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Quercitrin from Toona sinensis (Juss.) M.Roem. Attenuates Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Toxicity in HepG2 Cells and Mice through Induction of Antioxidant Machinery and Inhibition of Inflammation. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8070431. [PMID: 27428996 PMCID: PMC4963907 DOI: 10.3390/nu8070431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercitrin is found in many kinds of vegetables and fruits, and possesses various bioactive properties. The aim of the present study was to elucidate hepatoprotective mechanisms of quercitrin isolated from Toona sinensis (Juss.) M.Roem. (syn. Cedrela sinensis Juss.), using acetaminophen (APAP)-treated HepG2 cell and animal models. In an in vitro study, quercitrin suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species and enhanced expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), activity of antioxidant response element (ARE)-reporter gene, and protein levels of NADPH: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD-2) in APAP-treated HepG2 cells. In an in vivo study, Balb/c mice were orally administered with 10 or 50 mg/kg of quercitrin for 7 days and followed by the injection with single dose of 300 mg/kg APAP. Quercitrin decreased APAP-caused elevation of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, liver necrosis, the expression of pro-inflammatory factors including inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase 2 and inerleukin-1β, and phosphorylation of kinases including c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38. Quercitrin restored protein levels of Nrf2, NQO1 and activities and expressions of CAT, GPx, SOD-2. The results suggested that quercitrin attenuates APAP-induced liver damage by the activation of defensive genes and the inhibition of pro-inflammatory genes via the suppressions of JNK and p38 signaling.
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Badhani B, Kakkar R. In silico studies on potential MCF-7 inhibitors: a combination of pharmacophore and 3D-QSAR modeling, virtual screening, molecular docking, and pharmacokinetic analysis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:1950-1967. [PMID: 27401212 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1202863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gallic acid and its derivatives exhibit a diverse range of biological applications, including anti-cancer activity. In this work, a data-set of forty-six molecules containing the galloyl moiety, and known to show anticarcinogenic activity against the MCF-7 human cancer cell line, have been chosen for pharmacophore modeling and 3D-Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (3D-QSAR) studies. A tree-based partitioning algorithm has been used to find common pharmacophore hypotheses. The QSAR model was generated for three, four, and five featured hypotheses with increasing PLS factors and analyzed. Results for five featured hypotheses with three acceptors and two aromatic rings were the best out of all the possible combinations. On analyzing the results, the most robust (R2 = .8990) hypothesis with a good predictive power (Q2 = .7049) was found to be AAARR.35. A good external validation (R2 = .6109) was also obtained. In order to design new MCF-7 inhibitors, the QSAR model was further utilized in pharmacophore-based virtual screening of a large database. The predicted IC50 values of the identified potential MCF-7 inhibitors were found to lie in the micromolar range. Molecular docking into the colchicine domain of tubulin was performed in order to examine one of the probable mechanisms. This revealed various interactions between the ligand and the active site protein residues. The present study is expected to provide an effective guide for methodical development of potent MCF-7 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Badhani
- a Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Delhi , Delhi 110007 , India
| | - Rita Kakkar
- a Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Delhi , Delhi 110007 , India
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De Novo Assembly and Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Provide Insight into Lysine Biosynthesis in Toona sinensis Roem. Int J Genomics 2016; 2016:6735209. [PMID: 27376077 PMCID: PMC4914729 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6735209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toona sinensis Roem is a popular leafy vegetable in Chinese cuisine and is also used as a traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, leaf samples were collected from the same plant on two development stages and then used for high-throughput Illumina RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq). 125,884 transcripts and 54,628 unigenes were obtained through de novo assembly. A total of 25,570 could be annotated with known biological functions, which indicated that the T. sinensis leaves and shoots were undergoing multiple developmental processes especially for active metabolic processes. Analysis of differentially expressed unigenes between the two libraries showed that the lysine biosynthesis was an enriched KEGG pathway, and candidate genes involved in the lysine biosynthesis pathway in T. sinensis leaves and shoots were identified. Our results provide a primary analysis of the gene expression files of T. sinensis leaf and shoot on different development stages and afford a valuable resource for genetic and genomic research on plant lysine biosynthesis.
