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Patras L, Banciu M. Intercellular Crosstalk Via Extracellular Vesicles in Tumor Milieu as Emerging Therapies for Cancer Progression. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:1980-2006. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190701143845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
:Increasing evidence has suggested that extracellular vesicles (EV) mediated bidirectional transfer of functional molecules (such as proteins, different types of RNA, and lipids) between cancer cells and tumor stromal cells (immune cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, stem cells) and strongly contributed to the reinforcement of cancer progression. Thus, intercellular EV-mediated signaling in tumor microenvironment (TME) is essential in the modulation of all processes that support and promote tumor development like immune suppression, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, and resistance of tumor cells to anticancer treatments.:Besides EV potential to revolutionize our understanding of the cancer cell-stromal cells crosstalk in TME, their ability to selectively transfer different cargos to recipient cells has created excitement in the field of tumortargeted delivery of specific molecules for anticancer treatments. Therefore, in tight connection with previous findings, this review brought insight into the dual role of EV in modulation of TME. Thus, on one side EV create a favorable phenotype of tumor stromal cells for tumor progression; however, as a future new class of anticancer drug delivery systems EV could re-educate the TME to overcome main supportive processes for malignancy progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Patras
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Manuela Banciu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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52
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Munson PB, Hall EM, Farina NH, Pass HI, Shukla A. Exosomal miR-16-5p as a target for malignant mesothelioma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11688. [PMID: 31406207 PMCID: PMC6690928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is an asbestos-induced cancer arising on the mesothelial surface of organ cavities. MM is essentially incurable without a means of early diagnosis and no successful standard of care. These facts indicate a deep chasm of knowledge that needs to be filled. Our group recently delved into MM tumor biology from the perspective of exosome-contained microRNAs (miRNAs). We discovered that the most abundant miRNAs in MM cancer exosomes were tumor suppressors, particularly miR-16-5p. This observation lead us to hypothesize that MM cells preferentially secreted tumor-suppressor miRNAs via exosomes. Through separate avenues of potential therapeutic advance, we embarked on an innovative strategy to kill MM tumor cells. We employed small molecule inhibitors to block exosome secretion, thereby reducing miR-16-5p exosome loss and replenishing cellular miR-16-5p leading to reduced tumorigenic capacity and miR-16-5p target oncoproteins CCND1 and BCL2. Additionally, we force-fed MM tumor exosomes back to MM tumor cells, which led to cell death, and a reduction in the same oncoproteins. We recapitulated these results with direct transfection of miR-16-5p, confirmed that this is a cancer-cell specific effect, and elucidated a part of the miR-16-5p mechanism of exosome loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip B Munson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Hall
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Nicholas H Farina
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Harvey I Pass
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, 530 First Avenue, 9V New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Arti Shukla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA. .,University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
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53
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Mannavola F, Salerno T, Passarelli A, Tucci M, Internò V, Silvestris F. Revisiting the Role of Exosomes in Colorectal Cancer: Where Are We Now?. Front Oncol 2019; 9:521. [PMID: 31275854 PMCID: PMC6593071 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes (Exos) are nano-sized extracellular vesicles constitutively released by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Their role as inter-cellular messengers involved in both physiological and pathological processes has overwhelmingly come to light in the last decade, and their contribution to cancerogenesis and tumor metastasis is under intensive investigation. Here we review the most recent information concerning Exos in colorectal cancer (CRC) and focus on their effects on tumor microenvironment and the immune system, as well as unravel their role in the formation of the pre-metastatic niche and in drug resistance. Such a recent knowledge on Exos depicts their potential translations into the clinical arena, either as an alternative tool of “liquid biopsy” or novel therapeutic approaches for CRC. However, due to the limited data available from clinical trials, they need further validations before addressing their putative application in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mannavola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Tina Salerno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Passarelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Tucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Valeria Internò
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Silvestris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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54
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Zhao Z, McGill J, Gamero-Kubota P, He M. Microfluidic on-demand engineering of exosomes towards cancer immunotherapy. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1877-1886. [PMID: 31044204 PMCID: PMC6520140 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01279b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly exosomes (30-150 nm), are an emerging delivery system in mediating cellular communications, which have been observed for priming immune responses by presenting parent cell signaling proteins or tumor antigens to immune cells. Therefore, preparation of antigenic exosomes that can play therapeutic roles, particularly in cancer immunotherapy, is emerging. However, standard benchtop methods (e.g., ultracentrifugation and filtration) lack the ability to purify antigenic exosomes specifically among other microvesicle subtypes, due to the non-selective and time-consuming (>10 h) isolation protocols. Exosome engineering approaches, such as the transfection of parent cells, also suffer from poor yields, low purity, and time-consuming operations. In this paper, we introduce a streamlined microfluidic cell culture platform for integration of harvesting, antigenic modification, and photo-release of surface engineered exosomes in one workflow, which enables the production of intact, MHC peptide surface engineered exosomes for cytolysis activation. A PDMS microfluidic cell culture chip is simply cast from a 3D-printed mold. This proof-of-concept study demonstrated the enhanced ability of harvested exosomes in antigen presentation and T cell activation, by decorating melanoma tumor peptides on the exosome surface (e.g., gp-100, MART-1, and MAGE-A3). Such surface engineered antigenic exosomes were harvested in real-time from the on-chip culture of leukocytes isolated from human blood, leading to much faster cellular uptake. The activation of gp100-specific CD8 T cells which were purified from the spleen of 2 Pmel1 transgenic mice was evaluated using surface engineered exosomes prepared from murine antigen presenting cells. Antigen-specific CD8 T cell proliferation was significantly induced by the engineered exosomes compared to that by native, non-engineered exosomes. This microfluidic platform serves as an automated and highly integrated cell culture device for rapid and real-time production of therapeutic exosomes that could advance cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
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55
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Wang S, Wang J, Wei W, Ma G. Exosomes: The Indispensable Messenger in Tumor Pathogenesis and the Rising Star in Antitumor Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1900008. [PMID: 32627408 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As natural secreted nanovesicles through the endolysosomal pathway, exosomes have attracted increasing attention over the past decades. An overwhelming number of studies have provided evidence for the intriguing roles that exosomes play in intercellular communication. They are widely involved in the transmission of biomolecule cargos between original cells and neighboring/distant cells in normal physiological processes. In addition, it has also been demonstrated that exosomes play vital roles in multiple biological pathways in the development of numerous diseases including cancer. Moreover, both natural and modified exosomes showed promising potential in serving as a versatile nanoplatform for cancer diagnosis and cancer therapy. This review aims to present a comprehensive and critical overview on the recent advances in exosome nanoscience and nanotechnology, ranging from their biogenesis, secretion, isolation, and biological function in tumor pathogenesis to their extensive antitumor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jianghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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56
