51
|
Sawant DV, Hamilton K, Vignali DAA. Interleukin-35: Expanding Its Job Profile. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:499-512. [PMID: 25919641 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2015.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Counter-regulation afforded by specialized regulatory cell populations and immunosuppressive cytokines is critical for balancing immune outcome. The inhibitory potential of the established suppressive cytokines, IL-10 and TGFβ, has been well elucidated in diverse inflammatory scenarios in conjunction with their key roles in Treg development and function. Despite the early predictions for an immunomodulatory role for the Ebi3/p35 heterodimer in placental trophoblasts, IL-35 biology remained elusive until 2007 when it was established as a Treg-restricted inhibitory cytokine. Since then, Treg-derived IL-35 has been shown to exhibit its suppressive activities in a range of autoimmune diseases and cancer models. Recent studies are beginning to explore other cellular sources of IL-35, such as Bregs and CD8(+) Tregs. Despite these new cellular sources and targets, the mode of IL-35 suppression remains restricted to inhibition of proliferation and induction of an IL-35-producing induced regulatory T cell population referred to as iTr35. In this review, we explore the early beginnings, status quo, and future prospects of IL-35 biology. The unparalleled opportunity of targeting multiple immunosuppressive populations (Tregs, Bregs, CD8(+) Tregs) through IL-35 is highly exciting and offers tremendous promise from a translational standpoint, particularly for cancer immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepali V Sawant
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristia Hamilton
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) polymorphisms and expression are associated with susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 95:497-504. [PMID: 25937126 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem and host genetic factors play a critical role in susceptibility and resistance to TB. The aim of this study was to identify novel candidate genes associated with TB susceptibility. We performed a population-based case-control study to genotype 13 tag SNPs spanning Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3), colony stimulating factor 2 (CSF2), IL-4, interferon beta 1 (IFNB1), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 14 (CXCL14) and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (Myd88) genes in 435 pulmonary TB patients and 375 health donors from China. We observed that EBI3 gene rs4740 polymorphism was associated with susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and the allele G was associated with a protective effect against PTB. Furthermore, EBI3 deficiency led to reduced bacterial burden and histopathological impairment in the lung of mice infected with Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Meanwhile, higher abundance of EBI3 was observed in the granuloma of PTB patients and in the lung tissue of BCG-infected mice. Of note, the expression of EBI3 in macrophages was remarkably induced by mycobacteria infection at both mRNA and protein level. In conclusion, EBI3 gene rs4740 polymorphism is closely associated with susceptibility to PTB and the elevation and enrichment of EBI3 in the lung which at least partially derived from macrophages may contribute to the exacerbation of mycobacterial infection.
Collapse
|
53
|
|
54
|
Interleukin 12 (IL-12) family cytokines: Role in immune pathogenesis and treatment of CNS autoimmune disease. Cytokine 2015; 75:249-55. [PMID: 25796985 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines play crucial roles in coordinating the activities of innate and adaptive immune systems. In response to pathogen recognition, innate immune cells secrete cytokines that inform the adaptive immune system about the nature of the pathogen and instruct naïve T cells to differentiate into the appropriate T cell subtypes required to clear the infection. These include Interleukins, Interferons and other immune-regulatory cytokines that exhibit remarkable functional redundancy and pleiotropic effects. The focus of this review, however, is on the enigmatic Interleukin 12 (IL-12) family of cytokines. This family of cytokines plays crucial roles in shaping immune responses during antigen presentation and influence cell-fate decisions of differentiating naïve T cells. They also play essential roles in regulating functions of a variety of effector cells, making IL-12 family cytokines important therapeutic targets or agents in a number of inflammatory diseases, such as the CNS autoimmune diseases, uveitis and multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
|
55
|
