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Comparative Analysis of the Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Antibacterial, Cytoprotective Potential and Metabolite Profile of Two Endophytic Penicillium spp. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020248. [PMID: 36829807 PMCID: PMC9951918 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study assessed the metabolite abundance, alpha (α)-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of the ethyl acetate extract (EAE) of endophytic Penicillium lanosum (PL) and Penicillium radiatolobatum (PR). A higher extract yield was found in EAE-PR with a total phenolic content of 119.87 ± 3.74 mg of GAE/g DW and a total flavonoid content of 16.26 ± 1.95 mg of QE/g DW. The EAE-PR inhibited α-amylase and scavenged ABTS+ radicals with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 362.5 and 37.5 µg/mL, respectively. Compared with EAE-PL, EAE-PR exhibited higher antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Treatment with EAE-PR (1000 µg/mL) did not cause significant toxicity in the HEK-293 cell line compared to the control cells (p < 0.05). EAE-PR treatments (250-1000 µg/mL) showed higher cytoprotective effects toward H2O2-stressed HEK-293 cells compared with ascorbic acid (AA). The UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of thiophene A (C13H8S), limonene (C10H16), and phenylacetic acid (C8H8O2) in EAE-PR. Furthermore, these compounds demonstrated substantial interactions with diabetes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), oxidative stress (NADPH-oxidase), and bacteria (D-alanine D-alanine ligase)-related enzymes/proteins evidenced in silico molecular docking analysis.
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Interference of malvidin and its mono- and di-glucosides on the membrane — Combined in vitro and computational chemistry study. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Biela M, Kleinová A, Klein E. Guaiacol oxidation: theoretical insight into thermochemistry of radical processes involving methoxy group demethylation. Free Radic Res 2022; 56:730-739. [PMID: 36669169 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2023.2170880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol) is naturally occurring phenolic compound essential in various research areas. Oxidative transformation of guaiacol can lead to the formation of various products, including 1,3-benzodioxole or ortho-quinone. Therefore, this study is focused on the investigation of the reaction enthalpies of experimentally observed guaiacol oxidation pathways in gas-phase, as well as in non-polar environment and aqueous solution. Corresponding Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were carried out using two hybrid functionals (M06-2X and B3LYP-D3). All reaction enthalpies, as well as Gibbs free energies, were also calculated using composite ab initio G4 method. M06-2X and G4 results show mutual agreement and the best accordance with available experimentally determined reaction enthalpies. Obtained Gibbs free reaction energies indicate that formation of ortho-quinone is thermodynamically preferred to formation of 1,3-benzodioxole at 298 K in studied environments. Moreover, all computational methods confirm that the reaction enthalpy of methoxy group demethylation, i.e. O-C bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE), is substantially lower in comparison to the enthalpy of hydrogen atom transfer from phenolic OH group. In the case of phenoxide anion of guaiacol, which can be formed in ionization supporting solvents, O-C BDE shows further significant decrease, exceeding 50 kJ mol-1, in comparison to parent molecule.HIGHLIGHTSReaction enthalpies and Gibbs free energies of individual steps of guaiacol transformation to 1,3-benzodioxole or ortho-quinone are studied in three environments.M06-2X functional and composite ab initio G4 methods provide reliable O-H and O-C bond dissociation enthalpies.Dissociation enthalpy of methoxy group O-C bond is lower by ca. 100 kJ mol-1 in comparison to phenolic O-H bond.Phenoxide anion of guaiacol shows substantially lower O-C BDE than parent molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Biela
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Kleinová
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Erik Klein
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Wu K, Shi Z, Liu C, Su C, Zhang S, Yi F. Preparation of Pickering emulsions based on soy protein isolate-tannic acid for protecting aroma compounds and their application in beverages. Food Chem 2022; 390:133182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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The content and profile of biologically active compounds present in individual parts of nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.): comprehensive study. Eur Food Res Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-04126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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56
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Metabolic and Developmental Changes in Germination Process of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) Sprouts under Different Water Spraying Interval and Duration. J FOOD QUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/6256310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mung bean is one of the world’s most important legume crops and is a major protein source, particularly in developing countries. Various polyphenolic compounds and nutrients accumulate in mung bean sprouts during germination. Mung bean sprouts are consumed globally as an excellent food source of bioactive phenolic compounds. The contents of phenols and flavonoids and antioxidant activity were monitored for four days after germination under four different spraying conditions using three mung bean cultivars. On the third day after germination, the sprout extract showed the highest antioxidant capacity. The length and thickness of hypocotyl of mung bean sprouts appeared to be the most suitable for consumption on the third day after germination. Using high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, eight phytochemicals were identified, and neochlorogenic acid was identified for the first time in mung bean sprouts. End products (neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, vitexin, and isovitexin) showed certain trends in their contents for four days, while intermediates (caffeic acid, catechin, syringic acid, and p-coumaric acid) were highly responsive to watering condition and cultivars. Watering interval significantly affected the length of root and lateral root development. Both cultivars and watering conditions and/or their interaction significantly affected the biochemical and physical traits of mung bean sprouts. The results suggest that watering conditions need to be considered as an important factor to improve food quality of mung bean sprouts. Our phenotypic and metabolic profiling would provide potential information for production of mung bean sprouts that fit consumers’ preferences.