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Jaiswal R, Sedger LM. Intercellular Vesicular Transfer by Exosomes, Microparticles and Oncosomes - Implications for Cancer Biology and Treatments. Front Oncol 2019; 9:125. [PMID: 30895170 PMCID: PMC6414436 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication is a normal feature of most physiological interactions between cells in healthy organisms. While cells communicate directly through intimate physiology contact, other mechanisms of communication exist, such as through the influence of soluble mediators such as growth factors, cytokines and chemokines. There is, however, yet another mechanism of intercellular communication that permits the exchange of information between cells through extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are microscopic (50 nm−10 μM) phospholipid bilayer enclosed entities produced by virtually all eukaryotic cells. EVs are abundant in the intracellular space and are present at a cells' normal microenvironment. Irrespective of the EV “donor” cell type, or the mechanism of EV biogenesis and production, or the size and EV composition, cancer cells have the potential to utilize EVs in a manner that enhances their survival. For example, cancer cell EV overproduction confers benefits to tumor growth, and tumor metastasis, compared with neighboring healthy cells. Herein, we summarize the current status of knowledge on different populations of EVs. We review the situations that regulate EV release, and the factors that instruct differential packaging or sorting of EV content. We then highlight the functions of cancer-cell derived EVs as they impact on cancer outcomes, promoting tumor progression, metastases, and the mechanisms by which they facilitate the creation of a pre-metastatic niche. The review finishes by focusing on the beneficial (and challenging) features of tumor-derived EVs that can be adapted and utilized for cancer treatments, including those already being investigated in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Jaiswal
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa M Sedger
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Ramos-Zayas Y, Franco-Molina MA, Hernádez-Granados AJ, Zárate-Triviño DG, Coronado-Cerda EE, Mendoza-Gamboa E, Zapata-Benavides P, Ramírez-Romero R, Santana-Krymskaya SE, Tamez-Guerra R, Rodríguez-Padilla C. Immunotherapy for the treatment of canine transmissible venereal tumor based in dendritic cells pulsed with tumoral exosomes. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2018; 41:48-54. [PMID: 30334465 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2018.1533969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Context: Exosomes secreted by tumor cells are a good source of cellular components that stimulate the immune response, such as alarmins (mRNA, tetraspanins (CD9, CD63, CD81), heat-shock proteins, major histocompatibility complex class I molecules) and tumor-associated antigens. These properties permit to pulsed dendritic cells in the immunotherapy for many cancers types. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the use of exosomes derived from canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) as an antigen to pulsed dendritic cells and its administration in dogs with CTVT as treatment against this disease. Material and methods: From primary culture of CTVT cells the exosomes were isolated and characterized by scanning electron microscopy assay, dot blot and protein quantification. The monocytes of each patient were differentiated to dendritic cells (DC) and pulsed with CTVT exosomes (CTVTE). Phagocytosis, tumor size, populations of lymphocytes and IFN-c levels were evaluated. Results: The CTVTE showed a size around 90 nm. CD81, CD63, CD9 and Hsp70 were expressed. Monocytes showed an expression of 85.71% for CD14+, 12.3% for CD80+, 0.1% for CD83+ and 0.8% for DLA-II. In DC 5.1% for CD14+, 86.7% for CD80+, 90.1% for CD83+ and 92.6% for DLA-II and a phagocytosis of 63% was obtained by FITC Dextran test. No side effects were observed in the experimental groups with our therapy. Tumor regression was of 100% at the seventh week, as well as an increase in the level of IFN-γ (142 pg/ml), and CD4+ (28%) and CD8+ (34%) cell percentage. Discusion and conclusion: These results have shown that DC pulsed with tumor exosomes induce regression of the TVT in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yareellys Ramos-Zayas
- a Virology and Immunology Laboratory, Biological Science Faculty , Autonomous University of Nuevo León (UANL) , San Nicolás de los Garza , NL , México
| | - Moisés Armides Franco-Molina
- a Virology and Immunology Laboratory, Biological Science Faculty , Autonomous University of Nuevo León (UANL) , San Nicolás de los Garza , NL , México
| | - Alex Jesús Hernádez-Granados
- a Virology and Immunology Laboratory, Biological Science Faculty , Autonomous University of Nuevo León (UANL) , San Nicolás de los Garza , NL , México
| | - Diana Ginette Zárate-Triviño
- a Virology and Immunology Laboratory, Biological Science Faculty , Autonomous University of Nuevo León (UANL) , San Nicolás de los Garza , NL , México
| | - Erika Evangelina Coronado-Cerda
- a Virology and Immunology Laboratory, Biological Science Faculty , Autonomous University of Nuevo León (UANL) , San Nicolás de los Garza , NL , México
| | - Edgar Mendoza-Gamboa
- a Virology and Immunology Laboratory, Biological Science Faculty , Autonomous University of Nuevo León (UANL) , San Nicolás de los Garza , NL , México
| | - Pablo Zapata-Benavides
- a Virology and Immunology Laboratory, Biological Science Faculty , Autonomous University of Nuevo León (UANL) , San Nicolás de los Garza , NL , México
| | - Rafael Ramírez-Romero
- b Veterinary and Zootechnics Faculty , Autonomous University of Nuevo León (UANL) , Cd Gral Escobedo , NL , México
| | - Silvia Elena Santana-Krymskaya
- a Virology and Immunology Laboratory, Biological Science Faculty , Autonomous University of Nuevo León (UANL) , San Nicolás de los Garza , NL , México
| | - Reyes Tamez-Guerra
- a Virology and Immunology Laboratory, Biological Science Faculty , Autonomous University of Nuevo León (UANL) , San Nicolás de los Garza , NL , México
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Padilla
- a Virology and Immunology Laboratory, Biological Science Faculty , Autonomous University of Nuevo León (UANL) , San Nicolás de los Garza , NL , México
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58
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Das CK, Jena BC, Banerjee I, Das S, Parekh A, Bhutia SK, Mandal M. Exosome as a Novel Shuttle for Delivery of Therapeutics across Biological Barriers. Mol Pharm 2018; 16:24-40. [PMID: 30513203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The effective delivery of target-specific siRNA to the brain by exploiting the exosomes derived from dendritic cells renders the paradigm shift for the prospective use of nanosized exosomes as a delivery system. Although the in vivo targeting strategies by other nanovesicles like liposomes exist, still this novel exosome-based delivery approach holds an inclusive dominance of in vivo security and reduced immunogenicity. Achieving promising exosome-based delivery strategies warrants more desirable exploration of their biology. Over the years, the invention of novel production, characterization, targeting strategies, and cargo loading techniques of exosome improved its ability to reach clinics. Essentially, exosome-based delivery of therapeutics assures to conquer the major hurdles, like delivery of cargos across impermeable biological barriers, like the blood-brain barrier, biocompatibility, increased solubility, metabolic stability, improved circulation time, target specific delivery, and pharmacokinetics, and thereby enhanced the efficacy of loaded therapeutic agents. In this article, we cover the current status of exosome as a delivery vehicle for therapeutics and the challenges that need to be overcome, and we also discuss future perspectives of this exciting field of research to transform it from bench to clinical reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Kanta Das
- School of Medical Science and Technology , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur , West Bengal 721302 , India
| | - Bikash Chandra Jena
- School of Medical Science and Technology , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur , West Bengal 721302 , India
| | - Indranil Banerjee
- School of Medical Science and Technology , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur , West Bengal 721302 , India