Wang X, Zhang L, Jiang Z. T-helper cell-mediated factors in drug-induced liver injury. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 35:695-700. [PMID: 25752261 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) leads to a large burden on the healthcare system due to its potential morbidity and mortality. The key for predicting and preventing DILI is to understand the underlying mechanisms. Hepatic inflammation is one of the most common features of DILI. The inflammation can be attributed to the innate immune response. The adaptive immune system is also affected by the innate immune response resulting in liver damage. T-helper cells are important regulators of acquired immunity. T-helper cell-mediated immune responses play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of a variety of liver disorders. This review summarizes recent advances in the T-helper cell-mediated factors in DILI and potential mechanisms, which may lead to a better understanding of DILI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Zhou Y, Zhang H, Li Y. IL-35 expression in peripheral blood CD4(+) T cells from chronic hepatitis B virus-infected patients directly correlates with virus load. Cytokine 2015; 73:169-75. [PMID: 25752977 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 35 (IL-35) functions in an anti-inflammatory fashion by inhibiting T-cell proliferation, whereas CD4(+) T cells play an important role in cellular immunity. In a hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the viral proteins stimulate the immune system to generate antiviral molecules, which correlate to HBV DNA load. We investigated the impact of HBV DNA load on the expression of IL-35 mRNA in CD4(+) T cells, and the expression of IL-35 cytokine in serum of the patients with chronic HBV infection. Here we report that the frequency of circulating CD4(+) T cells correlates with the HBV DNA load in the serum of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. An increased number of CD4(+) T cells were found in those patients with higher levels of HBV DNA. Regulatory T cells (T regs) also showed this trend, but circulating cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) showed a negative correlation with serum HBV DNA load. In addition, significantly more IL-35 mRNA was found in the CD4(+) T cells of CHB patients, compared to healthy controls. Patients in the high viral load group showed increased levels of IL-35 mRNA, compared with those in the low viral load group. The level of IL-35 cytokine in the serum of CHB patients was significantly higher than in the healthy controls and in those infected with HBV, the patients with a higher viral load had more serum IL-35 cytokines, compared to those with a lower viral load. Our study suggests that increased serum IL-35 could be directly related to increased levels of IL-35 mRNA in CD4(+) T cells and HBV DNA load in CHB patients. The possible role of IL-35 as an immune regulator in chronic HBV infection should be investigated further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, PR China; Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, PR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, PR China
| | - Yumin Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Liu Z, Liu JQ, Shi Y, Zhu X, Liu Z, Li MS, Yu J, Wu LC, He Y, Zhang G, Bai XF. Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3-deficiency leads to impaired antitumor T-cell responses and accelerated tumor growth. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e989137. [PMID: 26140252 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.989137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) encoded protein can form heterodimers with IL-27P28, and IL-12P35 to form IL-27, and IL-35. However, IL-27 stimulates, whereas IL-35 inhibits antitumor T-cell responses. IL-27 also limits the Foxp3+ regulatory T cell (Treg) population, whereas IL-35 has been shown to expand Tregs and foster Treg suppressive functions. It remains unclear which group of forces are dominant during antitumor T-cell responses. In this study, we evaluated the tumor growth and antitumor T-cell responses in EBI3-deficient mice that lack both IL-27 and IL-35. We found that injecting B16 melanoma cells into EBI3-deficient C57BL/6 mice, or J558 plasmacytoma cells into EBI3-deficient BALB/c mice resulted in significantly increased tumor growth relative to those implanted in wild-type control mice. Tumors from EBI3-deficient mice contained significantly decreased proportions of CD8+ T cells and increased proportions of CD4+FoxP3+ Treg cells as compared to those from EBI3-intact mice. Tumor-infiltrating T cells from EBI3-deficient mice were impaired in their capacity to produce IFNγ. Phenotypically, Tregs from EBI3-deficient mice were highly suppressive and produced IL-10 in the tumor microenvironment. Depletion of Tregs or inactivation of the IL-10 pathway significantly abrogated tumor growth enhancement in Ebi3-/- mice. Finally, we showed that Ebi3-/- mice administered a melanoma vaccine failed to mount a CD8+ T-cell response and the vaccine failed to confer tumor rejection in EBI3-deficient mice. Taken together, these results suggest that Ebi3-/- mice show a phenotype of IL-27-deficiency rather than IL-35-deficiency during anti-tumor T-cell responses. Thus, our results suggest that endogenous IL-27 is critical for both spontaneous and vaccine-induced antitumor T-cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Liu
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center; Ohio State University ; Columbus, OH USA
| | - Jin-Qing Liu
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center; Ohio State University ; Columbus, OH USA
| | - Yun Shi
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center; Ohio State University ; Columbus, OH USA ; Department of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University ; Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center; Ohio State University ; Columbus, OH USA ; Department of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University ; Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center; Ohio State University ; Columbus, OH USA ; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University ; Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Song Li
- Department of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology; Nanfang Hospital; Southern Medical University ; Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center; Ohio State University ; Columbus, OH USA
