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TRIM21 Promotes Innate Immune Response to RNA Viral Infection through Lys27-Linked Polyubiquitination of MAVS. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00321-18. [PMID: 29743353 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00321-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human innate immunity responds to viral infection by activating the production of interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines. The mitochondrial adaptor molecule MAVS plays a critical role in innate immune response to viral infection. In this study, we show that TRIM21 (tripartite motif-containing protein 21) interacts with MAVS to positively regulate innate immunity. Under viral infection, TRIM21 is upregulated through the IFN/JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Knockdown of TRIM21 dramatically impairs innate immune response to viral infection. Moreover, TRIM21 interacts with MAVS and catalyzes its K27-linked polyubiquitination, thereby promoting the recruitment of TBK1 to MAVS. Specifically, the PRY-SPRY domain of TRIM21 is the key domain for its interaction with MAVS, while the RING domain of TRIM21 facilitates the polyubiquitination chains of MAVS. In addition, the MAVS-mediated innate immune response is enhanced by both the PRY-SPRY and RING domains of TRIM21. Mutation analyses of all the lysine residues of MAVS further revealed that Lys325 of MAVS is catalyzed by TRIM21 for the K27-linked polyubiquitination. Overall, this study reveals a novel mechanism by which TRIM21 promotes the K27-linked polyubiquitination of MAVS to positively regulate innate immune response, thereby inhibiting viral infection.IMPORTANCE Activation of innate immunity is essential for host cells to restrict the spread of invading viruses and other pathogens. MAVS plays a critical role in innate immune response to RNA viral infection. In this study, we demonstrated that TRIM21 targets MAVS to positively regulate innate immunity. Notably, TRIM21 targets and catalyzes K27-linked polyubiquitination of MAVS and then promotes the recruitment of TBK1 to MAVS, leading to upregulation of innate immunity. Our study outlines a novel mechanism by which the IFN signaling pathway blocks RNA virus to escape immune elimination.
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52
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Chen T, Wang D, Xie T, Xu LG. Sec13 is a positive regulator of VISA-mediated antiviral signaling. Virus Genes 2018; 54:514-526. [PMID: 29948782 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1581-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Viral infection triggers the innate antiviral immune response that rapidly produces type I interferons in most cell types to combat viruses invading. Upon viral infection, the cytoplasmic RNA sensors RIG-I/MDA5 recognize viral RNA, and then RIG-I/MDA5 is transported to mitochondria interacting with VISA through the CARD domain. From there, VISA recruits downstream antiviral signaling pathways molecules, such as TRAFs and TBK1. Eventually, IRF3 is phosphorylated and type I IFNs are induced to fight as the first line of defense against viruses. However, it remains unclear how VISA acts as a scaffold to assemble the signalosome in RIG-I-mediated antiviral signaling. Here, we demonstrated Sec13 as a novel component that was involved in VISA-mediated antiviral signaling pathway. The co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that Sec13 specifically interacts with VISA. Overexpression of Sec13 increases VISA's aggregation and ubiquitination and significantly enhances the phosphorylation and dimerization of IRF3, facilitating the IFN-β production. Conversely, the knockdown of Sec13 attenuates Sendai virus-induced and VISA-mediated IRF3 activation and the production of IFNβ, thus weakens antiviral immune activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education and College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang, 330022, Jiangxi, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education and College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang, 330022, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education and College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang, 330022, Jiangxi, China
| | - Liang-Guo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education and College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang, 330022, Jiangxi, China.
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53
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Xing J, Zhang A, Minze LJ, Li XC, Zhang Z. TRIM29 Negatively Regulates the Type I IFN Production in Response to RNA Virus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:183-192. [PMID: 29769269 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The innate immunity is critically important in protection against virus infections, and in the case of RNA viral infections, the signaling mechanisms that initiate robust protective innate immunity without triggering autoimmune inflammation remain incompletely defined. In this study, we found the E3 ligase TRIM29 was specifically expressed in poly I:C-stimulated human myeloid dendritic cells. The induced TRIM29 played a negative role in type I IFN production in response to poly I:C or dsRNA virus reovirus infection. Importantly, the challenge of wild-type mice with reovirus led to lethal infection. In contrast, deletion of TRIM29 protected the mice from this developing lethality. Additionally, TRIM29-/- mice have lower titers of reovirus in the heart, intestine, spleen, liver, and brain because of elevated production of type I IFN. Mechanistically, TRIM29 was shown to interact with MAVS and subsequently induce its K11-linked ubiquitination and degradation. Taken together, TRIM29 regulates negatively the host innate immune response to RNA virus, which could be employed by RNA viruses for viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Xing
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX 77030.,Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Ao Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX 77030.,Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX 77030.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; and
| | - Laurie J Minze
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX 77030.,Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Xian Chang Li
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX 77030.,Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX 77030.,Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX 77030; .,Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX 77030.,Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
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54
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Zhang L, Liu J, Qian L, Feng Q, Wang X, Yuan Y, Zuo Y, Cheng Q, Miao Y, Guo T, Zheng X, Zheng H. Induction of OTUD1 by RNA viruses potently inhibits innate immune responses by promoting degradation of the MAVS/TRAF3/TRAF6 signalosome. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007067. [PMID: 29734366 PMCID: PMC5957451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During RNA virus infection, the adaptor protein MAVS recruits TRAF3 and TRAF6 to form a signalosome, which is critical to induce the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines. While activation of the MAVS/TRAF3/TRAF6 signalosome is well studied, the negative regulation of the signalosome remains largely unknown. Here we report that RNA viruses specifically promote the deubiquitinase OTUD1 expression by NF-κB-dependent mechanisms at the early stage of viral infection. Furthermore, OTUD1 upregulates protein levels of intracellular Smurf1 by removing Smurf1 ubiquitination. Importantly, RNA virus infection promotes the binding of Smurf1 to MAVS, TRAF3 and TRAF6, which leads to ubiquitination-dependent degradation of every component of the MAVS/TRAF3/TRAF6 signalosome and subsequent potent inhibition of IFNs production. Consistently, OTUD1-deficient mice produce more antiviral cytokines and are more resistant to RNA virus infection. Our findings reveal a novel immune evasion mechanism exploited by RNA viruses, and elucidate a negative feedback loop of MAVS/TRAF3/TRAF6 signaling mediated by the OTUD1-Smurf1 axis during RNA virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Zhang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liping Qian