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Chen YC, Chien LH, Huang BM, Chia YC, Chiu HF. Aqueous Extracts ofToona sinensisLeaves Inhibit Renal Carcinoma Cell Growth and Migration Through JAK2/stat3, Akt, MEK/ERK, and mTOR/HIF-2α Pathways. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:654-66. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1158292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Christopher SR, Mathai V, Nair RS, Angelo JMC. The effect of three different antioxidants on the dentinal tubular penetration of Resilon and Real Seal SE on sodium hypochlorite-treated root canal dentin: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2016; 19:161-5. [PMID: 27099424 PMCID: PMC4815546 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.178702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effect of 10% ascorbic acid, 10% tannic acid, and 10% gallic acid on the dentinal tubular penetration of Resilon and Real Seal SE on sodium hypochlorite-treated root canal dentin was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty human premolars were decoronated to attain 14-mm root length and divided into five groups of 10 teeth each. Biomechanical preparation was done with rotary instruments. Group I specimens were irrigated with saline and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Specimens from groups II, III, IV, and V were irrigated with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and 17% EDTA. Specimens from groups III, IV, and V underwent additional irrigation with antioxidants-10% ascorbic acid, 10% tannic acid, and 10% gallic acid, respectively. Following obturation with Resilon and Real Seal SE, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was done to note the maximum dentinal tubular penetration at the cervical, middle, and apical thirds of each specimen. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Post hoc and Dunnett's test. RESULTS Maximum dentinal tubular penetration of Resilon and Real Seal SE was obtained following irrigation with 10% gallic acid. CONCLUSION 10% gallic acid was superior among the antioxidant irrigants that enabled the increased dentinal tubular penetration of Resilon and Real Seal SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Renjelina Christopher
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sree Mookambika Institute of Dental Sciences, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vijay Mathai
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sree Mookambika Institute of Dental Sciences, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajesh Sasidharan Nair
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sree Mookambika Institute of Dental Sciences, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India
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WANG RUIXUAN, MA LIJIE, WENG DAN, YAO JIAHUI, LIU XUEYING, JIN FAGUANG. Gallic acid induces apoptosis and enhances the anticancer effects of cisplatin in human small cell lung cancer H446 cell line via the ROS-dependent mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:3075-83. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Pandurangan AK, Mohebali N, Esa NM, Looi CY, Ismail S, Saadatdoust Z. Gallic acid suppresses inflammation in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice: Possible mechanisms. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:1034-43. [PMID: 26319951 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) encompass at least two forms of intestinal inflammation: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC). Both conditions are chronic and inflammatory disorders in the gastrointestinal tract, with an increasing prevalence being associated with the industrialization of nations and in developing countries. Patients with these disorders are 10 to 20 times more likely to develop cancer of the colon. The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of a naturally occurring polyphenol, gallic acid (GA), in an experimental murine model of UC. A significant blunting of weight loss and clinical symptoms was observed in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-exposed, GA-treated mice compared with control mice. This effect was associated with a remarkable amelioration of the disruption of the colonic architecture, a significant reduction in colonic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and a decrease in the expression of inflammatory mediators, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, GA reduced the activation and nuclear accumulation of p-STAT3(Y705), preventing the degradation of the inhibitory protein IκB and inhibiting of the nuclear translocation of p65-NF-κB in colonic mucosa. These findings suggest that GA exerts potentially clinically useful anti-inflammatory effects mediated through the suppression of p65-NF-κB and IL-6/p-STAT3(Y705) activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Pandurangan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nooshin Mohebali