| | - Lai-Chu Wu
- Davis Medical Center; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry; Ohio State University ; Columbus, OH USA
| | - Yukai He
- Cancer Immunology; Inflammation, and Tolerance Program; Georgia Regents University Cancer Center ; Augusta, GA USA
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery; Xinqiao Hospital; Third Military Medical University ; Chongqing, China
| | - Xue-Feng Bai
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center; Ohio State University ; Columbus, OH USA
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-35, a recently identified cytokine of the IL-12 family, is a potent immunosuppressive cytokine secreted by regulatory T (Treg) cells and the newly reported regulatory B (Breg) cells. IL-35 functions as a crucial immunosuppressive factor in immune-mediated diseases, and the predominant mechanism of suppression is its ability to suppress T cell proliferation and effector functions. The pathogenic processes of the non-cytopathic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection-related liver diseases are immune-mediated, including liver damage and viral control. It has been found that IL-35 is detectable in peripheral CD4(+) T cells in chronic HBV-infected patients, whereas it is undetectable in healthy individuals. There is growing evidence that cytokine-mediated immune responses play a pivotal role in determining the clinical outcome during HBV infection. It is particularly important to investigate the effects of IL-35 in the immunopathogenesis of chronic HBV infection. In this study, the recent understanding of this issue is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Gang Xiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Translational Laboratory of Liver Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Zhao HQ, Li WM, Lu ZQ, Sheng ZY, Yao YM. The growing spectrum of anti-inflammatory interleukins and their potential roles in the development of sepsis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 35:242-51. [PMID: 25517926 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, recognized as a deadly immunological disorder, is one of the major causes of death in intensive care units globally. Traditionally, sepsis was characterized by an excessive systemic proinflammatory response to invasive microbial pathogens. However, failures of highly sophisticated trials directed toward the uncontrolled inflammatory reaction have led to an appeal by experts for reevaluation of the present approach toward sepsis. With accumulated evidence, a principal role for immunosuppression in severe sepsis has been evaluated. Different pathways of negative regulation in the pathophysiological process of sepsis have been investigated. Significant among these regulatory elements are the anti-inflammatory cytokines. In the past few years, several interleukins (ILs) have been identified and characterized, among which IL-35 and IL-37 represent newly identified ones in the spectrum of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In this study, we focus on regulatory cytokines of the IL family (including the old members: IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13, and newly discovered ones: IL-35 and IL-37) to address current knowledge regarding their structural and functional characteristics as well as their roles in the development of sepsis. Although the exact roles for these cytokines are pending further elucidation, the current advances in our understanding of mechanisms that regulate the immune responses during severe sepsis may lead to the identification of new diagnostic or treatment targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-qiang Zhao
- 1 Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army, the Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Reduced IL-35 levels are associated with increased platelet aggregation and activation in patients with acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Ann Hematol 2014; 94:837-45. [PMID: 25512184 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-014-2278-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is a major complication associated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Interleukin (IL)-35 is a novel anti-inflammatory cytokine that suppresses the immune response. This prospective study explored IL-35 plasma levels in 65 patients after HSCT. The results revealed that the peripheral blood of patients with grades III-IV aGVHD (23.46 ng/ml) had reduced IL-35 compared to transplanted patients with grades I-II aGVHD (40.26 ng/ml, p < 0.01) or patients without aGVHD (41.40 ng/ml, p < 0.05). Allografts, including granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-mobilized peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) and G-CSF-primed bone marrow (GBM), from 38 patients were analyzed for IL-35 levels with respect to aGVHD. The patients who received lower levels of IL-35 cells in the GBM (28.0 ng/ml, p = 0.551) or lower levels of IL-35 in PBPC (53.46 ng/ml, p = 0.03) exhibited a higher incidence of aGVHD. Patients with aGVHD have increased platelet aggregation. IL-35 was added to patient blood in vitro, and platelet aggregation was inhibited by IL-35 in a dose-dependent manner. The markers of platelet activation (CD62P/PAC-1) can also be inhibited by IL-35. The results indicate that IL-35 may affect the development of aGVHD by inhibiting platelet activation and aggregation. Our data suggests that IL-35 represents a potentially effective therapeutic agent against aGVHD after allo-HSCT.
