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Fatty Acids Consumption: The Role Metabolic Aspects Involved in Obesity and Its Associated Disorders. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9101158. [PMID: 29065507 PMCID: PMC5691774 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its associated disorders, such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, metabolic inflammation, dysbiosis, and non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis, are involved in several molecular and inflammatory mechanisms that alter the metabolism. Food habit changes, such as the quality of fatty acids in the diet, are proposed to treat and prevent these disorders. Some studies demonstrated that saturated fatty acids (SFA) are considered detrimental for treating these disorders. A high fat diet rich in palmitic acid, a SFA, is associated with lower insulin sensitivity and it may also increase atherosclerosis parameters. On the other hand, a high intake of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) fatty acids may promote positive effects, especially on triglyceride levels and increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Moreover, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) are effective at limiting the hepatic steatosis process through a series of biochemical events, such as reducing the markers of non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis, increasing the gene expression of lipid metabolism, decreasing lipogenic activity, and releasing adiponectin. This current review shows that the consumption of unsaturated fatty acids, MUFA, and PUFA, and especially EPA and DHA, which can be applied as food supplements, may promote effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as on metabolic inflammation, gut microbiota, and hepatic metabolism.
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Pahlavani M, Kalupahana NS, Ramalingam L, Moustaid-Moussa N. Regulation and Functions of the Renin-Angiotensin System in White and Brown Adipose Tissue. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:1137-1150. [PMID: 28915321 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) is a major regulator of blood pressure, fluid, and electrolyte homeostasis. RAS precursor angiotensinogen (Agt) is cleaved into angiotensin I (Ang I) and II (Ang II) by renin and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), respectively. Major effects of Ang II, the main bioactive peptide of this system, is mediated by G protein coupled receptors, Angiotensin Type 1 (AGTR1, AT1R) and Type 2 (AGTR2, AT2R) receptors. Further, the discovery of additional RAS peptides such as Ang 1-7 generated by the action of another enzyme ACE2 identified novel functions of this complex system. In addition to the systemic RAS, several local RAS exist in organs such as the brain, kidney, pancreas, and adipose tissue. The expression and regulation of various components of RAS in adipose tissue prompted extensive research into the role of adipose RAS in metabolic diseases. Indeed, animal studies have shown that adipose-derived Agt contributes to circulating RAS, kidney, and blood pressure regulation. Further, mice overexpressing Agt have high blood pressure and increased adiposity characterized by inflammation, adipocyte hypertrophy, and insulin resistance, which can be reversed at least in part by RAS inhibition. These findings highlight the importance of this system in energy homeostasis, especially in the context of obesity. This overview article discusses the depot-specific functions of adipose RAS, genetic and pharmacological manipulations of RAS, and its applications to adipogenesis, thermogenesis, and overall energy homeostasis. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:1137-1150, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Pahlavani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Nishan S Kalupahana
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA.,Department of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Latha Ramalingam
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Holt PR, Alemán JO, Walker JM, Jiang CS, Liang Y, de Rosa JC, Giri DD, Iyengar NM, Milne GL, Hudis CA, Breslow JL. Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation is Not Anti-Inflammatory in Adipose Tissue of Healthy Obese Postmenopausal Women. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 1:31-49. [PMID: 29683134 DOI: 10.14302/issn.2379-7835.ijn-17-1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue inflammation is associated with obesity comorbidities. Reducing such inflammation may ameliorate these comorbidities. n-3 fatty acids have been reported to have anti-inflammatory properties in obesity, which may modulate this inflammatory state. In the current study a 1 gram per day oral supplement of the n-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was administered for 12 weeks to 10 grade 1-2 obese postmenopausal women and markers of adipose tissue and systemic inflammation measured and compared before and after supplementation. DHA administration resulted in approximately a doubling of plasma and red cell phospholipid and adipose tissue DHA content but no change in systemic markers of inflammation, such as circulating C-reactive protein (CRP) or interleukins (IL) 6, 8 and 10 (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10). DHA supplementation did not alter the adipose tissue marker of inflammation crown-like structure density nor did it affect any gene expression pathways, including anti-inflammatory, hypoxic and lipid metabolism pathways. The obese postmenopausal women studied were otherwise healthy, which leads us to suggest that in such women DHA supplementation is not an effective means for reducing adipose tissue or systemic inflammation. Further testing is warranted to determine if n-3 fatty acids may ameliorate inflammation in other, perhaps less healthy, populations of obese individuals.
