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Ali F, Singh OP, Dutta A, Upadhyay MB, Bhaumik D. Do community level interventions work in the same way on incidence and longitudinal prevalence of diarrhoea among under five children in rural and urban slum settings? Insights from Stop Diarrhoea Initiative in India. JOURNAL OF GLOBAL HEALTH REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.29392/joghr.2.e2018003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Asfaha KF, Tesfamichael FA, Fisseha GK, Misgina KH, Weldu MG, Welehaweria NB, Gebregiorgis YS. Determinants of childhood diarrhea in Medebay Zana District, Northwest Tigray, Ethiopia: a community based unmatched case-control study. BMC Pediatr 2018; 18:120. [PMID: 29598815 PMCID: PMC5877323 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, childhood diarrhea is amongst the most prevalent health problems and accounts for 9% of all deaths in children under-five. In Ethiopia, childhood diarrhea is a major public health problem in which the prevalence ranges from 13.5 to 30.5% and experienced by multiple factors. Although health extension program has been implementing for couples of years; diarrheal disease remains the second cause of morbidity and continues an important public health problem in the study district. Thus, this study assessed determinants of diarrheal disease among under-five children in the Medebay Zana district, northwest Tigray, Ethiopia, 2015. Method A community based case-control study was used. A multistage sampling procedure was employed to enroll the study participants. Data were collected using face to face administered questionnaire. The collected data were entered into Epi Info version 3.5.4 and exported to SPSS Version 21 for analysis. Frequencies with percentages were computed using univariate analysis. Finally, logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with childhood diarrhea where P-values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results Socio-demographic factors such as low maternal educational level [AOR = 2.88, 95% CI (1.70, 4.88)], being index child of older age, households with ≥3 number of children under-five [AOR = 4.05, 95% CI (1.91, 8.60)] and maternal history of diarrhea [AOR = 2.10, 95% CI (1.09, 4.05)] were statistically associated with childhood diarrhea. This study also revealed that child feeding practice; not exclusively breastfed [AOR = 4.84, 95% CI (2.21, 10.60)] and initiation of complementary feeding above 6 months [AOR = 1.78, 95% CI (1.09, 2.92)] were statistically associated with outcome variable. Environmental and behavioral practices such as unavailability toilet facility [AOR = 2.10, 95% CI (1.34, 3.30)], improper solid waste disposal [AOR = 2.29, 95% CI (1.53, 3.44)] and unprotected drinking water [AOR = 1.83, 95% CI (1.12, 2.98)] were also found significant factors of childhood diarrhea. Conclusion Maternal educational status, age of index child, number of < 5 children, child feeding practices, maternal history of diarrhea, toilet facility, solid waste disposal and household drinking water were found determinants of childhood diarrhea. These findings have policy implications and insight the strengthening for health intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kebede Haile Misgina
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Yosef Sibhatu Gebregiorgis
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O.Box: 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
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Edokpayi JN, Rogawski ET, Kahler DM, Hill CL, Reynolds C, Nyathi E, Smith JA, Odiyo JO, Samie A, Bessong P, Dillingham R. Challenges to Sustainable Safe Drinking Water: A Case Study of Water Quality and Use across Seasons in Rural Communities in Limpopo Province, South Africa. WATER 2018; 10:159. [PMID: 30595910 PMCID: PMC6310213 DOI: 10.3390/w10020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of microbial-contaminated water can result in diarrheal illnesses and enteropathy with the heaviest impact upon children below the age of five. We aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of water quality in a low-resource setting in Limpopo province, South Africa. Surveys were conducted in 405 households in rural communities of Limpopo province to determine their water-use practices, perceptions of water quality, and household water-treatment methods. Drinking water samples were tested from households for microbiological contamination. Water from potential natural sources were tested for physicochemical and microbiological quality in the dry and wet seasons. Most households had their primary water source piped into their yard or used an intermittent public tap. Approximately one third of caregivers perceived that they could get sick from drinking water. All natural water sources tested positive for fecal contamination at some point during each season. The treated municipal supply never tested positive for fecal contamination; however, the treated system does not reach all residents in the valley; furthermore, frequent shutdowns of the treatment systems and intermittent distribution make the treated water unreliable. The increased water quantity in the wet season correlates with increased treated water from municipal taps and a decrease in the average contaminant levels in household water. This research suggests that wet season increases in water quantity result in more treated water in the region and that is reflected in residents' water-use practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N Edokpayi
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa;
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (D.M.K.); (C.L.H.); (C.R.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Elizabeth T Rogawski
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;
| | - David M Kahler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (D.M.K.); (C.L.H.); (C.R.); (J.A.S.)