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yukang Yuan
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yibo Zuo
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiao Cheng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Miao
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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55
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Cytoplasmic Translocation of Nucleolar Protein NOP53 Promotes Viral Replication by Suppressing Host Defense. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040208. [PMID: 29677136 PMCID: PMC5923502 DOI: 10.3390/v10040208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
NOP53 is a tumor suppressor protein located in the nucleolus and is translocated to the cytoplasm during infection by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), as shown in our previous study. Cytoplasmic NOP53 interacts with the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) to remove its K63-linked ubiquitination, leading to attenuation of type I interferon IFN-β. In the present study, we found no obvious translocation of NOP53 in infection by a mutant virus lacking ICP4 (HSV-1/d120, replication inadequate). Blocking cytoplasmic translocation of NOP53 by the deletion of its nuclear export sequence (NES) abrogated its ability to support viral replication. These results demonstrated that NOP53 redistribution is related to viral replication. It is interesting that treatment with poly (I:C) or RIG-I-N (a constitutively-active variant) directly induced NOP53 cytoplasmic translocation. To better assess the function of cytoplasmic NOP53 in viral replication, the NOP53-derived protein N3-T, which contains a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-derived cell-penetrating Tat peptide at the C-terminal region of N3 (residues 330–432), was constructed and expressed. The recombinant N3-T protein formed trimers, attenuated the expression of IFN-β and IFN-stimulated genes, as well as decreased the phosphorylation level of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Furthermore, N3-T promoted the efficient replication of enveloped and non-enveloped DNA and RNA viruses belonging to 5 families. Our findings expand the understanding of the mechanism by which viruses utilize the nucleolar protein NOP53 for optimal viral replication.
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56
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Courtois G, Fauvarque MO. The Many Roles of Ubiquitin in NF-κB Signaling. Biomedicines 2018; 6:E43. [PMID: 29642643 PMCID: PMC6027159 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway ubiquitously controls cell growth and survival in basic conditions as well as rapid resetting of cellular functions following environment changes or pathogenic insults. Moreover, its deregulation is frequently observed during cell transformation, chronic inflammation or autoimmunity. Understanding how it is properly regulated therefore is a prerequisite to managing these adverse situations. Over the last years evidence has accumulated showing that ubiquitination is a key process in NF-κB activation and its resolution. Here, we examine the various functions of ubiquitin in NF-κB signaling and more specifically, how it controls signal transduction at the molecular level and impacts in vivo on NF-κB regulated cellular processes.
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57
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Regulation of MAVS activation through post-translational modifications. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 50:75-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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58
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Arimoto KI, Miyauchi S, Stoner SA, Fan JB, Zhang DE. Negative regulation of type I IFN signaling. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:1099-1116. [PMID: 29357192 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mir0817-342r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I IFNs (α, β, and others) are a family of cytokines that are produced in physiological conditions as well as in response to the activation of pattern recognition receptors. They are critically important in controlling the host innate and adaptive immune response to viral and some bacterial infections, cancer, and other inflammatory stimuli. However, dysregulation of type I IFN production or response can contribute to immune pathologies termed "interferonopathies", pointing to the importance of balanced activating signals with tightly regulated mechanisms of tuning this signaling. Here, we summarize the recent advances of how type I IFN production and response are controlled at multiple levels of the type I IFN signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei-Ichiro Arimoto
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sayuri Miyauchi
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Samuel A Stoner
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jun-Bao Fan
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dong-Er Zhang
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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59
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NLRX1 Mediates MAVS Degradation To Attenuate the Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Innate Immune Response through PCBP2. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01264-17. [PMID: 28956771 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01264-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of innate immunity is essential for host cells to restrict the spread of invading viruses and other pathogens. However, attenuation or termination of signaling is also necessary for preventing immune-mediated tissue damage and spontaneous autoimmunity. Here, we identify nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor X1 (NLRX1) as a negative regulator of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS)-mediated signaling pathway during hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The depletion of NLRX1 enhances the HCV-triggered activation of interferon (IFN) signaling and causes the suppression of HCV propagation in hepatocytes. NLRX1, a HCV-inducible protein, interacts with MAVS and mediates the K48-linked polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation of MAVS via the proteasomal pathway. Moreover, poly(rC) binding protein 2 (PCBP2) interacts with NLRX1 to participate in the NLRX1-induced degradation of MAVS and the inhibition of antiviral responses during HCV infection. Mutagenic analyses further revealed that the NOD of NLRX1 is essential for NLRX1 to interact with PCBP2 and subsequently induce MAVS degradation. Our study unlocks a key mechanism of the fine-tuning of innate immunity by which NLRX1 restrains the retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptor (RLR)-MAVS signaling cascade by recruiting PCBP2 to MAVS for inducing MAVS degradation through the proteasomal pathway. NLRX1, a negative regulator of innate immunity, is a pivotal host factor for HCV to establish persistent infection.IMPORTANCE Innate immunity needs to be tightly regulated to maximize the antiviral response and minimize immune-mediated pathology, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we report that NLRX1 is a proviral host factor for HCV infection and functions as a negative regulator of the HCV-triggered innate immune response. NLRX1 recruits PCBP2 to MAVS and induces the K48-linked polyubiquitination and degradation of MAVS, leading to the negative regulation of the IFN signaling pathway and promoting HCV infection. Overall, this study provides intriguing insights into how innate immunity is regulated during viral infection.
