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Yu Z, Wang C, Zheng W, Chen D, Liu Y, Yang Y, Wei J. Anti-inflammatory 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones from agarwood of Aquilaria sinensis. Bioorg Chem 2020; 99:103789. [PMID: 32229346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Four new 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones, aqulisinone A (1), (5S, 6R,7S,8S)-8-chloro-5,6,7-trihydroxy-2-[2-(4'-methoxyphenylethyl)]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrochromone (2), (5S,6R,7S,8S)-8-chloro-5,6,7-trihydroxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrochromone (3), (5S*,6R*,7R*,8S*)-8-chloro-5-ethoxy-6,7-dihydroxy-2-[2-(3'-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-phenylethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrochromone (4), and seven known analogues (5-11) were isolated from agarwood produced of Aquilaria sinensis. Among the new compounds, 4 is an artifact. The structures were elucidated using spectroscopic methods and by comparison with published NMR spectroscopic data. The absolute configurations of 1-3 were defined based on single-crystal X-ray diffraction and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data. Compound 1 features a (5,5'')-carbon-carbon bond linkage connecting two 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone monomeric units. All the new compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) release in RAW264.7 cells, 2 with an IC50 value of 3.46 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangxin Yu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, PR China
| | - Canhong Wang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, PR China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, PR China
| | - Deli Chen
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, PR China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, PR China.
| | - Yun Yang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, PR China
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Zhang N, Yao L. Anxiolytic Effect of Essential Oils and Their Constituents: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13790-13808. [PMID: 31148444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils are usually used in aromatherapy to alleviate anxiety symptoms. In comparison to traditional drugs, essential oils have fewer side effects and more diversified application ways, including inhalation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of studies on anxiolytic effects of essential oils in preclinical and clinical trials. Most of the essential oils used in clinical studies have been proven to be anxiolytic in animal models. Inhalation and oral administration were two common methods for essential oil administration in preclinical and clinical trials. Massage was only used in the clinical trials, while intraperitoneal injection was only used in the preclinical trails. In addition to essential oils that are commonly used in aromatherapy, essential oils from many folk medicinal plants have also been reported to be anxiolytic. More than 20 compounds derived from essential oils have shown an anxiolytic effect in rodents, while two-thirds of them are alcohols and terpenes. Monoamine neurotransmitters, amino acid neurotransmitters, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis are thought to play important roles in the anxiolytic effects of essential oils.
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53
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Xia L, Li W, Wang H, Chen H, Cai C, Yang L, Jiang B, Yang Y, Mei W, Dai H. LC-MS guided identification of dimeric 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones and sesquiterpene-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone conjugates from agarwood of Aquilaria crassna and their cytotoxicity. Fitoterapia 2019; 138:104349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wang C, Wang S, Peng D, Yu Z, Guo P, Wei J. Agarwood Extract Mitigates Intestinal Injury in Fluorouracil-Induced Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:1112-1119. [PMID: 31257287 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Agarwood is used to treat gastrointestinal diseases. Although our previous studies demonstrated that agarwood ethanol extract produced by the whole-tree agarwood-inducing technique (WTAAE) improves intestinal peristalsis, the intestinal protective effect of WTAAE remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of WTAAE on the intestinal injury induced by fluorouracil (5-FU) and explore its potential mechanism. Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were given agarwood ethanol extracts (AAEs) (details in materials part), including WTAAE (0.71, 1.42 and 2.84 g/kg), wild agarwood ethanol extract (WAAE) and burning-chisel-drilling agarwood ethanol extract (FBAAE) (2.84 g/kg). A colon injury model was induced by 5-FU. After 14 d of treatment, the histopathology and biochemical and molecular parameters were measured. Our results indicated that WTAAE enhanced the intestinal advancing rate and alleviated the severity of colon injury similar the WAAE and better than FBAAE. Simultaneously, WTAAE reduced the nitric oxide (NO) concentration and increased the glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. WTAAE also reduced the levels of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and IL-33 and elevated the level of IL-10. Furthermore, WTAAE upregulated the mRNA expression of the nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2-antioxidant response element (Nrf2-ARE) pathway and downregulated the mRNA levels of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) pathway. WTAAE had a mitigating effect on intestinal damage, suggesting that it could be used as an intestinal protective and adjuvant therapy drug for intestinal injury induced by chemical drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canhong Wang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Shuai Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College
| | | | - Zhangxin Yu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Peng Guo
