1
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Tan B, Oak J. Circulating lobular breast carcinoma cells. Int J Lab Hematol 2024. [PMID: 38658384 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.14295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Brent Tan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jean Oak
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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2
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Brar N, Lawrence L, Fung E, Zehnder JL, Greenberg PL, Mannis GN, Zhang TY, Gratzinger D, Oak J, Silva O, Kurzer J, Tan B, Menke JR, Fernandez-Pol S. p53 immunohistochemistry as an ancillary tool for rapid assessment of residual disease in TP53-mutated acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. Am J Clin Pathol 2024:aqae034. [PMID: 38643353 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqae034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Measurable residual disease flow cytometry (MRD-FC) and molecular studies are the most sensitive methods for detecting residual malignant populations after therapy for TP53-mutated acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic neoplasms (TP53+ AML/MDS). However, their sensitivity is limited in suboptimal aspirates or when the immunophenotype of the neoplastic blasts overlaps with erythroids or normal maturing myeloid cells. In this study, we set out to determine if p53 immunohistochemistry (IHC) correlates with MRD-FC and next-generation sequencing (NGS) in the posttherapy setting and to determine the utility of p53 IHC to detect residual disease in the setting of negative or equivocal MRD-FC. METHODS We retrospectively identified 28 pre- and posttherapy bone marrow biopsy specimens from 9 patients with TP53+ AML/MDS and a p53 overexpressor phenotype by IHC (strong 3+ staining at initial diagnosis). Next-generation sequencing and/or MRD-FC results were collected for each specimen. RESULTS Using a threshold of more than ten 2-3+ cells in any one 400× field, p53 IHC detected residual disease with a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 89%. The threshold used in this study showed a high degree of concordance among 6 blinded pathologists (Fleiss κ = 0.97). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that p53 IHC can be used as a rapid tool (within 24 hours) to aid in the detection of residual disease that may complement MRD-FC or NGS in cases in which the flow cytometry immunophenotype is equivocal and/or the bone marrow aspirate is suboptimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivaz Brar
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, US
| | - Lauren Lawrence
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, US
| | - Eula Fung
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, US
| | - James L Zehnder
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, US
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, US
| | - Peter L Greenberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, US
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, US
| | - Gabriel N Mannis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, US
| | - Tian Y Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, US
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, US
| | - Dita Gratzinger
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, US
| | - Jean Oak
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, US
| | - Oscar Silva
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, US
| | - Jason Kurzer
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, US
| | - Brent Tan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, US
| | - Joshua R Menke
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, US
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Gilbert A, Tan J, Nadimpalli S, Orkusyan R, Fernandez ZI, Oak J, Fernandez-Pol S. B-lymphoblastic leukemia with transient spontaneous remission in the setting of severe group A streptococcus infection. J Hematop 2023; 16:223-226. [PMID: 38175433 DOI: 10.1007/s12308-023-00564-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous remission of B-lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) in the setting of viral and bacterial infections has been reported. Here, we present a case of B-ALL that showed a complete remission in the setting of group A streptococcal bacteremia. The patient was an 11-year-old boy who presented with a sore throat, right ear pain, and rhinorrhea. Prior to the diagnosis of B-ALL, he was diagnosed with streptococcal pharyngitis and received a single dose of dexamethasone and azithromycin. One day later, he was found to be pancytopenic and an immunophenotypically abnormal B-lymphoblastic population was detected comprising 0.6% and 16.8% of the peripheral blood and bone marrow cells, respectively. Though a diagnosis of B-ALL was highly suspected, blast percentage was <20% and the bone marrow showed relatively unremarkable trilineage hematopoiesis. On close monitoring, the suspected neoplastic population became undetectable by day 17 and the patient's complete blood count (CBC) completely normalized by day 46. On day 82, a peripheral blood smear demonstrated circulating blasts. Flow cytometry of a bone marrow aspirate revealed B-lymphoblastic leukemia accounting for 94% nucleated cells, consistent with the diagnosis of B-lymphoblastic leukemia. This case is of interest as less than 20 examples of spontaneous remission of B-ALL have been reported in the literature. As the case reported here relapsed and previously reported spontaneously remitting cases have uniformly relapsed, cases of B-ALL with spontaneous remission should be followed very closely for recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubre Gilbert
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Jonathan Tan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sruti Nadimpalli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ruzan Orkusyan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Jean Oak