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60
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Wang Z, Gao Y, Zhang C, Hu H, Guo D, Xu Y, Xu Q, Zhang W, Deng S, Lv P, Yang Y, Ding Y, Li Q, Weng C, Chen X, Gong S, Chen H, Niu J, Tang H. Quinolinate Phosphoribosyltransferase is an Antiviral Host Factor Against Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5876. [PMID: 28724915 PMCID: PMC5517448 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06254-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
HCV infection can decrease NAD+/NADH ratio, which could convert lipid metabolism to favor HCV replication. In hepatocytes, quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase (QPRT) catabolizes quinolinic acid (QA) to nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NAMN) for de novo NAD synthesis. However, whether and how HCV modulates QPRT hence the lipogenesis is unknown. In this work, we found QPRT was reduced significantly in livers of patients or humanized C/OTg mice with persistent HCV infection. Mechanistic studies indicated that HCV NS3/4A promoted proteasomal degradation of QPRT through Smurf2, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, in Huh7.5.1 cells. Furthermore, QPRT enzymatic activity involved in suppression of HCV replication in cells. Activation of QPRT with clofibrate (CLO) or addition of QPRT catabolite NAD both inhibited HCV replication in cells, probably through NAD+-dependent Sirt1 inhibition of cellular lipogenesis. More importantly, administration of CLO, a hypolipidemic drug used in clinics, could significantly reduce the viral load in HCV infected C/OTg mice. Take together, these results suggested that HCV infection triggered proteasomal degradation of QPRT and consequently reduced de novo NAD synthesis and lipogenesis, in favor of HCV replication. Hepatic QPRT thus likely served as a cellular factor that dampened productive HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Wang
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Women and Children`s Medical Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Yanhang Gao
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Haiming Hu
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Women and Children`s Medical Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Dongwei Guo
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Heilong Jiang, 150001, China
| | - Yi Xu
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Women and Children`s Medical Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Qiuping Xu
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Women and Children`s Medical Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.,Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Weihong Zhang
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Women and Children`s Medical Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Sisi Deng
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Women and Children`s Medical Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Pingyun Lv
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Women and Children`s Medical Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Yan Yang
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Women and Children`s Medical Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Yanhua Ding
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Qingquan Li
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Changjiang Weng
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Heilong Jiang, 150001, China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Women and Children`s Medical Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Sitang Gong
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Women and Children`s Medical Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Hairong Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Hong Tang
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine of Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Women and Children`s Medical Center, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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61
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Quicke KM, Diamond MS, Suthar MS. Negative regulators of the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:615-628. [PMID: 28295214 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Upon recognition of specific molecular patterns on microbes, host cells trigger an innate immune response, which culminates in the production of type I interferons, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and restricts pathogen replication and spread within the host. At each stage of this response, there are stimulatory and inhibitory signals that regulate the magnitude, quality, and character of the response. Positive regulation promotes an antiviral state to control and eventually clear infection, whereas negative regulation dampens inflammation and prevents immune-mediated tissue damage. An overexuberant innate response can lead to cell and tissue destruction, and the development of spontaneous autoimmunity. The retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), belong to a family of cytosolic host RNA helicases that recognize distinct nonself RNA signatures and trigger innate immune responses against several RNA viruses by signaling through the essential adaptor protein mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS). The RLR signaling pathway is tightly regulated to maximize antiviral immunity and minimize immune-mediated pathology. This review highlights contemporary findings on negative regulators of the RLR signaling pathway, with specific focus on the proteins and biological processes that directly regulate RIG-I, MDA5 and MAVS signaling function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra M Quicke
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
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62
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Baker PJ, De Nardo D, Moghaddas F, Tran LS, Bachem A, Nguyen T, Hayman T, Tye H, Vince JE, Bedoui S, Ferrero RL, Masters SL. Posttranslational Modification as a Critical Determinant of Cytoplasmic Innate Immune Recognition. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1165-1209. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00026.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface innate immune receptors can directly detect a variety of extracellular pathogens to which cytoplasmic innate immune sensors are rarely exposed. Instead, within the cytoplasm, the environment is rife with cellular machinery and signaling pathways that are indirectly perturbed by pathogenic microbes to activate intracellular sensors, such as pyrin, NLRP1, NLRP3, or NLRC4. Therefore, subtle changes in key intracellular processes such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and other pathways leading to posttranslational protein modification are key determinants of innate immune recognition in the cytoplasm. This concept is critical to establish the “guard hypothesis” whereby otherwise homeostatic pathways that keep innate immune sensors at bay are released in response to alterations in their posttranslational modification status. Originally identified in plants, evidence that a similar guardlike mechanism exists in humans has recently been identified, whereby a mutation that prevents phosphorylation of the innate immune sensor pyrin triggers a dominantly inherited autoinflammatory disease. It is also noteworthy that even when a cytoplasmic innate immune sensor has a direct ligand, such as bacterial peptidoglycan (NOD1 or NOD2), RNA (RIG-I or MDA5), or DNA (cGAS or IFI16), it can still be influenced by posttranslational modification to dramatically alter its response. Therefore, due to their existence in the cytoplasmic milieu, posttranslational modification is a key determinant of intracellular innate immune receptor functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Baker
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Dominic De Nardo
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Fiona Moghaddas
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Le Son Tran
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Annabell Bachem
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Tan Nguyen
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Thomas Hayman
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Hazel Tye
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - James E. Vince
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Richard L. Ferrero
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Seth L. Masters
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medical Biology and of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Multiple truncated isoforms of MAVS prevent its spontaneous aggregation in antiviral innate immune signalling. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15676. [PMID: 28607490 PMCID: PMC5474743 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to virus infection, RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) sense virus RNA and induce MAVS to form prion-like aggregates to further propagate antiviral signalling. Although monomeric MAVS recombinant protein can assemble into prion-like filaments spontaneously in vitro, endogenous MAVS in cells is prevented from aggregation until viral infection. The mechanism preventing cellular MAVS from spontaneous aggregation is unclear. Here we show that multiple N-terminal truncated isoforms of MAVS are essential in preventing full-length MAVS from spontaneous aggregation through transmembrane domain-mediated homotypic interaction. Without these shorter isoforms, full-length MAVS is prone to spontaneous aggregation and Nix-mediated mitophagic degradation. In the absence of N-terminally truncated forms, blocking Nix-mediated mitophagy stabilizes full-length MAVS, which aggregates spontaneously and induces the subsequent expression of type I interferon and other proinflammatory cytokines. Our data thus uncover an important mechanism preventing spontaneous aggregation of endogenous MAVS to avoid accidental activation of antiviral innate immune signalling.
