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Papadakos SP, Dedes N, Pergaris A, Gazouli M, Theocharis S. Exosomes in the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer: A Moonshot to PDAC Treatment? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3620. [PMID: 35408980 PMCID: PMC8998433 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) constitutes a leading cause of cancer death globally. Its mortality remains unaltered despite the considerable scientific progress made in the fields of diagnostics and treatment. Exosomes comprise of small extracellular vesicles secreted by nearly all cells; their cargo contains a vast array of biomolecules, such as proteins and microRNAs. It is currently established that their role as messengers is central to a plethora of both physiologic and pathologic processes. Accumulating data have shed light on their contributions to carcinogenesis, metastasis, and immunological response. Meanwhile, the advancement of personalized targeted therapies into everyday clinical practice necessitates the development of cost-efficient treatment approaches. The role of exosomes is currently being extensively investigated towards this direction. This review aims to summarize the current pre-clinical and clinical evidence regarding the effects of exosomal applications in the timely diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic management of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros P. Papadakos
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.P.P.); (N.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Nikolaos Dedes
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.P.P.); (N.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Alexandros Pergaris
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.P.P.); (N.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Maria Gazouli
- Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.P.P.); (N.D.); (A.P.)
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Jee KN. Metachronous occurrence of main-duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) and adenocarcinoma in a chronic pancreatitis patient: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e28770. [PMID: 35147102 PMCID: PMC8830832 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a risk factor for developing pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In addition, a patient with partial pancreatectomy for intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) can also lead to PDAC. In contrast, IPMN is a distinct disease entity, independent of CP, and there have been few reports that CP is the cause of IPMN. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first clinical case report of the metachronous occurrence of main-duct IPMN and PDAC with a 9 and half-year interval in a patient with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. PATIENT CONCERNS A 50-year-old man with a long medical history of recurrent alcoholic pancreatitis and hepatitis over a decade was diagnosed with another episode of acute pancreatitis based on laboratory findings and clinical symptoms. The patient underwent pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD) for a small nodular lesion in the main duct of the pancreatic head and was diagnosed with main-duct IPMN low-grade dysplasia and associated fibrosing CP. Nine and a half years later, a 59-year-old man lost 7 kg over 3 months and was diagnosed with new-onset diabetes mellitus. DIAGNOSIS The patient was diagnosed with metachronous, well-differentiated PDAC with concomitant CP. INTERVENTIONS The patient underwent radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (RAMPS) for a small nodular mass in the remnant pancreas. OUTCOMES The patient was healthy for 44 months without evidence of tumor recurrence during clinical follow-up examinations including laboratory findings, tumor marker, and imaging studies. LESSONS Early diagnosis of metachronous pancreatic neoplasia in a patient with chronic pancreatitis could be made by correlating newly developed clinical symptoms and signs with careful radiological examinations.
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Del Aguila EM, Tang XH, Gudas LJ. Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: New Insights into the Actions of Vitamin A. Oncol Res Treat 2022; 45:291-298. [PMID: 35130553 PMCID: PMC9064920 DOI: 10.1159/000522425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a gland-forming malignancy arising in the pancreas. It is estimated that in developed countries the incidence of PDAC will continue to rise, and PDAC is now the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the USA. The mortality of PDAC patients closely parallels the incidence rate, as this malignancy generally remains asymptomatic until it reaches an advanced stage. SUMMARY The poor prognosis results from the aggressive nature of the tumor, late detection, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Retinoids, vitamin A (retinol) and its metabolites, such as retinoic acid (RA), play critical roles in important biological functions, including cell growth and differentiation, development, metabolism, and immunity. The actions of retinoids in maintaining normal pancreatic functions have generated considerable research interest from investigators interested in understanding and treating PDAC. Altered expression of retinoid receptors and other RA signaling pathway genes in human cancers offers opportunities for target discovery, drug design, and personalized medicine for distinct molecular retinoid subtypes. KEY MESSAGES The goals of this review are to explore the potential activities of retinoids in the pancreas, to assess the evidence that retinoid functions become dysregulated in PDAC, and to describe the actions of retinoids in new therapies developed to increase patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Mere Del Aguila
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Xiao-Han Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Lorraine J. Gudas
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, New York, 10065, USA
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Manley SJ, Olou AA, Jack JL, Ruckert MT, Walsh RM, Eades AE, Bye BA, Ambrose J, Messaggio F, Anant S, VanSaun MN. Synthetic adiponectin-receptor agonist, AdipoRon, induces glycolytic dependence in pancreatic cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:114. [PMID: 35121743 PMCID: PMC8817044 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04572-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity creates a localized inflammatory reaction in the adipose, altering secretion of adipocyte-derived factors that contribute to pathologies including cancer. We have previously shown that adiponectin inhibits pancreatic cancer by antagonizing leptin-induced STAT3 activation. Yet, the effects of adiponectin on pancreatic cancer cell metabolism have not been addressed. In these studies, we have uncovered a novel metabolic function for the synthetic adiponectin-receptor agonist, AdipoRon. Treatment of PDAC cells with AdipoRon led to mitochondrial uncoupling and loss of ATP production. Concomitantly, AdipoRon-treated cells increased glucose uptake and utilization. This metabolic switch further correlated with AMPK mediated inhibition of the prolipogenic factor acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase 1 (ACC1), which is known to initiate fatty acid catabolism. Yet, measurements of fatty acid oxidation failed to detect any alteration in response to AdipoRon treatment, suggesting a deficiency for compensation. Additional disruption of glycolytic dependence, using either a glycolysis inhibitor or low-glucose conditions, demonstrated an impairment of growth and survival of all pancreatic cancer cell lines tested. Collectively, these studies provide evidence that pancreatic cancer cells utilize metabolic plasticity to upregulate glycolysis in order to adapt to suppression of oxidative phosphorylation in the presence of AdipoRon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon J Manley
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Appolinaire A Olou
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Jarrid L Jack
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Mariana T Ruckert
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - R McKinnon Walsh
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Austin E Eades
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Bailey A Bye
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Joe Ambrose
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Fanuel Messaggio
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Shrikant Anant
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Michael N VanSaun
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.
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Xing Y, Zhang X, Qin F, Yang J, Ai L, Wang Q, Zhai Y. The clinical significance of circulating tumor cells and T lymphocyte subtypes in pancreatic cancer patients. Bioengineered 2022; 13:2130-2138. [PMID: 35034581 PMCID: PMC8973992 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2023800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are sensitive and reliable biomarkers for tracing relapsed and metastatic cancer. Here, we explore the clinical significance of CTCs and T lymphocyte subtypes in patients with pancreatic cancer. A total of 106 patients with the pancreatic cancer were enrolled in this study. The enrichment and identification of CTCs were achieved before treatment by a PatrolCTC detection technique. Flow cytometry (FACS) was used to characterize CD4, CD8, natural killer (NK) cells, and Tregulatory (Treg) lymphocyte subtypes. Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Interleukin-4 (IL-4), Interleukin-17A (IL-17A), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), and Interferon γ (IFN-γ) were measured by meso-scale discovery (MSD) assay. Among these patients, 44 (41.5%) patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) were female and 62 (58.5%) cases were male. Case numbers with II-IV tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stages were 32 (30.2%), 50 (47.2%), and 24 (22.6%), respectively. The positive rate of CTCs before surgery was 37.5% (12/32), 88.0% (44/50) and 100% (24/24) in stage II, III, and IV patients, respectively. Total CTCs, mixed CTCs, and mesenchymal CTCs (MCTCs) were strongly relevant to shorter progression-free survival (PFS) of the patients. In addition, total CTCs (≥6) and positive MCTCs were also significantly correlated with recurrence and metastasis. The patients with high CTCs also had low levels of CD4, CD4/CD8 ratio, NK cells, IL-2, and IFNγ. In contrast, Treg cells had significant elevation in PDAC patients. These results indicated that CTCs number in PDAC patients was an independent indicator for worse PFS. High CTCs also had strong correlation with weak cellular immunity functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasi Xing
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xinfa Zhang
- General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Coal Taishan Sanatorium, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Fangyuan Qin
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jingwen Yang
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lei Ai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Coal Taishan Sanitarium, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Qingsong Wang
- General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Coal Taishan Sanatorium, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Yaping Zhai
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Do TT, Yeh CC, Wu GW, Hsu CC, Chang HC, Chen HC. TRIM37 Promotes Pancreatic Cancer Progression through Modulation of Cell Growth, Migration, Invasion, and Tumor Immune Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1176. [PMID: 35163097 PMCID: PMC8835669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
TRIM37 dysregulation has been observed in several cancer types, implicating its possible role in tumorigenesis. However, the role of TRIM37 in pancreatic cancer progression remains unclear. In the present study, we observed that TRIM37 knockdown resulted in reduced proliferation, clonogenicity, migration, and invasion ability of pancreatic cancer cells. Furthermore, an in vivo study using an orthotopic syngeneic animal model further confirmed that reduced expression of TRIM37 in cancer cells suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Moreover, in mice bearing TRIM37 knockdown pancreatic cancer cells, the proportion of CD11b+F4/80+MHCIIlow immunosuppressive macrophages was significantly reduced in tumor milieu, which might be due to the regulatory role of TRIM37 in cytokine production by pancreatic cancer cells. Collectively, these findings suggest a key role of TRIM37 in promoting pancreatic cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuyen Thi Do
- International Master’s Program of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan;
- Department of Laboratory Hematology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 11520, Vietnam
| | - Chun-Chieh Yeh
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan;
- Organ Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Asia University Hospital, Taichung 413505, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Wei Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan; (G.-W.W.); (H.-C.C.)
| | - Chia-Chen Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan;
| | - Hung-Chih Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan; (G.-W.W.); (H.-C.C.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan; (G.-W.W.); (H.-C.C.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan
- Research and Development Center for Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan
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Kasuga A, Okamoto T, Udagawa S, Mori C, Mie T, Furukawa T, Yamada Y, Takeda T, Matsuyama M, Sasaki T, Ozaka M, Ueki A, Sasahira N. Molecular Features and Clinical Management of Hereditary Pancreatic Cancer Syndromes and Familial Pancreatic Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1205. [PMID: 35163129 PMCID: PMC8835700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary pancreatic cancers are caused by several inherited genes. Familial pancreatic cancer is defined as pancreatic cancer arising in a patient with at least two first-degree relatives with pancreatic cancer in the absence of an identified genetic cause. Hereditary pancreatic cancer syndromes and familial pancreatic cancers account for about 10% of pancreatic cancer cases. Germline mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, PALB2, CDKN2A, STK11, and TP53 and mismatch repair genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, and EPCAM) are among the well-known inherited susceptibility genes. Currently available targeted medications include poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARP) for cases with mutant BRCA and immune checkpoint inhibitors for cases with mismatch repair deficiency. Loss of heterozygosity of hereditary pancreatic cancer susceptibility genes such as BRCA1/2 plays a key role in carcinogenesis and sensitivity to PARP inhibitors. Signature 3 identified by whole genome sequencing is also associated with homologous recombination deficiency and sensitivity to targeted therapies. In this review, we summarize molecular features and treatments of hereditary pancreatic cancer syndromes and surveillance procedures for unaffected high-risk cases. We also review transgenic murine models to gain a better understanding of carcinogenesis in hereditary pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Kasuga
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan; (T.O.); (C.M.); (T.M.); (T.F.); (Y.Y.); (T.T.); (M.M.); (T.S.); (M.O.); (N.S.)