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norhaizan Mohd Esa
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Salmiah Ismail
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zeinab Saadatdoust
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Chang YJ, Hsu SL, Liu YT, Lin YH, Lin MH, Huang SJ, Ho JAA, Wu LC. Gallic acid induces necroptosis via TNF-α signaling pathway in activated hepatic stellate cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120713. [PMID: 25816210 PMCID: PMC4376672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallic acid (3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, GA), a natural phenolic acid widely found in gallnuts, tea leaves and various fruits, possesses several bioactivities against inflammation, oxidation, and carcinogenicity. The beneficial effect of GA on the reduction of animal hepatofibrosis has been indicated due to its antioxidative property. However, the cytotoxicity of GA autoxidation causing cell death has also been reported. Herein, we postulated that GA might target activated hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs), the cell type responsible for hepatofibrosis, to mitigate the process of fibrosis. The molecular cytotoxic mechanisms that GA exerted on aHSCs were then analyzed. The results indicated that GA elicited aHSC programmed cell death through TNF–α–mediated necroptosis. GA induced significant oxidative stress through the suppression of catalase activity and the depletion of glutathione (GSH). Elevated oxidative stress triggered the production of TNF–α facilitating the undergoing of necroptosis through the up-regulation of key necroptotic regulatory proteins TRADD and receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3), and the inactivation of caspase–8. Calmodulin and calpain–1 activation were engaged, which promoted subsequent lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP). The TNF–α antagonist (SPD–304) and the RIP1 inhibitor (necrostatin–1, Nec–1) confirmed GA-induced TNFR1–mediated necroptosis. The inhibition of RIP1 by Nec–1 diverted the cell death from necroptosis to apoptosis, as the activation of caspase 3 and the increase of cytochrome c. Collectively, this is the first report indicating that GA induces TNF signaling–triggered necroptosis in aHSCs, which may offer an alternative strategy for the amelioration of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Ju Chang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih Lan Hsu
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi Ting Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Puli, Taiwan
| | - Yu Hsuan Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Puli, Taiwan
| | - Ming Hui Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Puli, Taiwan
| | - Shu Jung Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Puli, Taiwan
| | - Ja-an Annie Ho
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chen Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Puli, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Synthesis, antiproliferative activity and molecular properties predictions of galloyl derivatives. Molecules 2015; 20:5360-73. [PMID: 25816079 PMCID: PMC6272127 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20045360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the in vitro antiproliferative activity against ten human cancer cell lines of a series of galloyl derivatives bearing substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole and carbohydrazide moieties. The compounds were also assessed in an in silico study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) in the human body using Lipinski’s parameters, the topological polar surface area (TPSA) and percentage of absorption (%ABS). In general, the introduction of N'-(substituted)-arylidene galloyl hydrazides 4–8 showed a moderate antitumor activity, while the 2-methylthio- and 2-thioxo-1,3,4-oxadiazol-5-yl derivatives 9 and 10 led to increased inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. The precursor compound methyl gallate 2 and the intermediary galloyl hydrazide 3 showed greater antiproliferative activity with GI50 values < 5.54 µM against all human tumor cell lines tested. A higher inhibition effect against ovarian cancer (OVCAR-3) (GI50 = 0.05–5.98 µM) was also shown, with compounds 2, 3, 9 and 10 with GI50 ≤ 0.89 µM standing out in this respect. The in silico study revealed that the compounds showed good intestinal absorption.
