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Hashimoto-Hill S, Friesen L, Kim M, Kim CH. Contraction of intestinal effector T cells by retinoic acid-induced purinergic receptor P2X7. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:912-923. [PMID: 27966552 PMCID: PMC5471139 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal environment harbors a large number of activated T cells, which are potentially inflammatory. To prevent inflammatory responses, intestinal T cells are controlled by various tolerogenic mechanisms, including T-cell apoptosis. We investigated the expression mechanism and function of the purinergic receptor P2X7 in contraction of intestinal CD4+ effector T cells. We found that P2X7 upregulation on CD4+ effector T cells is induced by retinoic acid through retinoic acid receptor α binding to an intragenic enhancer region of the P2rx7 gene. P2X7 is highly expressed by most intestinal αβ and γδ T cells, including T-helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells. The intestinal effector T cells are effectively deleted by P2X7 activation-dependent apoptosis. Moreover, P2X7 activation suppressed T-cell-induced colitis in Rag1-/- mice. The data from vitamin A-deficient and P2rx7-/- mice indicate that the retinoic acid-P2X7 pathway is important in preventing aberrant buildup of activated T cells. We conclude that retinoic acid controls intestinal effector T-cell populations by inducing P2X7 expression. These findings have important ramifications in preventing inflammatory diseases in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Hashimoto-Hill
- Laboratory of Immunology and Hematopoiesis, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - L. Friesen
- Laboratory of Immunology and Hematopoiesis, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - M. Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology and Hematopoiesis, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - C. H. Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology and Hematopoiesis, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907,Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907,Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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52
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Hasan D, Blankman P, Nieman GF. Purinergic signalling links mechanical breath profile and alveolar mechanics with the pro-inflammatory innate immune response causing ventilation-induced lung injury. Purinergic Signal 2017; 13:363-386. [PMID: 28547381 PMCID: PMC5563293 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9564-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe pulmonary infection or vigorous cyclic deformation of the alveolar epithelial type I (AT I) cells by mechanical ventilation leads to massive extracellular ATP release. High levels of extracellular ATP saturate the ATP hydrolysis enzymes CD39 and CD73 resulting in persistent high ATP levels despite the conversion to adenosine. Above a certain level, extracellular ATP molecules act as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and activate the pro-inflammatory response of the innate immunity through purinergic receptors on the surface of the immune cells. This results in lung tissue inflammation, capillary leakage, interstitial and alveolar oedema and lung injury reducing the production of surfactant by the damaged AT II cells and deactivating the surfactant function by the concomitant extravasated serum proteins through capillary leakage followed by a substantial increase in alveolar surface tension and alveolar collapse. The resulting inhomogeneous ventilation of the lungs is an important mechanism in the development of ventilation-induced lung injury. The high levels of extracellular ATP and the upregulation of ecto-enzymes and soluble enzymes that hydrolyse ATP to adenosine (CD39 and CD73) increase the extracellular adenosine levels that inhibit the innate and adaptive immune responses rendering the host susceptible to infection by invading microorganisms. Moreover, high levels of extracellular adenosine increase the expression, the production and the activation of pro-fibrotic proteins (such as TGF-β, α-SMA, etc.) followed by the establishment of lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djo Hasan
- Department of Adult ICU, University Hospital Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 's-Gravendijkwal 230 3015 CE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Paul Blankman
- Department of Adult ICU, University Hospital Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 's-Gravendijkwal 230 3015 CE, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gary F Nieman
- Department of Surgery, Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
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Mahnke K, Useliene J, Ring S, Kage P, Jendrossek V, Robson SC, Bylaite-Bucinskiene M, Steinbrink K, Enk AH. Down-Regulation of CD62L Shedding in T Cells by CD39 + Regulatory T Cells Leads to Defective Sensitization in Contact Hypersensitivity Reactions. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 137:106-114. [PMID: 27623510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Injection of regulatory T cells (Tregs) followed by sensitization with 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene induced a transient increase in size and cellularity of skin-draining lymph nodes (LNs) in mice. This led us to hypothesize that Tregs may affect the trafficking of T cells from and to peripheral LNs. Two to three hours after sensitization, we found fewer CD8+ T cells expressing CD62L in LNs compared with untreated controls. Injection of wild-type Tregs prevented this down-regulation of CD62L. In contrast, Tregs devoid of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-degrading ecto-enzyme CD39 were unable to do so. As for the mechanism of CD62L regulation, we found that ATP, which is released in skin upon hapten-exposure, is inducing the protease ADAM17 in LN-residing T cells via engagement of P2X7 ATP receptors. ADAM17 cleaves CD62L from the surface of CD8+ T cells, which in turn provide a signal for T cells to leave the LNs. This regulation of CD62L is disturbed by the presence of Tregs, because Tregs remove extracellular ATP from the tissue by activity of CD39 and, therefore, abrogate the shedding of CD62L. Thus, these data indicate that the regulation of ATP turnover by Tregs in skin and LNs is an important modulator for immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Mahnke
- Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Department of Dermatology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jurgina Useliene
- Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Department of Dermatology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Centre of Dermatovenereology, Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sabine Ring
- Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Department of Dermatology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paula Kage
- Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Department of Dermatology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Verena Jendrossek
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Simon C Robson
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Kerstin Steinbrink
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander H Enk
- Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Department of Dermatology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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54
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Nakanishi K, Tsukimoto M, Tanuma SI, Takeda K, Kojima S. Silica nanoparticles activate purinergic signaling via P2X7 receptor in dendritic cells, leading to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 35:202-11. [PMID: 27311643 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined the mechanism of SNP-mediated stimulation of IL-1β and IL-18 production via P2R-mediated pathways in mouse bone marrow dendritic cells (mBMDCs). Examination of uptake of SNPs with diameters of 30, 70, and 300nm (SNP30, SNP70, and SNP300, respectively) by lipopolysaccharide-matured mBMDCs revealed that significant uptake of SNP30 occurred within as short a time as 1h. Production of IL-1β and IL-18 by cells exposed to SNPs increased dose-dependently, and was highest in cells exposed to SNP30. The SNP30-induced cytokine production was significantly inhibited by ATPase (apyrase) and by P2X7 receptor antagonist (A438079). ATP release was also highest in SNP30-exposed cells. Treatment of mBMDCs with exogenous ATP induced release of high levels of IL-1β and IL-18, and this release was also significantly inhibited by apyrase and A438079. The order of effectiveness of the three SNPs for inducing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production accorded well with those of cytokine production and ATP release. ROS production was inhibited by diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI). SNPs, especially SNP30, activate purinergic signaling in matured mBMDCs by inducing ATP release via P2X7 receptor. ATP induces ROS production via NADPH oxidase, and ROS activate inflammasomes, leading to caspase-1-dependent processing of pro-cytokines and release of IL-1β and IL-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Nakanishi
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Generation, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science (TUS), 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tsukimoto
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Generation, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science (TUS), 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Sei-Ichi Tanuma
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Generation, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science (TUS), 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Ken Takeda
- The Center for Environmental Health Science for the Next, Generation, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science (TUS), 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shuji Kojima
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Generation, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science (TUS), 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; The Center for Environmental Health Science for the Next, Generation, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science (TUS), 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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55
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Bevers EM, Williamson PL. Getting to the Outer Leaflet: Physiology of Phosphatidylserine Exposure at the Plasma Membrane. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:605-45. [PMID: 26936867 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00020.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a major component of membrane bilayers whose change in distribution between inner and outer leaflets is an important physiological signal. Normally, members of the type IV P-type ATPases spend metabolic energy to create an asymmetric distribution of phospholipids between the two leaflets, with PS confined to the cytoplasmic membrane leaflet. On occasion, membrane enzymes, known as scramblases, are activated to facilitate transbilayer migration of lipids, including PS. Recently, two proteins required for such randomization have been identified: TMEM16F, a scramblase regulated by elevated intracellular Ca(2+), and XKR8, a caspase-sensitive protein required for PS exposure in apoptotic cells. Once exposed at the cell surface, PS regulates biochemical reactions involved in blood coagulation, and bone mineralization, and also regulates a variety of cell-cell interactions. Exposed on the surface of apoptotic cells, PS controls their recognition and engulfment by other cells. This process is exploited by parasites to invade their host, and in specialized form is used to maintain photoreceptors in the eye and modify synaptic connections in the brain. This review discusses what is known about the mechanism of PS exposure at the surface of the plasma membrane of cells, how actors in the extracellular milieu sense surface exposed PS, and how this recognition is translated to downstream consequences of PS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard M Bevers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick L Williamson