| | - Takeshi Okamoto
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan; (T.O.); (C.M.); (T.M.); (T.F.); (Y.Y.); (T.T.); (M.M.); (T.S.); (M.O.); (N.S.)
| | - Shohei Udagawa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan;
| | - Chinatsu Mori
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan; (T.O.); (C.M.); (T.M.); (T.F.); (Y.Y.); (T.T.); (M.M.); (T.S.); (M.O.); (N.S.)
| | - Takafumi Mie
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan; (T.O.); (C.M.); (T.M.); (T.F.); (Y.Y.); (T.T.); (M.M.); (T.S.); (M.O.); (N.S.)
| | - Takaaki Furukawa
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan; (T.O.); (C.M.); (T.M.); (T.F.); (Y.Y.); (T.T.); (M.M.); (T.S.); (M.O.); (N.S.)
| | - Yuto Yamada
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan; (T.O.); (C.M.); (T.M.); (T.F.); (Y.Y.); (T.T.); (M.M.); (T.S.); (M.O.); (N.S.)
| | - Tsuyoshi Takeda
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan; (T.O.); (C.M.); (T.M.); (T.F.); (Y.Y.); (T.T.); (M.M.); (T.S.); (M.O.); (N.S.)
| | - Masato Matsuyama
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan; (T.O.); (C.M.); (T.M.); (T.F.); (Y.Y.); (T.T.); (M.M.); (T.S.); (M.O.); (N.S.)
| | - Takashi Sasaki
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan; (T.O.); (C.M.); (T.M.); (T.F.); (Y.Y.); (T.T.); (M.M.); (T.S.); (M.O.); (N.S.)
| | - Masato Ozaka
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan; (T.O.); (C.M.); (T.M.); (T.F.); (Y.Y.); (T.T.); (M.M.); (T.S.); (M.O.); (N.S.)
| | - Arisa Ueki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan;
| | - Naoki Sasahira
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan; (T.O.); (C.M.); (T.M.); (T.F.); (Y.Y.); (T.T.); (M.M.); (T.S.); (M.O.); (N.S.)
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Parte S, Nimmakayala RK, Batra SK, Ponnusamy MP. Acinar to ductal cell trans-differentiation: A prelude to dysplasia and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188669. [PMID: 34915061 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the deadliest neoplastic epithelial malignancies and is projected to be the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality by 2024. Five years overall survival being ~10%, mortality and incidence rates are disturbing. Acinar to ductal cell metaplasia (ADM) encompasses cellular reprogramming and phenotypic switch-over, making it a cardinal event in tumor initiation. Differential cues and varied regulatory factors drive synchronous functions of metaplastic cell populations leading to multiple cell fates and physiological outcomes. ADM is a precursor for developing early pre-neoplastic lesions further progressing into PC due to oncogenic signaling. Hence delineating molecular events guiding tumor initiation may provide cues for regenerative medicine and precision onco-medicine. Therefore, understanding PC pathogenesis and early diagnosis are crucial. We hereby provide a timely overview of the current progress in this direction and future perspectives we foresee unfolding in the best interest of patient well-being and better clinical management of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Parte
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Rama Krishna Nimmakayala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Moorthy P Ponnusamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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59
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Ray A, Callaway MK, Rodríguez-Merced NJ, Crampton AL, Carlson M, Emme KB, Ensminger EA, Kinne AA, Schrope JH, Rasmussen HR, Jiang H, DeNardo DG, Wood DK, Provenzano PP. Stromal architecture directs early dissemination in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. JCI Insight 2021; 7:150330. [PMID: 34914633 PMCID: PMC8855836 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.150330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is an extremely metastatic and lethal disease. Here, in both murine and human PDA, we demonstrate that extracellular matrix architecture regulates cell extrusion and subsequent invasion from intact ductal structures through tumor-associated collagen signatures (TACS). This results in early dissemination from histologically premalignant lesions and continual invasion from well-differentiated disease, and it suggests TACS as a biomarker to aid in the pathologic assessment of early disease. Furthermore, we show that pancreatitis results in invasion-conducive architectures, thus priming the stroma prior to malignant disease. Analysis in potentially novel microfluidic-derived microtissues and in vivo demonstrates decreased extrusion and invasion following focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibition, consistent with decreased metastasis. Thus, data suggest that targeting FAK or strategies to reengineer and normalize tumor microenvironments may have roles not only in very early disease, but also for limiting continued dissemination from unresectable disease. Likewise, it may be beneficial to employ stroma-targeting strategies to resolve precursor diseases such as pancreatitis in order to remove stromal architectures that increase risk for early dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arja Ray
- Department of Biomedical Engineeirng, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Mackenzie K Callaway
- Department of Biomedical Engineeirng, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Nelson J Rodríguez-Merced
- Department of Biomedical Engineeirng, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Alexandra L Crampton
- Department of Biomedical Engineeirng, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Marjorie Carlson
- Department of Biomedical Engineeirng, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Kenneth B Emme
- Department of Biomedical Engineeirng, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Ethan A Ensminger
- Department of Biomedical Engineeirng, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Alexander A Kinne
- Department of Biomedical Engineeirng, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Jonathan H Schrope
- Department of Biomedical Engineeirng, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Haley R Rasmussen
- Department of Biomedical Engineeirng, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - David G DeNardo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - David K Wood
- Department of Biomedical Engineeirng, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Paolo P Provenzano
- Department of Biomedical Engineeirng, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
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60
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Singh K, Shishodia G, Koul HK. Pancreatic cancer: genetics, disease progression, therapeutic resistance and treatment strategies. JOURNAL OF CANCER METASTASIS AND TREATMENT 2021; 7:60. [PMID: 38107772 PMCID: PMC10722911 DOI: 10.20517/2394-4722.2021.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a deadly disease and the third-highest cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. It has a very low five-year survival rate (< 5%) in the United States as well as in the world (about 9%). The current gemcitabine-based therapy soon becomes ineffective because treatment resistance and surgical resection also provides only selective benefit. Signature mutations in pancreatic cancer confer chemoresistance by deregulating the cell cycle and promoting anti-apoptotic mechanisms. The stroma-rich tumor microenvironment impairs drug delivery and promotes tumor-specific immune escape. All these factors render the current treatment incompetent and prompt an urgent need for new, improved therapy. In this review, we have discussed the genetics of pancreatic cancer and its role in tumor evolution and treatment resistance. We have also evaluated new treatment strategies for pancreatic cancer, like targeted therapy and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karnika Singh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gauri Shishodia
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Cancer Surgery, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Hari K. Koul
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Urology and Stanley S Scott Cancer Center School of Medicine LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Santos Apolonio J, Lima de Souza Gonçalves V, Cordeiro Santos ML, Silva Luz M, Silva Souza JV, Rocha Pinheiro SL, de Souza WR, Sande Loureiro M, de Melo FF. Oncolytic virus therapy in cancer: A current review. World J Virol 2021; 10:229-255. [PMID: 34631474 PMCID: PMC8474975 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v10.i5.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In view of the advancement in the understanding about the most diverse types of cancer and consequently a relentless search for a cure and increased survival rates of cancer patients, finding a therapy that is able to combat the mechanism of aggression of this disease is extremely important. Thus, oncolytic viruses (OVs) have demonstrated great benefits in the treatment of cancer because it mediates antitumor effects in several ways. Viruses can be used to infect cancer cells, especially over normal cells, to present tumor-associated antigens, to activate "danger signals" that generate a less immune-tolerant tumor microenvironment, and to serve transduction vehicles for expression of inflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines. The success of therapies using OVs was initially demonstrated by the use of the genetically modified herpes virus, talimogene laherparepvec, for the treatment of melanoma. At this time, several OVs are being studied as a potential treatment for cancer in clinical trials. However, it is necessary to be aware of the safety and possible adverse effects of this therapy; after all, an effective treatment for cancer should promote regression, attack the tumor, and in the meantime induce minimal systemic repercussions. In this manuscript, we will present a current review of the mechanism of action of OVs, main clinical uses, updates, and future perspectives on this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Santos Apolonio
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Luísa Cordeiro Santos
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marcel Silva Luz
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - João Victor Silva Souza
- Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Campus Vitória da Conquista, Vitória da Conquista 45083-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Samuel Luca Rocha Pinheiro
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Wedja Rafaela de Souza
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Matheus Sande Loureiro
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Freire de Melo
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
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Cao L, Huang C, Cui Zhou D, Hu Y, Lih TM, Savage SR, Krug K, Clark DJ, Schnaubelt M, Chen L, da Veiga Leprevost F, Eguez RV, Yang W, Pan J, Wen B, Dou Y, Jiang W, Liao Y, Shi Z, Terekhanova NV, Cao S, Lu RJH, Li Y, Liu R, Zhu H, Ronning P, Wu Y, Wyczalkowski MA, Easwaran H, Danilova L, Mer AS, Yoo S, Wang JM, Liu W, Haibe-Kains B, Thiagarajan M, Jewell SD, Hostetter G, Newton CJ, Li QK, Roehrl MH, Fenyö D, Wang P, Nesvizhskii AI, Mani DR, Omenn GS, Boja ES, Mesri M, Robles AI, Rodriguez H, Bathe OF, Chan DW, Hruban RH, Ding L, Zhang B, Zhang H. Proteogenomic characterization of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cell 2021; 184:5031-5052.e26. [PMID: 34534465 PMCID: PMC8654574 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive cancer with poor patient survival. Toward understanding the underlying molecular alterations that drive PDAC oncogenesis, we conducted comprehensive proteogenomic analysis of 140 pancreatic cancers, 67 normal adjacent tissues, and 9 normal pancreatic ductal tissues. Proteomic, phosphoproteomic, and glycoproteomic analyses were used to characterize proteins and their modifications. In addition, whole-genome sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, methylation, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and microRNA sequencing (miRNA-seq) were performed on the same tissues to facilitate an integrated proteogenomic analysis and determine the impact of genomic alterations on protein expression, signaling pathways, and post-translational modifications. To ensure robust downstream analyses, tumor neoplastic cellularity was assessed via multiple orthogonal strategies using molecular features and verified via pathological estimation of tumor cellularity based on histological review. This integrated proteogenomic characterization of PDAC will serve as a valuable resource for the community, paving the way for early detection and identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Cao
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Chen Huang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daniel Cui Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 631110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Yingwei Hu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - T Mamie Lih
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Sara R Savage
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Karsten Krug
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David J Clark
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Michael Schnaubelt
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Lijun Chen
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | | | | | - Weiming Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Jianbo Pan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Bo Wen
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yongchao Dou
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wen Jiang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuxing Liao
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhiao Shi
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nadezhda V Terekhanova
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 631110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Song Cao
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 631110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Rita Jui-Hsien Lu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 631110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Yize Li
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 631110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Ruiyang Liu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 631110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Houxiang Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 631110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Peter Ronning
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 631110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Yige Wu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 631110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Matthew A Wyczalkowski
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 631110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Hariharan Easwaran
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ludmila Danilova
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Arvind Singh Mer
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Seungyeul Yoo
- Sema4, a Mount Sinai venture, Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Joshua M Wang
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Wenke Liu
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Benjamin Haibe-Kains
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Mathangi Thiagarajan
- Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Scott D Jewell
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | | | | | - Qing Kay Li
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Michael H Roehrl
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David Fenyö
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Pei Wang
- Sema4, a Mount Sinai venture, Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | | | - D R Mani
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gilbert S Omenn