- Center for Environmental Research and Education, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Courtney L Hill
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (D.M.K.); (C.L.H.); (C.R.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Catherine Reynolds
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (D.M.K.); (C.L.H.); (C.R.); (J.A.S.)
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Emanuel Nyathi
- Department of Animal Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa;
| | - James A Smith
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (D.M.K.); (C.L.H.); (C.R.); (J.A.S.)
| | - John O Odiyo
- Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa;
| | - Amidou Samie
- Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (A.S.); (P.B.)
| | - Pascal Bessong
- Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (A.S.); (P.B.)
| | - Rebecca Dillingham
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;
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Roy I, Kuate Defo B. [Not Available]. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2018; 108:e586-e597. [PMID: 29356668 PMCID: PMC6972112 DOI: 10.17269/cjph.108.5921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIFS Évaluer le rôle des commodités familiales dans l'occurrence de la diarrhée chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans en Haïti, selon leur type (eau potable, toilettes et réfrigérateur) et leur nombre.MÉTHODE : Nous avons mis en commun les données de quatre Enquêtes démographiques et de santé réalisées en Haïti entre 1994-1995 et 2012. Nous avons retenu un échantillon de 14 481 enfants de 1-59 mois. Nous avons évalué le rôle des commodités familiales dans l'occurrence de la diarrhée selon le groupe d'âge d'enfants à risque (1-5; 6-11; 12-23; 24-59 mois), au moyen des modèles de régression logistique.RÉSULTATS : La prévalence de la diarrhée chez les enfants de 1-59 mois en Haïti est estimée à 29,31 %. Elle atteint 42,14 % chez les enfants de 6-11 mois. Elle est plus faible pour les enfants dont les familles ont accès à une eau potable améliorée, des toilettes améliorées ou un réfrigérateur. Elle est d'autant plus faible que les familles possèdent au moins deux commodités simultanément. Nous ne trouvons pas de différences significatives dans l'occurrence de la diarrhée infanto-juvénile selon l'accès à l'eau potable (p > 0,10). Prenant en compte l'effet de période, une occurrence réduite de la diarrhée est significativement associée aux toilettes améliorées chez les enfants de 24-59 mois (RC : 0,62; p < 0,05) et au réfrigérateur chez les 6-11 mois (RC : 0,11; p < 0,05). Pour le nombre de commodités, seuls les 24-59 mois ayant au moins deux commodités ont une occurrence de la diarrhée statistiquement inférieure de celle des plus défavorisés (RC : 0,45; p < 0,05). CONCLUSION Augmenter l'accès aux commodités familiales et leur nombre par ménage demeure essentiel dans la lutte contre la diarrhée en Haïti. Une intervention intégrée serait donc à préconiser dans l'environnement sociosanitaire haïtien.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Roy
- Programme en Nutrition et Santé Transnationales, Intercontinentales, et au Canada (PRONUSTIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal (Québec); Institut de Recherche en Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Montréal (Québec).