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Avilés-Betanzos KA, Oney-Montalvo JE, Cauich-Rodríguez JV, González-Ávila M, Scampicchio M, Morozova K, Ramírez-Sucre MO, Rodríguez-Buenfil IM. Antioxidant Capacity, Vitamin C and Polyphenol Profile Evaluation of a Capsicum chinense By-Product Extract Obtained by Ultrasound Using Eutectic Solvent. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2060. [PMID: 35956538 PMCID: PMC9370112 DOI: 10.3390/plants11152060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Habanero pepper leaves and stems (by-products) have been traditionally considered waste; however, bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, vitamin C and carotenoids have been identified that can be used for formulation of nutraceuticals or functional foods. Furthermore, the extraction of these bioactive compounds by using environmentally friendly methods and solvents is desirable. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the antioxidant capacity, total polyphenol content (TPC), the phenolic profile and vitamin C content in extracts obtained from by-products (stems and leaves) of two varieties (Mayapan and Jaguar) of habanero pepper by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). The results showed that NADES leads to extracts with significantly higher TPC, higher concentrations of individual polyphenols (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid, coumaric acid), vitamin C and, finally, higher antioxidant capacity (9.55 ± 0.02 eq mg Trolox/g DM) than UAE extraction performed with methanol as the solvent. The association of individual polyphenols with NADES was confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA). Overall, NADES is an innovative and promising "green" extraction technique that can be applied successfully for the extraction of phenolic compounds from habanero pepper by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Alejandro Avilés-Betanzos
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Subsede Sureste, Tablaje Catastral 31264, Km. 5.5 Carretera Sierra Papacal-Chuburná Puerto, Parque Científico Tecnológico de Yucatán, Sierra Papacal 97302, Mexico
| | - Julio Enrique Oney-Montalvo
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Subsede Sureste, Tablaje Catastral 31264, Km. 5.5 Carretera Sierra Papacal-Chuburná Puerto, Parque Científico Tecnológico de Yucatán, Sierra Papacal 97302, Mexico
| | - Juan Valerio Cauich-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Materiales, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida 97205, Mexico
| | - Marisela González-Ávila
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Ex vivo Digestion Laboratory, CIATEJ, Normalistas No. 800, Colinas de la Normal 44270, Mexico
| | - Matteo Scampicchio
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Ksenia Morozova
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Manuel Octavio Ramírez-Sucre
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Subsede Sureste, Tablaje Catastral 31264, Km. 5.5 Carretera Sierra Papacal-Chuburná Puerto, Parque Científico Tecnológico de Yucatán, Sierra Papacal 97302, Mexico
| | - Ingrid Mayanin Rodríguez-Buenfil
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Subsede Sureste, Tablaje Catastral 31264, Km. 5.5 Carretera Sierra Papacal-Chuburná Puerto, Parque Científico Tecnológico de Yucatán, Sierra Papacal 97302, Mexico
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ALNasser MN, Mellor IR, Carter WG. A Preliminary Assessment of the Nutraceutical Potential of Acai Berry ( Euterpe sp.) as a Potential Natural Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2022; 27:4891. [PMID: 35956841 PMCID: PMC9370152 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterised by progressive neuronal atrophy and the loss of neuronal function as a consequence of multiple pathomechanisms. Current AD treatments primarily operate at a symptomatic level to treat a cholinergic deficiency and can cause side effects. Hence, there is an unmet need for healthier lifestyles to reduce the likelihood of AD as well as improved treatments with fewer adverse reactions. Diets rich in phytochemicals may reduce neurodegenerative risk and limit disease progression. The native South American palm acai berry (Euterpe oleraceae) is a potential source of dietary phytochemicals beneficial to health. This study aimed to screen the nutraceutical potential of the acai berry, in the form of aqueous and ethanolic extracts, for the ability to inhibit acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase (ChE) enzymes and scavenge free radicals via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) or 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assays. In addition, this study aimed to quantify the acai berry's antioxidant potential via hydrogen peroxide or hydroxyl scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging, lipid peroxidation inhibition, and the ability to reduce ferric ions. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were also determined. Acai aqueous extract displayed a concentration-dependent inhibition of acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase enzymes. Both acai extracts displayed useful concentration-dependent free radical scavenging and antioxidant abilities, with the acai ethanolic extract being the most potent antioxidant and displaying the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents. In summary, extracts of the acai berry contain nutraceutical components with anti-cholinesterase and antioxidant capabilities and may therefore provide a beneficial dietary component that limits the pathological deficits evidenced in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam N. ALNasser
