides A, B, C, D, and E, and non-acetylated saponins, Lessoniosides F and G, from the viscera of the sea cucumber Holothuria lessoni. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:597-617. [PMID: 25603350 PMCID: PMC4306954 DOI: 10.3390/md13010597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumbers produce numerous compounds with a wide range of chemical structural diversity. Among these, saponins are the most diverse and include sulfated, non-sulfated, acetylated and methylated congeners with different aglycone and sugar moieties. In this study, MALDI and ESI tandem mass spectrometry, in the positive ion mode, were used to elucidate the structure of new saponins extracted from the viscera of H. lessoni. Fragmentation of the aglycone provided structural information on the presence of the acetyl group. The presence of the O-acetyl group was confirmed by observing the mass transition of 60 u corresponding to the loss of a molecule of acetic acid. Ion fingerprints from the glycosidic cleavage provided information on the mass of the aglycone (core), and the sequence and type of monosaccharides that constitute the sugar moiety. The tandem mass spectra of the saponin precursor ions [M + Na]+ provided a wealth of detailed structural information on the glycosidic bond cleavages. As a result, and in conjunction with existing literature, we characterized the structure of five new acetylated saponins, Lessoniosides A–E, along with two non-acetylated saponins Lessoniosides F and G at m/z 1477.7, which are promising candidates for future drug development. The presented strategy allows a rapid, reliable and complete analysis of native saponins.
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Honey-Escandón M, Arreguín-Espinosa R, Solís-Marín FA, Samyn Y. Biological and taxonomic perspective of triterpenoid glycosides of sea cucumbers of the family Holothuriidae (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 180:16-39. [PMID: 25263252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of saponins in sea cucumbers, more than 150 triterpene glycosides have been described for the class Holothuroidea. The family Holothuriidae has been increasingly studied in search for these compounds. With many species awaiting recognition and formal description this family currently consists of five genera and the systematics at the species-level taxonomy is, however, not yet fully understood. We provide a bibliographic review of the triterpene glycosides that has been reported within the Holothuriidae and analyzed the relationship of certain compounds with the presence of Cuvierian tubules. We found 40 species belonging to four genera and 121 compounds. Holothurin A and B are the most common saponins for Actinopyga, Holothuria, and Pearsonothuria. The genus Bohadschia presents mainly bivittoside C and D. Actinopyga has only sulfated saponins mainly oxidized, Bohadschia non-sulfated ones mainly non-oxidized, Holothuria and Pearsonothuria contain both types of compounds, mainly oxidized. Within the genus Holothuria, the subgenus Panningothuria only has non-sulfated saponins. The presence of sulfated and non-sulfated compounds seemingly relates to the expellability or the absence of Cuvierian tubules and the temporal or permanent concealing habits of the species. Our study concludes that better insights into the systematic distribution of saponins in Holothuriidae will only be possible if the identifications of the investigated species are confirmed by a taxonomist, especially in this group wherein cryptic species and variation between life-history stages are common and yet poorly understood. Understanding of saponin distribution within the Holothuriidae would also benefit from a stabilization of triterpene glycoside nomenclature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Honey-Escandón
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510 México, D. F., Mexico.
| | - Roberto Arreguín-Espinosa
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510 México, D. F., Mexico
| | - Francisco Alonso Solís-Marín
- Laboratorio de Sistemática y Ecología de Equinodermos, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-350, C.P. 04510 México, D. F., Mexico
| | - Yves Samyn
- Scientific Service of Heritage, Invertebrates Collections, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
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Bahrami Y, Zhang W, Chataway T, Franco C. Structure elucidation of five novel isomeric saponins from the viscera of the sea cucumber Holothuria lessoni. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:4439-73. [PMID: 25110919 PMCID: PMC4145325 DOI: 10.3390/md12084439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumbers are prolific producers of a wide range of bioactive compounds. This study aimed to purify and characterize one class of compound, the saponins, from the viscera of the Australian sea cucumber Holothuria lessoni. The saponins were obtained by ethanolic extraction of the viscera and enriched by a liquid-liquid partition process and adsorption column chromatography. A high performance centrifugal partition chromatography (HPCPC) was applied to the saponin-enriched mixture to obtain saponins with high purity. The resultant purified saponins were profiled using MALDI-MS/MS and ESI-MS/MS which revealed the structure of isomeric saponins to contain multiple aglycones and/or sugar residues. We have elucidated the structure of five novel saponins, Holothurins D/E and Holothurinosides X/Y/Z, along with seven reported triterpene glycosides, including sulfated and non-sulfated saponins containing a range of aglycones and sugar moieties, from the viscera of H. lessoni. The abundance of novel compounds from this species holds promise for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadollah Bahrami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Tim Chataway
- Flinders Proteomics Facility, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Chris Franco
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia.