| | - Subhayan Das
- School of Medical Science and Technology , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur , West Bengal 721302 , India
| | - Aditya Parekh
- School of Medical Science and Technology , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur , West Bengal 721302 , India
| | - Sujit Kumar Bhutia
- Department of Life Science , National Institute of Technology , Rourkela , India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur , West Bengal 721302 , India
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59
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Bu H, He D, He X, Wang K. Exosomes: Isolation, Analysis, and Applications in Cancer Detection and Therapy. Chembiochem 2018; 20:451-461. [PMID: 30371016 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-derived small extracellular vesicles that are naturally secreted by all types of cells and widely distributed in various biofluids. They carry a variety of key bioactive molecules (e.g., nucleic acids, proteins, growth factors, cytokines) from their parent cells and convey them to neighboring or even distant cells through circulation. In recent years, tumor-derived exosomes have attracted great interest from investigators because they actively participate in nearly all aspects of tumor development and facilitate both tumor growth and metastasis through exosome-mediated intercellular communication. The vesicular contents are increasingly considered potential biomarkers for tumor diagnoses and prognosis. With the progress made in isolation and analytical technologies, the functions of exosomes and their contents in tumor development are also becoming clearer. In this review article we describe the recent developments in exosome isolation techniques and analysis of exosomal contents. We also address their applications in cancer detection and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchang Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P.R. China
| | - Dinggeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P.R. China
| | - Kemin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P.R. China
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60
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Jella KK, Nasti TH, Li Z, Malla SR, Buchwald ZS, Khan MK. Exosomes, Their Biogenesis and Role in Inter-Cellular Communication, Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunotherapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6040069. [PMID: 30261592 PMCID: PMC6313856 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6040069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles ranging from 30 to 150 nm in diameter that contain molecular constituents of their host cells. They are released from different types of cells ranging from immune to tumor cells and play an important role in intercellular communication. Exosomes can be manipulated by altering their host cells and can be loaded with products of interest such as specific drugs, proteins, DNA and RNA species. Due to their small size and the unique composition of their lipid bilayer, exosomes are capable of reaching different cell types where they alter the pathophysiological conditions of the recipient cells. There is growing evidence that exosomes are used as vehicles that can modulate the immune system and play an important role in cancer progression. The cross communication between the tumors and the cells of the immune system has gained attention in various immunotherapeutic approaches for several cancer types. In this review, we discuss the exosome biogenesis, their role in inter-cellular communication, and their capacity to modulate the immune system as a part of future cancer immunotherapeutic approaches and their potential to serve as biomarkers of therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tahseen H Nasti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Zhentian Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Sudarshan R Malla
- Division of Renal Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Zachary S Buchwald
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Mohammad K Khan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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61
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Antes TJ, Middleton RC, Luther KM, Ijichi T, Peck KA, Liu WJ, Valle J, Echavez AK, Marbán E. Targeting extracellular vesicles to injured tissue using membrane cloaking and surface display. J Nanobiotechnology 2018; 16:61. [PMID: 30165851 PMCID: PMC6116387 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and exosomes are nano-sized, membrane-bound vesicles shed by most eukaryotic cells studied to date. EVs play key signaling roles in cellular development, cancer metastasis, immune modulation and tissue regeneration. Attempts to modify exosomes to increase their targeting efficiency to specific tissue types are still in their infancy. Here we describe an EV membrane anchoring platform termed "cloaking" to directly embed tissue-specific antibodies or homing peptides on EV membrane surfaces ex vivo for enhanced vesicle uptake in cells of interest. The cloaking system consists of three components: DMPE phospholipid membrane anchor, polyethylene glycol spacer and a conjugated streptavidin platform molecule, to which any biotinylated molecule can be coupled for EV decoration. RESULTS We demonstrate the utility of membrane surface engineering and biodistribution tracking with this technology along with targeting EVs for enhanced uptake in cardiac fibroblasts, myoblasts and ischemic myocardium using combinations of fluorescent tags, tissue-targeting antibodies and homing peptide surface cloaks. We compare cloaking to a complementary approach, surface display, in which parental cells are engineered to secrete EVs with fusion surface targeting proteins. CONCLUSIONS EV targeting can be enhanced both by cloaking and by surface display; the former entails chemical modification of preformed EVs, while the latter requires genetic modification of the parent cells. Reduction to practice of the cloaking approach, using several different EV surface modifications to target distinct cells and tissues, supports the notion of cloaking as a platform technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J. Antes
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Ryan C. Middleton
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Kristin M. Luther
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Takeshi Ijichi
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Kiel A. Peck
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Weixin Jane Liu
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Jackie Valle
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Antonio K. Echavez
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Eduardo Marbán
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
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62
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Mulens-Arias V, Nicolás-Boluda A, Silva AKA, Gazeau F. Theranostic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Cargo Defines Extracellular Vesicle-Dependent Modulation of Macrophage Activation and Migratory Behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Mulens-Arias
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes; UMR7057; CNRS and Université Paris Diderot; 10 Rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75205 Paris Cedex 13 France
| | - Alba Nicolás-Boluda
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes; UMR7057; CNRS and Université Paris Diderot; 10 Rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75205 Paris Cedex 13 France
| | - Amanda K Andriola Silva
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes; UMR7057; CNRS and Université Paris Diderot; 10 Rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75205 Paris Cedex 13 France
| | - Florence Gazeau
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes; UMR7057; CNRS and Université Paris Diderot; 10 Rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75205 Paris Cedex 13 France
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63
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Chulpanova DS, Kitaeva KV, James V, Rizvanov AA, Solovyeva VV. Therapeutic Prospects of Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Treatment. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1534. [PMID: 30018618 PMCID: PMC6037714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by all cells within the tumor microenvironment, such as endothelial cells, tumor-associated fibroblasts, pericytes, and immune system cells. The EVs carry the cargo of parental cells formed of proteins and nucleic acids, which can convey cell-to-cell communication influencing the maintenance and spread of the malignant neoplasm, for example, promoting angiogenesis, tumor cell invasion, and immune escape. However, EVs can also suppress tumor progression, either by the direct influence of the protein and nucleic acid cargo of the EVs or via antigen presentation to immune cells as tumor-derived EVs carry on their surface some of the same antigens as the donor cells. Moreover, dendritic cell-derived EVs carry major histocompatibility complex class I and class II/peptide complexes and are able to prime other immune system cell types and activate an antitumor immune response. Given the relative longevity of vesicles within the circulation and their ability to cross blood–brain barriers, modification of these unique organelles offers the potential to create new biological-tools for cancer therapy. This review examines how modification of the EV cargo has the potential to target specific tumor mechanisms responsible for tumor formation and progression to develop new therapeutic strategies and to increase the efficacy of antitumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria S Chulpanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Kristina V Kitaeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Victoria James