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64
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Liu W, Li J, Zheng W, Shang Y, Zhao Z, Wang S, Bi Y, Zhang S, Xu C, Duan Z, Zhang L, Wang YL, Jiang Z, Liu W, Sun L. Cyclophilin A-regulated ubiquitination is critical for RIG-I-mediated antiviral immune responses. eLife 2017; 6:e24425. [PMID: 28594325 PMCID: PMC5484619 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RIG-I is a key cytosolic pattern recognition receptor that interacts with MAVS to induce type I interferons (IFNs) against RNA virus infection. In this study, we found that cyclophilin A (CypA), a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase, functioned as a critical positive regulator of RIG-I-mediated antiviral immune responses. Deficiency of CypA impaired RIG-I-mediated type I IFN production and promoted viral replication in human cells and mice. Upon Sendai virus infection, CypA increased the interaction between RIG-I and its E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM25, leading to enhanced TRIM25-mediated K63-linked ubiquitination of RIG-I that facilitated recruitment of RIG-I to MAVS. In addition, CypA and TRIM25 competitively interacted with MAVS, thereby inhibiting TRIM25-induced K48-linked ubiquitination of MAVS. Taken together, our findings reveal an essential role of CypA in boosting RIG-I-mediated antiviral immune responses by controlling the ubiquitination of RIG-I and MAVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weinan Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingli Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Zhendong Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chongfeng Xu
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyuan Duan
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yue L Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Zhengfan Jiang
- The Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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65
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Jin HS, Suh HW, Kim SJ, Jo EK. Mitochondrial Control of Innate Immunity and Inflammation. Immune Netw 2017; 17:77-88. [PMID: 28458619 PMCID: PMC5407986 DOI: 10.4110/in.2017.17.2.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are key organelles involved in energy production, functioning as the metabolic hubs of cells. Recent findings emphasize the emerging role of the mitochondrion as a key intracellular signaling platform regulating innate immune and inflammatory responses. Several mitochondrial proteins and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species have emerged as central players orchestrating the innate immune responses to pathogens and damaging ligands. This review explores our current understanding of the roles played by mitochondria in regulation of innate immunity and inflammatory responses. Recent advances in our understanding of the relationship between autophagy, mitochondria, and inflammasome activation are also briefly discussed. A comprehensive understanding of mitochondrial role in toll-like receptor-mediated innate immune responses and NLRP3 inflammasome complex activation, will facilitate development of novel therapeutics to treat various infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Sun Jin
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.,Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Suh
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.,Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Seong-Jun Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.,Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
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66
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Hu MM, Shu HB. Multifaceted roles of TRIM38 in innate immune and inflammatory responses. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:331-338. [PMID: 28194022 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) proteins represent the largest E3 ubiquitin ligase family. The multifaceted roles of TRIM38 in innate immunity and inflammation have been intensively investigated in recent years. TRIM38 is essential for cytosolic RNA or DNA sensor-mediated innate immune responses to both RNA and DNA viruses, while negatively regulating TLR3/4- and TNF/IL-1β-triggered inflammatory responses. In these processes, TRIM38 acts as an E3 ubiquitin or SUMO ligase, which targets key cellular signaling components, or as an enzymatic activity-independent regulator. This review summarizes recent advances that highlight the critical roles of TRIM38 in the regulation of proper innate immune and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Hu
- Medical Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Viral Immunology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- Medical Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Viral Immunology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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67
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Si Y, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Zhou R, Zhang Y, Hao D, Yan D. Posttranslational Modification Control of Inflammatory Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1024:37-61. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5987-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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68
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Liu B, Zhang M, Chu H, Zhang H, Wu H, Song G, Wang P, Zhao K, Hou J, Wang X, Zhang L, Gao C. The ubiquitin E3 ligase TRIM31 promotes aggregation and activation of the signaling adaptor MAVS through Lys63-linked polyubiquitination. Nat Immunol 2016; 18:214-224. [PMID: 27992402 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The signaling adaptor MAVS forms prion-like aggregates to activate an innate antiviral immune response after viral infection. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate MAVS aggregation are poorly understood. Here we identified TRIM31, an E3 ubiquitin ligase of the TRIM family of proteins, as a regulator of MAVS aggregation. TRIM31 was recruited to mitochondria after viral infection and specifically regulated antiviral signaling mediated by RLR pattern-recognition receptors. TRIM31-deficient mice were more susceptible to infection with RNA virus than were wild-type mice. TRIM31 interacted with MAVS and catalyzed the Lys63 (K63)-linked polyubiquitination of Lys10, Lys311 and Lys461 on MAVS. This modification promoted the formation of prion-like aggregates of MAVS after viral infection. Our findings reveal new insights in the molecular regulation of MAVS aggregation and the cellular antiviral response through TRIM31-mediated K63-linked polyubiquitination of MAVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Liu