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box No. 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
- School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Ian R. Mellor
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Wayne G. Carter
- School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
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59
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Munteanu IG, Apetrei C. Assessment of the Antioxidant Activity of Catechin in Nutraceuticals: Comparison between a Newly Developed Electrochemical Method and Spectrophotometric Methods. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158110. [PMID: 35897695 PMCID: PMC9329966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of antioxidants in different foodstuffs has become an active area of research, which has led to many recently developed antioxidant assays. Many antioxidants exhibit inherent electroactivity, and, therefore, the use of electrochemical methods could be a viable approach for evaluating the overall antioxidant activity of a matrix of nutraceuticals without the need for adding reactive species. Green tea is believed to be a healthy beverage due to a number of therapeutic benefits. Catechin, one of its constituents, is an important antioxidant and possesses free radical scavenging abilities. The present paper describes the electrochemical properties of three screen-printed electrodes (SPEs), the first one based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs), the second one based on gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and the third one based on carbon nanotubes and gold nanoparticles (CNTs-GNPs). All three electrodes were modified with the laccase (Lac) enzyme, using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent between the amino groups on the laccase and aldehyde groups of the reticulation agent. As this enzyme is a thermostable catalyst, the performance of the biosensors has been greatly improved. Electro-oxidative properties of catechin were investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and these demonstrated that the association of CNTs with GNPs significantly improved the sensitivity and selectivity of the biosensor. The corresponding limit of detection (LOD) was estimated to be 5.6 × 10−8 M catechin at the CNT-Lac/SPE, 1.3 × 10−7 M at the GNP-Lac/SPE and 4.9 × 10−8 M at the CNT-GNP-Lac/SPE. The biosensors were subjected to nutraceutical formulations containing green tea in order to study their catechin content, using CNT-GNP-Lac/SPE, through DPV. Using a paired t-test, the catechin content estimated was in agreement with the manufacturer’s specification. In addition, the relationship between the CNT-GNP-Lac/SPE response at a specific potential and the antioxidant activity of nutraceuticals, as determined by conventional spectrophotometric methods (DPPH, galvinoxyl and ABTS), is discussed in the context of developing a fast biosensor for the relative antioxidant activity quantification.
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60
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Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship (QSPR) of Plant Phenolic Compounds in Rapeseed Oil and Comparison of Antioxidant Measurement Methods. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10071281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural antioxidants are known for their ability to scavenge free radicals and protect oils from oxidation. Our aim was to study the structural properties such as the number of hydroxyl groups and Bors criteria of phenolic substances leading to high antioxidant activity in oil in order to analyze common trends and differences in widespread in vitro antioxidant assays. Therefore, 20 different phenolic substances were incorporated into rapeseed oil and were measured using pressurized differential scanning calorimetry (P-DSC) and the Rancimat method. The Bors criteria had the highest influence on the antioxidant effect in rapeseed oil, which is why myricetin (MYR), fulfilling all Bors criteria, reached the highest result of the flavonoids. In the Rancimat test and P-DSC, MYR obtained an increase in oxidation induction time (OIT) of 231.1 ± 44.6% and 96.8 ± 1.8%, respectively. Due to differences in the measurement parameters, the results of the Rancimat test and P-DSC were only partially in agreement. Furthermore, we compared the results to in vitro assays (ABTS, DPPH, FC and ORAC) in order to evaluate their applicability as alternative rapid methods. These analysis showed the highest correlation of the oil methods with the results of the DPPH assay, which is, therefore, most suitable to predict the antioxidant behavior of oil.