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Bahrami Y, Zhang W, Franco C. Discovery of novel saponins from the viscera of the sea cucumber Holothuria lessoni. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:2633-67. [PMID: 24821624 PMCID: PMC4052309 DOI: 10.3390/md12052633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumbers, sometimes referred to as marine ginseng, produce numerous compounds with diverse functions and are potential sources of active ingredients for agricultural, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products. We examined the viscera of an Australian sea cucumber Holothuria lessoni Massin et al. 2009, for novel bioactive compounds, with an emphasis on the triterpene glycosides, saponins. The viscera were extracted with 70% ethanol, and this extract was purified by a liquid-liquid partition process and column chromatography, followed by isobutanol extraction. The isobutanol saponin-enriched mixture was further purified by high performance centrifugal partition chromatography (HPCPC) with high purity and recovery. The resultant purified polar samples were analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS)/MS and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS)/MS to identify saponins and characterize their molecular structures. As a result, at least 39 new saponins were identified in the viscera of H. lessoni with a high structural diversity, and another 36 reported triterpene glycosides, containing different aglycones and sugar moieties. Viscera samples have provided a higher diversity and yield of compounds than observed from the body wall. The high structural diversity and novelty of saponins from H. lessoni with potential functional activities presents a great opportunity to exploit their applications for industrial, agricultural and pharmaceutical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadollah Bahrami
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide 5001, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide 5001, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Chris Franco
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide 5001, SA 5042, Australia.
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Demeyer M, De Winter J, Caulier G, Eeckhaut I, Flammang P, Gerbaux P. Molecular diversity and body distribution of saponins in the sea star Asterias rubens by mass spectrometry. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 168:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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66
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Gomes AR, Freitas AC, Rocha-Santos TAP, Duarte AC. Bioactive compounds derived from echinoderms. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03352c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first review paper devoted exclusively to natural compounds isolated from echinoderms with special emphasis on bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana C. Freitas
- ISEIT/Viseu
- Instituto Piaget
- Viseu, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry and CESAM
- University of Aveiro
| | | | - Armando C. Duarte
- Department of Chemistry and CESAM
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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67
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Thimmappa R, Geisler K, Louveau T, O'Maille P, Osbourn A. Triterpene biosynthesis in plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 65:225-57. [PMID: 24498976 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The triterpenes are one of the most numerous and diverse groups of plant natural products. They are complex molecules that are, for the most part, beyond the reach of chemical synthesis. Simple triterpenes are components of surface waxes and specialized membranes and may potentially act as signaling molecules, whereas complex glycosylated triterpenes (saponins) provide protection against pathogens and pests. Simple and conjugated triterpenes have a wide range of applications in the food, health, and industrial biotechnology sectors. Here, we review recent developments in the field of triterpene biosynthesis, give an overview of the genes and enzymes that have been identified to date, and discuss strategies for discovering new triterpene biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesha Thimmappa
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
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68