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Albert A Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Valeriya V Solovyeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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64
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Kibria G, Ramos EK, Wan Y, Gius DR, Liu H. Exosomes as a Drug Delivery System in Cancer Therapy: Potential and Challenges. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3625-3633. [PMID: 29771531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes play a pivotal role in mediating intercellular communications and package delivery. They have recently been discovered to serve as diagnostic biomarkers as well as a possible drug delivery vehicle based on their nanometer size range and capability to transfer biological materials to recipient cells. Their unique biocompatibility, high stability, preferred tumor homing, and adjustable targeting efficiency can make exosomes an attractive and potentially effective tool of drug delivery in cancer therapy. While exosomes possess properties that make them uniquely suitable for delivery of bioactive molecules, there remains a to-be-filled gap between the current understanding about exosome biology and the ideal application scenarios. In this review, we summarize the characteristics enabling the potential of exosomes for drug delivery as well as the outstanding questions related to exosome composition and function, production and purification, bioengineering and targeting, uptake and biodistribution, efficacy and immune regulation, etc. Advanced technologies are demanded to visualize, characterize, and sort heterogeneous exosome populations. We are positive that the deeper and more comprehensive understanding of exosome biology as well as advanced nanotechnology will certainly accelerate its therapeutic applications.
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65
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García-Manrique P, Matos M, Gutiérrez G, Pazos C, Blanco-López MC. Therapeutic biomaterials based on extracellular vesicles: classification of bio-engineering and mimetic preparation routes. J Extracell Vesicles 2018; 7:1422676. [PMID: 29372017 PMCID: PMC5774402 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2017.1422676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as novel theranostic tools. Limitations related to clinical uses are leading to a new research area on design and manufacture of artificial EVs. Several strategies have been reported in order to produce artificial EVs, but there has not yet been a clear criterion by which to differentiate these novel biomaterials. In this paper, we suggest for the first time a systematic classification of the terms used to build up the artificial EV landscape, based on the preparation method. This could be useful to guide the derivation to clinical trial routes and to clarify the literature. According to our classification, we have reviewed the main strategies reported to date for their preparation, including key points such as: cargo loading, surface targeting strategies, purification steps, generation of membrane fragments for the construction of biomimetic materials, preparation of synthetic membranes inspired in EV composition and subsequent surface decoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo García-Manrique
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - María Matos
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gemma Gutiérrez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carmen Pazos
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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66
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Pando A, Reagan JL, Quesenberry P, Fast LD. Extracellular vesicles in leukemia. Leuk Res 2017; 64:52-60. [PMID: 29190514 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are nano-sized membrane enclosed vehicles that are involved in cell-to-cell communication and carry cargo that is representative of the parent cell. Recent studies have highlighted the significant roles leukemia EVs play in tumor progression, and ways in which they can lead to treatment evasion, thus meriting further investigation. Leukemia EVs are involved in crosstalk between the leukemia cell and its surroundings, transforming it into a cancer favorable microenvironment. Due to the diverse biological content found in leukemia EVs, they have an assortment of effects on the cells they interact with and can be harnessed as candidates for diagnostic and therapeutic treatments. This review focuses on EVs in the context of leukemia and the means by which they modulate their microenvironment, hematopoiesis, and the immune system to facilitate malignancy. We will also address current and prospective EV-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pando
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - John L Reagan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Peter Quesenberry
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Loren D Fast
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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67
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Liu H, Chen L, Peng Y, Yu S, Liu J, Wu L, Zhang L, Wu Q, Chang X, Yu X, Liu T. Dendritic cells loaded with tumor derived exosomes for cancer immunotherapy. Oncotarget 2017; 9:2887-2894. [PMID: 29416821 PMCID: PMC5788689 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are vesicles that can be secreted by many types of cell and released into the extracellular space. Studies have found that tumor derived exosomes (TEXs) can promote tumor growth and metastasis, as well as inhibit immune response through transferring their genetic information to the recipient cells. Given their functions in tumor progression, TEXs are considered as promising biomarkers for early detection of human malignancy. Dendritic cells (DCs), a type of antigen presenting cells, can induce tumor-specific T cell immune responses in carcinogenesis. Growing evidences have demonstrated that the matured DCs induced by TEXs exhibit enhanced anti-tumor effects that may be applied for cancer immunotherapy. Thus in this review, according to the previous studies, we summarized the effects of DCs loaded with TEXs in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yaojun Peng
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Songyan Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jialin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Liangliang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xin Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai 264200, Shandong, China
| | - Xinguang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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68
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Luan X, Sansanaphongpricha K, Myers I, Chen H, Yuan H, Sun D. Engineering exosomes as refined biological nanoplatforms for drug delivery. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:754-763. [PMID: 28392567 PMCID: PMC5520184 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 744] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, a subgroup of extracellular vesicles (EVs), have been recognized as important mediators of long distance intercellular communication and are involved in a diverse range of biological processes. Because of their ideal native structure and characteristics, exosomes are promising nanocarriers for clinical use. Exosomes are engineered at the cellular level under natural conditions, but successful exosome modification requires further exploration. The focus of this paper is to summarize passive and active loading approaches, as well as specific exosome modifications and examples of the delivery of therapeutic and imaging molecules. Examples of exosomes derived from a variety of biological origins are also provided. The biocompatible characteristics of exosomes, with suitable modifications, can increase the stability and efficacy of imaging probes and therapeutics while enhancing cellular uptake. Challenges in clinical translation of exosome-based platforms from different cell sources and the advantages of each are also reviewed and discussed.