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61
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Xu Y, Zhang J, Pan T, Ren F, Luo H, Zhang H. Synthesis, characterization and effect of alkyl chain unsaturation on the antioxidant activities of chlorogenic acid derivatives. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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62
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Alonso AM, Reyes-Maldonado OK, Puebla-Pérez AM, Arreola MPG, Velasco-Ramírez SF, Zúñiga-Mayo V, Sánchez-Fernández RE, Delgado-Saucedo JI, Velázquez-Juárez G. GC/MS Analysis, Antioxidant Activity, and Antimicrobial Effect of Pelargonium peltatum (Geraniaceae). Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113436. [PMID: 35684374 PMCID: PMC9181846 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the increase in antibiotic resistance demands searching for new compounds with antimicrobial activity. Phytochemicals found in plants offer an alternative to this problem. The genus Pelargonium contains several species; some have commercial use in traditional medicine such as P. sinoides, and others such as P. peltatum are little studied but have promising potential for various applications such as phytopharmaceuticals. In this work, we characterized the freeze-dried extracts (FDEs) of five tissues (root, stem, leaf, and two types of flowers) and the ethyl acetate fractions from leaf (Lf-EtOAc) and flower (Fwr-EtOAc) of P. peltatum through the analysis by thin-layer chromatography (T.L.C.), gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), phytochemicals quantification, antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial activity. After the first round of analysis, it was observed that the FDE-Leaf and FDE-Flower showed higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activities compared to the other FDEs, for which FDE-Leaf and FDE-Flower were fractionated and analyzed in a second round. The antioxidant activity determined by ABTS showed that Lf-EtOAc and Fwr-EtOAc had the lowest IC50 values with 27.15 ± 1.04 and 28.11 ± 1.3 µg/mL, respectively. The content of total polyphenols was 264.57 ± 7.73 for Lf-EtOAc and 105.39 ± 4.04 mg G.A./g FDE for Fwr-EtOAc. Regarding the content of flavonoid, Lf-EtOAc and Fw-EtOAc had the highest concentration with 34.4 ± 1.06 and 29.45 ± 1.09 mg Q.E./g FDE. In addition, the minimum inhibitory concentration (M.I.C.) of antimicrobial activity was evaluated: Lf-EtOAc and Fwr-EtOAc were effective at 31.2 µg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus and 62.5 µg/mL for Salmonella enterica, while for the Enterococcus feacalis strain, Fwr-EtOAc presented 31.2 µg/mL of M.I.C. According to the GC-MS analysis, the main compounds were 1,2,3-Benzenetriol (Pyrogallol), with 77.38% of relative abundance in the Lf-EtOAc and 71.24% in the Fwr-EtOAc, followed by ethyl gallate (13.10%) in the Fwr-EtOAc and (Z)-9-Octadecenamide (13.63% and 6.75%) in both Lf-EtOAc and Fwr-EtOAc, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan-Misael Alonso
- Doctorado en Ciencias en Procesos Biotecnológicos, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, Guadalajara CP 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Oscar Kevin Reyes-Maldonado
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Laboratorio de Bioquímica Avanzada, Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, Guadalajara CP 44430, Jalisco, Mexico; (O.K.R.-M.); (S.F.V.-R.)
| | - Ana María Puebla-Pérez
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, Guadalajara CP 44430, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Martha Patricia Gallegos Arreola
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, División de Genética, I.M.S.S., Sierra Mojada 800, Independencia Oriente, Guadalajara CP 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Sandra Fabiola Velasco-Ramírez
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Laboratorio de Bioquímica Avanzada, Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, Guadalajara CP 44430, Jalisco, Mexico; (O.K.R.-M.); (S.F.V.-R.)
| | - Victor Zúñiga-Mayo
- Campus Montecillo, CONACyT-Instituto de Fitosanidad, Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco CP 56230, Estado de Mexico, Mexico;
| | - Rosa E. Sánchez-Fernández
- Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación y Servicio Agroalimentario y Forestal (LANISAF), Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Mexico-Texcoco km 38.5, Texcoco CP 56230, Mexico;
| | - Jorge-Iván Delgado-Saucedo
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, Guadalajara CP 44430, Jalisco, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (J.-I.D.-S.); (G.V.-J.)
| | - Gilberto Velázquez-Juárez
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Laboratorio de Bioquímica Avanzada, Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán #1421, Guadalajara CP 44430, Jalisco, Mexico; (O.K.R.-M.); (S.F.V.-R.)