Collapse
|
61
|
Shi M, Wei J, Dong J, Meng W, Ma J, Wang T, Wang N, Wang Y. Function of interleukin-17 and -35 in the blood of patients with hepatitis B-related liver cirrhosis. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:121-6. [PMID: 25323532 PMCID: PMC4237084 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic T helper (Th)17 cytokine and serum interleukin (IL)-17 levels in patients with hepatitis B are positively correlated with the progression of liver cirrhosis (LC). IL-35 can significantly inhibit the differentiation of Th17 cells and the synthesis of IL-17. The present study aimed to investigate the function and expression of IL-17 and IL-35 in the blood of patients with hepatitis B-related LC. The levels of IL-17 and IL-35 in the peripheral blood of 30 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), 79 with LC, 14 with chronic severe hepatitis B (CSHB), and 20 normal controls were detected by ELISA. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3), forkhead box (FOX)P3 and IL-17 mRNA expression levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Western blotting was used to determine protein expression. The liver function of patients and normal controls was measured. EBI3, IL-17 and FOXP3 mRNA expression levels in PBMCs from patients with LC, CHB and CSHB were higher than those in cells from the controls. IL-17 mRNA levels differed significantly according to the Child-Pugh classification and exhibited an upward trend over time in contrast to a downward trend for EBI3 and FOXP3 mRNA. The changes in protein expression in the peripheral blood were consistent with the changes in mRNA expression. Serum IL-17 levels were positively correlated with total bilirubin (TBIL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Child-Pugh grade, and were negatively correlated with albumin. These observed differences were significant. Serum IL-35 levels were negatively correlated with albumin, but not with Child-Pugh grade, ALT and TBIL. IL-17 and IL-35 may be critically involved in the pathogenesis of hepatitis B-related LC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Changning Central Hospital, Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
| | - Jue Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Changning Central Hospital, Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
| | - Jinbin Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Changning Central Hospital, Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
| | - Wenying Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Changning Central Hospital, Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
| | - Jiali Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Changning Central Hospital, Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Changning Central Hospital, Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Changning Central Hospital, Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
| | - Yugang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Changning Central Hospital, Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Takeda A, Hasegawa E, Fukuhara T, Hirakawa S, Yamada H, Yang Y, Yoshimura T, Hisatomi T, Oshima Y, Yoshida H, Sonoda KH, Ishibashi T. EBI3 is pivotal for the initiation of experimental autoimmune uveitis. Exp Eye Res 2014; 125:107-13. [PMID: 24929202 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Murine experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) is a model for human autoimmune uveitis, whose pathogenesis is caused by both Th1 and Th17 cell responses. Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) is a component of the heterodimeric cytokines: interleukin (IL)-27 and IL-35. Although IL-27 was shown to initiate Th1 cell development, it is also recognized as a negative regulator of fully activated CD4+ T cells, including Th17 cells. Recently, IL-35 also has also been reported to play immunosuppressive roles in autoimmunity. To investigate the roles of EBI3 in EAU, EBI3(-/-) mice were immunized with human interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein peptide 1-20 (IRBP) to induce EAU. We observed that the clinical score in EBI3(-/-) mice was diminished compared with that in EBI3(+/+) mice up to day 22 after immunization, whereas the score in EBI3(-/-) mice reached the same levels as that of EBI3(+/+) mice after day 28. Histological analysis revealed a significant reduction of cellular infiltration into the retina in EBI3(-/-) mice on day 16. Although Th1 cell responses and IRBP-specific IL-10 production were reduced in EBI3(-/-) mice, the development of Th17 cell responses was unaffected on day 9. On day 21, Th1 cell responses and IRBP-specific IL-10 production was restored to the same levels as that in EBI3(+/+) mice, and Th17 cell responses significantly increased in EBI3(-/-) mice. Furthermore, Foxp3 expression in CD4+ T cells was comparable between EBI3(+/+) and EBI3(-/-) mice on days 9 and 21. Therefore, these results indicate that EBI3 may be important in EAU initiation by Th1 cell responses and may suppress EAU by inhibition of both Th1 and Th17 cell responses in the late/maintenance phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsunobu Takeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Eiichi Hasegawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takako Fukuhara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Sayaka Hirakawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hisakata Yamada
- Division of Host Defense, Research Center for Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeru Yoshimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Toshio Hisatomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuji Oshima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yoshida
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunosciences, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, 5-1-1 Nabeshima Saga, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ishibashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Abstract