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69
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Syn NL, Wang L, Chow EKH, Lim CT, Goh BC. Exosomes in Cancer Nanomedicine and Immunotherapy: Prospects and Challenges. Trends Biotechnol 2017; 35:665-676. [PMID: 28365132 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes (versatile, cell-derived nanovesicles naturally endowed with exquisite target-homing specificity and the ability to surmount in vivo biological barriers) hold substantial promise for developing exciting approaches in drug delivery and cancer immunotherapy. Specifically, bioengineered exosomes are being successfully deployed to deliver potent tumoricidal drugs (siRNAs and chemotherapeutic compounds) preferentially to cancer cells, while a new generation of exosome-based therapeutic cancer vaccines has produced enticing results in early-phase clinical trials. Here, we review the state-of-the-art technologies and protocols, and discuss the prospects and challenges for the clinical development of this emerging class of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L Syn
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore.
| | - Edward Kai-Hua Chow
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon-Cher Goh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore; Developmental Therapeutics Unit, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore
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70
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Czernek L, Düchler M. Functions of Cancer-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Immunosuppression. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 65:311-323. [PMID: 28101591 PMCID: PMC5511306 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, constitute an important element of intercellular communication by carrying a variety of molecules from producer to target cells. The transport of mRNA and miRNA can directly modulate gene expression in the target cells. The miRNA content in exosomes is characteristic for the cell from which the vesicles were derived enabling the usage of exosomes as biomarkers for the diagnosis various diseases, including cancer. Cancer-derived exosomes support the survival and progression of tumors in many ways and also contribute to the neutralization of the anti-cancer immune response. Exosomes participate in all known mechanisms by which cancer evades the immune system. They influence the differentiation and activation of immune suppressor cells, they modulate antigen presentation, and are able to induce T-cell apoptosis. Although cancer-derived exosomes mainly suppress the immune system and facilitate tumor progression, they are also important sources of tumor antigens with potential clinical application in stimulating immune responses. This review summarizes how exosomes assist cancer to escape immune recognition and to acquire control over the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Czernek
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland
| | - Markus Düchler
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland.
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71
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Wang J, Zheng Y, Zhao M. Exosome-Based Cancer Therapy: Implication for Targeting Cancer Stem Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 7:533. [PMID: 28127287 PMCID: PMC5226951 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance, difficulty in specific targeting and self-renewal properties of cancer stem cells (CSCs) all contribute to cancer treatment failure and relapse. CSCs have been suggested as both the seeds of the primary cancer, and the roots of chemo- and radio-therapy resistance. The ability to precisely deliver drugs to target CSCs is an urgent need for cancer therapy, with nanotechnology-based drug delivery system being one of the most promising tools to achieve this in the clinic. Exosomes are cell-derived natural nanometric vesicles that are widely distributed in body fluids and involved in multiple disease processes, including tumorigenesis. Exosome-based nanometric vehicles have a number of advantages: they are non-toxic, non-immunogenic, and can be engineered to have robust delivery capacity and targeting specificity. This enables exosomes as a powerful nanocarrier to deliver anti-cancer drugs and genes for CSC targeting therapy. Here, we will introduce the current explorations of exosome-based delivery system in cancer therapy, with particular focus on several exosomal engineering approaches that have improved their efficiency and specificity for CSC targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinheng Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yongjiang Zheng
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
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72
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Ingato D, Lee JU, Sim SJ, Kwon YJ. Good things come in small packages: Overcoming challenges to harness extracellular vesicles for therapeutic delivery. J Control Release 2016; 241:174-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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73
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Stremersch S, De Smedt SC, Raemdonck K. Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of extracellular vesicles. J Control Release 2016; 244:167-183. [PMID: 27491882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the past two decades, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified as important mediators of intercellular communication, enabling the functional transfer of bioactive molecules from one cell to another. Consequently, it is becoming increasingly clear that these vesicles are involved in many (patho)physiological processes, providing opportunities for therapeutic applications. Moreover, it is known that the molecular composition of EVs reflects the physiological status of the producing cell and tissue, rationalizing their exploitation as biomarkers in various diseases. In this review the composition, biogenesis and diversity of EVs is discussed in a therapeutic and diagnostic context. We describe emerging therapeutic applications, including the use of EVs as drug delivery vehicles and as cell-free vaccines, and reflect on future challenges for clinical translation. Finally, we discuss the use of EVs as a biomarker source and highlight recent studies and clinical successes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Stremersch
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Raemdonck
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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74
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Rao Q, Zuo B, Lu Z, Gao X, You A, Wu C, Du Z, Yin H. Tumor-derived exosomes elicit tumor suppression in murine hepatocellular carcinoma models and humans in vitro. Hepatology 2016; 64:456-72. [PMID: 26990897 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a global challenge due to high morbidity and mortality rates and poor response to treatment. Immunotherapy, based on introduction of dendritic cells (DCs) activated by tumor cell lysates as antigens ex vivo, shows limited response rates in HCC patients. Here, we demonstrate that tumor cell-derived exosomes (TEXs), displaying an array of HCC antigens, can elicit a stronger immune response than cell lysates in vitro and in vivo. Significant tumor growth inhibition was achieved in ectopic and orthotopic HCC mice treated with TEX-pulsed DCs. Importantly, the tumor immune microenvironment was significantly improved in orthotopic HCC mice treated by TEX-pulsed DCs, demonstrated by increased numbers of T lymphocytes, elevated levels of interferon-γ, and decreased levels of interleukin-10 and tumor growth factor-β in tumor sites. As expected, T cells played an essential role in the TEX-pulsed DC-mediated immune response. Notably, exosomes from HCC cells not only promoted HCC-specific cytolysis but also provided cross-protective effects against pancreatic cancer cells. Moreover, HCC-specific cytolysis, elicited by DCs pulsed with human HepG2 cell-derived exosomes, was observed across different human HCC cells irrespective of human leukocyte antigen types. CONCLUSION HCC TEXs can potently carry HCC antigens, trigger a strong DC-mediated immune response, and improve the HCC tumor microenvironment. (Hepatology 2016;64:456-472).