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Robles EE, Jin Y, Smyth P, Scheuermann RH, Bui JD, Wang HY, Oak J, Qian Y. A cell-level discriminative neural network model for diagnosis of blood cancers. Bioinformatics 2023; 39:btad585. [PMID: 37756695 PMCID: PMC10563151 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btad585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Precise identification of cancer cells in patient samples is essential for accurate diagnosis and clinical monitoring but has been a significant challenge in machine learning approaches for cancer precision medicine. In most scenarios, training data are only available with disease annotation at the subject or sample level. Traditional approaches separate the classification process into multiple steps that are optimized independently. Recent methods either focus on predicting sample-level diagnosis without identifying individual pathologic cells or are less effective for identifying heterogeneous cancer cell phenotypes. RESULTS We developed a generalized end-to-end differentiable model, the Cell Scoring Neural Network (CSNN), which takes sample-level training data and predicts the diagnosis of the testing samples and the identity of the diagnostic cells in the sample, simultaneously. The cell-level density differences between samples are linked to the sample diagnosis, which allows the probabilities of individual cells being diagnostic to be calculated using backpropagation. We applied CSNN to two independent clinical flow cytometry datasets for leukemia diagnosis. In both qualitative and quantitative assessments, CSNN outperformed preexisting neural network modeling approaches for both cancer diagnosis and cell-level classification. Post hoc decision trees and 2D dot plots were generated for interpretation of the identified cancer cells, showing that the identified cell phenotypes match the cancer endotypes observed clinically in patient cohorts. Independent data clustering analysis confirmed the identified cancer cell populations. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The source code of CSNN and datasets used in the experiments are publicly available on GitHub (http://github.com/erobl/csnn). Raw FCS files can be downloaded from FlowRepository (ID: FR-FCM-Z6YK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar E Robles
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Ye Jin
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Padhraic Smyth
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Richard H Scheuermann
- Department of Informatics, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Jack D Bui
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States
| | - Huan-You Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States
| | - Jean Oak
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Informatics, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
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Zhang J, Oak J. Challenges of detecting measurable/minimal disease in acute leukemia. Semin Diagn Pathol 2023; 40:216-220. [PMID: 37150656 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Measurable/minimal residual disease (MRD) tracking has emerged as a powerful tool for assessing treatment response and predicting outcomes in acute leukemia. However, the clinical and technological challenges associated with MRD tracking must be addressed to improve its utility in routine patient care. This review article aims to provide a summary of the different MRD methodologies used in acute leukemia. It highlights the strengths, diagnostic pitfalls, and clinical utility associated with MRD tracking in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, 300 Pasteur Drive, L235, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Jean Oak
- Department of Pathology, 300 Pasteur Drive, L235, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
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Schultz L, Davis KL, Walkush A, Baggott C, Erickson C, Ramakrishna S, Aftandilian C, Lacayo N, Nadel HR, Oak J, Mackall CL. Role of peripheral blood MRD and 18F-FDG PET in the post-CAR relapse setting: a case study of discordant peripheral blood and bone marrow MRD. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:jitc-2022-004851. [PMID: 36849202 PMCID: PMC9972424 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is an effective salvage therapy for pediatric relapsed B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), yet is challenged by high rates of post-CAR relapse. Literature describing specific relapse patterns and extramedullary (EM) sites of involvement in the post-CAR setting remains limited, and a clinical standard for post-CAR disease surveillance has yet to be established. We highlight the importance of integrating peripheral blood minimal residual disease (MRD) testing and radiologic imaging into surveillance strategies, to effectively characterize and capture post-CAR relapse. MAIN BODY Here, we describe the case of a child with multiply relapsed B-ALL who relapsed in the post-CAR setting with gross non-contiguous medullary and EM disease. Interestingly, her relapse was identified first from peripheral blood flow cytometry MRD surveillance, in context of a negative bone marrow aspirate (MRD <0.01%). Positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose revealed diffuse leukemia with innumerable bone and lymph node lesions, interestingly sparing her sacrum, the site of her bone marrow aspirate sampling. CONCLUSIONS We highlight this case as both peripheral blood MRD and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging were more sensitive than standard bone marrow aspirate testing in detecting this patient's post-CAR relapse. Clinical/Biologic Insight: In the multiply relapsed B-ALL setting, where relapse patterns may include patchy medullary and/or EM disease, peripheral blood MRD and/or whole body imaging, may carry increased sensitivity at detecting relapse in patient subsets, as compared with standard bone marrow sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liora Schultz
- Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kara Lynn Davis
- Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ann Walkush
- Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Christina Baggott
- Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Courtney Erickson
- Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sneha Ramakrishna
- Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Norman Lacayo
- Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Helen Ruth Nadel
- Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jean Oak
- Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Crystal L Mackall
- Pediatrics and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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7