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts
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56
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Cortés-Garcia JD, López-López C, Cortez-Espinosa N, García-Hernández MH, Guzmán-Flores JM, Layseca-Espinosa E, Portales-Cervantes L, Portales-Pérez DP. Evaluation of the expression and function of the P2X7 receptor and ART1 in human regulatory T-cell subsets. Immunobiology 2015; 221:84-93. [PMID: 26307000 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells that express CD39 (CD39+ Treg) exhibit specific immunomodulatory properties. Ectonucleotidase CD39 hydrolyses ATP and ADP. ATP is a ligand of the P2X7 receptor and induces the shedding of CD62L and apoptosis. However, the role of ATP in CD39+ Treg cells has not been defined. Furthermore, NAD can activate the P2X7 receptor via ADP-ribosyltransferase (ART) enzymes and cause cell depletion in murine models. We evaluated the expression and function of P2X7 and ART1 in CD39+ Treg and CD39- Treg cells in the presence or absence of ATP and NAD. We isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy subjects and purified CD4+ T cells, CD4+ CD25+ T cells and CD4+ CD25+ CD39+ T cells. P2X7 and ART1 expression was assessed by flow cytometry and real-time PCR. Our results showed low P2X7 expression on CD39+ Treg cells and higher levels of ART1 expression in CD4+ CD39+ T cells than the other subtypes studied. Neither shedding of CD62L nor cell death of CD39+ Treg or CD39- Treg cells was observed by 1mM ATP or 60μM NAD. In contrast, P2Xs receptor-dependent proliferation with 300μM ATP, was inhibited by NAD in the different cell types analysed. The NAD proliferation-inhibition was increased with P2Xs and A2a agonist and was reversed with P2Xs and A2a antagonist, therefore NAD inhibits P2Xs-dependent proliferation and A2a activation. In conclusion, our results suggest that the altered function and expression of P2X7 and ART1 in the human CD39+ Treg or CD39- Treg cells could participate in the resistance against cell death induced by ATP or NAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Cortés-Garcia
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexicohttp://10.10.23.110:8080/TDXPSLIVELATEX/gateway/elsevierjournal/index.jsp#
| | - Cintya López-López
- Division of Molecular Biology, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. Mexico
| | - Nancy Cortez-Espinosa
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexicohttp://10.10.23.110:8080/TDXPSLIVELATEX/gateway/elsevierjournal/index.jsp#
| | | | - Juan M Guzmán-Flores
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexicohttp://10.10.23.110:8080/TDXPSLIVELATEX/gateway/elsevierjournal/index.jsp#
| | | | - Liliana Portales-Cervantes
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexicohttp://10.10.23.110:8080/TDXPSLIVELATEX/gateway/elsevierjournal/index.jsp#
| | - Diana P Portales-Pérez
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, UASLP, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexicohttp://10.10.23.110:8080/TDXPSLIVELATEX/gateway/elsevierjournal/index.jsp#.
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57
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Menzel S, Rissiek B, Bannas P, Jakoby T, Miksiewicz M, Schwarz N, Nissen M, Haag F, Tholey A, Koch-Nolte F. Nucleotide-Induced Membrane-Proximal Proteolysis Controls the Substrate Specificity of T Cell Ecto-ADP-Ribosyltransferase ARTC2.2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26209623 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
ARTC2.2 is a toxin-related, GPI-anchored ADP-ribosyltransferase expressed by murine T cells. In response to NAD(+) released from damaged cells during inflammation, ARTC2.2 ADP-ribosylates and thereby gates the P2X7 ion channel. This induces ectodomain shedding of metalloprotease-sensitive cell surface proteins. In this study, we show that ARTC2.2 itself is a target for P2X7-triggered ectodomain shedding. We identify the metalloprotease cleavage site 3 aa upstream of the predicted GPI anchor attachment site of ARTC2.2. Intravenous injection of NAD(+) increased the level of enzymatically active ARTC2.2 in serum, indicating that this mechanism is operative also under inflammatory conditions in vivo. Radio-ADP-ribosylation assays reveal that shedding refocuses the target specificity of ARTC2.2 from membrane proteins to secretory proteins. Our results uncover nucleotide-induced membrane-proximal proteolysis as a regulatory mechanism to control the substrate specificity of ARTC2.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Menzel
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D20246 Hamburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Bannas
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D20246 Hamburg, Germany; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D20246 Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Thomas Jakoby
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Systematic Proteome Research Group, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, D24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Maria Miksiewicz
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marion Nissen
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Systematic Proteome Research Group, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, D24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D20246 Hamburg, Germany;
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58
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Moon H, Park C, Lee JG, Shin SH, Lee JH, Kho I, Kang K, Cha HS, Kim TJ. Early Development in the Peritoneal Cavity of CD49dhigh Th1 Memory Phenotype CD4+ T Cells with Enhanced B Cell Helper Activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:564-75. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Hosseinian N, Cho Y, Lockey RF, Kolliputi N. The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in pulmonary diseases. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2015; 9:188-97. [PMID: 26012351 DOI: 10.1177/1753465815586335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases and lung injuries are one of the leading causes of death in the world. One critical component of these diseases is exaggerated inflammatory response. The recently discovered inflammasome is believed to play a key role in inflammation. The inflammasome is an oligomer of intracellular proteins that, once activated by an insult or damage signal, produces mature cytokines from the interleukin-1 family that mediate an inflammatory response. Previous research has provided evidence that suggests the role of the inflammasome in the pathogenesis of many chronic respiratory diseases and acute lung injuries, such as transfusion-related acute lung injury, ventilator-induced lung injury, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary fibrosis. This article summarizes recent research on the inflammasome and reviews proposed molecular models of the role of the inflammasome in several prominent lung diseases and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Hosseinian
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Young Cho
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Richard F Lockey
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Narasaiah Kolliputi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC 19, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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60
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Rissiek B, Haag F, Boyer O, Koch-Nolte F, Adriouch S. P2X7 on Mouse T Cells: One Channel, Many Functions. Front Immunol 2015; 6:204. [PMID: 26042119 PMCID: PMC4436801 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-gated cation channel that is expressed by several cells of the immune system. P2X7 is best known for its proinflammatory role in promoting inflammasome formation and release of mature interleukin (IL)-1β by innate immune cells. Mounting evidence indicates that P2X7 is also an important regulatory receptor of murine and human T cell functions. Murine T cells express a sensitive splice variant of P2X7 that can be activated either by non-covalent binding of ATP or, in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, by its covalent ADP-ribosylation catalyzed by the ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase ARTC2.2. Prolonged activation of P2X7 by either one of these pathways triggers the induction of T cell death. Conversely, lower concentrations of ATP can activate P2X7 to enhance T cell proliferation and production of IL-2. In this review, we will highlight the molecular and cellular consequences of P2X7 activation on mouse T cells and its versatile role in T cell homeostasis and activation. Further, we will discuss important differences in the function of P2X7 on human and murine T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Rissiek
- Insitute of Immunology, University Medical Center , Hamburg , Germany ; Department of Neurology, University Medical Center , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Insitute of Immunology, University Medical Center , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Olivier Boyer
- U905, INSERM , Rouen , France ; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy University , Rouen , France ; Department of Immunology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France
| | | | - Sahil Adriouch
- U905, INSERM , Rouen , France ; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy University , Rouen , France
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61
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Hoque R, Mehal WZ. Inflammasomes in pancreatic physiology and disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G643-51. [PMID: 25700081 PMCID: PMC4398840 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00388.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this review we summarize the role of inflammasomes in pancreatic physiology and disease with a focus on acute pancreatitis where much recent progress has been made. New findings have identified inducers of and cell specificity of inflammasome component expression in the pancreas, the contribution of inflammasome-regulated effectors to pancreatitis, and metabolic regulation of inflammasome activation, which are strong determinants of injury in pancreatitis. New areas of pancreatic biology will be highlighted in the context of our evolving understanding of gut microbiome- and injury-induced inflammasome priming, pyroptosis, and innate immune-mediated regulation of cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaz Hoque
- 1Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Wajahat Z. Mehal
- 1Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and ,2Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
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62
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Pathophysiological role of extracellular purinergic mediators in the control of intestinal inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:427125. [PMID: 25944982 PMCID: PMC4405224 DOI: 10.1155/2015/427125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic mediators such as adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) are released into the extracellular compartment from damaged tissues and activated immune cells. They are then recognized by multiple purinergic P2X and P2Y receptors. Release and recognition of extracellular ATP are associated with both the development and the resolution of inflammation and infection. Accumulating evidence has recently suggested the potential of purinergic receptors as novel targets for drugs for treating intestinal disorders, including intestinal inflammation and irritable bowel syndrome. In this review, we highlight recent findings regarding the pathophysiological role of purinergic mediators in the development of intestinal inflammation.