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Mokomane M, Kasvosve I, de Melo E, Pernica JM, Goldfarb DM. The global problem of childhood diarrhoeal diseases: emerging strategies in prevention and management. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2018; 5:29-43. [PMID: 29344358 PMCID: PMC5761924 DOI: 10.1177/2049936117744429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute diarrhoeal diseases remain a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality particularly among young children in resource-limited countries. Recent large studies utilizing case-control design, prospective sampling and more sensitive and broad diagnostic techniques have shed light on particular pathogens of importance and highlighted the previously under recognized impact of these infections on post-acute illness mortality and growth. Vaccination, particularly against rotavirus, has emerged as a key effective means of preventing significant morbidity and mortality from childhood diarrhoeal disease. Other candidate vaccines against leading diarrhoeal pathogens, such as enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Shigella spp., also hold significant promise in further ameliorating the burden of enteric infections in children. Large studies are also currently underway evaluating novel and potential easy-to-implement water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) preventive strategies. Given the ongoing global burden of this illness, the paucity of new advances in case management over the last several decades remains a challenge. The increasing recognition of post-acute illness mortality and growth impairment has highlighted the need for interventions that go beyond management of dehydration and electrolyte disturbances. The few trials of novel promising interventions such as probiotics have mainly been conducted in high-income settings. Trials of antimicrobials have also been primarily conducted in high-income settings or in travellers from high-income settings. Bloody diarrhoea has been shown to be a poor marker of potentially treatable bacterial enteritis, and rising antimicrobial resistance has also made empiric antimicrobial therapy more challenging in many settings. Novel effective and sustainable interventions and diagnostic strategies are clearly needed to help improve case management. Diarrhoeal disease and other enteric infections remain an unmet challenge in global child health. Most promising recent developments have been focused around preventive measures, in particular vaccination. Further advances in prevention and case management including the possible use of targeted antimicrobial treatment are also required to fully address this critical burden on child health and human potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Mokomane
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Botswana National Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Ishmael Kasvosve
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Emilia de Melo
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Quraishi F, Shaheen S, Memon Z, Fatima G. Culture and Sensitivity Patterns of Various Antibiotics Used for the Treatment of Pediatric Infectious Diarrhea in Children under 5 Years of Age: A Tertiary Care Experience from Karachi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/ijcm.2018.99057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ruiz-Díaz MS, Mora-García GJ, Salguedo-Madrid GI, Alario Á, Gómez-Camargo DE. Analysis of Health Indicators in Two Rural Communities on the Colombian Caribbean Coast: Poor Water Supply and Education Level Are Associated with Water-Related Diseases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:1378-1392. [PMID: 29016282 PMCID: PMC5817732 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Water-related diseases are closely linked with drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) indicators, socioeconomic status, education level, or dwelling's conditions. Developing countries exhibit a particular vulnerability to these diseases, especially rural areas and urban slums. This study assessed socioeconomic features, WASH indicators, and water-related diseases in two rural areas of the Colombian Caribbean coast. Most of this population did not finish basic education (72.3%, N = 159). Only one of the communities had a water supply (aqueduct), whereas the other received water via an adapted tanker ship. No respondents reported sewage services; 92.7% (N = 204) had garbage service. Reported cases of diarrhea were associated with low education levels (P = 2.37 × 10-9) and an unimproved drinking water supply (P = 0.035). At least one fever episode was reported in 20% (N = 44) of dwellings, but the cases were not related to any indicator. The Aedes/House index (percentage of houses that tested positive for Aedes larvae and/or pupae) was 69%, the container index (percentage of water-holding containers positive for Aedes larvae or pupae) 29.4%, and the Breteau index (number of positive containers per 100 houses in a specific location) was three positive containers per 100 inspected houses. The presence of positive containers was associated with the absence of a drinking water supply (P = 0.04). The community with poorer health indicators showed greater health vulnerability conditions for acquisition of water-related diseases. In summary, water supply and educational level were the main factors associated with the presence of water-related diseases in both communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Stephany Ruiz-Díaz
- Doctorado en Medicina Tropical, Grupo de Investigación UNIMOL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
| | - Gustavo José Mora-García
- Doctorado en Medicina Tropical, Grupo de Investigación UNIMOL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
| | | | - Ángelo Alario
- Departamento Médico, Grupo de Investigación UNIMOL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
| | - Doris Esther Gómez-Camargo
- Doctorado en Medicina Tropical, Grupo de Investigación UNIMOL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
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Influence of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Practices on Common Infections among Under-Five Children in Longido and Monduli Districts of Arusha, Tanzania. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 2017:9235168. [PMID: 29147116 PMCID: PMC5632920 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9235168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed at assessing water, sanitation, and hygiene practices and their influence on infectious diseases among under-five children in semipastoral communities of Arusha. The study was cross-sectional in design. Prevalence of infectious diseases among under-five children was derived from patients' attendance register. Mothers randomly sampled from households were interviewed using questionnaire. Information regarding child morbidity and sociodemographic and WASH characteristics was gathered. Hospital data revealed that 2/3 of under-five patients visited the hospitals annually were suffering from infectious diseases. Mean percentage of diarrhea prevalence for years 2013–2015 in Longido was higher than the mean of the respective years prevalence in Monduli (p = 0.02). Households' survey showed that 15.5% of under-five children were suffering from diarrhea. Children who consumed foods kept in kibuyu (p < 0.001) or used unboiled cows' milk (p = 0.01) or were drinking surface water (p = 0.04) or born to uneducated mothers (p = 0.01) had increased risk of developing diarrhea compared to their counterparts. Storing complementary foods in kibuyu was strongly associated with diarrhea among under-five children. To address the problem, communities under study need to be motivated through health education on food hygiene, proper handling of food storage containers, and domestic water treatment at the household level.