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Wang C, Liu W, Yao L, Zhang X, Zhang X, Ye C, Jiang H, He J, Zhu Y, Ai D. Hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acids and epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids attenuate early occurrence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:2358-2372. [PMID: 28471490 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) mediate protective effects on several metabolic disorders. However, the functions of their metabolites in the early stage of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are largely unknown. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mice were fed a control diet, high-fat diet (HFD) or ω-3 PUFA-enriched HFD (ω3HFD) for 4 days and phenotypes were analysed. LC-MS/MS was used to determine the eicosanoid profiles. Primary hepatocytes and peritoneal macrophages were used for the mechanism study. KEY RESULTS In short-term HFD-fed mice, the significantly increased lipid accumulation in the liver was reversed by ω-3 PUFA supplementation. Metabolomics showed that the plasma concentrations of hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acids (HEPEs) and epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (EEQs) were reduced by a short-term HFD and markedly increased by the ω3HFD. However, HEPE/EEQ treatment had no direct protective effect on hepatocytes. ω3HFD also significantly attenuated HFD-induced adipose tissue inflammation. Furthermore, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of the JNK pathway induced by palmitate were suppressed by HEPEs and EEQs in macrophages. 17,18-EEQ, 5-HEPE and 9-HEPE were identified as the effective components among these metabolites, as indicated by their greater suppression of the palmitate-induced expression of inflammatory factors, chemotaxis and JNK activation compared to other metabolites in macrophages. A mixture of 17,18-EEQ, 5-HEPE and 9-HEPE significantly ameliorated the short-term HFD-induced accumulation of macrophages in adipose tissue and hepatic steatosis. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS 17,18-EEQ, 5-HEPE and 9-HEPE may be potential approaches to prevent NAFLD in the early stage by inhibiting the inflammatory response in adipose tissue macrophages via JNK signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjiong Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenli Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liu Yao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenji Ye
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jinlong He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ding Ai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Cao D, Luo J, Zang W, Chen D, Xu H, Shi H, Jing X. Gamma-Linolenic Acid Suppresses NF-κΒ Signaling via CD36 in the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response in Primary Goat Mammary Gland Epithelial Cells. Inflammation 2017; 39:1225-37. [PMID: 27121266 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0358-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and linoleic acid (LA), which are both n-6 unsaturated fatty acids, play vital roles in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. The multi-functional protein scavenger receptor CD36 has also been shown to participate in inflammation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the interactions between CD36 and GLA or LA in LPS-induced inflammation remain unclear. We used small interfering RNA and adenoviral systems to manipulate CD36 expression in primary goat mammary gland epithelial cells (pGMECs), and the results showed that nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) levels were significantly decreased by CD36 receptor signaling following treatment with GLA but not LA. GLA inhibited NF-κB activation in LPS-induced pGMECs. However, silencing CD36 or deleting its fatty acid-binding domain blocked the anti-inflammatory effects of GLA, resulting in an increase in NF-κB activation and disrupting its localization during LPS-induced inflammation. The activity of the cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, which act downstream of NF-κB, was also modulated when CD34 expression was manipulated by the addition of GLA in LPS-induced pGMECs. Our data suggest that GLA, but not LA, may interact with the CD36 fatty acid-binding domain to regulate the activation and localization of NF-κB in LPS-induced pGMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoyao Cao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - WenJuan Zang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dekun Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huifen Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huaiping Shi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoqi Jing
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Eicosapentaenoic acid regulates brown adipose tissue metabolism in high-fat-fed mice and in clonal brown adipocytes. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 39:101-109. [PMID: 27833050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a key role in energy expenditure through its specialized thermogenic function. Therefore, BAT activation may help prevent and/or treat obesity. Interestingly, subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) also has the ability to differentiate into brown-like adipocytes and may potentially contribute to increased thermogenesis. We have previously reported that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) reduces high-fat (HF)-diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice. Whether BAT mediates some of these beneficial effects of EPA has not been determined. We hypothesized that EPA activates BAT thermogenic program, contributing to its antiobesity effects. BAT and WAT were harvested from B6 male mice fed HF diets supplemented with or without EPA. HIB 1B clonal brown adipocytes treated with or without EPA were also used. Gene and protein expressions were measured in adipose tissues and H1B 1B cells by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting, respectively. Our results show that BAT from EPA-supplemented mice expressed significantly higher levels of thermogenic genes such as PRDM16 and PGC1α and higher levels of uncoupling protein 1 compared to HF-fed mice. By contrast, both WATs (subcutaneous and visceral) had undetectable levels of these markers with no up regulation by EPA. HIB 1B cells treated with EPA showed significantly higher mRNA expression of PGC1α and SIRT2. EPA treatment significantly increased maximum oxidative and peak glycolytic metabolism in H1B 1B cells. Our results demonstrate a novel and promising role for EPA in preventing obesity via activation of BAT, adding to its known beneficial anti-inflammatory effects.