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63
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Bannas P, Lenz A, Kunick V, Fumey W, Rissiek B, Schmid J, Haag F, Leingärtner A, Trepel M, Adam G, Koch-Nolte F. Validation of nanobody and antibody based in vivo tumor xenograft NIRF-imaging experiments in mice using ex vivo flow cytometry and microscopy. J Vis Exp 2015:e52462. [PMID: 25867711 PMCID: PMC4401403 DOI: 10.3791/52462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This protocol outlines the steps required to perform ex vivo validation of in vivo near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) xenograft imaging experiments in mice using fluorophore labelled nanobodies and conventional antibodies. First we describe how to generate subcutaneous tumors in mice, using antigen-negative cell lines as negative controls and antigen-positive cells as positive controls in the same mice for intraindividual comparison. We outline how to administer intravenously near-infrared fluorophore labelled (AlexaFluor680) antigen-specific nanobodies and conventional antibodies. In vivo imaging was performed with a small-animal NIRF-Imaging system. After the in vivo imaging experiments the mice were sacrificed. We then describe how to prepare the tumors for parallel ex vivo analyses by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy to validate in vivo imaging results. The use of the near-infrared fluorophore labelled nanobodies allows for non-invasive same day imaging in vivo. Our protocols describe the ex vivo quantification of the specific labeling efficiency of tumor cells by flow cytometry and analysis of the distribution of the antibody constructs within the tumors by fluorescence microscopy. Using near-infrared fluorophore labelled probes allows for non-invasive, economical in vivo imaging with the unique ability to exploit the same probe without further secondary labelling for ex vivo validation experiments using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bannas
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center, Hamburg;
| | - Alexander Lenz
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center, Hamburg; Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg
| | - Valentin Kunick
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center, Hamburg; Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg
| | - William Fumey
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center, Hamburg; Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg
| | - Joanna Schmid
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center, Hamburg; Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg
| | - Axel Leingärtner
- University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center, Hamburg
| | - Martin Trepel
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center, Hamburg
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center, Hamburg
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64
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Nakano T, Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Yamamoto M, Watanabe M. Pierisins and CARP-1: ADP-ribosylation of DNA by ARTCs in butterflies and shellfish. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 384:127-49. [PMID: 25033755 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae, and related species possess a previously unknown ADP-ribosylating toxin, guanine specific ADP-ribosyltransferase. This enzyme toxin, known as pierisin, consists of enzymatic N-terminal domain and receptor-binding C-terminal domain, or typical AB-toxin structure. Pierisin efficiently transfers an ADP-ribosyl moiety to the N(2) position of the guanine base of dsDNA. Receptors for pierisin are suggested to be the neutral glycosphingolipids, globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4). This DNA-modifying toxin exhibits strong cytotoxicity and induces apoptosis in various human cell lines, which can be blocked by Bcl-2. Pierisin also produces detrimental effects on the eggs and larvae of the non-habitual parasitoids. In contrast, a natural parasitoid of the cabbage butterfly, Cotesia glomerata, was resistant to this toxin. The physiological role of pierisin in the butterfly is suggested to be a defense factor against parasitization by wasps. Other type of DNA ADP-ribosyltransferase is present in certain kinds of edible clams. For example, the CARP-1 protein found in Meretrix lamarckii consists of an enzymatic domain without a possible receptor-binding domain. Pierisin and CARP-1 are almost fully non-homologous at the amino acid sequence level, but other ADP-ribosyltransferases homologous to pierisin are present in different biological species such as eubacterium Streptomyces. Possible diverse physiological roles of the DNA ADP-ribosyltransferases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Nakano
- Division of Cancer Development System, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan,
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65
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Identification and analysis of ADP-ribosylated proteins. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 384:33-50. [PMID: 25113886 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of ADP-ribosylated proteins is a challenging task, on the one hand because of the diversity of the target proteins and the modification sites, on the other hand because of the particular problems posed by the analysis of ADP-ribosylated peptides. ADP-ribosylated proteins can be detected in in vitro experiments after the incorporation of radioactively labeled or chemically modified ADP-ribose. Endogenously ADP-ribosylated proteins may be detected and enriched by antibodies directed against the ADP-ribosyl moiety or by ADP-ribosyl binding macro domains. The determination of the exact attachment site of the modification, which is a prerequisite for the understanding of the specificity of the various ADP-ribosyl transferases and the structural consequences of ADP-ribosylation, necessitates the proteolytic cleavage of the proteins. The resulting peptides can afterwards be enriched either by IMAC (using the affinity of the pyrophosphate group for heavy metal ions) or by immobilized boronic acid beads (using the affinity of the vicinal ribose hydroxy groups for boronic acid). The identification of the modified peptides usually requires tandem mass spectrometric measurements. Problems that hamper the mass spectrometric analysis by collision-induced decay (CID) can be circumvented either by the application of different fragmentation techniques (electron transfer or electron capture dissociation; ETD or ECD) or by enzymatic cleavage of the ADP-ribosyl group to ribosyl-phosphate.
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66
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Teege S, Hann A, Miksiewicz M, MacMillan C, Rissiek B, Buck F, Menzel S, Nissen M, Bannas P, Haag F, Boyer O, Seman M, Adriouch S, Koch-Nolte F. Tuning IL-2 signaling by ADP-ribosylation of CD25. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8959. [PMID: 25753532 PMCID: PMC4354014 DOI: 10.1038/srep08959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of immunologic tolerance and homeostasis rely on Foxp3+CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) that constitutively express the high affinity receptor for Interleukin-2, CD25. Tregs proliferate in response to injections of IL-2/anti-IL-2 antibody complexes or low doses of IL-2. However, little is known about endogenous mechanisms that regulate the sensitivity of CD25 to signaling by IL-2. Here we demonstrate that CD25 is ADP-ribosylated at Arg35 in the IL-2 binding site by ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase ARTC2.2, a toxin-related GPI-anchored ecto-enzyme. ADP-ribosylation inhibits binding of IL-2 by CD25, IL-2- induced phosphorylation of STAT5, and IL-2-dependent cell proliferation. Our study elucidates an as-yet-unrecognized mechanism to tune IL-2 signaling. This newly found mechanism might thwart Tregs at sites of inflammation and thereby permit a more potent response of activated effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Teege
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Hann
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Miksiewicz
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cary MacMillan
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Buck
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Menzel
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marion Nissen
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Bannas
- 1] Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany [2] Department of Radiology, University Medical Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olivier Boyer
- 1] Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, 76183 Rouen, France [2] Inserm, U905, 76000 Rouen, France [3] Rouen University Hospital, Department of Immunology, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Michel Seman
- 1] Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, 76183 Rouen, France [2] Inserm, U905, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Sahil Adriouch
- 1] Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, 76183 Rouen, France [2] Inserm, U905, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- 1] Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany [2] Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, 76183 Rouen, France
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67
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Bartlett R, Stokes L, Sluyter R. The P2X7 receptor channel: recent developments and the use of P2X7 antagonists in models of disease. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 66:638-75. [PMID: 24928329 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is a trimeric ATP-gated cation channel found predominantly, but not exclusively, on immune cells. P2X7 activation results in a number of downstream events, including the release of proinflammatory mediators and cell death and proliferation. As such, P2X7 plays important roles in various inflammatory, immune, neurologic and musculoskeletal disorders. This review focuses on the use of P2X7 antagonists in rodent models of neurologic disease and injury, inflammation, and musculoskeletal and other disorders. The cloning and characterization of human, rat, mouse, guinea pig, dog, and Rhesus macaque P2X7, as well as recent observations regarding the gating and permeability of P2X7, are discussed. Furthermore, this review discusses polymorphic and splice variants of P2X7, as well as the generation and use of P2X7 knockout mice. Recent evidence for emerging signaling pathways downstream of P2X7 activation and the growing list of negative and positive modulators of P2X7 activation and expression are also described. In addition, the use of P2X7 antagonists in numerous rodent models of disease is extensively summarized. Finally, the use of P2X7 antagonists in clinical trials in humans and future directions exploring P2X7 as a therapeutic target are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Bartlett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (R.B., R.S.); and Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (L.S.)
| | - Leanne Stokes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (R.B., R.S.); and Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (L.S.)
| | - Ronald Sluyter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (R.B., R.S.); and Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (L.S.)