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College.,National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College.,National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College
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Liu J, Zhang X, Yang J, Zhou J, Yuan Y, Jiang C, Chi X, Huang L. Agarwood wound locations provide insight into the association between fungal diversity and volatile compounds in Aquilaria sinensis. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190211. [PMID: 31417726 PMCID: PMC6689645 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of wound location on the fungal communities and volatile distribution of agarwood in Aquilaria sinensis. Two-dimensional gas chromatography with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry revealed 60 compounds from the NIST library, including 25 sesquiterpenes, seven monoterpenes, two diterpenes, nine aromatics, nine alkanes and eight others. Of five agarwood types, Types IV and II contained the greatest number and concentration of sesquiterpenes, respectively. The fungal communities of the agarwood were dominated by the phylum Ascomycota and were significantly affected by the type of wound tissue. Community richness indices (observed species, Chao1, PD whole tree, ACE indices) indicated that Types I and IV harboured the most and least species-rich fungal communities, and the fungal communities of Types V, I, III and IV/II were dominated by Lasiodiplodia, Hydnellum, Phaeoisaria and Ophiocordyceps species, respectively. Correlations between fungal species and agarwood components revealed that the chemical properties of A. sinensis were associated with fungal diversity. More specifically, the dominant fungal genera of Types V, I and III (Lasiodiplodia, Hydnellum and Phaeoisaria, respectively) were strongly correlated with specific terpenoid compounds. The finding that wound location affects the fungal communities and volatile distribution of agarwood provides insight into the formation of distinct agarwood types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Yang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhui Zhou
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Jiang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiulian Chi
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
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56
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Kuo TH, Huang HC, Hsu CC. Mass spectrometry imaging guided molecular networking to expedite discovery and structural analysis of agarwood natural products. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1080:95-103. [PMID: 31409479 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Structural analysis of biomolecules is essential to natural product discovery, especially for precious biomaterials such as agarwood. However, one of the greatest challenges to the characterization of natural products is the profound cost in time and manpower to the structural elucidation of these highly diverse compounds. Here, we demonstrate a multi-modal mass spectrometric strategy, integrating matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) and mass spectral molecular networking, to uncover agarwood natural products of Aquilaria sinensis trees. A simple workflow for preparing wood sections for MALDI-MSI analysis was demonstrated. Notably, tens of natural products in the agarwood region in wood stem section of A. sinensis were spatially revealed by MALDI-MSI. For the first time, such a great number of plant specialized metabolites is obtained by a single wood section MSI. Guided by the spatially resolved features, mass spectral molecular networking was subsequently applied for structural analysis of the agarwood natural products, in which three major classes of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones and their analogues were putatively characterized. These results suggest an efficient strategy to the dereplication of plant natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Hao Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Hou-Chun Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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Yan T, Yang S, Chen Y, Wang Q, Li G. Chemical Profiles of Cultivated Agarwood Induced by Different Techniques. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101990. [PMID: 31137603 PMCID: PMC6572443 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Agarwood is the resinous wood produced in some Aquilaria species and is highly valued for wide usages in medicine, incense, and perfume. To protect the threatened Aquilaria species, the cultivation of Aquilaria sinensis and artificial agarwood induction techniques have been effectively established in China. To evaluate the quality of agarwood induced by different techniques, patterns of chemical constituents in artificial agarwood by four methods (wounding using an axe, burning-chisel-drilling, chemical inducer, and biological inoculation) were analyzed and compared by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS and GC-EI-MS in this study. Results of GC-MS gave a panorama of chemical constituents in agarwood, including aromatic compounds, steroids, fatty acids, sesquiterpenoids, and 2-(2-phenlyethyl)-chromones (PECs). Sesquiterpenoids were dominant in agarwood induced by wounding using an axe. PEC comprised over 60% of components in agarwood produced by biological inoculation and chemical inducers. PECs were identified by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS in all artificial agarwood and the relative contents varied in different groups. Tetrahydro-2-(2-phenylethyl)-chromones (THPECs) in wounding by axes induced agarwood were lower while 2-(2-phenylethyl)-chromones (FPECs) were higher than other groups. The results showed that methods used for inducing agarwood formation in Aquilaria sinensis affect the chemical constituents of agarwood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yan
- Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Sheng Yang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Yuan Chen
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Gaiyun Li