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Robles EE, Jin Y, Smyth P, Scheuermann RH, Bui JD, Wang HY, Oak J, Qian Y. A cell-level discriminative neural network model for diagnosis of blood cancers. medRxiv 2023:2023.02.07.23285606. [PMID: 36798344 PMCID: PMC9934808 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.07.23285606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Motivation Precise identification of cancer cells in patient samples is essential for accurate diagnosis and clinical monitoring but has been a significant challenge in machine learning approaches for cancer precision medicine. In most scenarios, training data are only available with disease annotation at the subject or sample level. Traditional approaches separate the classification process into multiple steps that are optimized independently. Recent methods either focus on predicting sample-level diagnosis without identifying individual pathologic cells or are less effective for identifying heterogeneous cancer cell phenotypes. Results We developed a generalized end-to-end differentiable model, the Cell Scoring Neural Network (CSNN), which takes the available sample-level training data and predicts both the diagnosis of the testing samples and the identity of the diagnostic cells in the sample, simultaneously. The cell-level density differences between samples are linked to the sample diagnosis, which allows the probabilities of individual cells being diagnostic to be calculated using backpropagation. We applied CSNN to two independent clinical flow cytometry datasets for leukemia diagnosis. In both qualitative and quantitative assessments, CSNN outperformed preexisting neural network modeling approaches for both cancer diagnosis and cell-level classification. Post hoc decision trees and 2D dot plots were generated for interpretation of the identified cancer cells, showing that the identified cell phenotypes match the cancer endotypes observed clinically in patient cohorts. Independent data clustering analysis confirmed the identified cancer cell populations. Availability The source code of CSNN and datasets used in the experiments are publicly available on GitHub and FlowRepository. Contact Edgar E. Robles: roblesee@uci.edu and Yu Qian: mqian@jcvi.org. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available on GitHub and at Bioinformatics online.
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Kim GYE, Noshad M, Stehr H, Rojansky R, Gratzinger D, Oak J, Brar R, Iberri D, Kong C, Zehnder J, Chen JH. Machine Learning Predictability of Clinical Next Generation Sequencing for Hematologic Malignancies to Guide High-Value Precision Medicine. AMIA Annu Symp Proc 2022; 2021:641-650. [PMID: 35308914 PMCID: PMC8861666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Advancing diagnostic testing capabilities such as clinical next generation sequencing methods offer the potential to diagnose, risk stratify, and guide specialized treatment, but must be balanced against the escalating costs of healthcare to identify patient cases most likely to benefit from them. Heme-STAMP (Stanford Actionable Mutation Panel for Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Malignancies) is one such next generation sequencing test. Our objective is to assess how well Heme-STAMP pathological variants can be predicted given electronic health records data available at the time of test ordering. The model demonstrated AUROC 0.74 (95% CI: [0.72, 0.76]) with 99% negative predictive value at 6% specificity. A benchmark for comparison is the prevalence of positive results in the dataset at 58.7%. Identifying patients with very low or very high predicted probabilities of finding actionable mutations (positive result) could guide more precise high-value selection of patient cases to test.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morteza Noshad
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford, CA
| | | | | | | | - Jean Oak
- Department of Pathology, Stanford, CA
| | | | | | | | - James Zehnder
- Department of Pathology, Stanford, CA
- Department of Hematology, Stanford, CA
| | - Jonathan H Chen
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford, CA
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Stanford, CA
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Gu W, Talevich E, Hsu E, Qi Z, Urisman A, Federman S, Gopez A, Arevalo S, Gottschall M, Liao L, Tung J, Chen L, Lim H, Ho C, Kasowski M, Oak J, Holmes BJ, Yeh I, Yu J, Wang L, Miller S, DeRisi JL, Prakash S, Simko J, Chiu CY. Detection of cryptogenic malignancies from metagenomic whole genome sequencing of body fluids. Genome Med 2021; 13:98. [PMID: 34074327 PMCID: PMC8167833 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00912-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of body fluids is an emerging approach to identify occult pathogens in undiagnosed patients. We hypothesized that metagenomic testing can be simultaneously used to detect malignant neoplasms in addition to infectious pathogens. METHODS From two independent studies (n = 205), we used human data generated from a metagenomic sequencing pipeline to simultaneously screen for malignancies by copy number variation (CNV) detection. In the first case-control study, we analyzed body fluid samples (n = 124) from patients with a clinical diagnosis of either malignancy (positive cases, n = 65) or infection (negative controls, n = 59). In a second verification cohort, we analyzed a series of consecutive cases (n = 81) sent to cytology for malignancy workup that included malignant positives (n = 32), negatives (n = 18), or cases with an unclear gold standard (n = 31). RESULTS The overall CNV test sensitivity across all studies was 87% (55 of 63) in patients with malignancies confirmed by conventional cytology and/or flow cytometry testing and 68% (23 of 34) in patients who were ultimately diagnosed with cancer but negative by conventional testing. Specificity was 100% (95% CI 95-100%) with no false positives detected in 77 negative controls. In one example, a patient hospitalized with an unknown pulmonary illness had non-diagnostic lung biopsies, while CNVs implicating a malignancy were detectable from bronchoalveolar fluid. CONCLUSIONS Metagenomic sequencing of body fluids can be used to identify undetected malignant neoplasms through copy number variation detection. This study illustrates the potential clinical utility of a single metagenomic test to uncover the cause of undiagnosed acute illnesses due to cancer or infection using the same specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA.