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68
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Burnstock G, Boeynaems JM. Purinergic signalling and immune cells. Purinergic Signal 2014; 10:529-64. [PMID: 25352330 PMCID: PMC4272370 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article provides a historical perspective on the role of purinergic signalling in the regulation of various subsets of immune cells from early discoveries to current understanding. It is now recognised that adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and other nucleotides are released from cells following stress or injury. They can act on virtually all subsets of immune cells through a spectrum of P2X ligand-gated ion channels and G protein-coupled P2Y receptors. Furthermore, ATP is rapidly degraded into adenosine by ectonucleotidases such as CD39 and CD73, and adenosine exerts additional regulatory effects through its own receptors. The resulting effect ranges from stimulation to tolerance depending on the amount and time courses of nucleotides released, and the balance between ATP and adenosine. This review identifies the various receptors involved in the different subsets of immune cells and their effects on the function of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK,
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69
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Protective effect of quercetin in ecto-enzymes, cholinesterases, and myeloperoxidase activities in the lymphocytes of rats exposed to cadmium. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 396:201-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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70
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Schalper KA, Carvajal-Hausdorf D, Oyarzo MP. Possible role of hemichannels in cancer. Front Physiol 2014; 5:237. [PMID: 25018732 PMCID: PMC4073485 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, connexins (Cxs) and pannexins (Panxs) are the building blocks of hemichannels. These proteins are frequently altered in neoplastic cells and have traditionally been considered as tumor suppressors. Alteration of Cxs and Panxs in cancer cells can be due to genetic, epigenetic and post-transcriptional/post-translational events. Activated hemichannels mediate the diffusional membrane transport of ions and small signaling molecules. In the last decade hemichannels have been shown to participate in diverse cell processes including the modulation of cell proliferation and survival. However, their possible role in tumor growth and expansion remains largely unexplored. Herein, we hypothesize about the possible role of hemichannels in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. To support this theory, we summarize the evidence regarding the involvement of hemichannels in cell proliferation and migration, as well as their possible role in the anti-tumor immune responses. In addition, we discuss the evidence linking hemichannels with cancer in diverse models and comment on the current technical limitations for their study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Schalper
- Servicio Anatomía Patológica, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo Santiago, Chile ; Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Mauricio P Oyarzo
- Servicio Anatomía Patológica, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo Santiago, Chile
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71
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Wang CM, Ploia C, Anselmi F, Sarukhan A, Viola A. Adenosine triphosphate acts as a paracrine signaling molecule to reduce the motility of T cells. EMBO J 2014; 33:1354-64. [PMID: 24843045 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201386666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Organization of immune responses requires exchange of information between cells. This is achieved through either direct cell-cell contacts and establishment of temporary synapses or the release of soluble factors, such as cytokines and chemokines. Here we show a novel form of cell-to-cell communication based on adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP released by stimulated T cells induces P2X4/P2X7-mediated calcium waves in the neighboring lymphocytes. Our data obtained in lymph node slices suggest that, during T-cell priming, ATP acts as a paracrine messenger to reduce the motility of lymphocytes and that this may be relevant to allow optimal tissue scanning by T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiuhui Mary Wang
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy Department of Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Rozzano, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Anselmi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Viola
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy Department of Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Rozzano, Italy
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72
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Rissiek B, Danquah W, Haag F, Koch-Nolte F. Technical Advance: a new cell preparation strategy that greatly improves the yield of vital and functional Tregs and NKT cells. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 95:543-9. [PMID: 24212099 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0713407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Release of NAD(+) during preparation of murine lymphocytes causes enzymatic ADP-ribosylation of cell-surface proteins on T cells, catalyzed by toxin-related ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase, ARTC2. ADP-riboslyation activates the cytolytic P2X7 ion channel and affects, in particular, the vitality and function of Tregs and NKT cells. Here, we describe a simple method-injection of an ARTC2-blocking nanobody-to greatly improve Treg and NKT cell vitality and to preserve their function during in vitro assays and in adoptive-transfer experiments. Moreover, we present a method for the sorting of functional, primary NKT cells, based on coexpression of ARTC2 and NK1.1. Our results pave the way for the efficient ex vivo proliferation of Tregs and NKT cells and for new experimental and therapeutic uses of these important regulatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Rissiek
- 1.Institute of Immunology, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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73
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Menzel S, Rissiek B, Haag F, Goldbaum FA, Koch-Nolte F. The art of blocking ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTs): nanobodies as experimental and therapeutic tools to block mammalian and toxin ARTs. FEBS J 2013; 280:3543-50. [PMID: 23627412 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In 1901, the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Emil von Behring for his ground-breaking discovery of serum therapy: serum from horses vaccinated with toxin-containing culture medium of Corynebacterium diphtheriae contained life-saving 'antitoxins'. The molecular nature of the ADP-ribosylating toxin and the neutralizing antibodies were unraveled only 50 years later. Today, von Behring's antibody therapy is being refined with a new generation of recombinant antibodies and antibody fragments. Nanobodies, which are single-domain antibodies derived from the peculiar heavy-chain antibodies of llamas and other camelids, are emerging as a promising new class of highly specific enzyme inhibitors. In this review, we illustrate the potential of nanobodies as tools to block extracellular and intracellular ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTs), using the toxin-related membrane-bound mammalian ecto-enzyme ARTC2 and the actin-ADP-ribosylating Salmonella virulence plasmid factor B toxin of Salmonella enterica as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Menzel
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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74
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Intracellular NAADP increase induced by extracellular NAADP via the P2Y11-like receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 436:199-203. [PMID: 23726915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.04.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to identify a signalling pathway allowing NAADP-induced intracellular NAADP increase and involving the P2Y11-like receptor. P2Y11-like and β-adrenergic receptors may play important regulatory roles within the cardiovascular system. Both receptors have been shown to be involved in triggering myocardial preconditioning. Using a Langendorff model we report a positive inotropic response induced by extracellular NAADP via P2Y11-like receptor stimulation. In cardiomyocyte cultures, P2Y11-like receptor stimulation by extracellular NAADP ([NAADP]e) increased intracellular cADP-ribose and NAADP concentration as evidenced by direct measurements. NF546, a new selective P2Y11 receptor agonist, increased intracellular cAMP, cADP-ribose and NAADP concentration confirming the involvement of the P2Y11-like receptor in this signalling pathway. NF157, a P2Y11 receptor antagonist, suppressed the increase in intracellular cADPr, NAADP and NAAD induced by either [NAADP]e or NF546. The response profile for intracellular cADP-ribose and NAADP concentration following P2Y11-like stimulation with NF546 was similar to reported data relating β-adrenergic stimulation with isoprenaline. This response represents the signature of the Gs/ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity. Moreover, this study provides a signalling pathway: intracellular NAADP increase induced by extracellular NAADP via metabotropic activity of P2Y11-like receptor. This pathway implying P2Y11-like could take part in the intracellular calcium rise reported for extracellular NAADP.
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75
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Lischke T, Schumacher V, Wesolowski J, Hurwitz R, Haag F, Koch-Nolte F, Mittrücker HW. CD8-β ADP-ribosylation affects CD8(+) T-cell function. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1828-38. [PMID: 23575529 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The CD8αβ coreceptor is crucial for effective peptide: MHC-I recognition by the TCR of CD8(+) T cells. Adenosine diphosphate ribosyl transferase 2.2 (ART2.2) utilizes extracellular NAD(+) to transfer ADP-ribose to arginine residues of extracellular domains of surface proteins. Here, we show that in the presence of extracellular NAD(+) , ART2.2 caused ADP-ribosylation of CD8-β on murine CD8(+) T cells in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with NAD(+) prevented binding of anti-CD8-β mAb YTS156.7.7 but not of mAb H35-17.2, indicating that NAD(+) caused modification of certain epitopes and not a general loss of CD8-β. Loss of antibody binding was strictly dependent on ART2.2, because it was not observed on ART2-deficient T cells or in the presence of inhibitory anti-ART2.2 single-domain antibodies. ADP-ribosylation of CD8-β occurred during cell isolation, particularly when cells were isolated from CD38-deficient mice. Incubation of ART2-expressing, but not of ART2-deficient, OVA-specific CD8(+) T cells with NAD(+) interfered with binding of OVA257-264 :MHC-I tetramers. In line with this result, treatment of WT mice with NAD(+) resulted in reduced CD8(+) T-cell mediated cytotoxicity in vivo. We propose that ADP-ribosylation of CD8-β can regulate the coreceptor function of CD8 in the presence of elevated levels of extracellular NAD(+) .