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Emily S Boja
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mehdi Mesri
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ana I Robles
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Henry Rodriguez
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Oliver F Bathe
- Departments of Surgery and Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel W Chan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ralph H Hruban
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 631110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
| | - Bing Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Silke J, O’Reilly LA. NF-κB and Pancreatic Cancer; Chapter and Verse. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4510. [PMID: 34572737 PMCID: PMC8469693 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the world's most lethal cancers. An increase in occurrence, coupled with, presently limited treatment options, necessitates the pursuit of new therapeutic approaches. Many human cancers, including PDAC are initiated by unresolved inflammation. The transcription factor NF-κB coordinates many signals that drive cellular activation and proliferation during immunity but also those involved in inflammation and autophagy which may instigate tumorigenesis. It is not surprising therefore, that activation of canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways is increasingly recognized as an important driver of pancreatic injury, progression to tumorigenesis and drug resistance. Paradoxically, NF-κB dysregulation has also been shown to inhibit pancreatic inflammation and pancreatic cancer, depending on the context. A pro-oncogenic or pro-suppressive role for individual components of the NF-κB pathway appears to be cell type, microenvironment and even stage dependent. This review provides an outline of NF-κB signaling, focusing on the role of the various NF-κB family members in the evolving inflammatory PDAC microenvironment. Finally, we discuss pharmacological control of NF-κB to curb inflammation, focussing on novel anti-cancer agents which reinstate the process of cancer cell death, the Smac mimetics and their pre-clinical and early clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Silke
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Lorraine Ann O’Reilly
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Heckl SM, Mau F, Senftleben A, Daunke T, Beckinger S, Abdullazade S, Schreiber S, Röcken C, Sebens S, Schäfer H. Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) Expression Is Induced by Insulin in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cells Pointing to Its Role in Immune Checkpoint Control. Med Sci (Basel) 2021; 9:48. [PMID: 34202040 PMCID: PMC8293454 DOI: 10.3390/medsci9030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type-2 diabetes (T2DM) is a risk factor for the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and is characterized by insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Besides the well-known growth-promoting activity of insulin or the other members of the Insulin/Insulin-like Growth factor (IGF) axis, we here describe an inducing effect of insulin on PD-L1 expression in PDAC cells. Treatment of the PDAC cell lines BxPc3, A818-6, and T3M4 with insulin increased PD-L1 expression in a time- and dose dependent fashion, as shown by Western blot and qPCR analysis. siRNA mediated knock-down showed that the effects of insulin on PD-L1 depend on the insulin and IGF receptors (InsR and IGFR, respectively). In addition, a crosstalk of insulin-induced ERK activation and Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) triggered PD-L1 expression. This involves different mechanisms in the three cell lines including upregulation of InsR-A expression in A818-6 and modulation of the adaptor protein Gab1 in BxPc3 cells. As a consequence of the insulin-induced PD-L1 expression, PDAC cells suppress the proliferation of activated human CD8+ T-cells in coculture experiments. The suppression of CD8+ cell proliferation by insulin-pretreated PDAC cells was reversed by PD-1 blockade with Pembrolizumab or by PD-L1 siRNA. Furthermore, the clinical relevance of these observations was supported by detecting a coexpression of cytoplasmic InsR (characteristic for its activation) and PD-L1 in tumor tissues from PDAC patients. Our findings provide a novel insight into the protumorigenic role of insulin in PDAC. Recognizing the impact of insulin on PD-L1 expression as part of the immune privilege, strategies to interfere with this mechanism could pave the way towards a more efficient immunotherapy of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen M. Heckl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, UKSH Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Bldg. K3, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.M.H.); (S.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine II, UKSH Campus Kiel, university, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Bldg. E, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska Mau
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, UKSH Campus Kiel & Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Bldg. U30, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (F.M.); (A.S.); (T.D.); (S.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Anke Senftleben
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, UKSH Campus Kiel & Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Bldg. U30, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (F.M.); (A.S.); (T.D.); (S.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Tina Daunke
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, UKSH Campus Kiel & Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Bldg. U30, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (F.M.); (A.S.); (T.D.); (S.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Silje Beckinger
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, UKSH Campus Kiel & Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Bldg. U30, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (F.M.); (A.S.); (T.D.); (S.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Samir Abdullazade
- Department of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Bldg. U33, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.A.); (C.R.)
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Department of Internal Medicine I, UKSH Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Bldg. K3, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.M.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Christoph Röcken
- Department of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Bldg. U33, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.A.); (C.R.)
| | - Susanne Sebens
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, UKSH Campus Kiel & Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Bldg. U30, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (F.M.); (A.S.); (T.D.); (S.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Heiner Schäfer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, UKSH Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Bldg. K3, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.M.H.); (S.S.)
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, UKSH Campus Kiel & Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Bldg. U30, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (F.M.); (A.S.); (T.D.); (S.B.); (S.S.)
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Raja A, Malik MFA, Haq F. Genomic relevance of FGF14 and associated genes on the prognosis of pancreatic cancer. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252344. [PMID: 34061869 PMCID: PMC8168911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast (FGFs) and insulin (IGF) growth factor pathways are among 10 most recurrently altered genomic pathways in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the prognostic and therapeutic relevance of FGF and IGF pathways in PDAC is largely unknown. METHODS We investigated the relationship between fibroblast and insulin pathway gene expression and clinicopathological features in three independent transcriptomic cohorts of 532 PDAC patients. Furthermore, we have examined the coexpressed genes specific to the prognostic marker identified from these cohorts. Statistical tests including Fisher-exact\Chi-square, Kaplan-Meier, Pearson Correlation and cox regression analyses were performed. Additionally, pathway analysis of gene-specific co-expressed genes was also performed. RESULTS The dysregulation of six genes including FGF9, FGF14, FGFR1, FGFR4, IGF2BP2 and IGF2BP3 were significantly associated with different clinical characteristics (including grade, stage, recurrence and nodes) in PDAC cohorts. 11 genes (including FGF9, FGF13, FGF14, FGF17, FGFR1, FGFRL1, FGFBP3, IGFBP3, IGF2BP2, IGF2BP3 and IGFBPL1) showed association with overall survival in different PDAC cohorts. Interestingly, overexpression of FGF14 was found associated with better overall survival (OS) in all three cohorts. Of note, multivariate analysis also revealed FGF14 as an independent prognostic marker for better OS in all three cohorts. Furthermore, FMN2 and PGR were among the top genes that correlated with FGF14 in all 3 cohorts. Of note, overexpression of FMN2 and PGR was found significantly associated with good overall survival in PDAC patients, suggesting FMN2 and PGR can also act as potential markers for the prediction of prognosis in PDAC patients. CONCLUSION FGF14 may define a distinct subset of PDAC patients with better prognosis. Moreover, FGF14-based sub-classification of PDAC suggests that FMN2 and PGR can be employed as good prognostic markers in PDAC and this classification may lead to new therapeutic approaches.
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Non-Invasive Biomarkers for Earlier Detection of Pancreatic Cancer-A Comprehensive Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112722. [PMID: 34072842 PMCID: PMC8198035 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which represents approximately 90% of all pancreatic cancers, is an extremely aggressive and lethal disease. It is considered a silent killer due to a largely asymptomatic course and late clinical presentation. Earlier detection of the disease would likely have a great impact on changing the currently poor survival figures for this malignancy. In this comprehensive review, we assessed over 4000 reports on non-invasive PDAC biomarkers in the last decade. Applying the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) tool, we selected and reviewed in more detail 49 relevant studies reporting on the most promising candidate biomarkers. In addition, we also highlight the present challenges and complexities of translating novel biomarkers into clinical use. Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) carries a deadly diagnosis, due in large part to delayed presentation when the disease is already at an advanced stage. CA19-9 is currently the most commonly utilized biomarker for PDAC; however, it lacks the necessary accuracy to detect precursor lesions or stage I PDAC. Novel biomarkers that could detect this malignancy with improved sensitivity (SN) and specificity (SP) would likely result in more curative resections and more effective therapeutic interventions, changing thus the present dismal survival figures. The aim of this study was to systematically and comprehensively review the scientific literature on non-invasive biomarkers in biofluids such as blood, urine and saliva that were attempting earlier PDAC detection. The search performed covered a period of 10 years (January 2010—August 2020). Data were extracted using keywords search in the three databases: MEDLINE, Web of Science and Embase. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) tool was applied for study selection based on establishing the risk of bias and applicability concerns in Patient Selection, Index test (biomarker assay) and Reference Standard (standard-of-care diagnostic test). Out of initially over 4000 published reports, 49 relevant studies were selected and reviewed in more detail. In addition, we discuss the present challenges and complexities in the path of translating the discovered biomarkers into the clinical setting. Our systematic review highlighted several promising biomarkers that could, either alone or in combination with CA19-9, potentially improve earlier detection of PDAC. Overall, reviewed biomarker studies should aim to improve methodological and reporting quality, and novel candidate biomarkers should be investigated further in order to demonstrate their clinical usefulness. However, challenges and complexities in the path of translating the discovered biomarkers from the research laboratory to the clinical setting remain and would have to be addressed before a more realistic breakthrough in earlier detection of PDAC is achieved.
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Otto L, Rahn S, Daunke T, Walter F, Winter E, Möller JL, Rose-John S, Wesch D, Schäfer H, Sebens S. Initiation of Pancreatic Cancer: The Interplay of Hyperglycemia and Macrophages Promotes the Acquisition of Malignancy-Associated Properties in Pancreatic Ductal Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105086. [PMID: 34064969 PMCID: PMC8151031 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is still one of the most aggressive solid malignancies with a poor prognosis. Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are two major risk factors linked to the development and progression of PDAC, both often characterized by high blood glucose levels. Macrophages represent the main immune cell population in PDAC contributing to PDAC development. It has already been shown that pancreatic ductal epithelial cells (PDEC) undergo epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) when exposed to hyperglycemia or macrophages. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether concomitant exposure to hyperglycemia and macrophages aggravates EMT-associated alterations in PDEC. Exposure to macrophages and elevated glucose levels (25 mM glucose) impacted gene expression of EMT inducers such as IL-6 and TNF-α as well as EMT transcription factors in benign (H6c7-pBp) and premalignant (H6c7-kras) PDEC. Most strikingly, exposure to hyperglycemic coculture with macrophages promoted downregulation of the epithelial marker E-cadherin, which was associated with an elevated migratory potential of PDEC. While blocking IL-6 activity by tocilizumab only partially reverted the EMT phenotype in H6c7-kras cells, neutralization of TNF-α by etanercept was able to clearly impair EMT-associated properties in premalignant PDEC. Altogether, the current study attributes a role to a T2DM-related hyperglycemic, inflammatory micromilieu in the acquisition of malignancy-associated alterations in premalignant PDEC, thus providing new insights on how metabolic diseases might promote PDAC initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilli Otto
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Kiel University (CAU) and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (L.O.); (T.D.); (F.W.); (E.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Sascha Rahn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (S.R.); (S.R.-J.)
| | - Tina Daunke
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Kiel University (CAU) and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (L.O.); (T.D.); (F.W.); (E.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Frederik Walter
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Kiel University (CAU) and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (L.O.); (T.D.); (F.W.); (E.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Elsa Winter
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Kiel University (CAU) and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (L.O.); (T.D.); (F.W.); (E.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Julia Luisa Möller
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (S.R.); (S.R.-J.)