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Knowledge and practice of care-givers who have under-five diarrhoeal children: a quantitative cross-sectional study in Mataniko settlements in Honiara, Solomon Islands, 2016. GLOBAL HEALTH JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s2414-6447(19)30077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Oliveira RKLD, Oliveira BSBD, Bezerra JC, Silva MJND, Melo FMDS, Joventino ES. Influence of socio-economic conditions and maternal knowledge in self-effectiveness for prevention of childhood diarrhea. ESCOLA ANNA NERY 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/2177-9465-ean-2016-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Objective: To verify the association among socioeconomic conditions, maternal behaviors and knowledge with their self-efficacy to prevent childhood diarrhea. Method: Analytical, quantitative study. Interviews were conducted with 238 mothers of children under five admitted into a hospital from January to April 2016. Were collected Sociodemographic data, maternal knowledge on prevention and management of childhood diarrhea, and application of the Maternal Self-Efficacy Scale for Childhood Diarrhea. Results: Association between socioeconomic and maternal self-efficacy variables: family income (p = 0.049), child age (p = 0.010), house type (p = 0.042), garbage destination (p = 0.037), sewage (p = 0.016) and sanitary type (p = 0.006). Regarding knowledge about causes of diarrhea: warmth/heat (p = 0.021); dentition (p = 0.030). Association between self-efficacy and preventive behaviors: home hygiene (p = 0.023); breastfeeding practice (p = 0.028). Conclusion: Socioeconomic conditions and knowledge presented by mothers can influence the level of maternal self-efficacy for the prevention of childhood diarrhea.
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Wangdi K, Clements AC. Spatial and temporal patterns of diarrhoea in Bhutan 2003-2013. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:507. [PMID: 28732533 PMCID: PMC5521140 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To describe spatiotemporal patterns of diarrhoea in Bhutan, and quantify the association between climatic factors and the distribution and dynamics of the disease. Methods Nationwide data on diarrhoea were obtained for 2003 to 2013 from the Health Information and Management System (HIMS), Ministry of Health, Bhutan. Climatic variables were obtained from the Department of Hydro Met Services, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Bhutan. Seasonal trend decomposition was used to examine secular trends and seasonal patterns of diarrhoea. A Bayesian conditional autoregressive (CAR) model was used to quantify the relationship between monthly diarrhoea, maximum temperature, rainfall, age and gender. Results The monthly average diarrhoea incidence was highly seasonal. Diarrhoea incidence increased by 0.6% (95% CrI: 0.5–0.6%) for every degree increase in maximum temperature; and 5% (95 Cr I: 4.9–5.1%) for a 1 mm increase in rainfall. Children aged <5 years were found to be 74.2% (95% CrI: 74.1–74.4) more likely to experience diarrhoea than children and adults aged ≥5 years and females were 4.9% (95% CrI: 4.4–5.3%) less likely to suffer from diarrhoea as compared to males. Significant residual spatial clustering was found after accounting for climate and demographic variables. Conclusions Diarrhoea incidence was highly seasonal, with positive associations with maximum temperature and rainfall and negative associations with age and being female. This calls for public health actions to reduce future risks of climate change with great consideration of local climatic conditions. In addition, protection of <5 years children should be prioritize through provision of rotavirus vaccination, safe and clean drinking water, and proper latrines. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2611-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinley Wangdi
- Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Environment and Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. .,Phuentsholing General Hospital, Phuentsholing, Bhutan.