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Lischke
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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76
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Foster JG, Carter E, Kilty I, MacKenzie AB, Ward SG. Mitochondrial superoxide generation enhances P2X7R-mediated loss of cell surface CD62L on naive human CD4+ T lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1551-9. [PMID: 23319734 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Migration of naive CD4(+) T lymphocytes into lymphoid tissue is essential for their activation and subsequent roles in adaptive immunity. The adhesion molecule L-selectin (CD62L), critical for this process, is highly expressed on naive CD4(+) T lymphocytes and is downregulated upon T lymphocyte activation. We demonstrate protein expression of P2X7R on naive CD4(+) T lymphocytes and show functional channel activity in whole-cell patch clamp recordings. CD62L downregulation occurs rapidly in response to extracellular ATP, a process that is blocked by selective antagonists of P2X7R. This loss of surface CD62L expression was not associated with externalization of phosphatidylserine. While investigating the mechanisms for this process, we revealed that pharmacological modulation of mitochondrial complex I or III, but not inhibition of NADPH oxidase, enhanced P2X7R-dependent CD62L downregulation by increasing ATP potency. Enhanced superoxide generation in the mitochondria of rotenone- and antimycin A-treated cells was observed and may contribute to the enhanced sensitivity of P2X7R to ATP. P2X7R-dependent exposure of phosphatidylserine was also revealed by preincubation with mitochondrial uncouplers prior to ATP treatment. This may present a novel mechanism whereby P2X7R-dependent phosphatidylserine exposure occurs only when cells have enhanced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation. The clearance of apoptotic cells may therefore be enhanced by this mechanism which requires functional P2X7R expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Foster
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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77
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Land WG. Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury: The Work of DAMPs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 40:3-13. [PMID: 23637644 DOI: 10.1159/000345688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Current notions in immunology hold that not only pathogen-mediated tissue injury but any injury activates the innate immune system. In principle, this evolutionarily highly conserved, rapid first-line defense system responds to pathogen-induced injury with the creation of infectious inflammation, and non-pathogen-induced tissue injury with 'sterile' tissue inflammation. In this review, evidence has been collected in support of the notion that the transfusion-related acute lung injury induces a 'sterile' inflammation in the lung of transfused patients in terms of an acute innate inflammatory disease. The inflammatory response is mediated by the patient's innate immune cells including lung-passing neutrophils and pulmonary endothelial cells, which are equipped with pattern recognition receptors. These receptors are able to sense injury-induced, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) generated during collection, processing, and storage of blood/blood components. The recognition process leads to activation of these innate cells. A critical role for a protein complex known as the NLRP3 inflammasome has been suggested to be at the center of such a scenario. This complex undergoes an initial 'priming' step mediated by 1 class of DAMPs and then an 'activating' step mediated by another class of DAMPs to activate interleukin-1beta and interleukin-18. These 2 cytokines then promote, via transactivation, the formation of lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter G Land
- German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich, Germany
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78
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Nakano T, Matsushima-Hibiya Y, Yamamoto M, Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Fukuda H, Ono M, Takamura-Enya T, Kinashi H, Totsuka Y. ADP-ribosylation of guanosine by SCO5461 protein secreted from Streptomyces coelicolor. Toxicon 2012; 63:55-63. [PMID: 23212047 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) genome encodes a possible secretion protein, SCO5461, that shares a 30% homology with the activity domains of two toxic ADP-ribosyltransferases, pierisins and mosquitocidal toxin. We found ADP-ribosylating activity for the SCO5461 protein product through its co-incubation with guanosine and NAD(+), which resulted in the formation of N(2)-(ADP-ribos-1-yl)-guanosine ((ar2)Guo), with a K(m) value of 110 μM. SCO5461 was further found to ADP-ribosylate deoxyguanosine, GMP, dGMP, GTP, dGTP, and cyclic GMP with k(cat) values of 150-370 s(-1). Oligo(dG), oligo(G), and yeast tRNA were also ADP-ribosylated by this protein, although with much lower k(cat) values of 0.2 s(-1) or less. SCO5461 showed maximum ADP-ribosylation activity towards guanosine at 30 °C, and maintained 20% of these maximum activity levels even at 0 °C. This is the first report of the ADP-ribosylation of guanosine and guanine mononucleotides among the family members of various ADP-ribosylating enzymes. We additionally observed secretion of the putative gene product, SCO5461, in liquid cultures of S. coelicolor. We thus designated the SCO5461 protein product as S. coelicolor ADP-ribosylating protein, ScARP. Our current results could offer new insights into not only the ADP-ribosylation of small molecules but also signal transduction events via enzymatic nucleoside modification by toxin-related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Nakano
- Division of Cancer Development System, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
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79
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Schwarz N, Drouot L, Nicke A, Fliegert R, Boyer O, Guse AH, Haag F, Adriouch S, Koch-Nolte F. Alternative splicing of the N-terminal cytosolic and transmembrane domains of P2X7 controls gating of the ion channel by ADP-ribosylation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41269. [PMID: 22848454 PMCID: PMC3407210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X7 is a homotrimeric ion channel with two transmembrane domains and a large extracellular ATP-binding domain. It plays a key role in the response of immune cells to danger signals released from cells at sites of inflammation. Gating of murine P2X7 can be induced by the soluble ligand ATP, as well as by NAD+-dependent ADP-ribosylation of arginine 125, a posttranslational protein modification catalyzed by the toxin-related ecto-enzymes ART2.1 and ART2.2. R125 is located at the edge of the ligand-binding crevice. Recently, an alternative splice variant of P2X7, designated P2X7(k), was discovered that differs from the previously described variant P2X7(a) in the N-terminal 42 amino acid residues composing the first cytosolic domain and most of the Tm1 domain. Here we compare the two splice variants of murine P2X7 with respect to their sensitivities to gating by ADP-ribosylation in transfected HEK cells. Our results show that the P2X7(k) variant is sensitive to activation by ADP-ribosylation whereas the P2X7(a) variant is insensitive, despite higher cell surface expression levels. Interestingly, a single point mutation (R276K) renders the P2X7(a) variant sensitive to activation by ADP-ribosylation. Residue 276 is located at the interface of neighboring subunits approximately halfway between the ADP-ribosylation site and the transmembrane domains. Moreover, we show that naive and regulatory T cells preferentially express the more sensitive P2X7(k) variant, while macrophages preferentially express the P2X7(a) variant. Our results indicate that differential splicing of alternative exons encoding the N-terminal cytosolic and transmembrane domains of P2X7 control the sensitivity of different immune cells to extracellular NAD+ and ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laurent Drouot
- Inserm, U905, University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy, France
| | - Annette Nicke
- Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Fliegert
- The Calcium Signaling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olivier Boyer
- Inserm, U905, University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy, France
| | - Andreas H. Guse
- The Calcium Signaling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sahil Adriouch
- Inserm, U905, University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy, France
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Metabolic sensors and their interplay with cell signalling and transcription. Biochem Soc Trans 2012; 40:311-23. [PMID: 22435805 DOI: 10.1042/bst20110767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There is an intimate, yet poorly understood, link between cellular metabolic status, cell signalling and transcription. Central metabolic pathways are under the control of signalling pathways and, vice versa, the cellular metabolic profile influences cell signalling through the incorporation of various metabolic sensors into the signalling networks. Thus information about nutrients availability directly and crucially influences crucial cell decisions. In the present review, I summarize our current knowledge of various metabolic sensors and give some examples of the integration of metabolically derived inputs into the signalling system and the regulation of transcription. I also discuss the Warburg effect where the cross-talk between metabolism and signalling is used to orchestrate rapid cell growth and division. It is becoming clear that future research will concentrate on the collection of small-molecule metabolites, whose concentration fluctuates in response to cellular energy levels, searching for their sensors that connect them to the signalling and transcriptional networks.