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LeMieux MJ, Ramalingam L, Mynatt RL, Kalupahana NS, Kim JH, Moustaïd-Moussa N. Inactivation of adipose angiotensinogen reduces adipose tissue macrophages and increases metabolic activity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:359-67. [PMID: 26704350 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The adipose renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been linked to obesity-induced inflammation, though mechanisms are not completely understood. In this study, adipose-specific angiotensinogen knockout mice (Agt-KO) were generated to determine whether Agt inactivation reduces inflammation and alters the metabolic profile of the Agt-KO mice compared to wild-type (WT) littermates. METHODS Adipose tissue-specific Agt-KO mice were created using the Cre-LoxP system with both Agt-KO and WT littermates fed either a low-fat or high-fat diet to assess metabolic changes. White adipose tissue was used for gene/protein expression analyses and WAT stromal vascular cells for metabolic extracellular flux assays. RESULTS No significant differences were observed in body weight or fat mass between both genotypes on either diet. However, improved glucose clearance was observed in Agt-KO compared to WT littermates, consistent with higher expression of genes involved in insulin signaling, glucose transport, and fatty acid metabolism. Furthermore, Agt inactivation reduced total macrophage infiltration in Agt-KO mice fed both diets. Lastly, stroma vascular cells from Agt-KO mice revealed higher metabolic activity compared to WT mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that adipose-specific Agt inactivation leads to reduced adipose inflammation and increased glucose tolerance mediated in part via increased metabolic activity of adipose cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique J LeMieux
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Latha Ramalingam
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Randall L Mynatt
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nishan S Kalupahana
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Jung Han Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Adipose tissue is a critical endocrine and immunological organ that regulates systemic energy homeostasis. During the pathogenesis of obesity, adipocyte hypertrophy is accompanied by adipose tissue inflammation, impeding insulin sensitivity and endocrine function of adipose tissue and other tissues. Adipocyte cholesterol accumulates in proportion to triglyceride as adipocytes undergo hypertrophy. Recent studies suggest that dietary cholesterol contributes to increased adipocyte cholesterol. However, how dietary cholesterol accumulates in adipocytes and its metabolic consequences are poorly understood. This review summarizes recent advances in knowledge of adipocyte cholesterol balance and highlights the emerging role of dietary cholesterol in adipose tissue cholesterol balance, inflammation, and systemic energy metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS Perturbation of cholesterol balance in adipocytes alters intracellular cholesterol distribution and modulates adipocyte insulin and proinflammatory signaling. Adipocyte cholesterol levels are maintained by a balance between dietary cholesterol uptake from triglyceride-enriched lipoproteins and cellular cholesterol efflux to HDL. Recent animal studies established a critical role for dietary cholesterol in promoting adipose tissue inflammation, thereby worsening obesity-mediated metabolic complications. SUMMARY Recent studies identified high dietary cholesterol as a potentiator of adipose tissue inflammation and dysfunction. Reducing excessive dietary cholesterol intake is suggested as a simple, but novel, way to attenuate obesity-associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonkyu Chung
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68516
| | - John S. Parks
- Department of Internal Medicine/Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
- Corresponding author: John S. Parks; Department of Internal Medicine/Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 phone: 336-716-2145 fax: 336-716-6279
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Marine natural products with anti-inflammatory activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:1645-1666. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Yang ZH, Inoue S, Taniguchi Y, Miyahara H, Iwasaki Y, Takeo J, Sakaue H, Nakaya Y. Long-term dietary supplementation with saury oil attenuates metabolic abnormalities in mice fed a high-fat diet: combined beneficial effect of omega-3 fatty acids and long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:155. [PMID: 26627187 PMCID: PMC4666194 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pacific saury is a common dietary component in East Asia. Saury oil contains considerable levels of n-3 unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids (LCMUFA) with aliphatic tails longer than 18 carbons. In our previous study, consumption of saury oil for 4 to 6 wk improved insulin sensitivity and the plasma lipid profile in mice. However, the long-term effects of saury oil on metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors remain