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Heiner Schäfer
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Kiel University (CAU) and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (L.O.); (T.D.); (F.W.); (E.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Susanne Sebens
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Kiel University (CAU) and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (L.O.); (T.D.); (F.W.); (E.W.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-431-500-30501
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Abstract
Keloid is a skin disease characterized by exaggerated scar formation, excessive fibroblast proliferation, and excessive collagen deposition. Cancers commonly arise from a fibrotic microenvironment; e.g., hepatoma arises from liver cirrhosis, and oral cancers arise from submucosal fibrosis. As keloids are a prototypic fibroproliferative disease, this study investigated whether patients with keloids have an increased cancer risk. In a matched, population-based study, first 17,401 patients treated for keloids during 1998–2010 with 69,604 controls without keloids at a ratio of 1:4 were evaluated. The association between keloids and risk of cancer was estimated by logistic regression or Cox proportional hazard regression models after adjustment of covariates. In total, 893 first-time cases of cancer were identified in the 17,401 patients with keloids. The overall cancer risk was 1.49-fold higher in the keloids group compared to controls. Regarding specific cancers, the keloids group, had a significantly higher risk of skin cancer compared to controls (Relative risk = 1.73). The relative risk for skin cancer was even higher for males with keloids (Relative risk = 2.16). Further stratified analyses also revealed a significantly higher risk of developing pancreatic cancer in female patients with keloids compared to controls (Relative risk = 2.19) after adjustment for known pancreatic cancer risk factors. This study indicates that patients with keloids have a higher than normal risk for several cancer types, especially skin cancers (both genders) and pancreatic cancer (females). Therefore, patients with keloids should undergo regular skin examinations, and females with keloids should regularly undergo abdominal ultrasonography.
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Rahnamay Farnood P, Danesh Pazhooh R, Asemi Z, Yousefi B. DNA damage response and repair in pancreatic cancer development and therapy. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 103:103116. [PMID: 33882393 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is among fatal malignancies, with a dismal prognosis and a low survival rate of 5-10%. In both sporadic and inherited PC, gene alterations, such as BRCA1/2, PALB2, and ATM, can occur frequently. Currently, surgery, chemo- and radio-therapy are the most common therapeutic strategies for treating this cancer. DNA damage response (DDR) establishes multiple pathways that eliminate DNA damage sites to maintain genomic integrity. Various types of cancers and age-related diseases are associated with DDR machinery defects. According to the severity of the damage, DDR pathways respond appropriately to lesions through repairing damage, arresting the cell cycle, or apoptosis. Recently, novel agents, particularly those targeting DDR pathways, are being utilized to improve the response of many cancers to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In this paper, we briefly reviewed DDR processes and their components, including DDR sensors, DDR mediators, and DDR transducers in the progression, prognosis, and treatment of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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70
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Oliveira C, Calmeiro J, Carrascal MA, Falcão A, Gomes C, Miguel Neves B, Teresa Cruz M. Exosomes as new therapeutic vectors for pancreatic cancer treatment. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 161:4-14. [PMID: 33561524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the deadliest cancers with a very short rate of survival and commonly without symptoms in its early stage. This absence of symptoms can lead to a late diagnosis associated with an advanced metastasis process, for which therapy is not effective. Although with extensive research in this field, the 5-year survival rate has not increased significantly. Notwithstanding, novel insights on risk factors, genetic mutations and molecular mechanisms pave the way for novel therapeutics that urge with a significant part of PC patients presenting resistance to chemotherapy treatments. Exosomes are presented as a promising strategy, working as delivery systems, since they can transport and release their cargoes after fusing with the membrane of pancreatic cells. Exosomes present advantages over liposomes, being less toxic and reaching higher levels in the bloodstream, working as molecule carriers that can inhibit oncogenes, activating tumor suppressor genes and inducing immune responses as well as controlling cell growth. This review intends to provide an overview about the scientific and clinical studies regarding the entire process, from isolation and purification of exosomes, to their design and transformation into anti-oncogenic drug delivering systems, particularly to target PC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constança Oliveira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, FFUC, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Calmeiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, FFUC, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CNC, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mylène A Carrascal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CNC, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Tecnimede Group, 2710-089 Sintra, Portugal
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- Faculty of Pharmacy, FFUC, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, CIBIT, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Célia Gomes
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, iCBR, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology, CIBB, University of Coimbra, 300-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Miguel Neves
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine, iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, FFUC, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CNC, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Epidemiology and Risk Factors. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11030562. [PMID: 33804776 PMCID: PMC8003883 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of new cases of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is increasing with a cumulative total of 495,773 cases worldwide, making it the fourteenth most common malignancy. However, it accounts for 466,003 deaths per year and is the seventh leading cause of cancer deaths. Regional differences in the number of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma appear to reflect differences in medical care, as well as racial differences. Compared to the prevalence of other organ cancers in Japan, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma ranks seventh based on the number of patients, eighth based on morbidity, and fourth based on the number of deaths, with a continuing increase in the mortality rate. Risk factors for developing pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma include family history, genetic disorders, diabetes, chronic pancreatitis, and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. An issue that hinders improvement in the prognosis of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is the development of a strategy to identify patients with these risk factors to facilitate detection of the disease at a stage when intervention will improve survival.
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Harmon CE, Lamsal SP, Harmon TS, Mohamed K, Meyer TE. The Path of Most Resistance: A Rare Instance of Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Identified Within Skeletal Muscle. Cureus 2021; 13:e13947. [PMID: 33880284 PMCID: PMC8051535 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue neoplastic metastases, specifically to the skeletal muscle, are uncommon in comparison to metastases within the abdomen, thorax, or intracranial regions. Specifically, pancreatic adenocarcinoma with skeletal muscle metastasis is a rare clinical phenomenon and is hardly reported. There is a high mortality rate after the diagnosis of metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma, attributed to inadequate screening and advanced staging upon incidental discovery. Rarely, metastatic lesions manifest in the skeletal muscle and are hardly documented. Some of the factors that deter skeletal muscle tumor implantation include the deficiency of skeletal muscle mediators and genetic makeup of the primary tumor. Surgical resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma with adjuvant chemotherapy demonstrates the best prognosis; however, surgical management is usually limited to patients without known metastatic disease. Alternative treatment options such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy are used in the palliative care setting. Here, we present the case of a patient with previously diagnosed and treated pancreatic adenocarcinoma in remission, with biopsy-proven metastases isolated within the skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Harmon
- Radiology, University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine, San Antonio, USA
| | - Sanjay P Lamsal
- Radiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, USA
| | - Taylor S Harmon
- Radiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, USA
| | - Khaled Mohamed
- Pathology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, USA
| | - Travis E Meyer
- Radiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, USA
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Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most aggressive and invasive type of pancreatic cancer (PCa) and is expected to be the second most common cause of cancer-associated deaths. The high mortality rate is due to the asymptomatic progression of the clinical features until the advanced stages of the disease and the limited effectiveness of the current therapeutics. Aberrant expression of several microRNAs (miRs/miRNAs) has been related to PDAC progression and thus they could be potential early diagnostic, prognostic, and/or therapeutic predictors for PDAC. miRs are small (18 to 24 nucleotides long) non-coding RNAs, which regulate the expression of key genes by targeting their 3′-untranslated mRNA region. Increased evidence has also suggested that the chemoresistance of PDAC cells is associated with metabolic alterations. Metabolic stress and the dysfunctionality of systems to compensate for the altered metabolic status of PDAC cells is the foundation for cellular damage. Current data have implicated multiple systems as hallmarks of PDAC development, such as glutamine redox imbalance, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Hence, both the aberrant expression of miRs and dysregulation in metabolism can have unfavorable effects in several biological processes, such as apoptosis, cell proliferation, growth, survival, stress response, angiogenesis, chemoresistance, invasion, and migration. Therefore, due to these dismal statistics, it is crucial to develop beneficial therapeutic strategies based on an improved understanding of the biology of both miRs and metabolic mediators. This review focuses on miR-mediated pathways and therapeutic resistance mechanisms in PDAC and evaluates the impact of metabolic alterations in the progression of PDAC.
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Abudalou M, Vega EA, Dhingra R, Holzwanger E, Krishnan S, Kondratiev S, Niakosari A, Conrad C, Stallwood CG. Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm-diagnostic approach and post-surgical follow up: Three case reports and review of literature. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:1682-1695. [PMID: 33728313 PMCID: PMC7942041 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i7.1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) is a rare tumor that was first described by Frantz in 1959. Although this tumor is benign, some may have malignant potential that can be predicted based on demographics, imaging characteristics, and pathologic evaluation. This case series presents 3 SPN cases with discussion on gender differences, preoperative predictors of malignancy, and a suggested algorithm for diagnostic approach as well as post-surgical follow up.
CASE SUMMARY Three adult patients in a tertiary hospital found to have SPN, one elderly male and two young females. Each of the cases presented with abdominal pain and were discovered incidentally. Two cases underwent endoscopic ultrasound with fine needle aspiration and biopsy to assess tumor markers and immuno-histochemical staining (which were consistent with SPN before undergoing surgery), and one case underwent surgery directly after imaging. The average tumor size was 5 cm. Diagnosis was confirmed by histology. Two patients had post-surgical complications requiring intervention.
CONCLUSION Demographic and imaging characteristics can be sufficient to establish diagnosis for SPN, while malignant cases require pre-operative evaluation with endoscopic ultrasound fine needle aspiration/fine needle biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abudalou
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Elizabeth Medical Center, Brighton, MA 02135, United States
| | - Eduardo A Vega
- Department of General Surgery, St. Elizabeth Medical Center, Brighton, MA 02135, United States
| | - Rohit Dhingra
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Erik Holzwanger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Sandeep Krishnan
- Department of Gastroenterology, St. Elizabeth Medical Center, Brighton, MA 02135, United States
| | - Svetlana Kondratiev
- Department of Pathology, St. Elizabeth Medical Center, Brighton, MA 02135, United States
| | - Ali Niakosari
- Department of Radiology, St. Elizabeth Medical Center, Brighton, MA 02135, United States
| | - Claudius Conrad
- Department of General Surgery, St. Elizabeth Medical Center, Brighton, MA 02135, United States
| | - Christopher G Stallwood
- Department of Gastroenterology, St. Elizabeth Medical Center, Brighton, MA 02135, United States
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Turanli B, Yildirim E, Gulfidan G, Arga KY, Sinha R. Current State of "Omics" Biomarkers in Pancreatic Cancer. J Pers Med 2021; 11:127. [PMID: 33672926 PMCID: PMC7918884 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most fatal malignancies and the seventh leading cause of cancer-related deaths related to late diagnosis, poor survival rates, and high incidence of metastasis. Unfortunately, pancreatic cancer is predicted to become the third leading cause of cancer deaths in the future. Therefore, diagnosis at the early stages of pancreatic cancer for initial diagnosis or postoperative recurrence is a great challenge, as well as predicting prognosis precisely in the context of biomarker discovery. From the personalized medicine perspective, the lack of molecular biomarkers for patient selection confines tailored therapy options, including selecting drugs and their doses or even diet. Currently, there is no standardized pancreatic cancer screening strategy using molecular biomarkers, but CA19-9 is the most well known marker for the detection of pancreatic cancer. In contrast, recent innovations in high-throughput techniques have enabled the discovery of specific biomarkers of cancers using genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, glycomics, and metagenomics. Panels combining CA19-9 with other novel biomarkers from different "omics" levels might represent an ideal strategy for the early detection of pancreatic cancer. The systems biology approach may shed a light on biomarker identification of pancreatic cancer by integrating multi-omics approaches. In this review, we provide background information on the current state of pancreatic cancer biomarkers from multi-omics stages. Furthermore, we conclude this review on how multi-omics data may reveal new biomarkers to be used for personalized medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beste Turanli
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey; (B.T.); (E.Y.); (G.G.)
| | - Esra Yildirim
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey; (B.T.); (E.Y.); (G.G.)
| | - Gizem Gulfidan
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey; (B.T.); (E.Y.); (G.G.)
| | - Kazim Yalcin Arga
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey; (B.T.); (E.Y.); (G.G.)