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, CA, 91407, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Stanford Health Care, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | | | - Elaine Hsu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Zhongxia Qi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Anatoly Urisman
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Scot Federman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, CA, 91407, USA
| | - Allan Gopez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, CA, 91407, USA
| | - Shaun Arevalo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, CA, 91407, USA
| | - Marc Gottschall
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Linda Liao
- Stanford Health Care, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jack Tung
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lei Chen
- Stanford Health Care, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Harumi Lim
- Stanford Health Care, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Chandler Ho
- Stanford Health Care, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Maya Kasowski
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jean Oak
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Health Care, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Brittany J Holmes
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Health Care, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Iwei Yeh
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Jingwei Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Steve Miller
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, CA, 91407, USA
| | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Sonam Prakash
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Jeff Simko
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Charles Y Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA.
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, CA, 91407, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA.
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Sworder B, Kurtz DM, Alig S, Frank MJ, Macauley CW, Garofalo A, Shukla N, Sahaf B, Esfahani MS, Sheybani N, Schroers-Martin J, Liu CL, Olsen M, Spiegel JY, Oak J, Jin MC, Beygi S, Khodadoust MS, Natkunam Y, Majzner R, Mackall CL, Diehn M, Miklos DM, Alizadeh AA. DETERMINANTS OF RESISTANCE TO ENGINEERED T‐CELL THERAPIES TARGETING CD19 IN LYMPHOMA. Hematol Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.6_2879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Sworder
- Stanford University Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology Palo Alto California USA
| | - D. M Kurtz
- Stanford University Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology Palo Alto California USA
| | - S Alig
- Stanford University Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology Palo Alto California USA
| | - M. J Frank
- Stanford University Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation Palo Alto California USA
| | - C. W Macauley
- Stanford University Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology Palo Alto California USA
| | - A Garofalo
- Stanford University Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology Palo Alto California USA
| | - N Shukla
- Stanford University Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology Palo Alto California USA
| | - B Sahaf
- Stanford University Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation Palo Alto California USA
| | - M. S Esfahani
- Stanford University Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology Palo Alto California USA
| | - N Sheybani
- Stanford University Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology Palo Alto California USA
| | - J Schroers-Martin
- Stanford University Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology Palo Alto California USA
| | - C. L Liu
- Stanford University Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology Palo Alto California USA
| | - M. Olsen
- Stanford University Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology Palo Alto California USA
| | - J. Y Spiegel
- Stanford University Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation Palo Alto California USA
| | - J Oak
- Stanford University Department of Pathology Palo Alto California USA
| | - M. C Jin
- Stanford University Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology Palo Alto California USA
| | - S Beygi
- Stanford University Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology Palo Alto California USA
| | - M. S Khodadoust
- Stanford University Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology Palo Alto California USA
| | - Y Natkunam
- Stanford University Department of Pathology Palo Alto California USA
| | - R Majzner
- Stanford University Department of Pediatrics Palo Alto California USA
| | - C. L Mackall
- Stanford University Department of Pediatrics Palo Alto California USA
| | - M Diehn
- Stanford University Department of Radiation Oncology Palo Alto California USA
| | - D. M Miklos
- Stanford University Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation Palo Alto California USA
| | - A. A Alizadeh
- Stanford University Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology Palo Alto California USA
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Su E, Wetzel NS, Oak J, Kipp L, Han MH. In-depth B cell immunophenotyping to monitor response to anti-CD20 therapy in CNS autoimmunity. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 46:102594. [PMID: 33296989 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Su
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Neurology 300 Pasteur Dr. Stanford, CA, USA 94305.
| | - Nora Sandrine Wetzel
- Stanford University, Neurology and Neurological Sciences, USA; University of Zurich, Faculty of Medicine, Pestalozzistrasse 3/5, 8091 Zurich, CH.
| | - Jean Oak
- Stanford University, Department of Pathology, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA, USA 94305.
| | - Lucas Kipp
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Neurology 300 Pasteur Dr. Stanford, CA, USA 94305.
| | - May H Han
- Stanford University, Neurology and Neurological Sciences, USA.