to be demonstrated. In the current study, we examined the long-term effects of saury oil on mice fed a high-fat diet, and compared the effect of n-3 PUFA EPA and LCMUFA on MetS risk factor in diet-induced obese mice. Methods and Results In Experiment 1, male C57BL/6 J mice were fed either a 32 % lard diet (control) or a diet containing 22 % lard plus 10 % saury oil (saury oil group) for 18 weeks. Although no differences were found in body weight and energy expenditure between the control and saury oil groups, the saury oil diet decreased plasma insulin, non–HDL cholesterol, hepatic steatosis, and adipocyte size, and altered levels of mRNA transcribed from genes involved in insulin signaling and inflammation in adipose tissue. Organ and plasma fatty acid profile analysis revealed that consumption of saury oil increased n-3 PUFA and LCMUFA (especially n-11 LCMUFA) levels in multiple organs, and decreased the fatty acid desaturation index (C16:1/C16:0; C18:1/C18:0) in liver and adipose tissue. In Experiment 2, male C57BL/6 J mice were fed a 32 % lard diet (control), a diet containing 28 % lard plus 4 % EPA (EPA group), or a diet containing 20 % lard plus 12 % LCMUFA concentrate (LCMUFA group) for 8 weeks. EPA or LCMUFA intake increased organ levels of EPA and LCMUFA, respectively. Consumption of EPA reduced plasma lipid levels and hepatic lipid deposition, and decreased the fatty acid desaturation index in liver and adipose tissue. Consumption of LCMUFA decreased plasma non–HDL cholesterol, improved hyperinsulinemia, and decreased the fatty acid desaturation index in adipose tissue. EPA accumulated mainly in liver, and LCMUFA (especially n-11 LCMUFA) accumulated mainly in white adipose tissue, suggesting their possible individual biological effects for improving MetS. Conclusion Our results suggest that saury oil-mediated improvement of metabolic syndrome in diet-induced obese mice may possibly be due to a combined effect of n-3 PUFA and LCMUFA. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12944-015-0161-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hong Yang
- Central Research Laboratory, Nippon Suisan Kaisha, 32-3 Nanakuni 1 Chome, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0991, Japan. .,Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Seika Inoue
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
| | - Yasuko Taniguchi
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Miyahara
- Central Research Laboratory, Nippon Suisan Kaisha, 32-3 Nanakuni 1 Chome, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0991, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Iwasaki
- Central Research Laboratory, Nippon Suisan Kaisha, 32-3 Nanakuni 1 Chome, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0991, Japan.
| | - Jiro Takeo
- Central Research Laboratory, Nippon Suisan Kaisha, 32-3 Nanakuni 1 Chome, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0991, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Sakaue
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Nakaya
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan.
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Modification of Docosahexaenoic Acid Composition of Milk from Nursing Women Who Received Alpha Linolenic Acid from Chia Oil during Gestation and Nursing. Nutrients 2015; 7:6405-24. [PMID: 26247968 PMCID: PMC4555128 DOI: 10.3390/nu7085289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Linolenic acid (ALA) is the precursor of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in humans, which is fundamental for brain and visual function. Western diet provides low ALA and DHA, which is reflected in low DHA in maternal milk. Chia oil extracted from chia (Salvia hispanica L.), a plant native to some Latin American countries, is high in ALA (up to 60%) and thereby is an alternative to provide ALA with the aim to reduce DHA deficits. We evaluated the modification of the fatty acid profile of milk obtained from Chilean mothers who received chia oil during gestation and nursing. Forty healthy pregnant women (22–35 years old) tabulated for food consumption, were randomly separated into two groups: a control group with normal feeding (n = 21) and a chia group (n = 19), which received 16 mL chia oil daily from the third trimester of pregnancy until the first six months of nursing. The fatty acid profile of erythrocyte phospholipids, measured at six months of pregnancy, at time of delivery and at six months of nursing, and the fatty acid profile of the milk collected during the first six months of nursing were assessed by gas-chromatography. The chia group, compared to the control group, showed (i) a significant increase in ALA ingestion and a significant reduction of linoleic acid (LA) ingestion, no showing modification of arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA; (ii) a significant increase of erythrocyte ALA and EPA and a reduction of LA. AA and DHA were not modified; (iii) a increased milk content of ALA during the six months of nursing, whereas LA showed a decrease. AA and EPA were not modified, however DHA increased only during the first three months of nursing. Consumption of chia oil during the last trimester of pregnancy and the first three months of nursing transiently increases the milk content of DHA.