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Rao
- Department of Cell Biology and Research Centre of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Heping District, Tianjin, China.,Third Central Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Hedong District, Tianjin, China
| | - Bingfeng Zuo
- Department of Cell Biology and Research Centre of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhen Lu
- Department of Cell Biology and Research Centre of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianjun Gao
- Department of Cell Biology and Research Centre of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Abin You
- Department of Cell Biology and Research Centre of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Heping District, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Cancer Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Hexi District, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenxuan Wu
- Third Central Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Hedong District, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi Du
- Third Central Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Hedong District, Tianjin, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Institute for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Third Central Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Hedong District, Tianjin, China
| | - HaiFang Yin
- Department of Cell Biology and Research Centre of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Heping District, Tianjin, China
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75
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Zhang X, Pei Z, Chen J, Ji C, Xu J, Zhang X, Wang J. Exosomes for Immunoregulation and Therapeutic Intervention in Cancer. J Cancer 2016; 7:1081-7. [PMID: 27326251 PMCID: PMC4911875 DOI: 10.7150/jca.14866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, as a subset of extracellular vesicles, function as a mode of intercellular communication and molecular transfer, and facilitate the direct extracellular transfer of proteins, lipids, and miRNAs/mRNAs/DNAs between cells. Cancers have adapted exosomes and related microvesicles as a pathway that can suppress the immune system and establish a fertile local and distant environment to support neoplastic growth, invasion, and metastasis; these tumor-derived exosomes affect immunoregulation mechanisms, including immune activation and immune suppression. Immune cell-derived exosomes can modulate the immune response in cancer, which supports the belief that these membranous vesicles are immunotherapeutic reagents. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in the cancer immunotherapy, roles of exosomes in cancer, immunoregulation of tumor-derived exosomes, and immunomodulation by immune cell-derived exosomes. The topics covered here highlight novel insights into the development of efficient exosome-based cancer vaccines for cancer therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- 1. Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, 2901 Caolang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Zenglin Pei
- 1. Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, 2901 Caolang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Jinyun Chen
- 2. Departments of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 770030, USA
| | - Chunxia Ji
- 1. Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, 2901 Caolang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- 1. Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, 2901 Caolang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- 1. Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, 2901 Caolang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Jin Wang
- 1. Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, 2901 Caolang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai 201508, China
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76
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Zhao Z, Yang Y, Zeng Y, He M. A microfluidic ExoSearch chip for multiplexed exosome detection towards blood-based ovarian cancer diagnosis. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:489-96. [PMID: 26645590 PMCID: PMC4729647 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01117e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-derived circulating exosomes, enriched with a group of tumor antigens, have been recognized as a promising biomarker source for cancer diagnosis via a less invasive procedure. Quantitatively pinpointing exosome tumor markers is appealing, yet challenging. In this study, we developed a simple microfluidic approach (ExoSearch) which provides enriched preparation of blood plasma exosomes for in situ, multiplexed detection using immunomagnetic beads. The ExoSearch chip offers a robust, continuous-flow design for quantitative isolation and release of blood plasma exosomes in a wide range of preparation volumes (10 μL to 10 mL). We employed the ExoSearch chip for blood-based diagnosis of ovarian cancer by multiplexed measurement of three exosomal tumor markers (CA-125, EpCAM, CD24) using a training set of ovarian cancer patient plasma, which showed significant diagnostic power (a.u.c. = 1.0, p = 0.001) and was comparable with the standard Bradford assay. This work provides an essentially needed platform for utilization of exosomes in clinical cancer diagnosis, as well as fundamental exosome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhao
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA. and Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA. and University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Mei He
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA. and Terry C. Johnson Cancer Research Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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77
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Greening DW, Xu R, Ji H, Tauro BJ, Simpson RJ. A protocol for exosome isolation and characterization: evaluation of ultracentrifugation, density-gradient separation, and immunoaffinity capture methods. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1295:179-209. [PMID: 25820723 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2550-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are 40-150 nm extracellular vesicles that are released from a multitude of cell types, and perform diverse cellular functions including intercellular communication, antigen presentation, and transfer of tumorigenic proteins, mRNA and miRNA. Exosomes are important regulators of the cellular niche, and their altered characteristics in many diseases, such as cancer, suggest their importance for diagnostic and therapeutic applications, and as drug delivery vehicles. Exosomes have been purified from biological fluids and in vitro cell cultures using a variety of strategies and techniques. In this chapter, we reveal the protocol and key insights into the isolation, purification and characterization of exosomes, distinct from shed microvesicles and apoptotic blebs. Using the colorectal cancer cell line LIM1863 as a cell model, a comprehensive evaluation of exosome isolation methods including ultracentrifugation (UC-Exos), OptiPrep™ density-based separation (DG-Exos), and immunoaffinity capture using anti-EpCAM-coated magnetic beads (IAC-Exos) were examined. All exosome isolation methodologies contained 40-150 nm vesicles based on electron microscopy, and positive for exosome markers (Alix, TSG101, HSP70) based on immunoblotting. This protocol employed a proteomic profiling approach to characterize the protein composition of exosomes, and label-free spectral counting to evaluate the effectiveness of each method in exosome isolation. Based on the number of MS/MS spectra identified for exosome markers and proteins associated with their biogenesis, trafficking, and release, IAC-Exos was shown to be the most effective method to isolate exosomes. However, the use of density-based separation (DG-Exos) provides significant advantages for exosome isolation when the use of immunoaffinity capture is limited (due to antibody availability and suitability of exosome markers).