- Correspondence: (J.-I.D.-S.); (G.V.-J.)
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Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Effect of Poly-gallic Acid (PGAL) in an In Vitro Model of Synovitis Induced by Monosodium Urate Crystals. Inflammation 2022; 45:2066-2077. [PMID: 35505045 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01676-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Gout is a chronic and degenerative disease that affects the joints and soft tissues because of the crystalline deposit of monosodium urate. The interaction between monosodium urate crystals (MSU) and synoviocytes generates oxidative and inflammatory states. These physiological characteristics have promoted the study of poly-gallic acid (PGAL), a poly-oxidized form of gallic acid reported to be effective in in vitro models of inflammation. The effect of PGAL in an in vitro model of oxidation and synovial inflammation induced by MSU was evaluated after 24 h of stimulation through the morphological changes, the determination of oxidative stress (OS), IL-1β, and the phagocytosis of the MSU. A 20% reduction in synovial viability and the generation of vesicles were observed when they were exposed to MSU. When PGAL was used at 100 and 200 µg/ml, cell death was reduced by 30% and 17%, respectively. PGAL both doses reduce the vesicles generated by MSU. OS generation in synoviocytes exposed to 100 µg/ml and 200 µg/ml PGAL decreased by 1.28 and 1.46 arbitrary fluorescence units (AFU), respectively, compared to the OS in synoviocytes exposed to MSU (1.9 AFU). PGAL at 200 µg/ml inhibited IL-1β by 100%, while PGAL at 100 µg/ml inhibited IL-1β by 66%. The intracellular MSU decreased in synoviocytes stimulated with 100 µg/ml PGAL. The PGAL has a cytoprotective effect against damage caused by MSU in synoviocytes and can counteract the oxidative and inflammatory response induced by the crystals probably because it exerts actions at the membrane level that prevent phagocytosis of the crystals.
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64
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Jamshed S, Ahmed D, Aydar AY. Ultrasound‐assisted extraction optimization of polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant compounds from fruit of
Melia azedarach
using a glycerol‐based green deep eutectic solvent. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumbal Jamshed
- Department of Chemistry Forman Christian College Lahore Pakistan
| | - Dildar Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry Forman Christian College Lahore Pakistan
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65
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Platzer M, Kiese S, Tybussek T, Herfellner T, Schneider F, Schweiggert-Weisz U, Eisner P. Radical Scavenging Mechanisms of Phenolic Compounds: A Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship (QSPR) Study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:882458. [PMID: 35445057 PMCID: PMC9013829 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.882458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their antioxidant properties, secondary plant metabolites can scavenge free radicals such as reactive oxygen species and protect foods from oxidation processes. Our aim was to study structural influences, like basic structure, number of hydroxyl groups and number of Bors criteria on the outcome of the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Furthermore, similarities and differences to other in vitro antioxidant assays were analyzed by principal component analysis. Our studies confirmed that the antioxidant behavior in the ORAC assay is dominated by the number and types of substituents and not by the Bors criteria, as long as no steric hindrance occurs. For example, morin (MOR) with five hydroxyl groups and two Bors criteria reached an area under the curve of (3.64 ± 0.08) × 105, which was significantly higher than quercetin-7-D-glucoside (QGU7) (P < 0.001), and thus the highest result. Principal component analysis showed different dependencies regarding structural properties of Folin-Ciocalteu (FC)- and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-assays or 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS)- and ORAC-assays, respectively. Therefore, we conclude that they are based on different reaction mechanisms. The number of hydroxyl groups showed a stronger influence on the antioxidant activity than the Bors criteria. Due to these differences, the correlation of these rapid tests to specific applications should be validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Platzer
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, ZIEL-Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
- *Correspondence: Melanie Platzer
| | - Sandra Kiese
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
| | - Thorsten Tybussek
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Herfellner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
| | - Franziska Schneider
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
| | - Ute Schweiggert-Weisz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
- Chair of Food Science, Institute for Nutritional and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Eisner