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Honglei Chu
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Honghai Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Haifeng Wu
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Guanhua Song
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jinxiu Hou
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xueer Wang
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Chengjiang Gao
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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69
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TAX1BP1 Restrains Virus-Induced Apoptosis by Facilitating Itch-Mediated Degradation of the Mitochondrial Adaptor MAVS. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 37:MCB.00422-16. [PMID: 27736772 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00422-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The host response to RNA virus infection consists of an intrinsic innate immune response and the induction of apoptosis as mechanisms to restrict viral replication. The mitochondrial adaptor molecule MAVS plays critical roles in coordinating both virus-induced type I interferon production and apoptosis; however, the regulation of MAVS-mediated apoptosis is poorly understood. Here, we show that the adaptor protein TAX1BP1 functions as a negative regulator of virus-induced apoptosis. TAX1BP1-deficient cells are highly sensitive to apoptosis in response to infection with the RNA viruses vesicular stomatitis virus and Sendai virus and to transfection with poly(I·C). TAX1BP1 undergoes degradation during RNA virus infection, and loss of TAX1BP1 is associated with apoptotic cell death. TAX1BP1 deficiency augments virus-induced activation of proapoptotic c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling. Virus infection promotes the mitochondrial localization of TAX1BP1 and concomitant interaction with the mitochondrial adaptor MAVS. TAX1BP1 recruits the E3 ligase Itch to MAVS to trigger its ubiquitination and degradation, and loss of TAX1BP1 or Itch results in increased MAVS protein expression. Together, these results indicate that TAX1BP1 functions as an adaptor molecule for Itch to target MAVS during RNA virus infection and thus restrict virus-induced apoptosis.
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70
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Chiang C, Gack MU. Post-translational Control of Intracellular Pathogen Sensing Pathways. Trends Immunol 2016; 38:39-52. [PMID: 27863906 PMCID: PMC5580928 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells recognize virus-derived nucleic acids using a defined set of intracellular sensors including the DNA sensors cyclic GMP–AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) and interferon gamma (IFNγ)-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) as well as viral RNA receptors of the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) family. Following innate immune recognition, these sensors launch an immune response that is characterized by the transcriptional upregulation of many antiviral molecules, including proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and IFN-stimulated genes. Recent studies have demonstrated that the signal transduction initiated by these sensors is sophisticatedly regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs) resulting in a robust yet ‘tunable’ cytokine response to maintain immune homeostasis. Here we summarize recent advances in our understanding of how PTMs and regulatory enzymes control the signaling activity of RLRs, cGAS, and IFI16 as well as their proximal adaptor proteins. Positive feedforward regulatory mechanisms serve as an important means of signal amplification to ensure an effective innate immune response. However, negative regulatory circuits are essential for the prevention of premature or overactive proinflammatory responses, which could have harmful consequences for the host organism. Phosphorylation and different types of polyubiquitin chains, particularly K63-linked ubiquitination, are important for fine-tuning signaling initiated by intracellular viral RNA and DNA receptors. Acetylation, glutamylation, and deamidation of innate immune sensors or components in their signaling pathways also dynamically modulate antiviral cytokine induction. Insight into the molecular mechanisms and regulatory enzymes that modulate innate sensing pathways may lead to therapeutics to boost antiviral immunity or dampen proinflammatory/autoimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Chiang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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71
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The nucleolar protein GLTSCR2 is required for efficient viral replication. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36226. [PMID: 27824081 PMCID: PMC5099953 DOI: 10.1038/srep36226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma tumor suppressor candidate region gene 2 protein (GLTSCR2) is a nucleolar protein. In the investigation of the role of GLTSCR2 that played in the cellular innate immune response to viral infection, we found GLTSCR2 supported viral replication of rhabdovirus, paramyxovirus, and coronavirus in cells. Viral infection induced translocation of GLTSCR2 from nucleus to cytoplasm that enabled GLTSCR2 to attenuate type I interferon IFN-β and support viral replication. Cytoplasmic GLTSCR2 was able to interact with retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and the ubiquitin-specific protease 15 (USP15), and the triple interaction induced USP15 activity to remove K63-linked ubiquitination of RIG-I, leading to attenuation of RIG-I and IFN-β. Blocking cytoplasmic translocation of GLTSCR2, by deletion of its nuclear export sequence (NES), abrogated its ability to attenuate IFN-β and support viral replication. GLTSCR2-mediated attenuation of RIG-I and IFN-β led to alleviation of host cell innate immune response to viral infection. Our findings suggested that GLTSCR2 contributed to efficient viral replication, and GLTSCR2 should be considered as a potential target for therapeutic control of viral infection.