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Greening
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), LIMS1, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia,
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78
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Extracellular Vesicles: Evolving Factors in Stem Cell Biology. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:1073140. [PMID: 26649044 PMCID: PMC4663346 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1073140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are proposed to continuously secrete trophic factors that potentially serve as mediators of autocrine and paracrine activities, associated with reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment, tissue regeneration, and repair. Hitherto, significant efforts have been made to understand the level of underlying paracrine activities influenced by stem cell secreted trophic factors, as little is known about these interactions. Recent findings, however, elucidate this role by reporting the effects of stem cell derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) that mimic the phenotypes of the cells from which they originate. Exchange of genetic information utilizing persistent bidirectional communication mediated by stem cell-EVs could regulate stemness, self-renewal, and differentiation in stem cells and their subpopulations. This review therefore discusses stem cell-EVs as evolving communication factors in stem cell biology, focusing on how they regulate cell fates by inducing persistent and prolonged genetic reprogramming of resident cells in a paracrine fashion. In addition, we address the role of stem cell-secreted vesicles in shaping the tumor microenvironment and immunomodulation and in their ability to stimulate endogenous repair processes during tissue damage. Collectively, these functions ensure an enormous potential for future therapies.
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79
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Fatima F, Nawaz M. Stem cell-derived exosomes: roles in stromal remodeling, tumor progression, and cancer immunotherapy. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2015; 34:541-53. [PMID: 26369565 PMCID: PMC4593342 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-015-0051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are known to maintain stemness at least in part through secreted factors that promote stem-like phenotypes in resident cells. Accumulating evidence has clarified that stem cells release nano-vesicles, known as exosomes, which may serve as mediators of cell-to-cell communication and may potentially transmit stem cell phenotypes to recipient cells, facilitating stem cell maintenance, differentiation, self-renewal, and repair. It has become apparent that stem cell-derived exosomes mediate interactions among stromal elements, promote genetic instability in recipient cells, and induce malignant transformation. This review will therefore discuss the potential of stem cell-derived exosomes in the context of stromal remodeling and their ability to generate cancer-initiating cells in a tumor niche by inducing morphologic and functional differentiation of fibroblasts into tumor-initiating fibroblasts. In addition, the immunosuppressive potential of stem cell-derived exosomes in cancer immunotherapy and their prospective applications in cell-free therapies in future translational medicine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Fatima
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil. .,Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, 480, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Muhammad Nawaz
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil. .,Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, 480, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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80
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Truong SN, Van Pham P. Stem cell technology and engineering for cancer treatment. BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND THERAPY 2015. [DOI: 10.7603/s40730-015-0013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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81
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Avoiding false positive antigen detection by flow cytometry on blood cell derived microparticles: the importance of an appropriate negative control. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127209. [PMID: 25978814 PMCID: PMC4433223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microparticles (MPs), also called microvesicles (MVs) are plasma membrane-derived fragments with sizes ranging from 0.1 to 1μm. Characterization of these MPs is often performed by flow cytometry but there is no consensus on the appropriate negative control to use that can lead to false positive results. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed MPs from platelets, B-cells, T-cells, NK-cells, monocytes, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B-cells. Cells were purified by positive magnetic-separation and cultured for 48h. Cells and MPs were characterized using the following monoclonal antibodies (CD19,20 for B-cells, CD3,8,5,27 for T-cells, CD16,56 for NK-cells, CD14,11c for monocytes, CD41,61 for platelets). Isolated MPs were stained with annexin-V-FITC and gated between 300nm and 900nm. The latex bead technique was then performed for easy detection of MPs. Samples were analyzed by Transmission (TEM) and Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS Annexin-V positive events within a gate of 300-900nm were detected and defined as MPs. Our results confirmed that the characteristic antigens CD41/CD61 were found on platelet-derived-MPs validating our technique. However, for MPs derived from other cell types, we were unable to detect any antigen, although they were clearly expressed on the MP-producing cells in the contrary of several data published in the literature. Using the latex bead technique, we confirmed detection of CD41,61. However, the apparent expression of other antigens (already deemed positive in several studies) was determined to be false positive, indicated by negative controls (same labeling was used on MPs from different origins). CONCLUSION We observed that mother cell antigens were not always detected on corresponding MPs by direct flow cytometry or latex bead cytometry. Our data highlighted that false positive results could be generated due to antibody aspecificity and that phenotypic characterization of MPs is a difficult field requiring the use of several negative controls.
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82
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Tran TH, Mattheolabakis G, Aldawsari H, Amiji M. Exosomes as nanocarriers for immunotherapy of cancer and inflammatory diseases. Clin Immunol 2015; 160:46-58. [PMID: 25842185 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell secreted exosomes (30-100nm vesicles) play a major role in intercellular communication due to their ability to transfer proteins and nucleic acids from one cell to another. Depending on the originating cell type and the cargo, exosomes can have immunosuppressive or immunostimulatory effects, which have potential application as immunotherapies for cancer and autoimmune diseases. Cellular components shed from tumor cells or antigen presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells, have been shown to be efficiently packaged in exosomes. In this review, we focus on the application of exosomes as nanocarriers and immunological agents for cancer and autoimmune immunotherapy. APC-derived exosomes demonstrate effective therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of cancer and experimental autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and multiple sclerosis. In addition to their intrinsic immunomodulating activity, exosomes have many advantages over conventional nanocarriers for drug and gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Huyen Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - George Mattheolabakis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hibah Aldawsari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansoor Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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83
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The ins and outs of MHC class II-mediated antigen processing and presentation. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:203-16. [PMID: 25720354 DOI: 10.1038/nri3818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 651] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antigenic peptide-loaded MHC class II molecules (peptide-MHC class II) are constitutively expressed on the surface of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including dendritic cells, B cells, macrophages and thymic epithelial cells, and are presented to antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells. The mechanisms of antigen uptake, the nature of the antigen processing compartments and the lifetime of cell surface peptide-MHC class II complexes can vary depending on the type of APC. It is likely that these differences are important for the function of each distinct APC subset in the generation of effective adaptive immune responses. In this Review, we describe our current knowledge of the mechanisms of uptake and processing of antigens, the intracellular formation of peptide-MHC class II complexes, the intracellular trafficking of peptide-MHC class II complexes to the APC plasma membrane and their ultimate degradation.