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, ZIEL-Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
- Faculty of Technology and Engineering, Steinbeis-Hochschule, Dresden, Germany
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Chitooligosaccharide Conjugates Prepared Using Several Phenolic Compounds via Ascorbic Acid/H 2O 2 Free Radical Grafting: Characteristics, Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, and Antimicrobial Activities. Foods 2022; 11:foods11070920. [PMID: 35407006 PMCID: PMC8997384 DOI: 10.3390/foods11070920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharide (COS)-polyphenol (PPN) conjugates prepared using different PPNs, including gallic, caffeic, and ferulic acids, epigallocatechin gallate, and catechin, at various concentrations were characterized via UV-visible, FTIR, and 1H-NMR spectra and tested for antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial activities. Grafting of PPNs with COS was achieved. The highest conjugation efficiency was noticed for COS-catechin (COS-CAT), which was identified to have the highest total phenolic content (TPC) out of all the conjugates (p < 0.05). For antioxidant activities, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities (DPPH-RSA and ABTS-RSA, respectively), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and metal chelating activity (MCA) of all the samples were positively correlated with the TPC incorporated. COS-CAT had higher DPPH-RSA, ABTS-RSA, ORAC, and FRAP than COS and all other COS-PPN conjugates (p < 0.05). In addition, COS-CAT also showed the highest antidiabetic activity of the conjugates, as determined by inhibitory activity toward α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase (p < 0.05). COS-CAT also had the highest antimicrobial activity against all tested Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria (p < 0.05). Overall, grafting of PPNs, especially CAT on COS, significantly enhanced bioactivities, including antioxidant and antimicrobial, which could be used to retard spoilage and enhance shelf-life of various food systems. Moreover, the ability of COS-CAT to inhibit digestive enzymes reflects its preventive effect on diabetes mellitus and its complications.
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Kharouf N, Sauro S, Hardan L, Fawzi A, Suhanda IE, Zghal J, Addiego F, Affolter-Zbaraszczuk C, Arntz Y, Ball V, Meyer F, Haikel Y, Mancino D. Impacts of Resveratrol and Pyrogallol on Physicochemical, Mechanical and Biological Properties of Epoxy-Resin Sealers. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9030085. [PMID: 35324774 PMCID: PMC8945518 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9030085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating the physicochemical and biological properties of experimental epoxy-resin sealers containing polyphenols such as resveratrol and pyrogallol. A conventional epoxy resin (OB) was modified by adding different concentrations of resveratrol (RS) or pyrogallol (PY) to its composition. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities, mechanical properties, along with wettability and morphological changes were investigated. The results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and multiple comparison tests (α = 0.05). The incorporation of the tested polyphenols into the epoxy resin enhanced its mechanical properties. PY demonstrated much better antioxidant and antibacterial activities than RS, which were associated with a higher release of PY. In contrast, PY showed a higher cytotoxicity than OB and OB doped with RS. OB containing PY presented a rougher surface and higher water absorption than OB doped with RS. Both tested polyphenols caused no notable changes to the overall porosity of OB. Resveratrol and pyrogallol may not only influence the morphology and mechanical properties of epoxy-resin sealers, but could also enhance antioxidant activity and antibacterial effects against Enterococcus faecalis. Most epoxy-resin sealers currently available in the market can be considered as “passive” materials. Thus, doping their composition with specific polyphenols may be a suitable strategy to confer some antibacterial properties, antioxidant potential, along with improvement of some mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naji Kharouf
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (I.E.S.); (Y.A.); (V.B.); (F.M.); (Y.H.); (D.M.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM UMR_S 1121 Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 67085 Strasbourg, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)66-752-2841
| | - Salvatore Sauro
- Dental Biomaterials and Minimally Invasive Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, CEU Universities, C/Santiago Ramón y Cajal, s/n., Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain;
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia
| | - Louis Hardan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 11072180, Lebanon;
| | - Amr Fawzi
- UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Ilona Eveline Suhanda
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (I.E.S.); (Y.A.); (V.B.); (F.M.); (Y.H.); (D.M.)