- Turkish Institute of Public Health and Chronic Diseases, 34718 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Raghu Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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76
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Xu L, Cai J, Gao T, Ma A. Shellfish consumption and health: A comprehensive review of human studies and recommendations for enhanced public policy. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4656-4668. [PMID: 33527847 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1878098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Shellfish, including various species of mollusks (e.g., clams, oysters, and mussels) and crustaceans (e.g., shrimp and crab), have been a cornerstone of healthy dietary recommendations. However, beyond providing basic nutrition needs, their health-promoting effects have been suggested to include inflammation reduction and prevention of various chronic non-communicable diseases. Currently, studies on the association between shellfish consumption and health outcomes have reported conflicting results. The present comprehensive review summarized the latest studies on shellfish consumption and synthesized the available evidence on the potential health benefits or risks of shellfish consumption. The findings demonstrated that shellfish consumption may increase the risk of hyperuricemia and gout but may not increase the risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and thyroid cancer. Adequate evidence is lacking on the association between shellfish consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, oral cancer, endometriosis, hip fracture, cognitive function, wheeze, eczema and food allergy. Raw shellfish consumption may cause gastroenteritis and other diseases infected by bacteria or viruses. This review thus provides consumers and other relevant stakeholders with the latest evidence-based information on the potential benefits and risks of shellfish consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qngdao, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qngdao, China
| | - Tianlin Gao
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qngdao, China
| | - Aiguo Ma
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qngdao, China
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77
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Hofschröer V, Najder K, Rugi M, Bouazzi R, Cozzolino M, Arcangeli A, Panyi G, Schwab A. Ion Channels Orchestrate Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Progression and Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:586599. [PMID: 33841132 PMCID: PMC8025202 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.586599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a devastating disease with a dismal prognosis. Therapeutic interventions are largely ineffective. A better understanding of the pathophysiology is required. Ion channels contribute substantially to the "hallmarks of cancer." Their expression is dysregulated in cancer, and they are "misused" to drive cancer progression, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Ion channels are located in the cell membrane at the interface between the intracellular and extracellular space. They sense and modify the tumor microenvironment which in itself is a driver of PDAC aggressiveness. Ion channels detect, for example, locally altered proton and electrolyte concentrations or mechanical stimuli and transduce signals triggered by these microenvironmental cues through association with intracellular signaling cascades. While these concepts have been firmly established for other cancers, evidence has emerged only recently that ion channels are drivers of PDAC aggressiveness. Particularly, they appear to contribute to two of the characteristic PDAC features: the massive fibrosis of the tumor stroma (desmoplasia) and the efficient immune evasion. Our critical review of the literature clearly shows that there is still a remarkable lack of knowledge with respect to the contribution of ion channels to these two typical PDAC properties. Yet, we can draw parallels from ion channel research in other fibrotic and inflammatory diseases. Evidence is accumulating that pancreatic stellate cells express the same "profibrotic" ion channels. Similarly, it is at least in part known which major ion channels are expressed in those innate and adaptive immune cells that populate the PDAC microenvironment. We explore potential therapeutic avenues derived thereof. Since drugs targeting PDAC-relevant ion channels are already in clinical use, we propose to repurpose those in PDAC. The quest for ion channel targets is both motivated and complicated by the fact that some of the relevant channels, for example, KCa3.1, are functionally expressed in the cancer, stroma, and immune cells. Only in vivo studies will reveal which arm of the balance we should put our weights on when developing channel-targeting PDAC therapies. The time is up to explore the efficacy of ion channel targeting in (transgenic) murine PDAC models before launching clinical trials with repurposed drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karolina Najder
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Micol Rugi
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Rayhana Bouazzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Cozzolino
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Annarosa Arcangeli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gyorgy Panyi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Albrecht Schwab
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Lenehan PJ, Cirella A, Uchida AM, Crowley SJ, Sharova T, Boland G, Dougan M, Dougan SK, Heckler M. Type 2 immunity is maintained during cancer-associated adipose tissue wasting. IMMUNOTHERAPY ADVANCES 2021; 1:ltab011. [PMID: 34291232 PMCID: PMC8286632 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cachexia is a systemic metabolic disorder characterized by loss of fat and muscle mass, which disproportionately impacts patients with gastrointestinal malignancies such as pancreatic cancer. While the immunologic shifts contributing to the development of other adipose tissue (AT) pathologies such as obesity have been well described, the immune microenvironment has not been studied in the context of cachexia. METHODS We performed bulk RNA-sequencing, cytokine arrays, and flow cytometry to characterize the immune landscape of visceral AT (VAT) in the setting of pancreatic and colorectal cancers. RESULTS The cachexia inducing factor IL-6 is strongly elevated in the wasting VAT of cancer bearing mice, but the regulatory type 2 immune landscape which characterizes healthy VAT is maintained. Pathologic skewing toward Th1 and Th17 inflammation is absent. Similarly, the VAT of patients with colorectal cancer is characterized by a Th2 signature with abundant IL-33 and eotaxin-2, albeit also with high levels of IL-6. CONCLUSIONS Wasting AT during the development of cachexia may not undergo drastic changes in immune composition like those seen in obese AT. Our approach provides a framework for future immunologic analyses of cancer associated cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Lenehan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Assunta Cirella
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amiko M Uchida
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie J Crowley
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tatyana Sharova
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Genevieve Boland
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Dougan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie K Dougan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Max Heckler
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Ramai D, Lanke G, Lai J, Barakat M, Chandan S, Ofosu A, Dhaliwal A, Adler DG. Early- and late-onset pancreatic adenocarcinoma: A population-based comparative study. Pancreatology 2021; 21:124-129. [PMID: 33334692 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is projected to become the second leading cause of cancer related death in the US. We aim to investigate the demographics, clinical outcomes and survival outcomes of patients diagnosed with early-onset (<40 years) and late-onset (>40 years) pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC). METHODS Data on PAC between 1975 and 2016 were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Registry. RESULTS Within the study period, 136,100 patients were identified which included 1181 patients with early-onset PAC and 134,919 patients with late-onset PAC. Both cohorts tend to present with distant metastasis (70.3% vs 57.9%). Both groups also showed an exponential rise in incidence (early-onset 3.69% annual change vs late-onset 6.25% annual change). When stratified by anatomical location, there was a trend of increasing cancer in the head of the pancreas for patients <40 years (3.63% annual change). While late PAC showed increasing cancer in all anatomical locations, the largest increase was observed in the tail of the pancreas (8.62% annual change). Overall, there was a mild difference in survival for early- and late-onset PAC (7 months vs 6 months, respectively, log rank p = 0.004). Both age groups showed the worse prognosis when cancer occurred in the tail of the pancreas (6 months vs 4 months, respectively). On cox proportion analysis, patients with late-onset PAC had twice the risk of mortality compared to early-onset PAC (HR 2.06, CI: 1.788-2.370, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that both early- and late-onset PAC are increasing and while prognosis remains poor. Tumor anatomy showed a growing incidence of early-onset PAC in the head of the pancreas while late-onset PAC showed a rising incidence in the body and tail of the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Ramai
- Department of Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Gandhi Lanke
- Department of Medicine, Plains Regional Medical Center, Clovis, NM, USA
| | - Jonathan Lai
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohamed Barakat
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Saurabh Chandan
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Andrew Ofosu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amaninder Dhaliwal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Douglas G Adler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Barcellini A, Peloso A, Pugliese L, Vitolo V, Cobianchi L. Locally Advanced Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Challenges and Progress. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:12705-12720. [PMID: 33335406 PMCID: PMC7737010 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s220971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the major causes of death in the Western world, and it is estimated to become the second leading cause of tumour-related mortality in the next 10 years. Among pancreatic cancers, ductal adenocarcinomas are by far the most common, characterised by a challenging diagnosis due to the lack of initial and pathognomonic clinical signs. In this scenario, non-metastatic locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) accounts for a large proportion of all new pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma diagnoses. There is no consensus on a common definition of LAPC. Still, it usually includes tumours that are not resectable due to vascular involvement. As of today, treatment is limited, and the prognosis is very unfavourable. Curative-intent surgery remains the gold-standard even if often jeopardized by vascular involvement. Continuing progress in our understanding of LAPC genetics and immunology will permit the development of different treatments, targeted or combined, including radiation therapy, hadrontherapy, targeted immunotherapies or new chemotherapies. A multidisciplinary approach combining various fields of expertise is essential in aiming to limit disease progression as well as patient outcome. Using a narrative literature review approach, the manuscript explores the most up-to-date knowledge concerning locally advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Barcellini
- National Center of Oncological Hadrontherapy (Fondazione CNAO), Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Peloso
- Divisions of Transplantation and Visceral Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Pugliese
- General Surgery, Foundation IRCCS San Matteo Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - Viviana Vitolo
- National Center of Oncological Hadrontherapy (Fondazione CNAO), Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cobianchi
- General Surgery, Foundation IRCCS San Matteo Hospital, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Foundation IRCCS San Matteo Hospital, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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81
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Kasi A, Al-Jumayli M, Park R, Baranda J, Sun W. Update on the Role of Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors in the DNA Repair-Deficient Pancreatic Cancers: A Narrative Review. J Pancreat Cancer 2020; 6:107-115. [PMID: 33376937 PMCID: PMC7757687 DOI: 10.1089/pancan.2020.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common cancer found in the pancreas. It has a dismal prognosis and current therapeutic options, including surgical resection, provide only a temporary or limited response due to the development of treatment resistance. Methods: A narrative review of studies investigating poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) pathway inhibitors in metastatic PDAC to highlight recent advances. Results: Mutations in BRCA genes confer a higher risk of PDAC, while germ line mutations are found in 4-7% of individuals harboring pancreatic cancer. Although solid tumors with defective DNA damage repair defect (DDR) genes such as BRCA show heightened sensitivity to platinum agents, tumors can exploit the PARP pathway as salvage pathways. Therefore, blocking this pathway will trigger cell death in vulnerable tumor cells with BRCA/DNA repair deficiency. Several drugs with inhibitory activity on the PARP pathway have been approved for breast and ovarian tumors harboring germ line or somatic BRCA mutations. Based on these results, the phase III POLO study showed a significant improvement in progression-free survival compared with placebo in BRCA mutant pancreatic tumors and highlighted the importance of germ line testing in everyone diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. In addition, expansion of the PARP inhibitor indication beyond BRCA mutations to other genes involved in DDR such as ATM and PALB2 merits attention. Conclusion: PARP inhibitors represent a safe and efficacious treatment for a subset of PDAC patients with BRCA mutations. Ongoing trials are evaluating PARP inhibitors in PDAC patients with non-BRCA DDR gene deficiencies as well as PARP inhibitors in combination with other agents, notably immune checkpoint inhibitors to expand the group of patients that derive benefit from this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Kasi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kansas University Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Mohammed Al-Jumayli
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kansas University Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Robin Park
- Department of Medicine, MetroWest Medical Center/Tufts University School of Medicine, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joaquina Baranda
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kansas University Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Weijing Sun
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kansas University Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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82