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84
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Bu N, Wu H, Zhang G, Zhan S, Zhang R, Sun H, Du Y, Yao L, Wang H. Exosomes from Dendritic Cells Loaded with Chaperone-Rich Cell Lysates Elicit a Potent T Cell Immune Response Against Intracranial Glioma in Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:631-43. [PMID: 25680514 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0506-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chaperone-rich cell lysates (CRCLs) may play an important role in the development of anti-tumor vaccines. Tumor-derived CRCLs have been reported to activate dendritic cells (DCs) to elicit potent anti-tumor activity. However, the role of DC-derived exosomes (DEXs) secreted from DCs loaded with CRCLs in the treatment of tumors has not been clearly determined. In the present study, DEXs were generated from DCs loaded with CRCLs derived from GL261 glioma cells. These DEXs, designated DEX (CRCL-GL261), were then used to treat DCs to create DEX (CRCL-GL261)-DCs. The DEX (CRCL-GL261)-DCs were found to promote cell proliferation and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in vitro compared with DEX (GL261)-DCs, which were loaded with DEXs derived from DCs loaded with GL261 tumor cell lysates. DEX (CRCL-GL261)-DCs significantly prolonged the survival of mice with tumors and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. In addition, DEX (CRCL-GL261)-DCs induced enhanced T cell infiltration in intracranial glioma tissues compared with other treatments. DEX (CRCL-GL261)-DCs induced strong production of anti-tumor cytokines, including interleukin-2 and interferon-γ. Moreover, depletion of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells significantly impaired the anti-tumor effect of DEX (CRCL-GL261)-DCs. Finally, DEX (CRCL-GL261)-DCs were found to negatively regulate Casitas B cell lineage lymphoma (Cbl)-b and c-Cbl signaling, leading to the activation of phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling in T cells. In summary, we present evidence that DEX (CRCL-GL261)-DCs induce more potent and effective anti-tumor T cell immune responses and delineate the underlying mechanism by which DEX (CRCL-GL261)-DCs exerted their anti-tumor activity through modulating Cbl-b and c-Cbl signaling. These results provide novel and promising insight for the development of an anti-tumor vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Bu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China,
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85
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Stamatopoulos B, Van Damme M, Crompot E, Dessars B, Housni HE, Mineur P, Meuleman N, Bron D, Lagneaux L. Opposite Prognostic Significance of Cellular and Serum Circulating MicroRNA-150 in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Mol Med 2015; 21:123-33. [PMID: 25584781 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (or miRs) play a crucial role in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) physiopathology and prognosis. In addition, circulating microRNAs in body fluids have been proposed as new biomarkers. We investigated the expression of matched cellular and serum circulating microRNA-150 by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) from purified CD19(+) cells or from CLL serums obtained at diagnosis in a cohort of 273/252 CLL patients with a median follow-up of 78 months (range 7-380) and correlated it to other biological or clinical parameters. We showed that miR-150 was significantly overexpressed in CLL cells/serums compared with healthy subjects (P < 0.0001). Among CLL patients, a low cellular miR-150 expression level was associated with tumor burden, disease aggressiveness and poor prognostic factors. In contrast, a high level of serum miR-150 was associated with tumor burden markers and some markers of poor prognosis. Similarly, cellular and serum miR-150 also predicted treatment-free survival (TFS) and overall survival (OS) in an opposite manner: patients with low cellular/serum miR-150 levels have median TFS of 40/111 months compared with high-level patients who have a median TFS of 122/60 months (P < 0.0001/P = 0.0066). Similar results were observed for OS. We also found that cellular and serum miR-150 levels vary in an opposite manner during disease progression and that cellular miR-150 could be regulated by its release into the extracellular space. Cellular and serum levels of miR-150 are associated with opposite clinical prognoses and could be used to molecularly monitor disease evolution as a new prognostic factor in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile Stamatopoulos
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michaël Van Damme
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emerence Crompot
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Barbara Dessars
- Department of Genetics, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hakim El Housni
- Department of Genetics, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Mineur
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Grand Hôpital de Charleroi, Gilly, Belgium
| | | | - Dominique Bron
- Department of Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lagneaux
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Zhang B, Yin Y, Lai RC, Lim SK. Immunotherapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles. Front Immunol 2014; 5:518. [PMID: 25374570 PMCID: PMC4205852 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle or EV is a term that encompasses all classes of secreted lipid membrane vesicles. Despite being scientific novelties, EVs are gaining importance as a mediator of important physiological and pathological intercellular activities possibly through the transfer of their cargo of protein and RNA between cells. In particular, exosomes, the currently best characterized EVs have been notable for their in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory activities. Exosomes are nanometer-sized endosome-derived vesicles secreted by many cell types and their immunomodulatory potential is independent of their cell source. Besides immune cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and T cells, cancer and stem cells also secrete immunologically active exosomes that could influence both physiological and pathological processes. The immunological activities of exosomes affect both innate and adaptive immunity and include antigen presentation, T cell activation, T cell polarization to regulatory T cells, immune suppression, and anti-inflammation. As such, exosomes carry much immunotherapeutic potential as a therapeutic agent and a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Exosome and Secreted Nano-vesicle Group, ASTAR Institute of Medical Biology , Singapore
| | - Yijun Yin
- Exosome and Secreted Nano-vesicle Group, ASTAR Institute of Medical Biology , Singapore
| | - Ruenn Chai Lai
- Exosome and Secreted Nano-vesicle Group, ASTAR Institute of Medical Biology , Singapore
| | - Sai Kiang Lim
- Exosome and Secreted Nano-vesicle Group, ASTAR Institute of Medical Biology , Singapore ; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
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Mechanisms of intimate and long-distance cross-talk between glioma and myeloid cells: how to break a vicious cycle. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:560-75. [PMID: 25453365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioma-associated microglia and macrophages (GAMs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) condition the glioma microenvironment to generate an immunosuppressed niche for tumour expansion. This immunosuppressive microenvironment is considered to be shaped through a complex multi-step interactive process between glioma cells, GAMs and MDSCs. Glioma cells recruit GAMs and MDSCs to the tumour site and block their maturation. Glioma cell-derived factors subsequently skew these cells towards an immunosuppressive, tumour-promoting phenotype. Finally, GAMs and MDSCs enhance immune suppression in the glioma microenvironment and promote glioma growth, invasiveness, and neovascularization. The local and distant cross-talk between glioma cells and GAMs and MDSCs is regulated by a plethora of soluble proteins and cell surface-bound factors, and possibly via extracellular vesicles and platelets. Importantly, GAMs and MDSCs have been reported to impair the efficacy of glioma therapy, in particular immunotherapeutic approaches. Therefore, advancing our understanding of the function of GAMs and MDSCs in brain tumours and targeted intervention of their immunosuppressive function may benefit the treatment of glioma.
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