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Subramanian AP, John AA, Vellayappan MV, Balaji A, Jaganathan SK, Supriyanto E, Yusof M. Gallic acid: prospects and molecular mechanisms of its anticancer activity. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02727f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallic acid (GA) is a phenolic acid found in many dietary substances. It is a natural compound found in gallnuts, sumac, witch-hazel, clove, tealeaves, oak bark, sundew and other plants. Edibles like blackberry, hot chocolate, common walnut and Indian gooseberry contain GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. P. Subramanian
- IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre
- Faculty of Bioscience and Medical Engineering
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- Johor Bahru 81310
- Malaysia
| | - A. A. John
- IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre
- Faculty of Bioscience and Medical Engineering
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- Johor Bahru 81310
- Malaysia
| | - M. V. Vellayappan
- IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre
- Faculty of Bioscience and Medical Engineering
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- Johor Bahru 81310
- Malaysia
| | - A. Balaji
- IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre
- Faculty of Bioscience and Medical Engineering
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- Johor Bahru 81310
- Malaysia
| | - S. K. Jaganathan
- IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre
- Faculty of Bioscience and Medical Engineering
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- Johor Bahru 81310
- Malaysia
| | - Eko Supriyanto
- IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre
- Faculty of Bioscience and Medical Engineering
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- Johor Bahru 81310
- Malaysia
| | - Mustafa Yusof
- IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre
- Faculty of Bioscience and Medical Engineering
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- Johor Bahru 81310
- Malaysia
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Badhani B, Sharma N, Kakkar R. Gallic acid: a versatile antioxidant with promising therapeutic and industrial applications. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01911g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, a result of an overproduction and accumulation of free radicals, is the leading cause of several degenerative diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, ageing and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Badhani
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
| | - Neha Sharma
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
| | - Rita Kakkar
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
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Antidepressant-like effect of essential oil isolated from Toona ciliata Roem. var. yunnanensis. J Nat Med 2014; 69:191-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-014-0878-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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63
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Ooh KF, Ong HC, Wong FC, Sit NW, Chai TT. High performance liquid chromatography profiling of health-promoting phytochemicals and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-lipoxygenase, iron chelating and anti-glucosidase activities of wetland macrophytes. Pharmacogn Mag 2014; 10:S443-55. [PMID: 25298659 PMCID: PMC4189257 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.139767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phytochemistry and bioactivity of wetland macrophytes are underexplored. Plants are known as the natural sources of phytochemical beneficial to health. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to analyze the phytochemical profiles and bioactivities of 10 extracts prepared from different plant parts of wetland macrophytes Hanguana malayana, Ludwigia adscendens and Monochoria hastata. MATERIALS AND METHODS High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze the phytochemical profile of the extracts. Antioxidant assay such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power were performed. Bioactivity assays carried out were anti-lipoxygenase, anti-glucosidase, and iron chelating. RESULTS Leaf extract of L. adscendens had the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (half of maximal effective concentration [EC50] =0.97 mg/mL) and NO (EC50 = 0.31 mg/mL) scavenging activities. The extract also exhibited the highest iron chelating (EC50 = 3.24 mg/mL) and anti-glucosidase (EC50 = 27.5 μg/mL) activities. The anti-glucosidase activity of L. adscendens leaf extract was comparable or superior to those of acarbose, myricetin and quercetin. Correlation between iron chelating and radical scavenging activities among the extracts implies the presence of dual-function phytoconstituents with concurrent iron chelating and radical scavenging activities. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of p-coumaric acid (p-CA), gallic acid (GA) and myricetin in all or most extracts. M. hastata fruit and leaf extracts had the highest p-hydroxybenzoic acid content. Antioxidant and anti-glucosidase activities of the extracts were correlated with p-CA, GA, and myricetin contents. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that wetland macrophytes H. malayana, L. adscendens and M. hastata are potential sources of health-promoting phytochemicals with potent therapeutically-relevant bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng-Fei Ooh