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Guz M, Jeleniewicz W, Cybulski M, Kozicka J, Kurzepa J, Mądro A. Serum miR-210-3p can be used to differentiate between patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and chronic pancreatitis. Biomed Rep 2020; 14:10. [PMID: 33235725 PMCID: PMC7678635 DOI: 10.3892/br.2020.1386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) are at risk of developing pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). To the best of our knowledge, there are no suitable non-invasive biomarkers for differentiation between CP and PDAC; however, potential molecular candidates include circulating miRNAs due to ease of extraction, their stability and tissue specificity. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify potential serum marker(s) that may be used for differentiating between CP and PDAC. In total, 77 patients were enrolled in the present study; 34 patients with CP, 26 patients with PDAC and a control group of 17 healthy individuals. Expression of miR-10b-5p, miR-106b-5p, miR-210-3p and miR-216a-5p in serum was determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Serum miRNA expression levels in patients with CP, PDAC and in the control group were compared. Routine biochemical blood parameters were determined and correlation analysis of these parameters with miRNA expression was performed. Expression of miR-210-3p was increased in the sera of patients with PDAC compared with the CP patients (P=0.015) and with the control group (P<0.001). MiR-106b-5p (P=0.056) and miR-10b-5p (P=0.080) were not significantly upregulated in patients with PDAC compared with those with CP. Analysis of miRNA expression in relation to laboratory blood parameters showed positive correlations between miR-210-3p with alkaline phosphatase (r=0.605; P=0.022) and with γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (r=0.529; P=0.029) in PDAC. The novel finding of the present study was that miR-10b-5p was positively correlated with C-reactive protein (r=0.429; P=0.047) in patients with PDAC and with carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (r=0.483; P=0.005) in CP. Based on the preliminary data obtained in the present study, it was concluded that miR-210-3p may be used as a non-invasive biomarker that can be used to distinguish between patients with PDAC and CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Guz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Witold Jeleniewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marek Cybulski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Kozicka
- Department of Gastroenterology with Endoscopic Unit, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Kurzepa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mądro
- Department of Gastroenterology with Endoscopic Unit, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
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83
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Abunahel BM, Pontre B, Kumar H, Petrov MS. Pancreas image mining: a systematic review of radiomics. Eur Radiol 2020; 31:3447-3467. [PMID: 33151391 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-020-07376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To systematically review published studies on the use of radiomics of the pancreas. METHODS The search was conducted in the MEDLINE database. Human studies that investigated the applications of radiomics in diseases of the pancreas were included. The radiomics quality score was calculated for each included study. RESULTS A total of 72 studies encompassing 8863 participants were included. Of them, 66 investigated focal pancreatic lesions (pancreatic cancer, precancerous lesions, or benign lesions); 4, pancreatitis; and 2, diabetes mellitus. The principal applications of radiomics were differential diagnosis between various types of focal pancreatic lesions (n = 19), classification of pancreatic diseases (n = 23), and prediction of prognosis or treatment response (n = 30). Second-order texture features were most useful for the purpose of differential diagnosis of diseases of the pancreas (with 100% of studies investigating them found a statistically significant feature), whereas filtered image features were most useful for the purpose of classification of diseases of the pancreas and prediction of diseases of the pancreas (with 100% of studies investigating them found a statistically significant feature). The median radiomics quality score of the included studies was 28%, with the interquartile range of 22% to 36%. The radiomics quality score was significantly correlated with the number of extracted radiomics features (r = 0.52, p < 0.001) and the study sample size (r = 0.34, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Radiomics of the pancreas holds promise as a quantitative imaging biomarker of both focal pancreatic lesions and diffuse changes of the pancreas. The usefulness of radiomics features may vary depending on the purpose of their application. Standardisation of image acquisition protocols and image pre-processing is warranted prior to considering the use of radiomics of the pancreas in routine clinical practice. KEY POINTS • Methodologically sound studies on radiomics of the pancreas are characterised by a large sample size and a large number of extracted features. • Optimisation of the radiomics pipeline will increase the clinical utility of mineable pancreas imaging data. • Radiomics of the pancreas is a promising personalised medicine tool in diseases of the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beau Pontre
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Haribalan Kumar
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maxim S Petrov
- School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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84
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Schizas D, Peppas S, Giannopoulos S, Lagopoulou V, Mylonas KS, Giannopoulos S, Moris D, Felekouras E, Toutouzas K. The Impact of Cirrhosis on Pancreatic Cancer Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. World J Surg 2020; 45:562-570. [PMID: 33073316 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-020-05821-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cirrhosis has been considered a contraindication to major abdominal surgeries, due to increased risk for postoperative morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to assess the safety of pancreatectomy in cirrhotic versus non-cirrhotic patients. METHODS The present systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. All meta-analyses were performed using the random effects model. RESULTS Eight studies were eventually included, enrolling 1229 patients (cirrhotics: 722; and Child-Pugh A: 593; Child-Pugh B/C: 129) who underwent surgery for pancreatic cancer. The overall postoperative morbidity rate was 66% (51%-80%). Infections (26%) and ascites formation/worsening (23%) were the most common postoperative complications, followed by anastomotic leak/fistula (17%). Non-cirrhotic patients were less likely to suffer from anastomotic leak/fistula (OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.23-0.65) and infections (OR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.25-0.67). Postoperative mortality rate was statistically significantly lower in non-cirrhotic versus cirrhotic patients (OR: 0.18; 95% CI:0.18-0.39). The odds ratios of 1 year (OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.30-1.30), 2 year (OR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.25-1.83) and 3 year all-cause mortality (OR: 0.32; 95% CI: 20.03-2.99) were not significantly different between cirrhotic versus non-cirrhotic patients. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that non-cirrhotic patients were less likely to undergo any type of re-intervention and had statistically significant lower postoperative mortality rates compared to patients with cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Schizas
- First Department of Surgery, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Spyridon Peppas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Athens Naval Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Vasiliki Lagopoulou
- Department of Surgery, 251 VA and Hellenic Air Force Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos S Mylonas
- First Department of Surgery, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon Giannopoulos
- First Department of Surgery, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Moris
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Evangelos Felekouras
- First Department of Surgery, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Toutouzas
- First Propedeutic Department of Surgery, Hippocration General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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85
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Digoxin use is associated with pancreatic cancer risk but does not affect survival. Cancer Causes Control 2020; 32:41-46. [PMID: 33064241 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-020-01352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Digoxin affects several cellular pathways involved in tumorigenesis. We sought to determine the association between digoxin use and pancreatic cancer risk and survival. METHODS A nested case-control study using The Health Improvement Network (THIN), a population-representative database from the United Kingdom (UK). Cases included all individuals with incident diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Each case was matched to up to four controls using incidence density sampling based on age, sex, practice site, calendar time, and duration of follow-up. Exposure of interest was digoxin therapy before cancer diagnosis. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between digoxin use and pancreatic cancer risk were estimated using conditional logistic regression. We further conducted a retrospective cohort study among pancreatic cancer cases using Cox regression model in order to evaluate the association between digoxin use and overall survival. RESULTS We identified 4,113 cases with incident pancreatic cancer and 16,072 matched controls. The adjusted OR for diagnosis of pancreatic cancer among active digoxin users was 1.41 (95% CI 1.16-1.72). The risk did not change among active users with duration of therapy of more than 1 year (adjusted OR of 1.39, 95% CI 1.11-1.76). Digoxin was not associated with change in overall survival with an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.97 (95% CI 0.81-1.18). CONCLUSIONS Digoxin use was associated with modestly increased pancreatic cancer risk but did not affect overall survival.
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86
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Branch LL, Elmunzer BJ, Forster E, Hoffman B, Moran RA, Coté GA. High Frequency of Multiple Imaging Studies During the Diagnostic Workup for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Pancreas 2020; 49:e79-e80. [PMID: 33003088 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
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87
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Herlea V, Mustafa ES, Iorgescu AC, Pechianu NC, Cretoiu D, Sajin M, Dima SO, Vasilescu C, Stroescu C, Ungureanu C, Dumitrascu T, Brasoveanu V, Ghinescu M, Popescu I. A Morphological and Immunohistochemical Study of the Tumoral and Inflammatory Cells in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:6148286. [PMID: 33062723 PMCID: PMC7542532 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6148286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is aimed at investigating tumoral and inflammatory cells and the significance of the prognostic factors of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC); it is also aimed at determining the role of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis and prognosis of this neoplasm. Materials and Methods. 230 cases of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma were included in the study group; these cases were selected from the archives of the Department of Pathology of the Fundeni Clinical Institute over a ten-year period. Immunohistochemistry was performed using the following antibodies: MUC 1, CD 34, Factor VIII, CD 68, MMP-7, CEA, p21, p53, and Ki 67. Results. There were 133 male (57.8%) and 97 female (42.2%) patients included in this study, with ages between 20 and 81 years old (mean age: 58.2 years) and with tumors located in the pancreatic head (n = 196; 85.2%), pancreatic body (n = 12; 5.2%), and pancreatic tail (n = 20, 8.7%), as well as panpancreatic tumors (n = 2; 0.9%). Patients presented with early stages (IA and IB), with low pathologic grade (G1), with small size tumors (less than 1-1.5 cm), with tumors located in the head of the pancreas, (p53: negative; p21: positive; and CD 68: positive in peritumoral tissue), with low nuclear index (Ki 67 < 10%), without metastases at the time of surgery (had a better prognosis), and with a survival rate of about 7 months. Conclusions. Immunohistochemistry is useful for an accurate diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and establishment of additional factors that might have a prognostic importance. It is recommended to study peritumoral tissue from the quantitative and qualitative points of view to increase the number of prognostic factors. This study represents a multidisciplinary approach, and it is a result of teamwork; it presents histopathological methods of examination of this severe illness and describes only a part of the scientific effort to determine the main pathological mechanisms of this neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Herlea
- Department of Pathology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest 022328, Romania
- “TituMaiorescu” University, Faculty of Medicine, Bucharest 031593, Romania
- Center of Excellence for Translational Medicine, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | - Nicolae Catalin Pechianu
- Department of Pathology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest 022328, Romania
- “TituMaiorescu” University, Faculty of Medicine, Bucharest 031593, Romania
| | - Dragos Cretoiu
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 020021, Romania
| | - Maria Sajin
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 020021, Romania
| | - Simona Olimpia Dima
- Center of Excellence for Translational Medicine, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
- Center of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest 022328, Romania
| | - Catalin Vasilescu
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 020021, Romania
- Center of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest 022328, Romania
| | - Cezar Stroescu
- Center of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest 022328, Romania
| | - Constantin Ungureanu
- Center of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest 022328, Romania
| | - Traian Dumitrascu
- Center of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest 022328, Romania
| | - Vladislav Brasoveanu
- “TituMaiorescu” University, Faculty of Medicine, Bucharest 031593, Romania
- Center of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest 022328, Romania
| | - Minerva Ghinescu
- “TituMaiorescu” University, Faculty of Medicine, Bucharest 031593, Romania
| | - Irinel Popescu
- “TituMaiorescu” University, Faculty of Medicine, Bucharest 031593, Romania
- Center of Excellence for Translational Medicine, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
- Center of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest 022328, Romania
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88
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Advances in the management of pancreatic cystic neoplasms. Curr Probl Surg 2020; 58:100879. [PMID: 34144739 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpsurg.2020.100879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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89
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Use of Biomarkers and Imaging for Early Detection of Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071965. [PMID: 32707720 PMCID: PMC7409286 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains one of the deadliest cancers worldwide, and it is typically diagnosed late, with a poor prognosis. Early detection is the most important underlying factor for improving the prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients. One of the most effective strategies for detecting cancers at an early stage is screening of the general population. However, because of the low incidence of pancreatic cancer in the general population, the stratification of subjects who need to undergo further examinations by invasive and expensive modalities is important. Therefore, minimally invasive modalities involving biomarkers and imaging techniques that would facilitate the early detection of pancreatic cancer are highly needed. Multiple types of new blood biomarkers have recently been developed, including unique post-translational modifications of circulating proteins, circulating exosomes, microRNAs, and circulating tumor DNA. We previously reported that circulating apolipoprotein A2 undergoes unique processing in the bloodstream of patients with pancreatic cancer and its precancerous lesions. Additionally, we recently demonstrated a new method for measuring pancreatic proton density in the fat fraction using a fat–water magnetic resonance imaging technique that reflects pancreatic steatosis. In this review, we describe recent developments in potential biomarkers and imaging modalities for the early detection and risk stratification of pancreatic cancer, and we discuss current strategies for implementing screening programs for pancreatic cancer.