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72
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HACE1 Negatively Regulates Virus-Triggered Type I IFN Signaling by Impeding the Formation of the MAVS-TRAF3 Complex. Viruses 2016; 8:v8050146. [PMID: 27213432 PMCID: PMC4885101 DOI: 10.3390/v8050146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During virus infection, the cascade signaling pathway that leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines is controlled at multiple levels to avoid detrimental overreaction. HACE1 has been characterized as an important tumor suppressor. Here, we identified HACE1 as an important negative regulator of virus-triggered type I IFN signaling. Overexpression of HACE1 inhibited Sendai virus- or poly (I:C)-induced signaling and resulted in reduced IFNB1 production and enhanced virus replication. Knockdown of HACE1 expression exhibited the opposite effects. Ubiquitin E3 ligase activity of the dead mutant HACE1/C876A had a comparable inhibitory function as WT HACE1, suggesting that the suppressive function of HACE1 on virus-induced signaling is independent of its E3 ligase activity. Further study indicated that HACE1 acted downstream of MAVS and upstream of TBK1. Mechanistic studies showed that HACE1 exerts its inhibitory role on virus-induced signaling by disrupting the MAVS-TRAF3 complex. Therefore, we uncovered a novel function of HACE1 in innate immunity regulation.
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73
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Sohn J, Hur S. Filament assemblies in foreign nucleic acid sensors. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 37:134-44. [PMID: 26859869 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Helical filamentous assembly is ubiquitous in biology, but was only recently realized to be broadly employed in the innate immune system of vertebrates. Accumulating evidence suggests that the filamentous assemblies and helical oligomerization play important roles in detection of foreign nucleic acids and activation of the signaling pathways to produce antiviral and inflammatory mediators. In this review, we focus on the helical assemblies observed in the signaling pathways of RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) and AIM2-like receptors (ALRs). We describe ligand-dependent oligomerization of receptor, receptor-dependent oligomerization of signaling adaptor molecules, and their functional implications and regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungsan Sohn
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Sun Hur
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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74
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OASL1 deficiency promotes antiviral protection against genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection by enhancing type I interferon production. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19089. [PMID: 26750802 PMCID: PMC4707503 DOI: 10.1038/srep19089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) interferes with virus replication, promotes antiviral responses, and controls innate and adaptive immune responses to certain viruses. Recently, we reported that 2’–5’ oligoadenylate synthetase-like 1 (OASL1) negatively regulates type I IFN production by inhibiting the translation of the type I IFN-regulating master transcription factor, IRF7. Notably, while OASL1-deficient mice induce robust production of type I IFN and are resistant to systemic viral infection, the effects of OASL1 during localized viral infection has not been studied. To this end, we investigated the role of OASL1 during mucosal HSV-2 infection of the genital tract. Oasl1−/− mice exhibited better survival rates than wild type (WT) mice following intravaginal HSV-2 infection, and suppressed virus replication more efficiently despite comparable recruitment of effector immune cells. Moreover, Ly6Chigh monocytes, and not pDCs or other cell types, displayed enhanced production of type I IFNs in Oasl1−/− mice in response to HSV-2 infection. Furthermore, cytotoxic T cell responses including IFN-γ production were accelerated in Oasl1−/− mice after mucosal HSV-2 infection. Collectively, these results demonstrate that OASL1 deficiency promotes antiviral immunity against local mucosal viral infection and suggest that OASL1 could be a therapeutic target for treatment of HSV-2 infection of the genital mucosa.
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75
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Heaton SM, Borg NA, Dixit VM. Ubiquitin in the activation and attenuation of innate antiviral immunity. J Exp Med 2015; 213:1-13. [PMID: 26712804 PMCID: PMC4710203 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infection activates danger signals that are transmitted via the retinoic acid-inducible gene 1-like receptor (RLR), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR), and Toll-like receptor (TLR) protein signaling cascades. This places host cells in an antiviral posture by up-regulating antiviral cytokines including type-I interferon (IFN-I). Ubiquitin modifications and cross-talk between proteins within these signaling cascades potentiate IFN-I expression, and inversely, a growing number of viruses are found to weaponize the ubiquitin modification system to suppress IFN-I. Here we review how host- and virus-directed ubiquitin modification of proteins in the RLR, NLR, and TLR antiviral signaling cascades modulate IFN-I expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Heaton
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Natalie A Borg
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Vishva M Dixit
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
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76
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Cui J, Chen Y, Wang HY, Wang RF. Mechanisms and pathways of innate immune activation and regulation in health and cancer. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3270-85. [PMID: 25625930 DOI: 10.4161/21645515.2014.979640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on innate immune signaling and regulation has recently focused on pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) and their signaling pathways. Members of PRRs sense diverse microbial invasions or danger signals, and initiate innate immune signaling pathways, leading to proinflammatory cytokines production, which, in turn, instructs adaptive immune response development. Despite the diverse functions employed by innate immune signaling to respond to a variety of different pathogens, the innate immune response must be tightly regulated. Otherwise, aberrant, uncontrolled immune responses will lead to harmful, or even fatal, consequences. Therefore, it is essential to better discern innate immune signaling and many regulators, controlling various signaling pathways, have been identified. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in our understanding of the activation and regulation of innate immune signaling in the host response to pathogens and cancer.