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Yano A, Abe A, Aizawa F, Yamada H, Minami K, Matsui M, Kishi M. The effect of eating sea cucumber jelly on Candida load in the oral cavity of elderly individuals in a nursing home. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:4993-5007. [PMID: 24335524 PMCID: PMC3877898 DOI: 10.3390/md11124993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a double-blind randomized controlled study of elderly individuals in a nursing home to investigate the effect of the consumption of jelly containing sea cucumber on their oral Candida load. The jelly contained a hydrolysate of the sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus, which contained triterpene glycosides called holotoxins. The holotoxins worked as a fungicide, and their minimum inhibitory concentrations for Candida albicans were 7 µg/mL. Eight individuals in the nursing home took the sea cucumber jelly for a week and their oral Candida were counted before and after the intervention. Nine individuals took a control jelly without S. japonicus. The sea cucumber jelly showed inhibitory effects on the oral Candida. Thus, daily consumption of the S. japonicus jelly has the potential to reduce the oral Candida load in the elderly in nursing homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yano
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-197-68-2911; Fax: +81-197-68-3881
| | - Akiko Abe
- Division of Oral Health, Iwate Medical University School of Dentistry, Morioka 020-8505, Japan; E-Mails: (A.A.); (F.A.); (K.M.); (M.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Fumie Aizawa
- Division of Oral Health, Iwate Medical University School of Dentistry, Morioka 020-8505, Japan; E-Mails: (A.A.); (F.A.); (K.M.); (M.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Hidetoshi Yamada
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Kentaro Minami
- Division of Oral Health, Iwate Medical University School of Dentistry, Morioka 020-8505, Japan; E-Mails: (A.A.); (F.A.); (K.M.); (M.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Miki Matsui
- Division of Oral Health, Iwate Medical University School of Dentistry, Morioka 020-8505, Japan; E-Mails: (A.A.); (F.A.); (K.M.); (M.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Mitsuo Kishi
- Division of Oral Health, Iwate Medical University School of Dentistry, Morioka 020-8505, Japan; E-Mails: (A.A.); (F.A.); (K.M.); (M.M.); (M.K.)
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Colorado-Ríos J, Muñoz D, Montoya G, Márquez D, Márquez ME, López J, Martínez A. HPLC-ESI-IT-MS/MS analysis and biological activity of triterpene glycosides from the Colombian marine sponge Ectyoplasia ferox. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:4815-33. [PMID: 24317472 PMCID: PMC3877889 DOI: 10.3390/md11124815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine sponge Ectyoplasia ferox produces antipredatory and allelopathic triterpenoid glycosides as part of its chemical defense repertoire against predators, competitors, and fouling organisms. These molecules are responsible for the pharmacological potential found in the glycosides present in this species. In order to observe the glycochemical diversity present in E. ferox, a liquid chromatography coupled to a tandem mass spectrometry approach to analyse a complex polar fraction of this marine sponge was performed. This gave valuable information for about twenty-five compounds three of which have been previously reported and another three which were found to be composed of known aglycones. Furthermore, a group of four urabosides, sharing two uncommon substitutions with carboxyl groups at C-4 on the terpenoid core, were identified by a characteristic fragmentation pattern. The oxidized aglycones present in this group of saponins can promote instability, making the purification process difficult. Cytotoxicity, cell cycle modulation, a cell cloning efficiency assay, as well as its hemolytic activity were evaluated. The cytotoxic activity was about IC₅₀ 40 µg/mL on Jurkat and CHO-k₁ cell lines without exhibiting hemolysis. Discussion on this bioactivity suggests the scanning of other biological models would be worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhonny Colorado-Ríos
- Grupo de Investigación Productos Naturales Marinos, Facultad de Química Farmacéutica, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 N° 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; E-Mails: (D.M.); (A.M.)
- Unidad de Investigación e Innovación, Humax Pharmaceutical S.A, 050010, Itagüí, Colombia
| | - Diana Muñoz
- Grupo de Biotecnología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 050034, Medellín, Colombia; E-Mails: (D.M.); (M.-E.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Guillermo Montoya
- Grupo Natura, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad ICESI, 760050, Cali, Colombia; E-Mail:
| | - Diana Márquez
- Grupo de Investigación Productos Naturales Marinos, Facultad de Química Farmacéutica, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 N° 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; E-Mails: (D.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Maria-Elena Márquez
- Grupo de Biotecnología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 050034, Medellín, Colombia; E-Mails: (D.M.); (M.-E.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Juan López
- Grupo de Biotecnología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 050034, Medellín, Colombia; E-Mails: (D.M.); (M.-E.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Alejandro Martínez
- Grupo de Investigación Productos Naturales Marinos, Facultad de Química Farmacéutica, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 N° 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; E-Mails: (D.M.); (A.M.)