The initiation and perpetuation of autoimmunity recognize numerous checkpoints, from the genomic susceptibility to the breakdown of tolerance. This latter phenomenon includes the loss of B cell anergy and T regulatory cell failure, as well as the production of autoantibodies and autoreactive T cells. These mechanisms ultimately lead to tissue injury via different mechanisms that span from the production of proinflammatory cytokines to the chemotaxis of immune cells to the target sites. The pathways to autoimmunity have been widely investigated over the past year and resulted in a number of articles in peer-reviewed journals that has increased by nearly 10 % compared to 2011. We herein follow on the attempt to provide a brief discussion of the majority of articles on autoimmune diseases that were published in the major immunology journals in the previous solar year. The selection is necessarily arbitrary and may thus not be seen as comprehensive but reflects current research trends. Indeed, 2012 articles were mostly dedicated to define new and old mechanisms with potential therapeutic implications in autoimmunity in general, though based on specific clinical conditions or animal models. As paradigmatic examples, the environmental influence on autoimmunity, Th17 changes modulating the autoimmune response, serum autoantibodies and B cell changes as biomarkers and therapeutic targets were major issues addressed by experimental articles in 2012. Further, a growing number of studies investigated the sex bias of autoimmunity and supported different working hypotheses to explain the female predominance, including sex chromosome changes and reproductive life factors. In conclusion, the resulting scenario illustrates that common factors may underlie different autoimmune diseases and this is well represented by the observed alterations in interferon-α and TGFβ or by the shared signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Selmi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy,
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Wang B, Dai S, Dong Z, Sun Y, Song X, Guo C, Zhu F, Wang Q, Zhang L. The modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress by chemical chaperone upregulates immune negative cytokine IL-35 in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87787. [PMID: 24498194 PMCID: PMC3907489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-35 is a newly identified immune negative molecule which is secreted by CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T regulatory cells (Tregs) and contributes to their suppressive capacity. Early data have shown that IL-35 inhibits development of several autoimmune diseases. However, the role of IL-35 in atherosclerosis, a lipid-driven chronic inflammatory disease in arterial wall, remains to be investigated. Here, we found that IL-35 was involved in atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice. ApoE(-/-) mice with established atherosclerotic lesion displayed a lower level of IL-35 compared to age-matched wild type C57BL/6 mice without plaque. However, IL-35 expression increased significantly in ApoE(-/-) mice with attenuated plaque. More importantly, we found that modulation of ER stress treated by chemical chaperone, 4-Phenyl butyric acid (PBA) in vivo, mainly upregulated immune negative regulating molecule IL-35, as well as IL-10 and Foxp3, accompanied by increased Tregs. However, no obvious impact on pro-inflammatory molecules such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17 and IL-23 was observed, which provides new insight into the benefit of ER stress recovery from attenuated plaque. Our results suggest that IL-35 might have a potential value for atherosclerotic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shen Dai
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaojing Dong
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xingguo Song
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chun Guo
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Faliang Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lining Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Zhang Q, Bai H, Wang W. Increased percentages of T cells producing interleukin-21 in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Cell Biol Int 2013; 38:520-5. [PMID: 24323496 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Gansu University of Agriculture; Lanzhou 730070 Gansu China
- Department of Hematology; Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou Command; Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Hai Bai
- Department of Hematology; Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou Command; Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Gansu University of Agriculture; Lanzhou 730070 Gansu China
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Kochetkova I, Thornburg T, Callis G, Holderness K, Maddaloni M, Pascual DW. Oral Escherichia coli colonization factor antigen I fimbriae ameliorate arthritis via IL-35, not IL-27. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:804-16. [PMID: 24337375 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A Salmonella therapeutic expressing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli colonization factor Ag I (CFA/I) fimbriae protects against collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) by eliciting two regulatory T cell (Treg) subsets: TGF-β-producing Foxp3(-)CD39(+)CD4(+) T cells and IL-10-producing Foxp3(+)CD39(+)CD4(+) T cells. However, it is unclear whether CFA/I fimbriae alone are protective and whether other regulatory cytokines are involved, especially in the context for the EBI3-sharing cytokines, Treg-derived IL-35 and APC-derived IL-27, both capable of suppressing Th17 cells and regulating autoimmune diseases. Subsequent evaluation revealed that a single oral dose of purified, soluble CFA/I fimbriae protected against CIA as effectively as did Salmonella-CFA/I and found that Foxp3(+)CD39(+)CD4(+) T cells were the source of secreted IL-35, whereas IL-27 production by CD11c(+) cells was inhibited. Inquiring into their relevance, CFA/I fimbriae-treated IL-27R-deficient (WSX-1(-/-)) mice were equally protected against CIA as were wild-type mice, suggesting a limited role for IL-27. In contrast, CFA/I fimbriae-mediated protection was abated in EBI3(-/-) mice, accompanied by the loss of TGF-β- and IL-10-producing Tregs. Adoptive transfer of C57BL/6 CD39(+)CD4(+) T cells to EBI3(-/-) mice with concurrent CFA/I plus IL-35 treatment effectively stimulated Tregs suppressing proinflammatory collagen II-specific Th cells. In contrast, recipients cotransferred with C57BL/6 and EBI3(-/-) CD39(+)CD4(+) T cells and treated with CFA/I plus IL-35 were not protected, implicating the importance of endogenous IL-35 for conferring CFA/I-mediated protection. Thus, CFA/I fimbriae stimulate IL-35 required for the coinduction of TGF-β and IL-10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kochetkova