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
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58
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Nemu D. Getting high with the most high: Entheogens in the Old Testament. JOURNAL OF PSYCHEDELIC STUDIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/2054.2019.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This article collects evidence from psychopharmacology, scripture, and archeology to explore several preparations for consumption described in the Old Testament: Manna, Showbread, the Holy Ointment, and the Tabernacle Incense. The Ointment and the Incense are herbal preparations used by the priestly caste to facilitate a direct experience of the Israelite God. A wide variety of psychoactive components are found in these preparations, including GABA-receptor agonists and modulators, opioid receptor agonists, and other agents. They are normally broken down by the body’s enzymes, and therefore orally inactive, but the Holy Ointment also contains inhibitors specific to the enzymes in question. The preparations indicate that the ancient Israelites had a profound understanding of synergism, and the way they are consumed and the taboos around them are highly suggestive of their use as psychoactive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Nemu
- 1 Independent Researcher, Psychedelic Press, UK
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59
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Kao WY, Hsiang CY, Ho SC, Ho TY, Lee KT. Chemical Profiles of Incense Smoke Ingredients from Agarwood by Headspace Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112969. [PMID: 30441810 PMCID: PMC6278519 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Agarwood, the resinous wood in the heartwood of Aquilaria trees, has been used as incense in traditional Chinese medicine for its sedative, aphrodisiac, carminative, and anti-emetic effects. Grading of agarwood is usually based on its physical properties. Therefore, it is important to develop analytic methods for judgment and grading of agarwood. Here, we created a headspace (HS) preheating system that is combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS GC-MS) to analyze the chemical constituents in the incense smoke produced by agarwood. Incense smoke generated in the HS preheating system was injected directly to GC-MS for analysis. A total of 40 compounds were identified in the incense smoke produced by Kynam agarwood, the best agarwood in the world. About half of the compounds are aromatics and sesquiterpenes. By analyzing chemical constituents in the incense smoke produced by Vietnamese, Lao, and Cambodian varieties of agarwood, we found that butyl hexadecanoate, butyl octadecanoate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate, and squalene were common in the aforementioned four varieties of agarwoods. 2-(2-Phenylethyl) chromone derivatives were identified only in the incense smoke produced by Kynam agarwood, and were the major ingredient (27.23%) in the same. In conclusion, this is the first study that analyzes chemical profiles of incense smoke produced by agarwood using HS GC-MS. Our data showed that 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone derivatives could be used to assess quality of agarwoods. Moreover, HS GC/MS may be a useful tool for grading quality of agarwood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yi Kao
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
- Development Center for Biotechnology, New Taipei City 22180, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Yun Hsiang
- Department of Microbiology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Ching Ho
- Development Center for Biotechnology, New Taipei City 22180, Taiwan.
| | - Tin-Yun Ho
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Kung-Ta Lee
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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Wang K, Yang Q, Ma Q, Wang B, Wan Z, Chen M, Wu L. Protective Effects of Salvianolic Acid A against Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Acute Colitis in Rats. Nutrients 2018; 10:E791. [PMID: 29921812 PMCID: PMC6024375 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvianolic acid A (SAA) is an active phenolic acid derived from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen). To explore whether SAA has a therapeutic effect against inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), an acute colitis model was induced in rats by administering 3% dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) for one week. SAA in doses of 4 and 8 mg/kg/day was given by tail vein injection during DSS administration. Both dosages of SAA ameliorated the colitis symptoms, with decreases observed in the disease activity index. A high dosage of SAA (8 mg/kg/day) promoted a longer colon length and an improved colonic tissue structure, compared with the DSS-treated rats not receiving SAA. SAA dose-dependently decreased colonic gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, MCP-1 and IL-6). Moreover, a high dosage of SAA protected against DSS-induced damage to tight junctions (TJ) in the rats’ colons, by increasing TJ-related gene expression (ZO-1 and occuldin). Finally, using 16S rRNA phylogenetic sequencing, we found that SAA modulated gut microbiota imbalance during colitis by increasing the gut microbial diversity as well as selectively promoting some probiotic populations, including Akkermansia spp. Our study suggests that SAA is a promising candidate for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Qinqin Yang
- Zhejiang Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310007, China.
- Comparative medical Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Quanxin Ma
- Comparative medical Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Bei Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhengrui Wan
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Minli Chen
- Comparative medical Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Liming Wu
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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