| | - Archie Ca Clements
- Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Environment and Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Anteneh ZA, Andargie K, Tarekegn M. Prevalence and determinants of acute diarrhea among children younger than five years old in Jabithennan District, Northwest Ethiopia, 2014. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:99. [PMID: 28103908 PMCID: PMC5248477 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the global decline in death rates of children younger than five years old, the risk of a child dying before turning five years of age remains highest in the WHO African Region. The problem of child death in Ethiopia is worse, with an Ethiopian child being 30 times more likely to die by his/her fifth birthday than a child in Western Europe. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and factors associated with diarrhea among children younger than five years old. Methods A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted with mothers who had children younger than five years old from April to June 2014. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select eligible women. The data were coded, entered, cleaned and analyzed with the SPSS software package, version 16. Results he data of 775 mothers were included in the analysis, and 21.5% of the children had diarrhea in the two weeks before the survey. The main factors affecting the occurrence of diarrhea were residence (Odds ratio (AOR) = 11.29, 95% Confidence interval (CI): 3.49-36.52), sex (AOR = 2.52, 95% CI:1.28-4.93), methods of complementary feeding (AOR = 50.88, 95% CI: 23.85- 108.54), types of water storage equipment (AOR = 19.50, 95% CI: 8.11-46.90), and cleansing materials used to wash hands (AOR = 5.53, 95% CI: 2.19-13.99). Conclusion Approximately one-fifth of the children included in the study reported diarrheal disease. Residence, sex of the child, type of water storage container, methods of complementary feeding, and cleansing materials to wash the hands were the most important variables that affected the occurrence of diarrhea in children. Therefore, families, the government and nongovernmental organizations working in the area must cooperate in interventions and prevention to minimize the risk of disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4021-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelalem Alamrew Anteneh
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Kassawmar Andargie
- Department of Public Health, GAMBY College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Molalign Tarekegn
- Department of Research and Project Unit, Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Bawankule R, Singh A, Kumar K, Pedgaonkar S. Disposal of children's stools and its association with childhood diarrhea in India. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:12. [PMID: 28056888 PMCID: PMC5217632 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3948-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children's stool disposal is often overlooked in sanitation programs of any country. Unsafe disposal of children's stool makes children susceptible to many diseases that transmit through faecal-oral route. Therefore, the study aims to examine the magnitude of unsafe disposal of children's stools in India, the factors associated with it and finally its association with childhood diarrhea. METHODS Data from the third round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) conducted in 2005-06 is used to carry out the analysis. The binary logistic regression model is used to examine the factors associated with unsafe disposal of children's stool. Binary logistic regression is also used to examine the association between unsafe disposal of children's stool and childhood diarrhea. RESULT Overall, stools of 79% of children in India were disposed of unsafely. The urban-rural gap in the unsafe disposal of children's stool was wide. Mother's illiteracy and lack of exposure to media, the age of the child, religion and caste/tribe of the household head, wealth index, access to toilet facility and urban-rural residence were statistically associated with unsafe disposal of stool. The odds of diarrhea in children whose stools were disposed of unsafely was estimated to be 11% higher (95% CI: 1.01-1.21) than that of children whose stools were disposed of safely. An increase in the unsafe disposal of children's stool in the community also increased the risk of diarrhea in children. CONCLUSION We found significant statistical association between children's stool disposal and diarrhea. Therefore, gains in reduction of childhood diarrhea can be achieved in India through the complete elimination of unsafe disposal of children's stools. The sanitation programmes currently being run in India must also focus on safe disposal of children's stool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bawankule
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Abhishek Singh
- Department of Public Health & Mortality Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Kaushalendra Kumar
- Department of Public Health & Mortality Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India.