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Schultz L, Patel S, Davis KL, Ramakrishna S, Sahaf B, Bhatia N, Baggott C, Erickson C, Majzner RG, Oak J, Bertaina A, Mackall C, Feldman S. Identification of dual positive CD19+/CD3+ T cells in a leukapheresis product undergoing CAR transduction: a case report. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001073. [PMID: 32929049 PMCID: PMC7490929 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are therapeutics for relapsed acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) that are increasingly being used in tandem. We identified a non-physiologic CD19+/CD3+ T-cell population in the leukapheresis product of a patient undergoing CAR T-cell manufacturing who previously received a haploidentical HSCT, followed by infusion of a genetically engineered T-cell addback product. We confirm and report the origin of these CD19+/CD3+ T cells that have not previously been described in context of CAR T-cell manufacturing. We additionally interrogate the fate of these CD19-expressing cells as they undergo transduction to express CD19-specific CARs. Main body We describe the case of a preteen male with multiply relapsed B-ALL who was treated with sequential cellular therapies. He received an αβ T-cell depleted haploidentical HSCT followed by addback of donor-derived T cells genetically modified with a suicide gene for iCaspase9 and truncated CD19 for cell tracking (RivoCel). He relapsed 6 months following HSCT and underwent leukapheresis and CAR T-cell manufacturing. During manufacturing, we identified an aberrant T-cell population dually expressing CD19 and CD3. We hypothesized that these cells were RivoCel cells and confirmed using flow cytometry and PCR that the identified cells were in fact RivoCel cells and were eliminated with iCaspase9 activation. We additionally tracked these cells through CD19-specific CAR transduction and notably did not detect T cells dually positive for CD19 and CD19-directed CARs. The most likely rationale for this is in vitro fratricide of the CD19+ ‘artificial’ T-cell population by the CD19-specific CAR+ T cells in culture. Conclusions We report the identification of CD19+/CD3+ cells in an apheresis product undergoing CAR transduction derived from a patient previously treated with a haploidentical transplant followed by RivoCel addback. We aim to bring attention to this cell phenotype that may be recognized with greater frequency as CAR therapy and engineered αβhaplo-HSCT are increasingly coupled. We additionally suggest consideration towards using alternative markers to CD19 as a synthetic identifier for post-transplant addback products, as CD19-expression on effector T cells may complicate subsequent treatment using CD19-directed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liora Schultz
- Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Shabnum Patel
- Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford California, USA
| | - Kara Lynn Davis
- Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sneha Ramakrishna
- Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Bita Sahaf
- Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford California, USA
| | - Neehar Bhatia
- Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford California, USA
| | - Christina Baggott
- Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Courtney Erickson
- Pediatrics, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Robbie G Majzner
- Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jean Oak
- Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford California, USA
| | - Alice Bertaina
- Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Crystal Mackall
- Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Steven Feldman
- Stanford University, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford California, USA
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Siddiqi AE, Liu AY, Charville GW, Kunder CA, Uzel G, Sadighi Akha AA, Oak J, Martin B, Sacha J, Lewis DB, Gernez Y. Disseminated Pneumocystis jirovecii Infection with Osteomyelitis in a Patient with CTLA-4 Haploinsufficiency. J Clin Immunol 2020; 40:412-414. [PMID: 31955317 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00748-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aminaa E Siddiqi
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, CCSR Suite 3215, Stanford, CA, 94305-5366, USA
| | - Anne Y Liu
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, CCSR Suite 3215, Stanford, CA, 94305-5366, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Gulbu Uzel
- National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amir A Sadighi Akha
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry & Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jean Oak
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Beth Martin
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joshua Sacha
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, David Grant USAF Medical Center in Travis AFB, Fairfield, CA, USA
| | - David B Lewis
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, CCSR Suite 3215, Stanford, CA, 94305-5366, USA
| | - Yael Gernez
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, CCSR Suite 3215, Stanford, CA, 94305-5366, USA.
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Kumar J, Scott G, Oak J, Raess P, Gratzinger D. Flow Cytometry Signature for Kikuchi-Fujimoto/Lupus Lymphadenitis Derived From 975 Benign and Malignant Lymphadenopathies. Am J Clin Pathol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqz121.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Kikuchi lymphadenitis is a benign disease with histologic features that can be challenging to discern from malignant or infectious diagnoses. Furthermore, Kikuchi lymphadenitis and systemic lupus erythematosus–associated lymphadenitis (KD/SLE) show overlapping histologic features. We used flow cytometry to evaluate if KD/SLE has a distinct immunophenotype from other lymphadenopathies.
Methods and Materials
Sixteen cases of KD/SLE were compared to 959 control cases at Stanford by flow cytometry for three scenarios: KD/SLE versus T-cell lymphomas, all benign cases, and all benign and malignant cases. Select cases of KD/SLE and benign lymph nodes were analyzed by immunohistochemistry to evaluate the B-cell characteristics. A test set of five KD cases were compared to five normal controls from an independent institution to evaluate cross-platform reproducibility of the KD/SLE flow cytometry signature.