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Li MF, Sun BG, Xiao ZZ, Sun L. First characterization of a teleost Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) reveals a regulatory effect of EBI3 on the innate immune response of peripheral blood leukocytes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:514-522. [PMID: 23932982 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) encodes a protein that in mammals is known to be a subunit of interleukin (IL)-27 and IL-35, both which regulate cytokine production and inflammatory response. To date, no studies on fish EBI3 have been documented. In this work, we report the identification of an EBI3 homologue, CsEBI3, from tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) and analysis of its expression and biological effect. CsEBI3 is composed of 245 amino acid residues and possesses a Fibronectin type 3 (FN3) domain that is preserved in lower and higher vertebrates. Expression of CsEBI3 was detected in a wide range of tissues, in particular those of immune relevant organs, and upregulated in a time-dependent manner by experimental challenge with bacterial and viral pathogens. Bacterial infection of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) enhanced CsEBI3 expression and caused extracellular secretion of CsEBI3. Purified recombinant CsEBI3 (rCsEBI3) stimulated the respiratory burst activity of PBL and upregulated the expression of IL-1β, IL-8, Myd88, interferon-induced gene 15, CD28, and chemokines. In contrast, rCsEBI3M, a mutant CsEBI3 that lacks the FN3 domain failed to activate PBL and induced much weaker expression of the immune genes. Treatment of PBL with rCsEBI3, but not with the mutant rCsEBI3M, enhanced cellular resistance against bacterial invasion, whereas antibody blocking of CsEBI3 on PBL significantly reduced cellular resistance against bacterial infection. Taken together, these results indicate for the first time that a teleost EBI3 possesses immunoregulatory property in a manner that is dependent on the conserved FN3 domain, and that CsEBI3 is involved in the innate immune defense of PBL against microbial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mo-fei Li
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Olson BM, Sullivan JA, Burlingham WJ. Interleukin 35: a key mediator of suppression and the propagation of infectious tolerance. Front Immunol 2013; 4:315. [PMID: 24151492 PMCID: PMC3798782 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in balancing the effector arm of the immune system is well documented, playing a central role in preventing autoimmunity, facilitating graft tolerance following organ transplantation, and having a detrimental impact on the development of anti-tumor immunity. These regulatory responses use a variety of mechanisms to mediate suppression, including soluble factors. While IL-10 and TGF-β are the most commonly studied immunosuppressive cytokines, the recently identified IL-35 has been shown to have potent suppressive function in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, not only does IL-35 have the ability to directly suppress effector T cell responses, it is also able to expand regulatory responses by propagating infectious tolerance and generating a potent population of IL-35-expressing inducible Tregs. In this review, we summarize research characterizing the structure and function of IL-35, examine its role in disease, and discuss how it can contribute to the induction of a distinct population of inducible Tregs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Olson
- Department of Medicine, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin , Madison, WI , USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Liu Z, Yu J, Carson WE, Bai XF. The role of IL-27 in the induction of anti-tumor cytotoxic T lymphocyte response. Am J Transl Res 2013; 5:470-480. [PMID: 23977407 PMCID: PMC3745435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response is a critical component of the immune response to tumors, therefore optimal induction of CTL responses to tumor antigens is highly desired for developing efficient cancer immunotherapy. IL-27 is a member of the IL-12 family of cytokines that is comprised of an IL-12 p40-related protein subunit, EBV-induced gene 3 (EBI3), and a p35-related subunit, p28. IL-27 functions through IL-27R and has been shown to have potent anti-tumor activity via activation of a variety of immune components, including anti-tumor CD8(+) T cell responses. However, the exact mechanisms of how IL-27 enhances anti-tumor CD8(+) T cell responses are not fully understood. In this paper we mainly discuss the evidences that suggest novel mechanisms by which IL-27 enhances anti-tumor CTL responses, including IL-27 inhibition of activation-induced cell death; the phenotypes of IL-27-stimulated CTLs; IL-27-induced CTL IL-10/IL-21 production and IL-27-mediated suppression of regulatory T cell responses. These evidences suggest that IL-27 may have a great potential to be utilized in boosting anti-tumor CTL responses in human cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Liu
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Abstract
The mucosal immune system mediates contact between the host and the trillions of microbes that symbiotically colonize the gastrointestinal tract. Failure to tolerate the antigens within this "extended self" can result in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Within the adaptive immune system, the most significant cells modulating this interaction are Foxp3 regulatory T (Treg) cells. Treg cells can be divided into 2 primary subsets: "natural" Treg cells and "adaptive" or "induced" Treg. Recent research suggests that these subsets serve to play both independent and synergistic roles in mucosal tolerance. Studies from both mouse models and human patients suggest that defects in Treg cells can play distinct causative roles in IBD. Numerous genetic, microbial, nutritional, and environmental factors that associate with IBD may also affect Treg cells. In this review, we summarize the development and function of Treg cells and how their regulatory mechanisms may fail, leading to a loss of mucosal tolerance. We discuss both animal models and studies of patients with IBD suggesting Treg cell involvement in IBD and consider how Treg cells may be used in future therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G. Mayne