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81
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Wang J, Yang J, Liu P, Bi X, Li C, Zhu K. NAD induces astrocyte calcium flux and cell death by ART2 and P2X7 pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:746-52. [PMID: 22781627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase 2 (ART2) is found in mouse T cells and has mediated NAD-induced cell death (NICD) alongside the P2X7 pathway. We determined whether ART2 was expressed in mouse brain astrocytes and the possible function of the NAD-ART2-P2X7 pathway in astrocytes. Our results demonstrate that ART2 existed both in cultured mouse astrocytes and mouse brain slices. Exposure of astrocytes to the ART2 substrate, NAD, induced calcium elevation, which was blocked by ART2 and P2X7 inhibitors. ATP and NAD had an additive effect on calcium elevation. NICD in low-calcium conditions was blocked by ART2 and P2X7 inhibitors. The harmful effect of ATP on astrocytes was inhibited by P2X7 and ART2 inhibitors, meaning that endogenous NAD release may occur. Both NICD function and oxygen-glucose deprivation injury in mouse brain slices were also involved in the ART2-P2X7 pathway. Collectively, to our knowledge, our study provides the first evidence that ART2 exists in mouse brain astrocytes and NAD induces calcium elevation and astrocyte death by an ART2 and P2X7-mediated mechanism. The results suggest a novel approach for manipulating astrocyte death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbiao Wang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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82
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Defective T-lymphocyte migration to muscles in dystrophin-deficient mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:593-604. [PMID: 22733008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X-linked recessive disorder affecting 1 in 3500 males, is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. DMD leads to degeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscles and to chronic inflammation. The mdx/mdx mouse has been widely used to study DMD; this model mimics most characteristics of the disease, including low numbers of T cells in damaged muscles. In this study, we aimed to assess migration of T cells to the heart and to identify any alterations in adhesion molecules that could possibly modulate this process. In 6-week-old mdx/mdx mice, blood leukocytes, including T cells, were CD62L(+), but by 12 weeks of age down-modulation was evident, with only approximately 40% of T cells retaining this molecule. Our in vitro and in vivo results point to a P2X7-dependent shedding of CD62L (with high levels in the serum), which in 12-week-old mdx/mdx mice reduces blood T cell competence to adhere to cardiac vessels in vitro and to reach cardiac tissue in vivo, even after Trypanosoma cruzi infection, a known inducer of lymphoid myocarditis. In mdx/mdx mice treated with Brilliant Blue G, a P2X7 blocker, these blood lymphocytes retained CD62L and were capable of migrating to the heart. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms of inflammatory infiltration and immune regulation in DMD.
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83
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Adriouch S, Haag F, Boyer O, Seman M, Koch-Nolte F. Extracellular NAD(+): a danger signal hindering regulatory T cells. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:1284-92. [PMID: 22634347 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous danger signals released during cell damage contribute to alert the immune system. Typically, their release results in the activation and maturation of innate immune cells, and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, extracellular NAD(+) stimulates immune responses by hindering regulatory T cells (Tregs), and could, therefore, represent the prototype of a new category of danger signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Adriouch
- Inserm, U905, 22 boulevard Gambetta, F-76000 Rouen, Normandy, France.
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84
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Hoque R, Sohail MA, Salhanick S, Malik AF, Ghani A, Robson SC, Mehal WZ. P2X7 receptor-mediated purinergic signaling promotes liver injury in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G1171-9. [PMID: 22383490 PMCID: PMC3362096 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00352.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation contributes to liver injury in acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity in mice and is triggered by stimulation of immune cells. The purinergic receptor P2X7 is upstream of the nod-like receptor family, pryin domain containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in immune cells and is activated by ATP and NAD that serve as damage-associated molecular patterns. APAP hepatotoxicity was assessed in mice genetically deficient in P2X7, the key inflammatory receptor for nucleotides (P2X7-/-), and in wild-type mice. P2X7-/- mice had significantly decreased APAP-induced liver necrosis. In addition, APAP-poisoned mice were treated with the specific P2X7 antagonist A438079 or etheno-NAD, a competitive antagonist of NAD. Pre- or posttreatment with A438079 significantly decreased APAP-induced necrosis and hemorrhage in APAP liver injury in wild-type but not P2X7-/- mice. Pretreatment with etheno-NAD also significantly decreased APAP-induced necrosis and hemorrhage in APAP liver injury. In addition, APAP toxicity in mice lacking the plasma membrane ecto-NTPDase CD39 (CD39-/-) that metabolizes ATP was examined in parallel with the use of soluble apyrase to deplete extracellular ATP in wild-type mice. CD39-/- mice had increased APAP-induced hemorrhage and mortality, whereas apyrase also decreased APAP-induced mortality. Kupffer cells were treated with extracellular ATP to assess P2X7-dependent inflammasome activation. P2X7 was required for ATP-stimulated IL-1β release. In conclusion, P2X7 and exposure to the ligands ATP and NAD are required for manifestations of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaz Hoque
- 1Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | | | - Steven Salhanick
- 2Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Ahsan F. Malik
- 1Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Ayaz Ghani
- 1Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Simon C. Robson
- 2Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Wajahat Z. Mehal
- 1Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; ,3Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
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85
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Abstract
Since 1929, when it was discovered that ATP is a substrate for muscle contraction, the knowledge about this purine nucleotide has been greatly expanded. Many aspects of cell metabolism revolve around ATP production and consumption. It is important to understand the concepts of glucose and oxygen consumption in aerobic and anaerobic life and to link bioenergetics with the vast amount of reactions occurring within cells. ATP is universally seen as the energy exchange factor that connects anabolism and catabolism but also fuels processes such as motile contraction, phosphorylations, and active transport. It is also a signalling molecule in the purinergic signalling mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss all the main mechanisms of ATP production linked to ADP phosphorylation as well the regulation of these mechanisms during stress conditions and in connection with calcium signalling events. Recent advances regarding ATP storage and its special significance for purinergic signalling will also be reviewed.
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86
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Abstract
The initial injury in acute pancreatitis is characteristically sterile and results in acinar cells necrosis. Intracellular contents released from damaged cells into the extracellular space serve as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that trigger inflammation. There is increasing evidence that this sterile inflammatory response mediated through DAMPs released from necrotic acinar cells is a key determinant of further pancreatic injury, remote organ injury, and disease resolution in experimental models. A number of DAMPS, including high-mobility group box protein 1, DNA, adenosine triphosphate and heat shock protein 70, have been shown to have a role in experimental pancreatitis. Many of these DAMPs are also detectable in the human pancreatitis. Genetic deletion and pharmacologic antagonism demonstrate that specific DAMP receptors, including Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, TLR9, and P2X7, are also required for inflammation in experimental acute pancreatitis. Downstream DAMP-sensing components include nod-like receptor protein 3, caspase 1, interleukin-1β (IL-1), IL-18, and IL-1 receptor, and also are required for full experimental pancreatitis. These DAMP-mediated pathways provide novel therapeutic targets using antagonists of TLRs and other receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaz Hoque
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ahsan Malik
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fred Gorelick
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wajahat Mehal
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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87
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88
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Bannas P, Scheuplein F, Well L, Hermans-Borgmeyer I, Haag F, Koch-Nolte F. Transgenic overexpression of toxin-related ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase ART2.2 sensitizes T cells but not B cells to NAD-induced cell death. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:1762-70. [PMID: 21641039 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
T cells constitutively express low amounts of a toxin-related ADP-ribosylating ecto-enzyme, ART2.2. In inflammatory settings, cells release NAD, the substrate for ART2.2. The ART2.2 catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of cell surface proteins induces cell death. However, the low expression levels of ART2.2 have hampered analysis of ART2.2 in physiological settings. Here we report the generation of transgenic mice over-expressing ART2.2 under the control of the H2K promoter and Igμ enhancer. ART2.2 transgenic mice were healthy and fertile and exhibited normal development of the major lymphocyte subsets. Most T cells and a small subpopulation of B cells from transgenic mice showed more than 10-fold higher levels of ART2.2 expression than their wild-type counterparts. Exposure of ART2.2-transgenic T cells to low, submicromolar concentrations of NAD caused cell membrane alterations including uptake of propidium iodide, externalization of phosphatidylserine, and shedding of CD62L, while ART2.2-transgenic B cells were resistant to NAD. The ART2.2-overexpressing animals described here confirm that ART2.2 is an essential component for the regulation of T-cell functions by extracellular NAD and provide a useful tool to further elucidate the function of ART2.2 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bannas