| | - Jihed Zghal
- ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357 CNRS, Mechanics Department, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
- Laboratoire Energetique Mecanique Electromagnetisme, University of Paris Ouest, 50 rue de Sèvres, 92410 Ville d’Avray, France
| | - Frédéric Addiego
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Department Materials Research and Technology (MRT), ZAE Robert Steichen, 5 rue Bommel, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg;
| | - Christine Affolter-Zbaraszczuk
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM UMR_S 1121 Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 67085 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Youri Arntz
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (I.E.S.); (Y.A.); (V.B.); (F.M.); (Y.H.); (D.M.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM UMR_S 1121 Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 67085 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Vincent Ball
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (I.E.S.); (Y.A.); (V.B.); (F.M.); (Y.H.); (D.M.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM UMR_S 1121 Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 67085 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Florent Meyer
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (I.E.S.); (Y.A.); (V.B.); (F.M.); (Y.H.); (D.M.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM UMR_S 1121 Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 67085 Strasbourg, France;
- Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaire, Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Youssef Haikel
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (I.E.S.); (Y.A.); (V.B.); (F.M.); (Y.H.); (D.M.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM UMR_S 1121 Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 67085 Strasbourg, France;
- Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaire, Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Davide Mancino
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (I.E.S.); (Y.A.); (V.B.); (F.M.); (Y.H.); (D.M.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM UMR_S 1121 Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 67085 Strasbourg, France;
- Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaire, Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Yathisha UG, Vaidya S, Sheshappa MB. Functional Properties of Protein Hydrolyzate from Ribbon Fish (Lepturacanthus Savala) as Prepared by Enzymatic hydrolysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2027964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Undiganalu Gangadharappa Yathisha
- Division of Food safety and Nutrition, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sneha Vaidya
- Division of Food safety and Nutrition, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mamatha Bangera Sheshappa
- Division of Food safety and Nutrition, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Antasionasti I, Datu OS, Lestari US, Abdullah SS, Jayanto I. Correlation Analysis of Antioxidant Activities with Tannin, Total Flavonoid, and Total Phenolic Contents of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) Fruit Precipitated by Egg white. BORNEO JOURNAL OF PHARMACY 2021. [DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v4i4.2497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) flesh extract has a strong antioxidant activity. Therefore, M. fragrans flesh can be developed for functional drinks which are sources rich in antioxidants good for the prevention and treatment of diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. However, the tannins' content can cause a bitter and sour taste. Therefore, the tannins content should be reduced by the addition of egg white. The purpose of this study is to find out the comparison of antioxidant activity between a combination of M. fragrans flesh extract with various concentrations of egg white and to correlate its antioxidant activities with tannin, total flavonoid, and total phenolic contents. The antioxidant activities were conducted on M. fragrans flesh extract by using DPPH and ABTS radicals. Tannin, total flavonoid, and total phenolic contents from M. fragrans flesh extract were also tested. The M. fragrans flesh extracts without addition egg white have a strong antioxidant in scavenging the stable free radical ABTS (89.980±0.480 µg/mL) and intermediate antioxidant in scavenging the stable free radical DPPH (105.669±0.102 µg/mL). It is followed accordingly by tannin, total flavonoid, and total phenolic contents, namely 14.034±0.100 %w/w TAE, 26.929±0.129 %w/w QE, and 53.164±0.129 %w/w GAE, respectively. Correlation of tannin, total flavonoid, and total phenolic contents, which inhibited DPPH and ABTS radicals had R2 values of about 89.23-97.63%. It showed that antioxidant activity is strongly influenced by the tannin, total flavonoid, and total phenolic contents. Therefore, precipitation from the tannin-protein bond caused antioxidant activities were decreased.
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71
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Dumitriu RP, Stoleru E, Mitchell GR, Vasile C, Brebu M. Bioactive Electrospun Fibers of Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Incorporating α-Tocopherol for Food Packaging Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:5498. [PMID: 34576969 PMCID: PMC8469439 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant activity is an important feature for food contact materials such as packaging, aiming to preserve freshness and retard food spoilage. Common bioactive agents are highly susceptible to various forms of degradation; therefore, protection is required to maintain functionality and bioavailability. Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), a biodegradable GRAS labeled polymer, was used in this study for encapsulation of α-tocopherol antioxidant, a major component of vitamin E, in the form of electrospun fibers. Rheological properties of the fiber forming solutions, which determine the electrospinning behavior, were correlated with the properties of electrospun fibers, e.g., morphology and surface properties. Interactions through hydrogen bonds were evidenced between the two components. These have strong effect on structuration of macromolecular chains, especially at low α-tocopherol amounts, decreasing viscosity and elastic modulus. Intra-molecular interactions in PCL strengthen at high α-tocopherol amounts due to decreased solvation, allowing good structural recovery after cease of mechanical stress. Morphologically homogeneous electrospun fibers were obtained, with ~6 μm average diameter. The obtained fibers were highly hydrophobic, with fast release in 95% ethanol as alternative simulant for fatty foods. This induced good in vitro antioxidant activity and significant in vivo reduction of microbial growth on cheese, as determined by respirometry. Therefore, the electrospun fibers from PCL entrapping α-tocopherol as bioactive agent showed potential use in food packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca P. Dumitriu
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Polymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iaşi, Romania; (R.P.D.); (E.S.); (C.V.)
| | - Elena Stoleru
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Polymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iaşi, Romania; (R.P.D.); (E.S.); (C.V.)
| | - Geoffrey R. Mitchell
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Institute Polytechnic of Leiria, Rua de Portugal, 2430-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal;
| | - Cornelia Vasile
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Polymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iaşi, Romania; (R.P.D.); (E.S.); (C.V.)
| | - Mihai Brebu
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Polymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iaşi, Romania; (R.P.D.); (E.S.); (C.V.)