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI 53226
| | - Calvin B. Williams
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI 53226
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Hong GU, Kim NG, Jeoung D, Ro JY. Anti-CD40 Ab- or 8-oxo-dG-enhanced Treg cells reduce development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via down-regulating migration and activation of mast cells. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 260:60-73. [PMID: 23622820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether anti-CD40 Ab and 8-oxo-dG attenuate mast cell migration and EAE development. Anti-CD40 Ab and 8-oxo-dG reduced EAE scores, mast cell numbers, expression of adhesion molecules, OX40L and Act1, levels of TNF-α, LTs, expression of cytokines, and co-localization of Treg cells and mast cells, all of which are increased in EAE-brain tissues. Each treatment enhanced Treg cells, expression of OX40, and cytokines related to suppressive function of Treg cells in EAE brain tissues. Act-BMMCs with Treg cells reduced expression of OX40L and CCL2/CCR2, VCAM-1, PECAM-1, [Ca²⁺]i levels, release of mediators, various signaling molecules, Act1 related to IL-17a signals versus those in act-BMMCs without Treg cells. The data suggest that IL-10- and IL-35-producing Foxp3⁺-Treg cells, enhanced by anti-CD40 Ab or 8-oxo-dG, suppress migration of mast cells through down-regulating the expression of adhesion molecules, and suppress mast cell activation through cell-to-cell cross-talk via OX40/OX40L in EAE development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gwan Ui Hong
- Department of Pharmacology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Ye S, Wu J, Zhou L, Lv Z, Xie H, Zheng S. Interleukin-35: the future of hyperimmune-related diseases? J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:285-91. [PMID: 23472662 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL-35) is a newly identified heterodimeric cytokine belonging to the IL-12 family. It contains Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 subunit and IL-27 p35 subunit. Although its receptor and signaling pathway are not clear, we presumed that its receptor is composed by two chains that might be similar to those receptors of IL-12, IL-23, and IL-27. We also believe that the signal transducer activator of transcription family members is involved in its signaling pathway. It was reported that IL-35 could suppress Teff cell proliferation and Th17 development. It was considered to have a potential therapeutic effect against immune diseases. In our perspective, the finding of IL-35 is of great significance, since it can regulate T cells, which is an important therapeutic target of immunological disorders. IL-35 would promote the development of different kinds of vaccines, even vaccine for special cancer, and be promising to cure autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunyi Ye
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Liu Z, Liu JQ, Talebian F, Wu LC, Li S, Bai XF. IL-27 enhances the survival of tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and programs them into IL-10-producing, memory precursor-like effector cells. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:468-79. [PMID: 23225163 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
IL-27 is a member of the IL-12 family of cytokines that is comprised of an IL-12 p40-related protein subunit, EBV-induced gene 3, and a p35-related subunit, p28. IL-27 functions through IL-27R and has been shown to have potent antitumor activity via activation of a variety of cellular components, including antitumor CD8(+) T-cell responses. However, the exact mechanisms of how IL-27 enhances antitumor CD8(+) T-cell responses remain unclear. Here we show that IL-27 significantly enhances the survival of activated tumor antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in vitro and in vivo, and programs tumor antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells into memory precursor-like effector cells, characterized by upregulation of Bcl-6, SOCS3, Sca-1, and IL-10. While STAT3 activation and the CTL survival-enhancing effects can be independent of CTL IL-10 production, we show here that IL-27-induced CTL IL-10 production contributes to memory precursor cell phenotype induction, CTL memory, and tumor rejection. Thus, IL-27 enhances antitumor CTL responses via programming tumor antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells into a unique memory precursor type of effector cells characterized by a greater survival advantage. Our results have important implications for designing immunotherapy against human cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Liu
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Tirotta E, Duncker P, Oak J, Klaus S, Tsukamoto MR, Gov L, Lane TE. Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 negatively regulates neuroinflammation and T cell activation following coronavirus-induced encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 254:110-6. [PMID: 23102608 PMCID: PMC3534940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) associates with p28 and p35 to form the immunomodulatory cytokines IL-27 and IL-35, respectively. Infection of EBI3-/- mice with the neuroadapted JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) resulted in increased mortality that was not associated with impaired ability to control viral replication but enhanced T cell and macrophage infiltration into the CNS. IFN-γ secretion from virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells isolated from infected EBI3-/- mice was augmented while IL-10 expression muted in comparison to infected WT mice. These data demonstrate a regulatory role for EBI3-associated cytokines in controlling host responses following CNS viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Tirotta
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697-3900, United States
| | - Patrick Duncker
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697-3900, United States
| | - Jean Oak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697-3900, United States
| | - Suzi Klaus
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697-3900, United States
| | - Michelle R. Tsukamoto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697-3900, United States
| | - Lanny Gov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697-3900, United States