- Department of Chemical Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Hean-Chooi Ong
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fai-Chu Wong
- Department of Chemical Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia ; Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Nam-Weng Sit
- Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia ; Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Tsun-Thai Chai
- Department of Chemical Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia ; Centre for Biodiversity Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
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Phytochemical analysis and antileukemic activity of polyphenolic constituents of Toona sinensis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4286-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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65
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Wu JG, Peng W, Yi J, Wu YB, Chen TQ, Wong KH, Wu JZ. Chemical composition, antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and a pro-apoptotic effect in SGC-7901 of the essential oil from Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem. leaves. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 154:198-205. [PMID: 24726685 PMCID: PMC7126815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Leaves of Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem. (TSL), a popular vegetable in China, have anti-inflammatory, antidoting, and worm-killing effects and are used in folk medicine for the treatment of enteritis, dysentery, carbuncles, boils, and especially abdominal tumors. Our aim was to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and anticancer property of the essential oil from TSL (TSL-EO), especially the pro-apoptotic effect in SGC-7901. MATERIALS AND METHODS TSL-EO obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by GC/MS and was tested in vitro against twenty clinically isolated strains of Staphylococcus aureus (SA 1-20), which were either methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and two standard strains viz. ATCC 25923 and ATCC 43300. The anticancer activity of TSL-EO was evaluated in vitro against HepG2, SGC7901, and HT29 through MTT assay. Moreover, the apoptosis-inducing activity of TSL-EO in SGC7901 cells was determined by Hoechst 33324 staining and flow cytometry methods. Also, the apoptosis-related proteins viz. Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 were detected by western-blotting. RESULTS GC-MS analysis showed that TSL-EO contained a high amount of sesquiterpenes (84.64%), including copaene (8.27%), β-caryophyllene (10.16%), caryophyllene (13.18%) and β-eudesmene (5.06%). TSL-EO inhibited the growth of both MSSA and MRSA, with the lowest MIC values of 0.125 and 1mg/ml, respectively. Treatment with TSL-EO for 24h could significantly suppress the viability of three different cancer cell lines (P<0.05). Furthermore, the apoptosis-inducing activity of TSL-EO in SGC7901 cells increased in a dose-dependent manner, potentially resulting from the up-regulated expression of Bax, caspase-3 and down-regulated expression of Bcl-2. CONCLUSIONS TSL-EO possessed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and significant cytotoxicity against cancer cells and particularly prominent pro-apoptotic activity in SGC7901 cells. These bioactivities were probably due to the high content of sesquiterpenes. Our results suggested that TSL-EO possessed potential health benefits and could serve as a promising natural food addictive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Guo Wu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350108, PR China.
| | - Wei Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Jun Yi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Fujian Institute of Education, Fuzhou 350001, PR China
| | - Yan-Bin Wu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350108, PR China
| | - Ti-Qiang Chen
- Institute of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, PR China
| | - Ka-Hing Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jin-Zhong Wu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350108, PR China.
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Chen YC, Chien LH, Huang BM, Chia YC. Toona sinensis (aqueous leaf extracts) induces apoptosis through the generation of ROS and activation of intrinsic apoptotic pathways in human renal carcinoma cells. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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67
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Hsu CY, Shih HY, Chia YC, Lee CH, Ashida H, Lai YK, Weng CF. Rutin potentiates insulin receptor kinase to enhance insulin-dependent glucose transporter 4 translocation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1168-76. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Hsu
- Institute of Biotechnology; National Dong-Hwa University; Hualien 97401 Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology & Department of Life Science; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yuan Shih
- Institute of Biotechnology; National Dong-Hwa University; Hualien 97401 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Chia