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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89
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Kendal AR, Chen Y, Regateiro FS, Ma J, Adams E, Cobbold SP, Hori S, Waldmann H. Sustained suppression by Foxp3+ regulatory T cells is vital for infectious transplantation tolerance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:2043-53. [PMID: 21875958 PMCID: PMC3182049 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20110767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A new genetic mouse model demonstrates the necessity of Foxp3+ T reg cells for infectious tolerance. A paradigm shift in immunology has been the recent discovery of regulatory T cells (T reg cells), of which CD4+Foxp3+ cells are proven as essential to self-tolerance. Using transgenic B6.Foxp3hCD2 mice to isolate and ablate Foxp3+ T reg cells with an anti-hCD2 antibody, we show for the first time that CD4+Foxp3+ cells are crucial for infectious tolerance induced by nonablative anti–T cell antibodies. In tolerant animals, Foxp3+ T reg cells are constantly required to suppress effector T cells still capable of causing tissue damage. Tolerated tissue contains T cells that are capable of rejecting it, but are prevented from doing so by therapeutically induced Foxp3+ T reg cells. Finally, Foxp3+ cells have been confirmed as the critical missing link through which infectious tolerance operates in vivo. Peripherally induced Foxp3+ cells sustain tolerance by converting naive T cells into the next generation of Foxp3+ cells. Empowering Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in vivo offers a tractable route to avoid and correct tissue immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian R Kendal
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3RE, England, UK
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90
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Romio M, Reinbeck B, Bongardt S, Hüls S, Burghoff S, Schrader J. Extracellular purine metabolism and signaling of CD73-derived adenosine in murine Treg and Teff cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 301:C530-9. [PMID: 21593451 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00385.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD73-derived adenosine acts as potent inhibitor of inflammation, and regulatory T cells (Treg) have been shown to express CD73 as a novel marker. This study explored the role of endogenously formed adenosine in modulating NF-κB activity and cytokine/chemokine release from murine Treg and effector T cells (Teff) including key enzymes/purinergic receptors of extracellular ATP catabolism. Stimulating murine splenocytes and CD4(+) T cells with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 significantly upregulated activated NF-κB in CD73(-/-) T cells (wild type: 4.36 ± 0.21; CD73(-/-): 6.58 ± 0.75; n = 4; P = 0.029). This was associated with an augmented release of proinflammatory cytokines IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. Similar changes were observed with the CD73 inhibitor APCP (50 μM) on NF-κB and IFN-γ in wild-type CD4(+) T-cells. Treatment of stimulated CD4(+) T-cells with adenosine (25 μM) potently reduced IFN-γ release which is mediated by adenosine A2a receptors (A2aR). AMP (50 μM) also reduced cytokine release which was not inhibited by APCP. In Teff, A2aR activation (CGS21680) potently inhibited the release of IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-12, IL-13, IFN-γ, TNF-α, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), CCL3, and CCL4. However, in Treg, CGS21680 did not alter cytokine/chemokine release. In summary, CD73-derived adenosine tonically inhibits active NF-κB in CD4(+) T-cells, thereby modulating the release of a broad spectrum of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Downregulation of P2X7 and upregulation of CD73 in Treg after antigenic stimulation may be an important mechanism to maintain the ability of Treg to generate immunosuppressive adenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Romio
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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91
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Snake cytotoxins bind to membranes via interactions with phosphatidylserine head groups of lipids. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19064. [PMID: 21559494 PMCID: PMC3084733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The major representatives of Elapidae snake venom, cytotoxins (CTs), share similar three-fingered fold and exert diverse range of biological activities against various cell types. CT-induced cell death starts from the membrane recognition process, whose molecular details remain unclear. It is known, however, that the presence of anionic lipids in cell membranes is one of the important factors determining CT-membrane binding. In this work, we therefore investigated specific interactions between one of the most abundant of such lipids, phosphatidylserine (PS), and CT 4 of Naja kaouthia using a combined, experimental and modeling, approach. It was shown that incorporation of PS into zwitterionic liposomes greatly increased the membrane-damaging activity of CT 4 measured by the release of the liposome-entrapped calcein fluorescent dye. The CT-induced leakage rate depends on the PS concentration with a maximum at approximately 20% PS. Interestingly, the effects observed for PS were much more pronounced than those measured for another anionic lipid, sulfatide. To delineate the potential PS binding sites on CT 4 and estimate their relative affinities, a series of computer simulations was performed for the systems containing the head group of PS and different spatial models of CT 4 in aqueous solution and in an implicit membrane. This was done using an original hybrid computational protocol implementing docking, Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations. As a result, at least three putative PS-binding sites with different affinities to PS molecule were delineated. Being located in different parts of the CT molecule, these anion-binding sites can potentially facilitate and modulate the multi-step process of the toxin insertion into lipid bilayers. This feature together with the diverse binding affinities of the sites to a wide variety of anionic targets on the membrane surface appears to be functionally meaningful and may adjust CT action against different types of cells.
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92
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Vaisitti T, Audrito V, Serra S, Bologna C, Brusa D, Malavasi F, Deaglio S. NAD+-metabolizing ecto-enzymes shape tumor-host interactions: the chronic lymphocytic leukemia model. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1514-20. [PMID: 21514298 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) is an essential co-enzyme that can be released in the extracellular milieu. Here, it may elicit signals through binding purinergic receptors. Alternatively, NAD(+) may be dismantled to adenosine, up-taken by cells and transformed to reconstitute the intracellular nucleotide pool. An articulated ecto-enzyme network is responsible for the nucleotide-nucleoside conversion. CD38 is the main mammalian enzyme that hydrolyzes NAD(+), generating Ca(2+)-active metabolites. Evidence suggests that this extracellular network may be altered or used by tumor cells to (i) nestle in protected areas, and (ii) evade the immune response. We have exploited chronic lymphocytic leukemia as a model to test the role of the ecto-enzyme network, starting by analyzing the individual elements that make up the whole picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Vaisitti
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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93
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Koch-Nolte F, Fischer S, Haag F, Ziegler M. Compartmentation of NAD+-dependent signalling. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1651-6. [PMID: 21443875 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
NAD(+) plays central roles in energy metabolism as redox carrier. Recent research has identified important signalling functions of NAD(+) that involve its consumption. Although NAD(+) is synthesized mainly in the cytosol, nucleus and mitochondria, it has been detected also in vesicular and extracellular compartments. Three protein families that consume NAD(+) in signalling reactions have been characterized on a molecular level: ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTs), Sirtuins (SIRTs), and NAD(+) glycohydrolases (NADases). Members of these families serve important regulatory functions in various cellular compartments, e.g., by linking the cellular energy state to gene expression in the nucleus, by regulating nitrogen metabolism in mitochondria, and by sensing tissue damage in the extracellular compartment. Distinct NAD(+) pools may be crucial for these processes. Here, we review the current knowledge about the compartmentation and biochemistry of NAD(+)-converting enzymes that control NAD(+) signalling.
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94
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Regulatory T cells from IL-10-deficient mice fail to suppress contact hypersensitivity reactions due to lack of adenosine production. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:1494-502. [PMID: 21430704 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) produce immunosuppressive adenosine by degradation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73. In this sequence of events, ATP is not only the substrate for generation of adenosine but it also activates the immunosuppressive functions of Tregs. To compare the effects of ATP on IL-10-deficient (IL-10(-/-)) Tregs with wild-type (wt) Tregs, we incubated both types of Tregs with ATP and assessed their phenotype and function. We show that IL-10(-/-) Tregs failed to become activated by ATP and were impaired in adenosine production. As a consequence, IL-10(-/-) Tregs were unable to block adherence of effector T cells to the endothelium in vitro. When testing the signaling of the ATP receptor P2X(7) in IL-10(-/-) Tregs, we recorded no elevation of intracellular calcium after engagement of P2X(7) receptors, as compared with wt Tregs, thus indicating that IL-10(-/-) Tregs fail to react normally to ATP and display impaired adenosine production, which explains their inability to suppress contact hypersensitivity responses. Therefore, when using IL-10(-/-) Tregs in different disease models, one has to take into account that adenosine production is abrogated and reduced suppressive effects may not be exclusively attributable to the lack of IL-10 production.