Results
The most discriminatory signature for KD/SLE versus all other benign cases comprised two surface antigen pairs (high CD38+ CD19+, low large-cell CD57+ CD3+), patient age, lymph node location, and four additional flow antigens (100% sensitivity, 99.6% specificity). The signature for KD/SLE versus T-cell lymphomas consisted of two flow antigens (high CD38+ CD19+ and high CD3) and patient age (100% sensitivity, 100% specificity). Based on the flow data, immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the B-cell characteristics. We observed clusters of IgD-positive B cells surrounding activated T-cell foci without IgM expression, suggesting that these cells represent either naive cells or memory IgD-positive B cells. Flow cytometry showed increased CD23 with minimal CD5 expression, supporting the hypothesis of naive functional anergic/autoreactive IgD+ IgM– B cells.
Conclusion
We have identified a signature that can distinguish Kikuchi disease and systemic lupus erythematosus from a large cohort of benign and malignant entities, likely reflecting a shared stable underlying etiology of KD/SLE. Our study provides a valuable tool to enhance the ability to accurately diagnose KD/SLE.
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Margolskee E, Hasserjian RP, Hassane D, Tam W, Mathew S, Ok CY, Wang SA, Oak J, Arber DA, Orazi A. Myelodysplastic Syndrome, Unclassifiable (MDS-U) With 1% Blasts Is a Distinct Subgroup of MDS-U With a Poor Prognosis. Am J Clin Pathol 2017; 148:49-57. [PMID: 28927162 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqx043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Three situations qualify as myelodysplastic syndrome, unclassifiable (MDS-U): (1) refractory cytopenia with dysplasia and 1% blasts in peripheral blood (BL), (2) pancytopenia with unilineage dysplasia (Pan), and (3) persistent cytopenia, less than 5% bone marrow blasts, and less than 10% dysplastic cells and presence of MDS-defining cytogenetic abnormalities (CG). We compared the clinicopathologic features and mutational profiles for these three groups. METHODS MDS-U cases were reviewed at four major academic institutions. Targeted next-generation sequencing for genes implicated in myeloid neoplasms was performed in a subset of cases. RESULTS Twenty-seven patients were identified (six MDS-U BL, 13 MDS-U Pan, and eight MDS-U CG). Clonal cytogenetic abnormalities were found in six of six, seven of 13, and eight of eight cases in MDS-U BL, Pan, and CG, respectively (P > .05). Overall, four of six patients with MDS-U BL progressed to acute myeloid leukemia; no MDS-U Pan or CG patients did. The rates of progression-free survival and mortality (overall survival) were significantly higher in MDS-U BL compared with Pan and CG (P < .001 for both). CONCLUSIONS We find that MDS-U BL is a distinct subset of MDS-U with a poor prognosis, while MDS-U Pan and CG are relatively indolent. Evaluation of peripheral blood smears in patients with MDS is essential for accurate classification and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Margolskee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
| | | | - Duane Hassane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Wayne Tam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Susan Mathew
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Chi Young Ok
- Department of Hematopathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Sa A Wang
- Department of Hematopathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Jean Oak
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA
| | - Daniel A Arber
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA
| | - Attilio Orazi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
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Chung J, Chen J, Oak J, Desai T. Pulmonary Involvement in Sweet's Syndrome. Chest 2012. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.1390908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- V Walavalkar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA
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Kharbanda P, Oak J, Oswal V, Singh S, Bagul V, Balakrishnan C, Samant R. P34 Multicenter prospective study of evolution and outcome of patients with recently diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus from Mumbai. Indian Journal of Rheumatology 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0973-3698(09)60052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Vikas SO, Oak J. P13 A prospective study of correlation between disease activity score (DAS28) and CRP levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Indian Journal of Rheumatology 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0973-3698(10)60457-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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20
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Ma C, Li C, Ganesan L, Oak J, Tsai S, Sept D, Morrissette NS. Mutations in alpha-tubulin confer dinitroaniline resistance at a cost to microtubule function. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:4711-20. [PMID: 17881728 PMCID: PMC2096588 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-04-0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoan microtubules are sensitive to disruption by dinitroanilines, compounds that kill intracellular Toxoplasma gondii parasites without affecting microtubules in vertebrate host cells. We previously isolated a number of resistant Toxoplasma lines that harbor mutations to the alpha1-tubulin gene. Some of the mutations are localized in or near the M and N loops, domains that coordinate lateral interactions between protofilaments. Other resistance mutations map to a computationally identified binding site beneath the N loop. Allelic replacement of wild-type alpha1-tubulin with the individual mutations is sufficient to confer dinitroaniline resistance. Some mutations seem to increase microtubule length, suggesting that they increase subunit affinity. All mutations are associated with replication defects that decrease parasite viability. When parasites bearing the N loop mutation Phe52Tyr are grown without dinitroaniline selection, they spontaneously acquired secondary mutations in the M loop (Ala273Val) or in an alpha-tubulin-specific insert that stabilizes the M loop (Asp367Val). Parasites with the double mutations have both reduced resistance and diminished incidence of replication defects, suggesting that the secondary mutations decrease protofilament affinity to increase parasite fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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21