- Department of Food Science & Technology; Tajen University; Ping Tung Hsien Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology; National Dong-Hwa University; Hualien 97401 Taiwan
| | - Hitoshi Ashida
- Department of Agrobioscience; Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Kobe University; Nada-ku Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Yiu-Kay Lai
- Institute of Biotechnology & Department of Life Science; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Weng
- Institute of Biotechnology; National Dong-Hwa University; Hualien 97401 Taiwan
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Shen Y, Yang H, Xia G, Wang J, Cai B, Jia X. Isolation of gallic acid and methyl gallate from folium Toonea Sinensis and validated method for their quantitation using LC-based technologies. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2013. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.25.2013.4.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wang CC, Tsai YJ, Hsieh YC, Lin RJ, Lin CL. The aqueous extract from Toona sinensis leaves inhibits microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2013; 30:73-81. [PMID: 24444536 PMCID: PMC7118447 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The leaves of Toona sinensis, a well‐known traditional oriental medicine, have been prescribed for the treatment of enteritis and infection. Recently, aqueous extracts of Toona sinensis leaves (TSL‐1) have demonstrated many biological effects both in vitro and in vivo. In the central nervous system, microglial activation and their proinflammatory responses are considered an important therapeutic strategy for neuroinflammatory disorders such as cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. The present study attempted to validate the effect of TSL‐1 on microglia‐mediated neuroinflammation stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). As inflammatory parameters, the production of nitric oxide (NO), inducible NO synthase, and tumor necrosis factor‐α were evaluated. Our results demonstrate that TSL‐1 suppresses LPS‐induced NO production, tumor necrosis factor‐α secretion, and inducible NO synthase protein expression in a concentration‐dependent manner, without causing cytotoxicity. In addition, the inhibitory effects of TSL‐1 in LPS‐stimulated BV‐2 microglia were extended to post‐treatment suggesting the therapeutic potential of TSL‐1. Therefore, this work provides the future evaluation of the role of TSL‐1 in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases by inhibition of inflammatory mediator production in activated microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Chuan Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Jean Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ching Hsieh
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Jyh Lin
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Lung Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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70
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Abaza MS, Al-Attiyah R, Bhardwaj R, Abbadi G, Koyippally M, Afzal M. Syringic acid from Tamarix aucheriana possesses antimitogenic and chemo-sensitizing activities in human colorectal cancer cells. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:1110-1124. [PMID: 23745612 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.781194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT For its variety of biological activities, Tamarix aucheriana (Decne.) Baum. (Tamaricaceae) has an extensive history as a traditional Arab medicine. OBJECTIVES Antimitogenic and chemo-sensitizing activities of syringic acid (SA) were studied against human colorectal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chromatographic and spectral data were used for the isolation and identification of SA. MTT, flow cytometry, in vitro invasion and angiogenesis assays, fluoremetry, ELISA and Real Time qPCR were used to test antimitogenic and chemo-sensitizing activities of SA, cell cycle, apoptosis, proteasome and NFκB-DNA-binding activities, cancer cell invasion and angiogenesis, and expression of cell cycle/apoptosis-related genes. RESULTS SA showed a time- and dose-dependent (IC₅₀ = 0.95-1.2 mg mL⁻¹) antimitogenic effect against cancer cells with little cytotoxicity on normal fibroblasts (≤20%). SA-altered cell cycle (S/G2-M or G1/G2-M phases) in a time-dependent manner, induced apoptosis, inhibited DNA-binding activity of NFκB (p ≤ 0.0001), chymotrypsin-like/PGPH (peptidyl-glutamyl peptide-hydrolyzing) (p ≤ 0.0001) and the trypsin-like (p ≤ 0.002) activities of 26S proteasome and angiogenesis. SA also differentially sensitized cancer cells to standard chemotherapies with a marked increase in their sensitivity to camptothecin (500-fold), 5FU (20,000-fold), doxorubicin (210-fold), taxol (3134-fold), vinblastine (1000-fold), vincristine (130-fold) and amsacrine (107-fold) compared to standard drugs alone. DISCUSSION SA exerted its chemotherapeutic and chemo-sensitizing effects through an array of mechanisms including cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, inhibition of cell proliferation, cell migration, angiogenesis, NFκB DNA-binding and proteasome activities. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate the potential of SA as an antimitogenic and chemo-sensitizing agent for human colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed-Salah Abaza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait.