| | - Thomas E. Lane
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697-3900, United States
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, University of California, Irvine 92697-3900, United States
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California, Irvine 92697-3900, United States
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Lin Y, Huang Y, Lu Z, Luo C, shi Y, Zeng Q, Cao Y, Liu L, Wang X, Ji Q. Decreased plasma IL-35 levels are related to the left ventricular ejection fraction in coronary artery diseases. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52490. [PMID: 23285065 PMCID: PMC3528657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence shows that the novel anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-35 can efficiently suppress effector T cell activity and alter the progression of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The two subunits of IL-35, EBI3 and p35, are strongly expressed in human advanced plaque, suggesting a potential role of IL-35 in atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the plasma levels of IL-35 in patients with CAD have yet to be investigated. Methods Plasma IL-35, IL-10, TGF-β1, IL-12 and IL-27 levels were measured using an ELISA in 43 stable angina pectoris (SAP) patients, 62 unstable angina pectoris (UAP) patients, 56 acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients and 47 chest pain syndrome patients as a control group. Results The results showed that plasma IL-35 levels were significantly decreased in the SAP group (90.74±34.22 pg/ml), the UAP group (72.20±26.63 pg/ml), and the AMI group (50.21±24.69 pg/ml) compared with chest pain syndrome group (115.06±32.27 pg/ml). Similar results were also demonstrated with IL-10 and TGF-β1. Plasma IL-12 and IL-27 levels were significantly increased in the UAP group (349.72±85.22 pg/ml, 101.75±51.42 pg/ml, respectively) and the AMI group (318.05±86.82 pg/ml, 148.88±68.45 pg/ml, respectively) compared with chest pain syndrome group (138.68±34.37 pg/ml, 63.60±22.75 pg/ml, respectively) and the SAP group (153.84±53.86 pg/ml, 70.84±38.77 pg/ml, respectively). Furthermore, lower IL-35 levels were moderately positively correlated with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in CAD patients (R = 0.416, P<0.01), whereas higher IL-27 levels were weakly negatively correlated with LVEF in CAD patients(R = −0.205, P<0.01). Conclusions The results of the present study show that circulating IL-35 is a potentially novel biomarker for coronary artery disease. Regulating the expression of IL-35 also provides a new possible target for the treatment of atherosclerosis and CAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhong Lin
- Department of Cardiology, the People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Ultrasound, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Zhengde Lu
- Department of Cardiology, the People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Department of Cardiology, the People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Ying shi
- Department of Cardiology, the People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Qiutang Zeng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yifeng Cao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Qingwei Ji
- Department of Cardiology, the People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Niimi N, Kohyama K, Matsumoto Y. Therapeutic gene silencing with siRNA for IL-23 but not for IL-17 suppresses the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 254:39-45. [PMID: 22989513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gene silencing with siRNAs is important as a therapeutic tool in autoimmune diseases. In this study, we administered siRNAs specific for cytokines that may be involved in pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). siRNA specific for IL-23p19 (siRNA-IL-23) suppressed EAE almost completely, whereas siRNA-IL-17A did not modulate the clinical course. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that siRNA-IL-23 significantly reduced the proportion of both IFN-γ(+)IL-17(-) Th1 and IFN-γ(-)IL-17(+) Th17 cells in the spinal cord. Consistent with this finding, siRNA-IL-23 treatment downregulated IL-12, IL-17 and IL-23 mRNAs. These findings indicate that IL-23, but not IL-17, play an important role in the development of EAE.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Flow Cytometry
- Freund's Adjuvant/adverse effects
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Myelin Basic Protein/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Severity of Illness Index
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Statistics, Nonparametric
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Time Factors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Niimi
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Cytokine expression profiles of immune imbalance in post-mononucleosis chronic fatigue. J Transl Med 2012; 10:191. [PMID: 22973830 PMCID: PMC3480896 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) has been known to follow Epstein-Bar virus (EBV) and other systemic infections; our objective was to describe differences in immune activation in post-infective CFS (PI-CFS) patients and recovered controls. We studied 301 adolescents prospectively over 24 months following the diagnosis of monospot-positive infectious mononucleosis (IM). We found an incidence of CFS at 6, 12 and 24 months of 13%, 7% and 4% respectively. Methods Using chemiluminescent imaging we measured the concentrations of IL-1a, 1b, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 (p70), 13, 15, 17 and 23, IFN-γ, TNF-α and TNF-β in duplicate plasma samples available in bio-bank from 9 PI-CFS subjects and 12 recovered controls at 24 months post-infection. Results Standard comparative analysis indicated significant differences in IL-8 and 23 across subject groups. In constructing a linear classification model IL-6, 8 and 23 were selected by two different statistical approaches as discriminating features, with IL-1a, IL-2 and IFN-γ also selected in one model or the other. This supported an assignment accuracy of better than 80% at a confidence level of 0.95 into PI-CFS versus recovered controls. Conclusion These results suggest that co-expression patterns in as few as 5 cytokines associated with Th17 function may hold promise as a tool for the diagnosis of post-infectious CFS.
Collapse
|