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Bondoc KGV, Lee H, Cruz LJ, Lebrilla CB, Juinio-Meñez MA. Chemical fingerprinting and phylogenetic mapping of saponin congeners from three tropical holothurian sea cucumbers. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 166:182-93. [PMID: 24036426 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Holothurians are sedentary marine organisms known to produce saponins (triterpene glycosides), secondary metabolites exhibiting a wide range of biological activities. In this paper, we investigated the saponin contents of semi-purified and membranolytic HPLC fractionated extracts from the body wall of three species of Holothuriidae as an attempt to examine its chemical diversity in relation to phylogenetic data. MALDI-FTICR MS and nano-HPLC-chip Q-TOF MS were used for mass profiling and isomer separation, respectively giving a unique chemical saponin fingerprint. Moreover, the methods used yield the highest number of congeners. However, saponin concentration, bioactivity and chemical diversity had no apparent relationship. MS fingerprint showed the presence of holothurinosides, which was observed for the first time in other Holothuria genera besides the basally positioned Holothuria forskali. This congener is proposed to be a primitive character that could be used for taxonomic purposes. The phylogenetic mapping also showed that the glycone part of the compound evolved from non-sulfated hexaosides to sulfated tetraosides, which have higher membranolytic activity and hydrophilicity, the two factors affecting the total ecological activity (i.e. chemical defense) of these compounds. This might be an adaptation to increase the fitness of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Grace V Bondoc
- The Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
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71
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Colorado J, Muñoz D, Marquez D, Marquez ME, Lopez J, Thomas OP, Martinez A. Ulososides and urabosides--triterpenoid saponins from the Caribbean marine sponge Ectyoplasia ferox. Molecules 2013; 18:2598-610. [PMID: 23446917 PMCID: PMC6270507 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18032598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new triterpene glycosides, named ulososide F (1), urabosides A (2) and B (3), together with the previously reported ulososide A (4), were isolated from the Caribbean marine sponge Ectyoplasia ferox. Their structures were elucidated using extensive interpretation of 1D and 2D-NMR data, as well as HRESIMS. The aglycon of all compounds is a rare 30-norlonastane and the sugar residues were identified after acid hydrolysis and GC analyses. Cytotoxicities of the isolated compounds were evaluated against Jurkat and CHO cell lines by a MTT in vitro assay as well as a hemolysis assay. Unexpectedly, all these saponin derivatives showed very low activity in our bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhonny Colorado
- Grupo de Investigación Productos Naturales Marinos, Facultad de Química Farmacéutica, Universidad de Antioquia, A.A 1226, Medellín, Colombia; E-Mails: (D.M.); (A.M.)
- Unidad de Investigación e Innovación, Humax Pharmaceutical S.A. Itagüí, Colombia
| | - Diana Muñoz
- Grupo de Biotecnología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia; E-Mails: (D.M.); (M.E.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Diana Marquez
- Grupo de Investigación Productos Naturales Marinos, Facultad de Química Farmacéutica, Universidad de Antioquia, A.A 1226, Medellín, Colombia; E-Mails: (D.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Maria Elena Marquez
- Grupo de Biotecnología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia; E-Mails: (D.M.); (M.E.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Juan Lopez
- Grupo de Biotecnología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia; E-Mails: (D.M.); (M.E.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Olivier P. Thomas
- Nice Institute of Chemistry – PCRE, UMR 7272 CNRS, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Faculté des Sciences, Parc Valrose 06108 Nice, France
| | - Alejandro Martinez
- Grupo de Investigación Productos Naturales Marinos, Facultad de Química Farmacéutica, Universidad de Antioquia, A.A 1226, Medellín, Colombia; E-Mails: (D.M.); (A.M.)