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95
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Chen YG, Scheuplein F, Driver JP, Hewes AA, Reifsnyder PC, Leiter EH, Serreze DV. Testing the role of P2X7 receptors in the development of type 1 diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:4278-84. [PMID: 21357538 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although P2rx7 has been proposed as a type 1 diabetes (T1D) susceptibility gene in NOD mice, its potential pathogenic role has not been directly determined. To test this possibility, we generated a new NOD stock deficient in P2X(7) receptors. T1D development was not altered by P2X(7) ablation. Previous studies found CD38 knockout (KO) NOD mice developed accelerated T1D partly because of a loss of CD4(+) invariant NKT (iNKT) cells and Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs). These immunoregulatory T cell populations are highly sensitive to NAD-induced cell death activated by ADP ribosyltransferase-2 (ART2)-mediated ADP ribosylation of P2X(7) receptors. Therefore, we asked whether T1D acceleration was suppressed in a double-KO NOD stock lacking both P2X(7) and CD38 by rescuing CD4(+) iNKT cells and Tregs from NAD-induced cell death. We demonstrated that P2X(7) was required for T1D acceleration induced by CD38 deficiency. The CD38 KO-induced defects in homeostasis of CD4(+) iNKT cells and Tregs were corrected by coablation of P2X(7). T1D acceleration in CD38-deficient NOD mice also requires ART2 expression. If increased ADP ribosylation of P2X(7) in CD38-deficient NOD mice underlies disease acceleration, then a comparable T1D incidence should be induced by coablation of both CD38 and ART2, or CD38 and P2X(7). However, a previously established NOD stock deficient in both CD38 and ART2 expression is T1D resistant. This study demonstrated the presence of a T1D resistance gene closely linked to the ablated Cd38 allele in the previously reported NOD stock also lacking ART2, but not in the newly generated CD38/P2X(7) double-KO line.
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Hubert S, Rissiek B, Klages K, Huehn J, Sparwasser T, Haag F, Koch-Nolte F, Boyer O, Seman M, Adriouch S. Extracellular NAD+ shapes the Foxp3+ regulatory T cell compartment through the ART2-P2X7 pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:2561-8. [PMID: 20975043 PMCID: PMC2989765 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20091154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (T reg cells) play a major role in the control of immune responses but the factors controlling their homeostasis and function remain poorly characterized. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) released during cell damage or inflammation results in ART2.2-mediated ADP-ribosylation of the cytolytic P2X7 receptor on T cells. We show that T reg cells express the ART2.2 enzyme and high levels of P2X7 and that T reg cells can be depleted by intravenous injection of NAD(+). Moreover, lower T reg cell numbers are found in mice deficient for the NAD-hydrolase CD38 than in wild-type, P2X7-deficient, or ART2-deficient mice, indicating a role for extracellular NAD(+) in T reg cell homeostasis. Even routine cell preparation leads to release of NAD(+) in sufficient quantities to profoundly affect T reg cell viability, phenotype, and function. We demonstrate that T reg cells can be protected from the deleterious effects of NAD(+) by an inhibitory ART2.2-specific single domain antibody. Furthermore, selective depletion of T reg cells by systemic administration of NAD(+) can be used to promote an antitumor response in several mouse tumor models. Collectively, our data demonstrate that NAD(+) influences survival, phenotype, and function of T reg cells and provide proof of principle that acting on the ART2-P2X7 pathway represents a new strategy to manipulate T reg cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hubert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, U905, 76183 Rouen, France
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97
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Morris MA, McDuffie M, Nadler JL, Ley K. Prevention, but not cure, of autoimmune diabetes in a NOD.scid transfer model by FTY720 despite effective modulation of blood T cells. Autoimmunity 2010; 44:115-28. [PMID: 20695767 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2010.499885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
FTY720 modulates lymphocyte trafficking through blood (peripheral blood lymphocyte, PBL) and peripheral lymph nodes (PLN). Treatment with FTY720 causes retention of most blood lymphocytes in PLN. Long-term treatment can slow and/or prevent Type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model. B and T cells are both affected by FTY720 binding to sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P₁). However, little has been done to elucidate which T-cell subsets are differentially affected by FTY720 under healthy conditions, and how this affects disease pathogenesis in T1D. In healthy C57BL/6J (B6) mice, total CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subsets were diminished by FTY720, but recently activated and memory subsets were spared and constituted significantly higher percentage of remaining T cells in blood. FTY720 also lowered PBL counts in NOD mice, but less severely than in B6 mice. This is consistent with a different ratio of naïve, activated, and memory cells in NOD mice compared to those in B6 mice, as well as alterations in S1P₁ and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) levels in PBLs and blood of NOD mice, respectively. To address the functional consequences of PBL T-cell depletion, we studied the effects of FTY720 on disease progression in a timed adoptive transfer model of T1D. Continuous treatment with FTY720 eliminated T1D, if treatment was started before splenocyte transfer. FTY20 treatment started after disease onset slowed disease progression. The inability to fully suppress memory and effector T-cell circulation may explain why FTY720 is only partially effective in the NOD adoptive transfer model of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Morris
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 801394, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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98
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Bannas P, Graumann O, Balcerak P, Peldschus K, Kaul MG, Hohenberg H, Haag F, Adam G, Ittrich H, Koch-Nolte F. Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Enzyme Activity on the Cell Surface: In Vitro and In Vivo Monitoring of ADP-Ribosyltransferase 2 on T Cells. Mol Imaging 2010. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2010.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bannas
- From the Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Graumann
- From the Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Balcerak
- From the Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kersten Peldschus
- From the Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Gerhard Kaul
- From the Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heinrich Hohenberg
- From the Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Haag
- From the Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Adam
- From the Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Harald Ittrich
- From the Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- From the Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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99
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Grahnert A, Grahnert A, Klein C, Schilling E, Wehrhahn J, Hauschildt S. Review: NAD +: a modulator of immune functions. Innate Immun 2010; 17:212-33. [PMID: 20388721 DOI: 10.1177/1753425910361989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Latterly, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) has emerged as a molecule with versatile functions and of enormous impact on the maintenance of cell integrity. Besides playing key roles in almost all major aspects of energy metabolism, there is mounting evidence that NAD+ and its degradation products affect various biological activities including calcium homeostasis, gene transcription, DNA repair, and intercellular communication. This review is aimed at giving a brief insight into the life cycle of NAD+ in the cell, referring to synthesis, action and degradation aspects. With respect to their immunological relevance, the importance and function of the major NAD+ metabolizing enzymes, namely CD38/CD157, ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTs), poly-ADP-ribose-polymerases (PARPs), and sirtuins are summarized and roles of NAD+ and its main degradation product adenosine 5'-diphosphoribose (ADPR) in cell signaling are discussed. In addition, an outline of the variety of immunological processes depending on the activity of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt), the key enzyme of the salvage pathway of NAD+ synthesis, is presented. Taken together, an efficient supply of NAD+ seems to be a crucial need for a multitude of cell functions, underlining the yet only partly revealed potency of this small molecule to influence cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Grahnert
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstrasse 33, Leipzig, Germany
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100
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Umapathy NS, Zemskov EA, Gonzales J, Gorshkov BA, Sridhar S, Chakraborty T, Lucas R, Verin AD. Extracellular beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (beta-NAD) promotes the endothelial cell barrier integrity via PKA- and EPAC1/Rac1-dependent actin cytoskeleton rearrangement. J Cell Physiol 2010; 223:215-23. [PMID: 20054824 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular beta-NAD is known to elevate intracellular levels of calcium ions, inositol 1,4,5-trisphate and cAMP. Recently, beta-NAD was identified as an agonist for P2Y1 and P2Y11 purinergic receptors. Since beta-NAD can be released extracellularly from endothelial cells (EC), we have proposed its involvement in the regulation of EC permeability. Here we show, for the first time, that endothelial integrity can be enhanced in EC endogenously expressing beta-NAD-activated purinergic receptors upon beta-NAD stimulation. Our data demonstrate that extracellular beta-NAD increases the transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) of human pulmonary artery EC (HPAEC) monolayers in a concentration-dependent manner indicating endothelial barrier enhancement. Importantly, beta-NAD significantly attenuated thrombin-induced EC permeability as well as the barrier-compromising effects of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial toxins representing the barrier-protective function of beta-NAD. Immunofluorescence microscopy reveals more pronounced staining of cell-cell junctional protein VE-cadherin at the cellular periphery signifying increased tightness of the cell-cell contacts after beta-NAD stimulation. Interestingly, inhibitory analysis (pharmacological antagonists and receptor sequence specific siRNAs) indicates the participation of both P2Y1 and P2Y11 receptors in beta-NAD-induced TER increase. beta-NAD-treatment attenuates the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) indicating its involvement in barrier protection. Our studies also show the involvement of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A and EPAC1 pathways as well as small GTPase Rac1 in beta-NAD-induced EC barrier enhancement. With these results, we conclude that beta-NAD regulates the pulmonary EC barrier integrity via small GTPase Rac1- and MLCP- dependent signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagavedi S Umapathy
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.
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