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Key Words
- AIM2, absent in melanoma 2
- ALRs, AIM2-like receptors
- AMPK, AMP activated protein kinase
- ASC, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD
- Atg16L, autophagy related 16-like
- BMM, bone marrow-derived macrophage
- CARD, caspase recruitment domain
- CDNs, cyclic dinucleotides
- CLRs, C-type lectin receptors
- CMV, cytomegalovirus
- CYLD, the familial cylindromatosis tumor suppressor gene
- DAMPs, danger-associated molecular patterns
- DCs, dendritic cells
- DDX41, DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 41
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- GBP5, guanylate-binding protein 5
- GSK3β, Glycogen synthase kinase 3β
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- IFI16, interferon, gamma-inducible protein 16
- IFN, interferon
- IKK, IkB kinase
- IKKi, inducible IkB kinase
- IRAK, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase
- IRF, interferon regulatory factor
- KSHV, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
- LBP, LPS-binding protein
- LGP 2, laboratory of genetics and physiology 2
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LRR, leucine-rich repeat
- LT, lethal toxin
- LUBAC, linear ubiquitin assembly complex
- MAVS, mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein
- MDA5, melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5
- MDP, muramyl dipeptide
- MIB, mind bomb
- MyD88, myeloid differentiation factor 88
- NAIPs, neuronal apoptosis inhibitory proteins
- NEMO, NF-kB essential modulator
- NLRs, Nod- like receptors
- NOD, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain
- Nrdp1, neuregulin receptor degradation protein 1
- PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PKC-d, protein kinase C delta
- PKR, dsRNA-dependent protein kinase
- PRRs
- PRRs, pathogen recognition receptors
- RACK1, receptor for activated C kinase 1
- RAUL, RTA-associated E3 ligase
- RIG-I, retinoic acid-inducible gene 1
- RIP, receptor-interacting protein
- RLRs, RIG-I-like receptors
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SARM, sterile a- and armadillo motif-containing protein
- SIGIRR, single Ig IL-1-related receptor
- SOCS, suppressor of cytokine signaling
- STING, stimulator of interferon gene
- TAK1, TGF-b-activating kinase 1
- TANK, TRAF family-member-associated NF-kB activator
- TBK1, TANK binding kinase 1
- TIR, Toll IL-1 receptor
- TIRAP, TIR domain-containing adapter protein
- TLRs, Toll-like receptors
- TRAF, TNFR-associated factor
- TRAILR, tumor-necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor
- TRAM, TRIF-related adaptor molecule
- TRIF, TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-b
- TRIMs, tripartite motif containing proteins
- TRIP, TRAF-interacting protein
- ULK1, autophagy related serine threonine UNC-51- like kinase
- cDC, conventional dendritic cell
- cGAS, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase
- cIAP, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein
- cancer
- iE-DAP, g-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid
- inflammation
- innate immunity
- pDC, plasmacytoid dendritic cell
- type I interferon
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cui
- a Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education; State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; School of Life Sciences ; Sun Yat-sen University ; Guangzhou , P. R. China
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Dong LH, Li L, Song Y, Duan ZL, Sun SG, Lin YL, Miao SB, Yin YJ, Shu YN, Li H, Chen P, Zhao LL, Han M. TRAF6-Mediated SM22α K21 Ubiquitination Promotes G6PD Activation and NADPH Production, Contributing to GSH Homeostasis and VSMC Survival In Vitro and In Vivo. Circ Res 2015; 117:684-94. [PMID: 26291555 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.306233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) survival under stressful conditions is integral to promoting vascular repair, but facilitates plaque stability during the development of atherosclerosis. The cytoskeleton-associated smooth muscle (SM) 22α protein is involved in the regulation of VSMC phenotypes, whereas the pentose phosphate pathway plays an essential role in cell proliferation through the production of dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. OBJECTIVE To identify the relationship between dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate production and SM22α activity in the development and progression of vascular diseases. METHODS AND RESULTS We showed that the expression and activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) are promoted in platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-induced proliferative VSMCs. PDGF-BB induced G6PD membrane translocation and activation in an SM22α K21 ubiquitination-dependent manner. Specifically, the ubiquitinated SM22α interacted with G6PD and mediated G6PD membrane translocation. Furthermore, we found that tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 6 mediated SM22α K21 ubiquitination in a K63-linked manner on PDGF-BB stimulation. Knockdown of TRAF6 decreased the membrane translocation and activity of G6PD, in parallel with reduced SM22α K21 ubiquitination. Elevated levels of activated G6PD consequent to PDGF-BB induction led to increased dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate generation through stimulation of the pentose phosphate pathway, which enhanced VSMC viability and reduced apoptosis in vivo and in vitro via glutathione homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence that TRAF6-induced SM22α ubiquitination maintains VSMC survival through increased G6PD activity and dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate production. The TRAF6-SM22α-G6PD pathway is a novel mechanism underlying the association between glucose metabolism and VSMC survival, which is beneficial for vascular repair after injury but facilitates atherosclerotic plaque stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Dong
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Liang Li
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Yu Song
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Zhi-Li Duan
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Shao-Guang Sun
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Yan-Ling Lin
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Sui-Bing Miao
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Ya-Juan Yin
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Ya-Nan Shu
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Huan Li
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Peng Chen
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Li-Li Zhao
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Mei Han
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China.