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72
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Li W, Sun YS, Wang Z, Zheng YN. ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION OF SAPONINS FROM PLATYCODON GRANDIFLORUM BY SEMI-PREPARATIVE HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY AND LC/ESI-MS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.604110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- a College of Chinese Material Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , P.R. China
| | - Yin-shi Sun
- b College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University , Taian , P.R. China
| | - Zi Wang
- a College of Chinese Material Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , P.R. China
| | - Yi-nan Zheng
- a College of Chinese Material Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , P.R. China
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Regalado EL, Turk T, Tasdemir D, Gorjanc M, Kaiser M, Thomas OP, Fernández R, Amade P. Cytotoxic and haemolytic steroidal glycosides from the Caribbean sponge Pandaros acanthifolium. Steroids 2011; 76:1389-96. [PMID: 21820457 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 07/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Six new steroidal saponins, pandarosides K-M (1-3) and their methyl esters (4-6), were isolated as minor components, after a careful chemical reinvestigation of the Caribbean sponge Pandaros acanthifolium. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic analyses and comparison with the data obtained from previous metabolites of this family. All new compounds showed moderate to weak activity against four parasitic protozoa. Additionally, these compounds and previously reported pandarosides and acanthifoliosides were tested on three human tumour cell lines, and their haemolytic and liposome permeabilizing activity were assessed. Two pandarosides exhibited moderate to strong cytotoxic effect, while three acanthifoliosides showed strong haemolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L Regalado
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Molécules Bioactives et Arômes, UMR 6001 CNRS, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Faculté des Sciences Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France.
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Bordbar S, Anwar F, Saari N. High-value components and bioactives from sea cucumbers for functional foods--a review. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:1761-1805. [PMID: 22072996 PMCID: PMC3210605 DOI: 10.3390/md9101761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumbers, belonging to the class Holothuroidea, are marine invertebrates, habitually found in the benthic areas and deep seas across the world. They have high commercial value coupled with increasing global production and trade. Sea cucumbers, informally named as bêche-de-mer, or gamat, have long been used for food and folk medicine in the communities of Asia and Middle East. Nutritionally, sea cucumbers have an impressive profile of valuable nutrients such as Vitamin A, Vitamin B1 (thiamine), Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (niacin), and minerals, especially calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc. A number of unique biological and pharmacological activities including anti-angiogenic, anticancer, anticoagulant, anti-hypertension, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antithrombotic, antitumor and wound healing have been ascribed to various species of sea cucumbers. Therapeutic properties and medicinal benefits of sea cucumbers can be linked to the presence of a wide array of bioactives especially triterpene glycosides (saponins), chondroitin sulfates, glycosaminoglycan (GAGs), sulfated polysaccharides, sterols (glycosides and sulfates), phenolics, cerberosides, lectins, peptides, glycoprotein, glycosphingolipids and essential fatty acids. This review is mainly designed to cover the high-value components and bioactives as well as the multiple biological and therapeutic properties of sea cucumbers with regard to exploring their potential uses for functional foods and nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bordbar
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; E-Mails: (S.B.); (F.A.)
| | - Farooq Anwar
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; E-Mails: (S.B.); (F.A.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Nazamid Saari
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; E-Mails: (S.B.); (F.A.)
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Osbourn A, Goss RJM, Field RA. The saponins: polar isoprenoids with important and diverse biological activities. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:1261-8. [PMID: 21584304 DOI: 10.1039/c1np00015b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Saponins are polar molecules that consist of a triterpene or steroid aglycone with one or more sugar chains. They are one of the most numerous and diverse groups of plant natural products. These molecules have important ecological and agronomic functions, contributing to pest and pathogen resistance and to food quality in crop plants. They also have a wide range of commercial applications in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical sectors. Although primarily found in plants, saponins are produced by certain other organisms, including starfish and sea cucumbers. The under explored biodiversity of this class of natural products is likely to prove to be a vital resource for discovery of high-value compounds. This review will focus on the biological activity of some of the best-studied examples of saponins, on the relationship between structure and function, and on prospects for synthesis of ‘‘designer’’ saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Osbourn
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, UK.