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Pareek A, Chandanwale AS, Oak J, Jain UK, Kapoor S. Efficacy and safety of aceclofenac in the treatment of osteoarthritis: a randomized double-blind comparative clinical trial versus diclofenac - an Indian experience. Curr Med Res Opin 2006; 22:977-88. [PMID: 16709320 DOI: 10.1185/030079906x104722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis is one of the most common forms of arthritis seen in primary care. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) play an important role in the management of osteoarthritis. However, gastrointestinal (GI) side effects limit their use. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective inhibitors exhibit better GI tolerability than conventional NSAIDs, but their cardiovascular safety is controversial. An NSAID with high efficacy, high GI tolerability and devoid of adverse cardiovascular effects is therefore a profile preferred by physicians. Aceclofenac is an anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug with preferential COX-2 inhibition. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of aceclofenac in the treatment of osteoarthritis in an Indian population. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The trial was controlled, comparative, randomized, and double-blind. The study included 247 patients (82 males and 165 females, 40-82 years), suffering from osteoarthritis. Patients were randomized to receive either aceclofenac (100 mg twice daily) or diclofenac (75 mg twice daily). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical assessment was done at screening, randomization, and at 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 8 weeks of treatment by calculating Western Ontario MacMaster (WOMAC) scores, time taken to walk 100 feet, visual analogue scores for pain, investigator's assessment on a Likert scale and joint tenderness. Tolerability assessment was based on adverse events. Patient compliance was also assessed. RESULTS Aceclofenac was found to be statistically superior to diclofenac in efficacy parameters of WOMAC scores, investigator's assessment and joint tenderness. Aceclofenac was found to be statistically superior to diclofenac in terms of epigastric discomfort, dyspepsia and abdominal pain. Compliance was also better with aceclofenac. The overall response of patients' osteoarthritis to aceclofenac was found to be statistically superior to diclofenac by both physician and patient. CONCLUSIONS Aceclofenac is an effective and well-tolerated drug in osteoarthritis in the Indian setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pareek
- Ipca Laboratories Ltd, Mumbai India
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22
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Hess KL, Donahue AC, Ng KL, Moore TI, Oak J, Fruman DA. Frontline: The p85alpha isoform of phosphoinositide 3-kinase is essential for a subset of B cell receptor-initiated signaling responses. Eur J Immunol 2004; 34:2968-76. [PMID: 15384044 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is a ubiquitously expressed signaling enzyme that plays an integral role in development and activation of B cells. B cell receptor (BCR)-driven proliferation is completely blocked either in cells lacking the p85alpha regulatory isoform of PI3K or in wild-type cells treated with pharmacological PI3K inhibitors. However, the contribution of p85alpha to early signaling events has not been fully investigated. Here we show that B cells lacking p85alpha have signaling impairments that are both quantitatively and qualitatively different from those in cells treated with PI3K inhibitors. Loss of p85alpha results in partial reductions in Ca2+ mobilization and IkappaB phosphorylation, whereas ERK phosphorylation is not diminished. Moreover, although Akt phosphorylation is partially reduced, phosphorylation of several proteins downstream of Akt is preserved. These partial impairments suggest that there are other routes to PI3K activation in B cells apart from p85alpha-associated catalytic subunits. Notably, addition of phorbol ester restores BCR-mediated proliferation in p85alpha-deficient cells but not wild-type cells treated with PI3K inhibitors. These findings suggest that the primary BCR signaling defect in B cells lacking p85alpha is a failure to activate diacylglycerol-regulated signaling enzymes, most likely protein kinase C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Hess