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The mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase MARCH5 resolves MAVS aggregates during antiviral signalling. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7910. [PMID: 26246171 PMCID: PMC4918326 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria serve as platforms for innate immunity. The mitochondrial antiviral signalling (MAVS) protein forms aggregates that elicit robust type-I interferon induction on viral infection, but persistent MAVS signalling leads to host immunopathology; it remains unknown how these signalling aggregates are resolved. Here we identify the mitochondria-resident E3 ligase, MARCH5, as a negative regulator of MAVS aggregates. March5+/− mice and MARCH5-deficient immune cells exhibit low viral replication and elevated type-I interferon responses to RNA viruses. MARCH5 binds MAVS only during viral stimulation when MAVS forms aggregates, and these interactions require the RING domain of MARCH5 and the CARD domain of MAVS. MARCH5, but not its RING mutant (MARCH5H43W), reduces the level of MAVS aggregates. MARCH5 transfers ubiquitin to Lys7 and Lys500 of MAVS and promotes its proteasome-mediated degradation. Our results indicate that MARCH5 modulates MAVS-mediated antiviral signalling, preventing excessive immune reactions. RNA viral infections trigger an immune response mediated by the formation of aggregates of the MAVS protein. Here the authors show that the mitochondrial protein MARCH5 modulates this response by transferring ubiquitin to MAVS aggregates, thus promoting their proteasomal degradation.
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Genome-wide Analysis of Host-Plasmodium yoelii Interactions Reveals Regulators of the Type I Interferon Response. Cell Rep 2015; 12:661-72. [PMID: 26190101 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Invading pathogens trigger specific host responses, an understanding of which might identify genes that function in pathogen recognition and elimination. In this study, we performed trans-species expression quantitative trait locus (ts-eQTL) analysis using genotypes of the Plasmodium yoelii malaria parasite and phenotypes of mouse gene expression. We significantly linked 1,054 host genes to parasite genetic loci (LOD score ≥ 3.0). Using LOD score patterns, which produced results that differed from direct expression-level clustering, we grouped host genes that function in related pathways, allowing functional prediction of unknown genes. As a proof of principle, 14 of 15 randomly selected genes predicted to function in type I interferon (IFN-I) responses were experimentally validated using overexpression, small hairpin RNA knockdown, viral infection, and/or infection of knockout mice. This study demonstrates an effective strategy for studying gene function, establishes a functional gene database, and identifies regulators in IFN-I pathways.
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80
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Du J, Zhang D, Zhang W, Ouyang G, Wang J, Liu X, Li S, Ji W, Liu W, Xiao W. pVHL Negatively Regulates Antiviral Signaling by Targeting MAVS for Proteasomal Degradation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1782-90. [PMID: 26179906 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene is a well-defined tumor suppressor linked to human heredity cancer syndromes. As a component of the VHL-elongin B/C E3 ligase complex, pVHL performs its tumor function by targeting proteins for proteasomal degradation. It is largely unknown whether pVHL functions in antiviral immunity. In this article, we identify that pVHL negatively regulates innate antiviral immunity, which acts mainly by inducing degradation of mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS, also known as Cardif, IPS-1, or VISA). Overexpression of pVHL abrogated the cellular response to viral infection, whereas knockdown of pVHL exerted the opposite effect. pVHL targeted the K420 residue of MAVS to catalyze the formation of K48-linked polyubiquitin chains, leading to proteasomal degradation of MAVS. After viral infection, Mavs levels remained low in wild type zebrafish embryos but became much higher in vhl-deficient (vhl(-/-)) zebrafish embryos. Higher MAVS levels correlated with a greatly exaggerated antiviral response. In this work, we demonstrate that pVHL exhibits a previously unknown role in innate antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Gang Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Xing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Shun Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Wei Ji
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuhan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
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81
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Davis ME, Gack MU. Ubiquitination in the antiviral immune response. Virology 2015; 479-480:52-65. [PMID: 25753787 PMCID: PMC4774549 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination has long been known to regulate fundamental cellular processes through the induction of proteasomal degradation of target proteins. More recently, 'atypical' non-degradative types of polyubiquitin chains have been appreciated as important regulatory moieties by modulating the activity or subcellular localization of key signaling proteins. Intriguingly, many of these non-degradative types of ubiquitination regulate the innate sensing pathways initiated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), ultimately coordinating an effective antiviral immune response. Here we discuss recent advances in understanding the functional roles of degradative and atypical types of ubiquitination in innate immunity to viral infections, with a specific focus on the signaling pathways triggered by RIG-I-like receptors, Toll-like receptors, and the intracellular viral DNA sensor cGAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith E Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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Lin D, Zhong B. Regulation of cellular innate antiviral signaling by ubiquitin modification. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:149-55. [PMID: 25651846 PMCID: PMC7109689 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmu133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Host pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns generated by invading viruses and initiate a series of signaling cascades that lead to the activation of interferon-regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and subsequent induction of type I interferons (IFNs). Posttranslational modification of proteins by ubiquitin plays an essential role in mediating or regulating the virus-triggered PRRs-mediated signaling. Deubiquitination is the reversible process of ubiquitination and its role in regulating PRRs-mediated signaling has recently been explored. In this review, we first summarize the ubiquitination events in PRRs-mediated signaling that is triggered by viral nucleic acid and then focus on host and viral deubiquitinating enzymes-mediated regulation of virus-triggered signaling that modulates the activation of IRF3 and NF-κB and subsequent induction of type I IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Lin
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Bo Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Pourcelot M, Arnoult D. Mitochondrial dynamics and the innate antiviral immune response. FEBS J 2014; 281:3791-802. [PMID: 25051991 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system has a key role in the mammalian immune response. In the cytosol, RNA viruses are sensed by the retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors, which trigger a complex signaling cascade in which mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein plays a central role in mediating the innate host response through the induction of antiviral and inflammatory responses. Hence, the mitochondrion is now emerging as a fundamental hub for innate antiviral immunity beyond its known roles in metabolic processes and the control of programmed cell death. This review summarizes the findings related to mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein, and mitochondria and their dynamics, in the innate immune response to RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pourcelot
- INSERM UMR_S 1014, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud P11, Orsay, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
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