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71
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Verma S, Singh A, Mishra A. Gallic acid: molecular rival of cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 35:473-85. [PMID: 23501608 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Gallic acid, a predominant polyphenol, has been shown to inhibit carcinogenesis in animal models and in vitro cancerous cell lines. The inhibitory effect of gallic acid on cancer cell growth is mediated via the modulation of genes which encodes for cell cycle, metastasis, angiogenesis and apoptosis. Gallic acid inhibits activation of NF-κB and Akt signaling pathways along with the activity of COX, ribonucleotide reductase and GSH. Moreover, gallic acid activates ATM kinase signaling pathways to prevent the processes of carcinogenesis. The data so far available, both from in vivo and in vitro studies, indicate that this dietary polyphenol could be promising agent in the field of cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad Verma
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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Kumar KJS, Vani MG, Wang SY, Liao JW, Hsu LS, Yang HL, Hseu YC. In vitro and in vivo studies disclosed the depigmenting effects of gallic acid: a novel skin lightening agent for hyperpigmentary skin diseases. Biofactors 2013; 39:259-70. [PMID: 23322673 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Gallic acid (GA) is a phenolic compound, which has been reported to suppress melanogenesis in melanoma cells. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this inhibitory effect was poorly understood. In this article, we revealed that GA down-regulated melanogenic regulatory genes including tyrosinase, tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1), and dopachrome tatamerase (Dct) expression at transcriptional and translational level. In addition, GA effectively suppressed the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) expression by down-regulating the cAMP-mediated PKA/CREB signaling cascades. To delineate the inhibition of MITF by GA, the activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and AKT was investigated. GA caused significant increase of ERK and AKT phosphorylation, while ERK (PD98059) or AKT (LY294002) inhibitor prevents their phosphorylation and increased melanin biosynthesis. In addition, pre-treatment of MITF-siRNA significantly reduced melanin production from 100 to 40%, and even decreased into 10% by combination treatment with GA. Furthermore, UVB-induced hyperpigmentation in the mice skin was significantly rescued by topical application of GA for 4 weeks. Immunohistochemical analyses also confirmed that GA significantly inhibited melanin production followed by the down-regulation of MITF, tyrosinase and their regulatory proteins. In addition, when compared with control zebrafish, GA caused a remarkable inhibition on the endogenous pigmentation in the zebrafish. Results presented in this study strongly suggest that GA is an effective de-pigmenting or skin lightening cosmetics for topical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Senthil Kumar
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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73
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Hsiang CY, Hseu YC, Chang YC, Kumar KS, Ho TY, Yang HL. Toona sinensis and its major bioactive compound gallic acid inhibit LPS-induced inflammation in nuclear factor-κB transgenic mice as evaluated by in vivo bioluminescence imaging. Food Chem 2013; 136:426-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Nicolescu TV, Meouche W, Branger C, Margaillan A, Sarbu A, Donescu D. Tailor-made polymer beads for gallic acid recognition and separation. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-012-0002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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75
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Nicolescu TV, Meouche W, Branger C, Margaillan A, Sarbu A, Fruth V, Donescu D. A new microemulsion approach for producing molecularly imprinted polymers with selective recognition cavities for gallic acid. POLYM INT 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanta V. Nicolescu
- Polymers Department; National Research Development Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry - ICECHIM; Bucharest; Romania
| | - Walid Meouche
- Laboratoire MAPIEM-EA 4323; Université du Sud Toulon-Var-ISITV; La Valette du Var; France
| | - Catherine Branger
- Laboratoire MAPIEM-EA 4323; Université du Sud Toulon-Var-ISITV; La Valette du Var; France
| | - André Margaillan
- Laboratoire MAPIEM-EA 4323; Université du Sud Toulon-Var-ISITV; La Valette du Var; France
| | - Andrei Sarbu
- Polymers Department; National Research Development Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry - ICECHIM; Bucharest; Romania
| | - Victor Fruth
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Romanian Academy ‘Ilie Murgulescu’; Bucharest; Romania