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Van Dyck S, Caulier G, Todesco M, Gerbaux P, Fournier I, Wisztorski M, Flammang P. The triterpene glycosides of Holothuria forskali: usefulness and efficiency as a chemical defense mechanism against predatory fish. J Exp Biol 2011; 214:1347-56. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.050930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
More than 100 triterpene glycosides (saponins) have been characterized in holothuroids in the past several decades. In particular, Holothuria forskali contains 26 saponins in its Cuvierian tubules and 12 in its body wall. This high diversity could be linked to a chemical defense mechanism, the most commonly accepted biological role for these secondary metabolites. We performed an integrated study of the body-wall saponins of H. forskali. The saponins are mainly localized in the epidermis and in the mesothelium of the body wall and appear to be released when the holothuroid is stressed. Among the saponins present in the epidermis, one (holothurinoside G) was detected in the seawater surrounding non-stressed holothuroids and three others (holohurinosides C and F, and desholothurin A) were secreted when the animals were stressed. In addition, two new congeners (detected at m/z 1301 and 1317) were also present in the immediate surroundings of stressed holothuroids. These new saponins do not originate from the epidermis and could come from an internal organ. Quantities of secreted saponins were very low compared with the body wall and Cuvierian tubules concentrations. At natural concentrations, saponins do not represent a threat to the health of predatory fish. The deterrent effect of saponins seems therefore to act as an aposematic signal, warning potential predators of the unpalatability of the holothuroid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Van Dyck
- University of Mons-UMONS, Marine Biology Laboratory, 6 Avenue du Champs de Mars, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Caulier
- University of Mons-UMONS, Marine Biology Laboratory, 6 Avenue du Champs de Mars, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Maïté Todesco
- University of Mons-UMONS, Marine Biology Laboratory, 6 Avenue du Champs de Mars, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- University of Mons-UMONS, Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Mass Spectrometry Center, 19 Avenue Maistriau, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Fournier
- University of Lille 1, CNRS, MALDI Imaging Team, Laboratoire de Neuroimmunologie des Annélides, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Maxence Wisztorski
- University of Lille 1, CNRS, MALDI Imaging Team, Laboratoire de Neuroimmunologie des Annélides, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Patrick Flammang
- University of Mons-UMONS, Marine Biology Laboratory, 6 Avenue du Champs de Mars, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
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Van Dyck S, Flammang P, Meriaux C, Bonnel D, Salzet M, Fournier I, Wisztorski M. Localization of secondary metabolites in marine invertebrates: contribution of MALDI MSI for the study of saponins in Cuvierian tubules of H. forskali. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13923. [PMID: 21085713 PMCID: PMC2978086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several species of sea cucumbers of the family Holothuriidae possess a particular mechanical defense system called the Cuvierian tubules (Ct). It is also a chemical defense system as triterpene glycosides (saponins) appear to be particularly concentrated in Ct. In the present study, the precise localization of saponins in the Ct of Holothuria forskali is investigated. Classical histochemical labeling using lectin was firstly performed but did not generate any conclusive results. Thus, MALDI mass spectrometry Imaging (MALDI-MSI) was directly applied and completed by statistical multivariate tests. A comparison between the tubules of relaxed and stressed animals was realized. Results These analyses allowed the detection of three groups of ions, corresponding to the isomeric saponins of the tubules. Saponins detected at m/z 1287 and 1303 were the most abundant and were apparently localized in the connective tissue of the tubules of both relaxed and stressed individuals. Saponins at m/z 1125 and 1141 were detected in lower amount and were present in tissues of relaxed animals. Finally, saponin ions at 1433, 1449, 1463 and 1479 were observed in some Ct of stressed holothuroids in the outer part of the connective tissue. The saponin group m/z 14xx seems therefore to be stress-specific and could originate from modifications of the saponins with m/z of 11xx. Conclusions All the results taken together indicate a complex chemical defense mechanism with, for a single organ, different sets of saponins originating from different cell populations and presenting different responses to stress. The present study also reflects that MALDI-MSI is a valuable tool for chemical ecology studies in which specific chemical signalling molecules like allelochemicals or pheromones have to be tracked. This report represents one of the very first studies using these tools to provide a functional and ecological understanding of the role of natural products from marine invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Van Dyck
- Laboratoire de Biologie marine, Université de Mons - UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | - Patrick Flammang
- Laboratoire de Biologie marine, Université de Mons - UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | - Céline Meriaux
- Laboratoire de Neuroimmunologie et Neurochimie Evolutives, Université Lille Nord de France (USTL), Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - David Bonnel
- Laboratoire de Neuroimmunologie et Neurochimie Evolutives, Université Lille Nord de France (USTL), Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Michel Salzet
- Laboratoire de Neuroimmunologie et Neurochimie Evolutives, Université Lille Nord de France (USTL), Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Isabelle Fournier
- Laboratoire de Neuroimmunologie et Neurochimie Evolutives, Université Lille Nord de France (USTL), Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Maxence Wisztorski
- Laboratoire de Neuroimmunologie et Neurochimie Evolutives, Université Lille Nord de France (USTL), Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- * E-mail:
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