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90
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Galeotti AA, Gentiluomo M, Rizzato C, Obazee O, Neoptolemos JP, Pasquali C, Nentwich M, Cavestro GM, Pezzilli R, Greenhalf W, Holleczek B, Schroeder C, Schöttker B, Ivanauskas A, Ginocchi L, Key TJ, Hegyi P, Archibugi L, Darvasi E, Basso D, Sperti C, Bijlsma MF, Palmieri O, Hlavac V, Talar-Wojnarowska R, Mohelnikova-Duchonova B, Hackert T, Vashist Y, Strouhal O, van Laarhoven H, Tavano F, Lovecek M, Dervenis C, Izbéki F, Padoan A, Małecka-Panas E, Maiello E, Vanella G, Capurso G, Izbicki JR, Theodoropoulos GE, Jamroziak K, Katzke V, Kaaks R, Mambrini A, Papanikolaou IS, Szmola R, Szentesi A, Kupcinskas J, Bursi S, Costello E, Boggi U, Milanetto AC, Landi S, Gazouli M, Vodickova L, Soucek P, Gioffreda D, Gemignani F, Brenner H, Strobel O, Büchler M, Vodicka P, Paiella S, Canzian F, Campa D. Polygenic and multifactorial scores for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma risk prediction. J Med Genet 2020; 58:369-377. [PMID: 32591343 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2020-106961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most cases of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are asymptomatic in early stages, and the disease is typically diagnosed in advanced phases, resulting in very high mortality. Tools to identify individuals at high risk of developing PDAC would be useful to improve chances of early detection. OBJECTIVE We generated a polygenic risk score (PRS) for PDAC risk prediction, combining the effect of known risk SNPs, and carried out an exploratory analysis of a multifactorial score. METHODS We tested the associations of the individual known risk SNPs on up to 2851 PDAC cases and 4810 controls of European origin from the PANcreatic Disease ReseArch (PANDoRA) consortium. Thirty risk SNPs were included in a PRS, which was computed on the subset of subjects that had 100% call rate, consisting of 839 cases and 2040 controls in PANDoRA and 6420 cases and 4889 controls from the previously published Pancreatic Cancer Cohort Consortium I-III and Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium genome-wide association studies. Additional exploratory multifactorial scores were constructed by complementing the genetic score with smoking and diabetes. RESULTS The scores were associated with increased PDAC risk and reached high statistical significance (OR=2.70, 95% CI 1.99 to 3.68, p=2.54×10-10 highest vs lowest quintile of the weighted PRS, and OR=14.37, 95% CI 5.57 to 37.09, p=3.64×10-8, highest vs lowest quintile of the weighted multifactorial score). CONCLUSION We found a highly significant association between a PRS and PDAC risk, which explains more than individual SNPs and is a step forward in the direction of the construction of a tool for risk stratification in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Alessandra Galeotti
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Cosmeri Rizzato
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ofure Obazee
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John P Neoptolemos
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudio Pasquali
- Pancreatic and Endocrine Surgical Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Michael Nentwich
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Giulia Martina Cavestro
- Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Raffaele Pezzilli
- Department of Gastroenterology, Polyclinic of Sant'Orsola, Bologna, Italy
| | - William Greenhalf
- Institute for Health Research, Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bernd Holleczek
- Saarland Cancer Registry, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Schroeder
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ben Schöttker
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Network Aging Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Audrius Ivanauskas
- Department of Gastroenterology and Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Laura Ginocchi
- Oncological Department, Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest, Oncological Unit of Massa Carrara, Carrara, Italy
| | - Timothy J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Livia Archibugi
- Digestive and Liver Disease Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, S. Andrea Hospital 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Pancreato-Biliary Endoscopy and EUS Division, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Erika Darvasi
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Daniela Basso
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Cosimo Sperti
- Third Surgical Clinic - Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Maarten F Bijlsma
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Orazio Palmieri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Research Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Viktor Hlavac
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | | | - Beatrice Mohelnikova-Duchonova
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Thilo Hackert
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yogesh Vashist
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ondrej Strouhal
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hanneke van Laarhoven
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Tavano
- Division of Gastroenterology and Research Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Martin Lovecek
- Department of Surgery I, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Christos Dervenis
- Department of Surgical Oncology and HPB Surgery, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ferenc Izbéki
- Szent György University Teaching Hospital of Fejér County, Székesfehérvár, Hungary
| | - Andrea Padoan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ewa Małecka-Panas
- Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Evaristo Maiello
- Division of Gastroenterology and Research Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vanella
- Digestive and Liver Disease Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, S. Andrea Hospital 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Capurso
- Digestive and Liver Disease Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, S. Andrea Hospital 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Pancreato-Biliary Endoscopy and EUS Division, Pancreas Translational and Clinical Research Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Jakob R Izbicki
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - George E Theodoropoulos
- First Propaedeutic University Surgery Clinic, Hippocratio General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Krzysztof Jamroziak
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Verena Katzke
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Mambrini
- Oncological Department, Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest, Oncological Unit of Massa Carrara, Carrara, Italy
| | - Ioannis S Papanikolaou
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Research Unit, "Attikon" University General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Richárd Szmola
- Department of Interventional Gastroenterology, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Szentesi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Juozas Kupcinskas
- Department of Gastroenterology and Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Simona Bursi
- Oncological Department, Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest, Oncological Unit of Massa Carrara, Carrara, Italy
| | - Eithne Costello
- Institute for Health Research, Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ugo Boggi
- Division of General and Transplant Surgery, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Landi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Gazouli
- Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ludmila Vodickova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Soucek
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Domenica Gioffreda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Research Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | | | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Strobel
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Büchler
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Salvatore Paiella
- General and Pancreatic Surgery Department, Pancreas Institute, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Canzian
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniele Campa
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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91
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Liu Z, Ahn MHY, Kurokawa T, Ly A, Zhang G, Wang F, Yamada T, Sadagopan A, Cheng J, Ferrone CR, Liss AS, Honselmann KC, Wojtkiewicz GR, Ferrone S, Wang X. A fast, simple, and cost-effective method of expanding patient-derived xenograft mouse models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Transl Med 2020; 18:255. [PMID: 32580742 PMCID: PMC7315507 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models of cancer have been recognized as better mouse models that recapitulate the characteristics of original malignancies including preserved tumor heterogeneity, lineage hierarchy, and tumor microenvironment. However, common challenges of PDX models are the significant time required for tumor expansion, reduced tumor take rates, and higher costs. Here, we describe a fast, simple, and cost-effective method of expanding PDX of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in mice. METHODS We used two established frozen PDAC PDX tissues (derived from two different patients) and implanted them subcutaneously into SCID mice. After tissues reached 10-20 mm in diameter, we performed survival surgery on each mouse to harvest 90-95% of subcutaneous PDX (incomplete resection), allowing the remaining 5-10% of PDX to continue growing in the same mouse. RESULTS We expanded three consecutive passages (P1, P2, and P3) of PDX in the same mouse. Comparing the times required for in vivo expansion, P2 and P3 (expanded through incomplete resection) grew 26-60% faster than P1. Moreover, such expanded PDX tissues were successfully implanted orthotopically into mouse pancreases. Within 20 weeks using only 14 mice, we generated sufficient PDX tissue for future implantation of 200 mice. Our histology study confirmed that the morphologies of cancer cells and stromal structures were similar across all three passages of subcutaneous PDX and the orthotopic PDX and were reflective of the original patient tumors. CONCLUSIONS Taking advantage of incomplete resection of tumors associated with high local recurrence, we established a fast method of PDAC PDX expansion in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Liu
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology and Urology and of Medical Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Michael Ho-Young Ahn
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tomohiro Kurokawa
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy Ly
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gong Zhang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fuyou Wang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Teppei Yamada
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ananthan Sadagopan
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jane Cheng
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cristina R Ferrone
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew S Liss
- Division of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kim C Honselmann
- Division of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory R Wojtkiewicz
- Mouse Imaging Program, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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92
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Gašić U, Ćirić I, Pejčić T, Radenković D, Djordjević V, Radulović S, Tešić Ž. Polyphenols as Possible Agents for Pancreatic Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060547. [PMID: 32585831 PMCID: PMC7346180 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is very aggressive and it is estimated that it kills nearly 50% of patients within the first six months. The lack of symptoms specific to this disease prevents early diagnosis and treatment. Today, gemcitabine alone or in combination with other cytostatic agents such as cisplatin (Cis), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), irinotecan, capecitabine, or oxaliplatin (Oxa) is used in conventional therapy. Outgoing literature provides data on the use of polyphenols, biologically active compounds, in the treatment of pancreatic cancer and the prevention of acute pancreatitis. Therefore, the first part of this review gives a brief overview of the state of pancreatic disease as well as the procedures for its treatment. The second part provides a detailed overview of the research regarding the anticancer effects of both pure polyphenols and their plant extracts. The results regarding the antiproliferative, antimetastatic, as well as inhibitory effects of polyphenols against PC cell lines as well as the prevention of acute pancreatitis are presented in detail. Finally, particular emphasis is given to the polyphenolic profiles of apples, berries, cherries, sour cherries, and grapes, given the fact that these fruits are rich in polyphenols and anthocyanins. Polyphenolic profiles, the content of individual polyphenols, and their relationships are discussed. Based on this, significant data can be obtained regarding the amount of fruit that should be consumed daily to achieve a therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uroš Gašić
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Ivanka Ćirić
- Innovation Center, University of Belgrade—Faculty of Chemistry, P.O. Box 51, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Tomislav Pejčić
- Clinic of Urology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Dejan Radenković
- University of Belgrade—Faculty of Medicine, dr Subotića 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- First Surgical Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Koste Todorovića 6, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Vladimir Djordjević
- First Surgical Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Koste Todorovića 6, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Siniša Radulović
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Živoslav Tešić
- University of Belgrade—Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12–16, P.O. Box 51, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-113336733
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93
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Wang XY, Chen HT, Na R, Jiang DK, Lin XL, Yang F, Jin C, Fu DL, Xu JF. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms based genetic risk score in the prediction of pancreatic cancer risk. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:3076-3086. [PMID: 32587449 PMCID: PMC7304113 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i22.3076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disease-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) based genetic risk score (GRS) has been proven to provide independent inherited risk other than family history in multiple cancer types.