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The resolution of inflammation: Principles and challenges. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:149-60. [PMID: 25911383 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The concept that chemokines, cytokines and pro-inflammatory mediators act in a co-ordinated fashion to drive the initiation of the inflammatory reaction is well understood. The significance of such networks acting during the resolution of inflammation however is poorly appreciated. In recent years, specific pro-resolving mediators were discovered which activate resolution pathways to return tissues to homeostasis. These mediators are diverse in nature, and include specialized lipid mediators (lipoxins, resolvins, protectins and maresins) proteins (annexin A1, galectins) and peptides, gaseous mediators including hydrogen sulphide, a purine (adenosine), as well as neuromodulator release under the control of the vagus nerve. Functionally, they can act to limit further leukocyte recruitment, induce neutrophil apoptosis and enhance efferocytosis by macrophages. They can also switch macrophages from classical to alternatively activated cells, promote the return of non-apoptotic cells to the lymphatics and help initiate tissue repair mechanisms and healing. Within this review we highlight the essential cellular aspects required for successful tissue resolution, briefly discuss the pro-resolution mediators that drive these processes and consider potential challenges faced by researchers in the quest to discover how inflammation resolves and why chronic inflammation persists.
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Huerta AE, Prieto-Hontoria PL, Sáinz N, Martínez JA, Moreno-Aliaga MJ. Supplementation with α-Lipoic Acid Alone or in Combination with Eicosapentaenoic Acid Modulates the Inflammatory Status of Healthy Overweight or Obese Women Consuming an Energy-Restricted Diet. J Nutr 2015; 146:889S-896S. [PMID: 26962183 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.224105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proinflammatory state induced by obesity plays an important role in obesity-related metabolic complications. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to evaluate whether dietary supplementation with α-lipoic acid (LA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), separately or in combination, could improve inflammatory and cardiovascular disease risk markers in healthy overweight or obese women consuming an energy-restricted diet. METHODS Within the context of the Effects of Lipoic Acid and Eicosapentaenoic Acid in Human Obesity (OBEPALIP) study, Caucasian women (n = 73) aged 20-50 y with a BMI (in kg/m2) between 27.5 and 40 consumed an energy-restricted diet for 10 wk after being randomly assigned to 1 of 4 parallel experimental groups: a control group or groups supplemented with 1.3 g EPA/d, 0.3 g LA/d, or both. Secondary outcomes were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. These included circulating inflammatory [C-reactive protein (CRP), adiponectin, interleukin 6 (IL-6), chemerin, haptoglobin, amyloid A, and leukocytes] and cardiovascular disease risk markers (platelet count and circulating apelin, asymmetric dimethylarginine, vascular endothelial growth factor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1). Gene expression of IL6, adhesion G protein-coupled receptor E1 (ADGRE1), interleukin 10 (IL10), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, and adiponectin was measured in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue biopsies at endpoint. RESULTS Supplementation with LA caused a greater reduction in some circulating inflammatory risk markers, such as CRP (-0.13 ± 0.07 mg/dL compared with 0.06 ± 0.07 mg/dL, P < 0.05) and leukocyte count (-0.74 ± 0.18 × 103/mm3 compared with 0.06 ± 0.18 × 103/mm3, P < 0.01), than in the groups that were not supplemented with LA. In contrast, the fall in apelin concentrations that accompanied weight loss was less pronounced in groups that were supplemented with LA (-1.1 ± 4.9 pg/mL) than in those that were not (-21.3 ± 4.8 pg/mL, P < 0.01). In adipose tissue, compared with those who did not receive EPA, EPA-supplemented groups exhibited a downregulation of ADGRE1 (0.7 ± 0.1-fold compared with 1.0 ± 0.1-fold) (P < 0.05) and an upregulation of IL10 (1.8 ± 0.2-fold compared with 1.0 ± 0.2-fold) (P < 0.05) gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplementation with LA improves some systemic inflammatory and cardiovascular disease-related risk markers in healthy overweight or obese women independently of weight loss, whereas EPA modulates inflammation-related genes in adipose tissue. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01138774.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana E Huerta
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro L Prieto-Hontoria
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Neira Sáinz
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - J Alfredo Martínez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Centre Network in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J Moreno-Aliaga
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Centre Network in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
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