| | - Dan Donescu
- Polymers Department; National Research Development Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry - ICECHIM; Bucharest; Romania
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Huang PJ, Hseu YC, Lee MS, Senthil Kumar K, Wu CR, Hsu LS, Liao JW, Cheng IS, Kuo YT, Huang SY, Yang HL. In vitro and in vivo activity of gallic acid and Toona sinensis leaf extracts against HL-60 human premyelocytic leukemia. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3489-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Castañeda DM, Pombo LM, Urueña CP, Hernandez JF, Fiorentino S. A gallotannin-rich fraction from Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) Kuntze displays cytotoxic activity and raises sensitivity to doxorubicin in a leukemia cell line. Altern Ther Health Med 2012; 12:38. [PMID: 22490328 PMCID: PMC3353181 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhancement of tumor cell sensitivity may help facilitate a reduction in drug dosage using conventional chemotherapies. Consequently, it is worthwhile to search for adjuvants with the potential of increasing chemotherapeutic drug effectiveness and improving patient quality of life. Natural products are a very good source of such adjuvants. METHODS The biological activity of a fraction enriched in hydrolysable polyphenols (P2Et) obtained from Caesalpinia spinosa was evaluated using the hematopoietic cell line K562. This fraction was tested alone or in combination with the conventional chemotherapeutic drugs doxorubicin, vincristine, etoposide, camptothecin and taxol. The parameters evaluated were mitochondrial depolarization, caspase 3 activation, chromatin condensation and clonogenic activity. RESULTS We found that the P2Et fraction induced mitochondrial depolarization, activated caspase 3, induced chromatin condensation and decreased the clonogenic capacity of the K562 cell line. When the P2Et fraction was used in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs at sub-lethal concentrations, a fourfold reduction in doxorubicin inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) was seen in the K562 cell line. This finding suggested that P2Et fraction activity is specific for the molecular target of doxorubicin. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that a natural fraction extracted from Caesalpinia spinosa in combination with conventional chemotherapy in combination with natural products on leukemia cells may increase therapeutic effectiveness in relation to leukemia.
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Yang HL, Chen SC, Lin KY, Wang MT, Chen YC, Huang HC, Cho HJ, Wang L, Kumar KJS, Hseu YC. Antioxidant activities of aqueous leaf extracts of Toona sinensis on free radical-induced endothelial cell damage. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 137:669-680. [PMID: 21718778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Taiwan, Toona sinensis (Toona sinensis) is well known as a traditional Chinese medicine, while the underlying pharmacological mechanisms of this drug are still a matter of debate. MATERIALS AND METHODS The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of non-cytotoxic concentrations of aqueous leaf extracts of Toona sinensis (TS extracts; 50-100 μg/mL) and gallic acid (5 μg/mL), a major component of these extracts, against AAPH-induced oxidative cell damage in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (ECs). RESULTS Exposure of ECs to AAPH (15 mM) decreased cell viability from 100% to 43%. However, ECs were pre-incubated with TS extracts prior to AAPH induction resulted in increased resistance to oxidative stress and cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. An increase in ECs-derived PGI(2) and IL-1 β in response to AAPH exposure was positively correlated with cytotoxicity and negatively with TS extracts concentrations. In addition, gallic acid also suppressed PGI(2) and IL-1 β production in AAPH-induced ECs. Notably, TS extracts/gallic acid treatment significantly inhibited ROS generation, MDA formation, SOD/catalase activity, and Bax/Bcl-2 dysregulation in AAPH-stimulated ECs. Pretreatment of ECs with TS extracts/gallic acid also suppressed AAPH-induced cell surface expression and secretion of VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and E-selectin, which was associated with abridged adhesion of U937 leukocytes to ECs. Moreover, TS extracts/gallic acid treatment significantly inhibited the AAPH-mediated up regulation of PAI-1 and down regulation of t-PA in ECs, which may decrease fibrinolytic activity. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, Toona sinensis may possess antioxidant properties that protect endothelial cells from oxidative stress. Our results also support the traditional use of Toona sinensis in the treatment of free radical-related diseases and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Ling Yang
- Institute of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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