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Nwachukwu ID, Sarteshnizi RA, Udenigwe CC, Aluko RE. A Concise Review of Current In Vitro Chemical and Cell-Based Antioxidant Assay Methods. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164865. [PMID: 34443459 PMCID: PMC8400447 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants remain interesting molecules of choice for suppression of the toxic effects of free radicals in foods and human systems. The current practice involves the use of mainly synthetic molecules as potent antioxidant agents. However, due to the potential negative impact on human health, there is an intensive effort within the research community to develop natural alternatives with similar antioxidant efficacy but without the negative side effects of synthetic molecules. Still, the successful development of new molecules depends on the use of reliable chemical or cell culture assays to screen antioxidant properties. Chemical antioxidant assays include the determination of scavenging ability against free radicals such as DPPH, superoxide anion radicals, hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide. Other antioxidant tests include the ability of compounds to bind and sequester prooxidant metal cations, reduce ferric iron, and attenuate the rate of lipid oxidation. Ex vivo tests utilize cell cultures to confirm entry of the molecules into cells and the ability to quench synthetic intracellular free radicals or to stimulate the increased biosynthesis of endogenous antioxidants. In order to assist researchers in their choice of antioxidant evaluation methods, this review presents background scientific information on some of the most commonly used antioxidant assays with a comparative discussion of the relevance of published literature data to food science and human nutrition applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roghayeh Amini Sarteshnizi
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (R.A.S.); (C.C.U.)
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-111, Iran
| | - Chibuike C. Udenigwe
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (R.A.S.); (C.C.U.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Rotimi E. Aluko
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Platzer M, Kiese S, Herfellner T, Schweiggert-Weisz U, Eisner P. How Does the Phenol Structure Influence the Results of the Folin-Ciocalteu Assay? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050811. [PMID: 34065207 PMCID: PMC8160659 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants produce a diverse array of secondary metabolites that are generally nonessential but facilitate ecological interactions. Fruits, vegetables, seeds and nuts can accumulate bioactive secondary metabolites with health-promoting properties, including the potent antioxidant activities of phenolic compounds. Several in vitro assays have been developed to measure the polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of plant extracts, e.g., the simple and highly popular Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) assay. However, the literature contains a number of different descriptions of the assay and it is unclear whether the assay measures the polyphenol content or reducing capacity of the sample. To determine the influence of phenolic structures on the outcome of the FC assay, we tested phenols representing different subgroups (phenolic acids, flavonols, flavanols, dihydrochalcones and flavanones). We observed different results for each reference substance and subgroup. Accordingly, we concluded that the FC assay does not measure the polyphenol content of a sample but determines its reducing capacity instead. Assigning the substances to five structural classes showed that the FC results depend on the number of fulfilled Bors criteria. If a molecule fulfills none of the Bors criteria, the FC results depend on the number of OH groups. We did not find a correlation with other single electron transfer assays (e.g., ABTS and DPPH assays). Furthermore, the FC assay was compatible with all five subgroups and should be preferred over the DPPH assay, which is specific for extracts rich in dihydrochalcones or flavanones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Platzer
- ZIEL-Institute for Food & Health, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Berg 1, 85354 Freising, Germany;
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354 Freising, Germany; (S.K.); (T.H.); (U.S.-W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sandra Kiese
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354 Freising, Germany; (S.K.); (T.H.); (U.S.-W.)
| | - Thomas Herfellner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354 Freising, Germany; (S.K.); (T.H.); (U.S.-W.)
| | - Ute Schweiggert-Weisz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354 Freising, Germany; (S.K.); (T.H.); (U.S.-W.)
- Chair of Food Science, Institute for Nutritional and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166a, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Eisner
- ZIEL-Institute for Food & Health, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Berg 1, 85354 Freising, Germany;
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354 Freising, Germany; (S.K.); (T.H.); (U.S.-W.)
- Faculty of Technology and Engineering, Steinbeis-Hochschule, George-Bähr-Str. 8, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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