AIM To evaluate the potential of GRS in the prediction of pancreatic cancer risk.
METHODS In this case-control study (254 cases and 1200 controls), we aimed to evaluate the association between GRS and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) risk in the Chinese population. The GRS was calculated based on the genotype information of 18 PDAC-related SNPs for each study subject (personal genotyping information of the SNPs) and was weighted by external odd ratios (ORs).
RESULTS GRS was significantly different in cases and controls (1.96 ± 3.84 in PDACs vs 1.09 ± 0.94 in controls, P < 0.0001). Logistic regression revealed GRS to be associated with PDAC risk [OR = 1.23, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13-1.34, P < 0.0001]. GRS remained significantly associated with PDAC (OR = 1.36, 95%CI: 1.06-1.74, P = 0.015) after adjusting for age and sex. Further analysis revealed an association of increased risk for PDAC with higher GRS. Compared with low GRS (< 1.0), subjects with high GRS (2.0) were 99% more likely to have PDAC (OR: 1.99, 95%CI: 1.30-3.04, P = 0.002). Participants with intermediate GRS (1.0-1.9) were 39% more likely to have PDAC (OR: 1.39, 95%CI: 1.03-1.84, P = 0.031). A positive trend was observed (P trend = 0.0006).
CONCLUSION GRS based on PDAC-associated SNPs could provide independent information on PDAC risk and may be used to predict a high risk PDAC population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yi Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Institute, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Hai-Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Rong Na
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200043, China
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - De-Ke Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Institute, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Chen Jin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Institute, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - De-Liang Fu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Institute, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jian-Feng Xu
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care and Department of Surgery, North Shore University Health System, Evanston, IL 60201, United States
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González IA, Kang LI, Williams GA, Liu J, DeNardo DG, Hawkins WG, Chatterjee D. Tumor-insular Complex in Neoadjuvant Treated Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Is Associated With Higher Residual Tumor. Am J Surg Pathol 2020; 44:817-825. [PMID: 32091434 PMCID: PMC7225071 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) plays a vital role in treatment response, and therefore, patient survival. We and others have observed an intimate association of neoplastic ductal cells with non-neoplastic islet cells, recapitulating the ductoinsular complex. We define this phenomenon as tumor-insular complex (TIC). Herein, we describe the clinicopathologic characteristics of TIC in neoadjuvant treated PDAC cases for the first time. We retrospectively reviewed the pathology of 105 cases of neoadjuvant treated PDAC resected at our institution. TIC was noted in 35 cases (33.3%), the mean tumor bed size was 2.7±1.0 cm, mean percentage of residual tumor 40±28% and mean Residual Tumor Index (RTI) (an index previously established as a prognostic parameter by our group) was 1.1±1.0. TIC was significantly associated with perineural invasion (P=0.001), higher tumor bed size (P=0.007), percentage of residual tumor (P=0.009), RTI (P=0.001), ypT stage (P=0.045), and poor treatment response, grouped by a previously established criteria (P=0.010). Using our prior binary reported prognostic cutoff for RTI of ≤0.35 and >0.35, TIC was associated with a RTI >0.35 (P=0.002). Moreover, patients who did not receive neoadjuvant radiation were associated with a higher frequency of TIC (P=0.003). In this cohort, RTI but not TIC was also shown to be a significant independent prognosticator for recurrence-free survival and overall survival on multivariate analysis. In conclusion, TIC is significantly associated with a more aggressive neoplasm which shows a poor treatment response. Further studies will be needed to better understand the tumor biology of TICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván A. González
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Liang-I Kang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Gregory A. Williams
- Division of HPB and GI surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Jingxia Liu
- Division of Public Health, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - David G. DeNardo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - William G. Hawkins
- Division of HPB and GI surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Deyali Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
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95
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What is causing this patient's severe pruritus? JAAPA 2020; 33:54-56. [PMID: 32452965 DOI: 10.1097/01.jaa.0000662428.39636.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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96
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Quoc Lam B, Shrivastava SK, Shrivastava A, Shankar S, Srivastava RK. The Impact of obesity and diabetes mellitus on pancreatic cancer: Molecular mechanisms and clinical perspectives. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:7706-7716. [PMID: 32458441 PMCID: PMC7348166 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in the Western world has increased dramatically during the recent decades. According to the American Cancer Society, pancreatic cancer (PC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer‐related death in the United States. The relationship among obesity, T2DM and PC is complex. Due to increase in obesity, diabetes, alcohol consumption and sedentary lifestyle, the mortality due to PC is expected to rise significantly by year 2040. The underlying mechanisms by which diabetes and obesity contribute to pancreatic tumorigenesis are not well understood. Furthermore, metabolism and microenvironment within the pancreas can also modulate pancreatic carcinogenesis. The risk of PC on a population level may be reduced by modifiable lifestyle risk factors. In this review, the interactions of diabetes and obesity to PC development were summarized, and novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of diabetes and PC were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Quoc Lam
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Sushant K Shrivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India
| | - Anju Shrivastava
- Department of Oncology, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Sharmila Shankar
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Rakesh K Srivastava
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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97
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Qian X, Chen Z, Chen SS, Liu LM, Zhang AQ. Integrated Analyses Identify Immune-Related Signature Associated with Qingyihuaji Formula for Treatment of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Using Network Pharmacology and Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:7503605. [PMID: 32537471 PMCID: PMC7256764 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7503605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to clarify the potential immune-related targets and mechanisms of Qingyihuaji Formula (QYHJ) against pancreatic cancer (PC) through network pharmacology and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Active ingredients of herbs in QYHJ were identified by the TCMSP database. Then, the putative targets of active ingredients were predicted with SwissTargetPrediction and the STITCH databases. The expression profiles of GSE32676 were downloaded from the GEO database. WGCNA was used to identify the co-expression modules. Besides, the putative targets, immune-related targets, and the critical module genes were mapped with the specific disease to select the overlapped genes (OGEs). Functional enrichment analysis of putative targets and OGEs was conducted. The overall survival (OS) analysis of OGEs was investigated using the Kaplan-Meier plotter. The relative expression and methylation levels of OGEs were detected in UALCAN, human protein atlas (HPA), Oncomine, DiseaseMeth version 2.0 and, MEXPRESS database, respectively. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was conducted to elucidate the key pathways of highly-expressed OGEs further. OS analyses found that 12 up-regulated OGEs, including CDK1, PLD1, MET, F2RL1, XDH, NEK2, TOP2A, NQO1, CCND1, PTK6, CTSE, and ERBB2 that could be utilized as potential diagnostic indicators for PC. Further, methylation analyses suggested that the abnormal up-regulation of these OGEs probably resulted from hypomethylation, and GSEA revealed the genes markedly related to cell cycle and proliferation of PC. This study identified CDK1, PLD1, MET, F2RL1, XDH, NEK2, TOP2A, NQO1, CCND1, PTK6, CTSE, and ERBB2 might be used as reliable immune-related biomarkers for prognosis of PC, which may be essential immunotherapies targets of QYHJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Qian
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sha Sha Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taizhou Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Ming Liu
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, China
| | - Ai Qin Zhang
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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98
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Nelson SR, Walsh N. Genetic Alterations Featuring Biological Models to Tailor Clinical Management of Pancreatic Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1233. [PMID: 32423157 PMCID: PMC7281628 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. This high mortality rate is due to the disease's lack of symptoms, resulting in a late diagnosis. Biomarkers and treatment options for pancreatic cancer are also limited. In order to overcome this, new research models and novel approaches to discovering PDAC biomarkers are required. In this review, we outline the hereditary and somatic causes of PDAC and provide an overview of the recent genome wide association studies (GWAS) and pathway analysis studies. We also provide a summary of some of the systems used to study PDAC, including established and primary cell lines, patient-derived xenografts (PDX), and newer models such as organoids and organ-on-chip. These ex vitro laboratory systems allow for critical research into the development and progression of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naomi Walsh
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland;
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Vicentini C, Calore F, Nigita G, Fadda P, Simbolo M, Sperandio N, Luchini C, Lawlor RT, Croce CM, Corbo V, Fassan M, Scarpa A. Exosomal miRNA signatures of pancreatic lesions. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20:137. [PMID: 32375666 PMCID: PMC7204029 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic and peri-pancreatic neoplasms encompass a variety of histotypes characterized by a heterogeneous prognostic impact. miRNAs are considered efficient candidate biomarkers due to their high stability in tissues and body fluids. We applied Nanostring profiling of circulating exosomal miRNAs to distinct pancreatic lesions in order to establish a source for biomarker development. METHODS A series of 140 plasma samples obtained from patients affected by pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC, n = 58), pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNET, n = 42), intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN, n = 20), and ampulla of Vater carcinomas (AVC, n = 20) were analyzed. Comprehensive miRNA profiling was performed on plasma-derived exosomes. Relevant miRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR and in situ hybridization (ISH). RESULTS Lesion specific miRNAs were identified through multiple disease comparisons. Selected miRNAs were validated in the plasma by qRT-PCR and at tissue level by ISH. We leveraged the presence of clinical subtypes with each disease cohort to identify miRNAs that are differentially enriched in aggressive phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that pancreatic lesions are characterized by specific exosomal-miRNA signatures. We also provide the basis for further explorations in order to better understand the relevance of these signatures in pancreatic neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federica Calore
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Giovanni Nigita
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Paolo Fadda
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Michele Simbolo
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Anatomical Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Luchini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Anatomical Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Rita T Lawlor
- ARC-NET Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Carlo Maria Croce
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Vincenzo Corbo
- ARC-NET Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Anatomical Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Fassan
- ARC-NET Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Via Aristide Gabelli 61, 35121, Padua, PD, Italy.
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- ARC-NET Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Anatomical Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Gregório C, Rosset C, Alves LDS, Netto CBO, Machado SMDS, Bersch VP, Osvaldt AB, Ashton-Prolla P. Synchronous Periampullary Tumors in a Patient With Pancreas Divisum and Neurofibromatosis Type 1. Front Genet 2020; 11:395. [PMID: 32425982 PMCID: PMC7212385 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study, we describe for the first time a Neurofibromatosis type 1 patient with pancreas divisum, multiple periampullary tumors and germline pathogenic variants in NF1 and CFTR genes. CASE REPORT A 62-year-old female NF1 patient presented with weakness, choluria, nausea, and diffuse abdominal pain to an emergency room service. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an abdominal mass involving the periampullary region and pancreas divisum. After surgical resection, three synchronous neoplasms were detected including two ampullary tumors (adenocarcinoma of the major ampulla and a neuroendocrine tumor of the minor ampulla) and a gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Germline multigene panel testing (MGPT) identified two pathogenic heterozygous germline variants: NF1 c.838del and CFTR c.1210-34TG[12]T[5]. CONCLUSION This is the first report of a Neurofibromatosis type 1 patient with pancreas divisum and multiple periampullary tumors harboring pathogenic germline variants in NF1 and CFTR genes. The identification of two germline variants and a developmental anomaly in this patient may explain the unusual and more severe findings and underscores the importance of comprehensive molecular analyses in patients with complex phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleandra Gregório
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Clévia Rosset
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Laura da Silva Alves
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vivian Pierri Bersch
- Serviço de Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo, Grupo de Vias Biliares e Pâncreas, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Grupo do Pâncreas, Serviço de Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Bersch Osvaldt
- Serviço de Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo, Grupo de Vias Biliares e Pâncreas, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina: Ciências Cirúrgicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Patricia Ashton-Prolla
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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