- Center for Immunology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Wong AHC, Macciardi F, Klempan T, Kawczynski W, Barr CL, Lakatoo S, Wong M, Buckle C, Trakalo J, Boffa E, Oak J, Azevedo MH, Dourado A, Coelho I, Macedo A, Vicente A, Valente J, Ferreira CP, Pato MT, Pato CN, Kennedy JL, Van Tol HHM. Identification of candidate genes for psychosis in rat models, and possible association between schizophrenia and the 14-3-3eta gene. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 8:156-66. [PMID: 12610648 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although the genetic contribution to schizophrenia is substantial, positive findings in whole-genome linkage scans have not been consistently replicated. We analyzed gene expression in various rat conditions to identify novel candidate genes for schizophrenia. Suppression subtraction hybridization (SSH), with polyA mRNA from temporal and frontal cortex of rats, was used to identify differentially expressed genes. Expression of mRNA was compared between adult Lewis and Fischer 344 (F344) rats, adult and postnatal day 6 (d6) F344, and adult F344 treated with haloperidol or control vehicle. These groups were chosen because each highlights a particular aspect of schizophrenia: differences in strain vulnerability to behavioral analogs of psychosis; factors that may relate to disease onset in relation to CNS development; and improvement of symptoms by haloperidol. The 14-3-3 gene family, as represented by 14-3-3gamma and 14-3-3zeta isoforms in the SSH study, and SNAP-25 were among the candidate genes. Genetic association between schizophrenia and the 14-3-3eta gene, positioned close to a genomic locus implicated in schizophrenia, and SNAP-25 genes was analyzed in 168 schizophrenia probands and their families. These findings address three different genes in the 14-3-3 family. We find a significant association with schizophrenia for two polymorphisms in the 14-3-3eta gene: a 7 bp variable number of tandem repeats in the 5' noncoding region (P=0.036, 1 df), and a 3' untranslated region SNP (753G/A) that is an RFLP visualized with Ava II (P=0.028). There was no significant genetic association with SNAP-25. The candidate genes identified may be of functional importance in the etiology, pathophysiology or treatment response of schizophrenia or psychotic symptoms. This is to our knowledge the first report of a significant association between the 14-3-3eta-chain gene and schizophrenia in a family-based sample, strengthening prior association reports in case-control studies and microarray gene expression studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H C Wong
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 1R8
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Abstract
This study for the first time confirmed the peroxidative role of the Amadori product derived from the glycation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), namely Amadori-PE. The product was synthesized from the reaction of dioleoyl PE with D-glucose, and then purified by a solid-phase extraction procedure, which was a key step in the next HPLC technique for the isolation of essentially pure Amadori-PE. When the synthetically prepared Amadori-PE was incubated with linoleic acid in the presence of Fe(3+) in micellar system, a remarkable formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances was observed together with increases in lipid hydroperoxides. In addition, the lipid peroxidation caused by Amadori-PE was effectively inhibited by superoxide dismutase, mannitol, catalase and metal chelator. These results indicated that Amadori-PE triggers oxidative modification of lipids via the generation of superoxide, and implied the involvement of 'lipid glycation' along with membrane lipid peroxidation in the pathogenesis of diabetes and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oak
- Biodynamic Chemistry Lab, Graduate School of Life Science and Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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Oldenhof J, Vickery R, Anafi M, Oak J, Ray A, Schoots O, Pawson T, von Zastrow M, Van Tol HH. SH3 binding domains in the dopamine D4 receptor. Biochemistry 1998; 37:15726-36. [PMID: 9843378 DOI: 10.1021/bi981634+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D4 receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that belongs to the dopamine D2-like receptor family. Functionally, the D2-like receptors are characterized by their ability to inhibit adenylyl cyclase. The dopamine D4 receptor as well as many other catecholaminergic receptors contain several putative SH3 binding domains. Most of these sites in the D4 receptor are located in a polymorphic repeat sequence and flanking sequences in the third intracellular loop. Here we demonstrate that this region of the D4 receptor can interact with a large variety of SH3 domains of different origin. The strongest interactions were seen with the SH2-SH3 adapter proteins Grb2 and Nck. The repeat sequence itself is not essential in this interaction. The data presented indicate that the different SH3 domains in the adapter proteins interact in a cooperative fashion with two distinct sites immediately upstream and downstream from the repeat sequence. Removal of all the putative SH3 binding domains in the third intracellular loop of the dopamine D4 receptor resulted in a receptor that could still bind spiperone and dopamine. Dopamine could not modulate the coupling of these mutant receptors to adenylyl cyclase and MAPK, although dopamine modulated receptor-G protein interaction appeared normal. The receptor deletion mutants show strong constitutive internalization that may account for the deficiency in functional activation of second messengers. The data indicates that the D4 receptor contains SH3 binding sites and that these sites fall within a region involved in the control of receptor internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oldenhof
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Mani J, Oak J, Chawla KP. Opsoclonus. J Assoc Physicians India 1993; 41:120-1. [PMID: 8335604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Opsoclonus is a rare and dramatic ocular sign. A case of opsoclonus is reported here with an unusually located CNS lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mani
- Department of Medicine, KEM Hospital, Parel, Bombay
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