| | - Sarang Pedgaonkar
- Department of Population Policies and Programmes, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
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Sarker AR, Sultana M, Mahumud RA, Sheikh N, Van Der Meer R, Morton A. Prevalence and Health Care-Seeking Behavior for Childhood Diarrheal Disease in Bangladesh. Glob Pediatr Health 2016; 3:2333794X16680901. [PMID: 28229092 PMCID: PMC5308522 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x16680901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In Bangladesh, the burden of diarrheal diseases is significant among children <5 years old. The objective of this study is to capture the prevalence of and health care–seeking behavior for childhood diarrheal diseases (CDDs) and to identify the factors associated with CDDs at a population level in Bangladesh. We use a logistic regression approach to model careseeking based on individual characteristics. The overall diarrhea prevalence among children <5 years old was found to be 5.71%. Some factors found to significantly influence the health care–seeking pattern were age and sex of the children, nutritional score, age and education of mothers, wealth index, and access to electronic media. The health care service could be improved through working in partnership with public facilities, private health care practitioners, and community-based organizations, so that all strata of the population get equitable access in cases of childhood diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Razzaque Sarker
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marufa Sultana
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Nurnabi Sheikh
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Martinez-Estevez NS, Alvarez-Guevara AN, Rodriguez-Martinez CE. Effects of zinc supplementation in the prevention of respiratory tract infections and diarrheal disease in Colombian children: A 12-month randomised controlled trial. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2016; 44:368-75. [PMID: 27255474 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the preventive strategies for lowering the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) and acute diarrhoea episodes, two of the most common diseases in children, zinc supplementation has received special interest. However, there is a need for additional studies that determine the preventive effects of different doses of zinc on URTI and diarrhoeal disease episodes in children. METHODS In a randomised, triple-blind clinical trial, we evaluated the efficacy of 12 months of daily zinc supplementation in the incidence of URTI and acute diarrhoea in a population of healthy children aged between 6 and 12 months living in Bogota, Colombia. The outcomes analysed were incidence of URTI, acute diarrhoeal disease episodes, and side effects of the interventions. RESULTS Between 2010 and 2013, a total of 355 children underwent randomisation, with 174 assigned to the zinc supplementation group and 181 to the control group. In the multivariate analyses, having been randomised to the non-supplemented control group (IRR 1.73, 95% CI 1.52-1.97, p<0.001), and nursery attendance (IRR 1.41, 95% CI 1.07-1.87, p=0.016) were independently linked to the number of URTI. Likewise, having been randomised to the non-supplemented group (IRR 1.43, 95% CI 1.20-1.71, p<0.001), and lower socioeconomic status (IRR 1.86, 95% CI 1.11-3.13, p=0.018) were independently associated to the number of diarrhoeal disease episodes. CONCLUSIONS Daily supplementation of 5mg of zinc during 12 months significantly decreased the incidence of URTI and diarrhoeal disease episodes in a healthy population of children aged between 6 and 12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Martinez-Estevez
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
| | - A N Alvarez-Guevara
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
| | - C E Rodriguez-Martinez
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Research Unit, Military Hospital of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia.
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Azage M, Kumie A, Worku A, Bagtzoglou AC. Childhood diarrhea in high and low hotspot districts of Amhara Region, northwest Ethiopia: a multilevel modeling. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2016; 35:13. [PMID: 27184552 PMCID: PMC5025988 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-016-0052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood diarrhea is one of the major public health problems in Ethiopia. Multiple factors at different levels contribute to the occurrence of childhood diarrhea. The objective of the study was to identify the factors affecting childhood diarrhea at individual and community level. METHODS A cross-sectional study design was employed from February to March 2015 in high and low hotspot districts of Awi and West and East Gojjam zones in Amhara Region, northwest Ethiopia. Districts with high and low hotspots with childhood diarrhea were identified using SaTScan spatial statistical analysis. A total of 2495 households from ten (five high and five low hotspot) randomly selected districts were included in the study. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were entered and cleaned in Epi Info 3.5.2 version and analyzed using Stata version 12. A multilevel logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with childhood diarrhea. RESULTS The prevalence of childhood diarrhea was 13.5 % and did not show significant variation between high [14.3 % (95 % CI 12.3-16.2 %)] and low [12.7 % (95 % CI 10.9-14.6 %)] hotspot districts. Individual- and community-level factors accounted for 35 % of childhood diarrhea variation across the communities in the full model. Age of children (6-35 months), complementary feeding initiation below 6 months, inadequate hand washing practices, limited knowledge of mothers on diarrhea, lowest wealth status of households, and longer time interval to visit households by health extension workers were factors for increasing the odds of childhood diarrhea at the individual level. At the community level, lack of improved water supply and sanitation and unvaccinated children with measles and rotavirus vaccine were the factors associated with childhood diarrhea. CONCLUSIONS In this study, childhood diarrhea occurrences remained high. Both individual- and community-level factors determined the occurrence of diarrhea. Interventions should consider both individual- and community-level factors to reduce the occurrence of childhood diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muluken Azage
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Abera Kumie
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemayehu Worku
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Amvrossios C Bagtzoglou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-3037, USA
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