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Wallrapp A, Riesenfeld SJ, Burkett PR, Kuchroo VK. Type 2 innate lymphoid cells in the induction and resolution of tissue inflammation. Immunol Rev 2019; 286:53-73. [PMID: 30294962 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 immunity against pathogens is tightly regulated to ensure appropriate inflammatory responses that clear infection and prevent excessive tissue damage. Recent research has shown that type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) contribute to steady-state tissue integrity and exert tissue-specific functions. However, upon exposure to inflammatory stimuli, they also initiate and amplify type 2 inflammation by inducing mucus production, eosinophilia, and Th2 differentiation. In this review, we discuss the regulation of ILC2 activation by transcription factors and metabolic pathways, as well as by extrinsic signals such as cytokines, lipid mediators, hormones, and neuropeptides. We also review recent discoveries about ILC2 plasticity and heterogeneity in different tissues, as revealed partly through single-cell RNA sequencing of transcriptional responses to various stimuli. Understanding the tissue-specific pathways that regulate ILC2 diversity and function is a critical step in the development of potential therapies for allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Wallrapp
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samantha J Riesenfeld
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick R Burkett
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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52
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Laffont S, Guéry JC. Deconstructing the sex bias in allergy and autoimmunity: From sex hormones and beyond. Adv Immunol 2019; 142:35-64. [PMID: 31296302 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Men and women differ in their susceptibility to develop autoimmunity and allergy but also in their capacity to cope with infections. Mechanisms responsible for this sexual dimorphism are still poorly documented and probably multifactorial. This review discusses the recent development in our understanding of the cell-intrinsic actions of biological factors linked to sex, sex hormones and sex chromosome complement, on immune cells, which may account for the sex differences in the enhanced susceptibility of women to develop immunological disorders, such as allergic asthma or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We choose to more specifically discuss the impact of sex hormones on the development and function of immune cell populations directly involved in type-2 immunity, and the role of the X-linked Toll like receptor 7 (TLR7) in anti-viral immunity and in SLE. We will also elaborate on the recent evidence demonstrating that TLR7 escapes from X chromosome inactivation in the immune cells of women, and how this may contribute to endow woman immune system with enhanced responsiveness to RNA-virus and susceptibility to SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Laffont
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Charles Guéry
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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53
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Zhao H, Moarbes V, Gaudreault V, Shan J, Aldossary H, Cyr L, Fixman ED. Sex Differences in IL-33-Induced STAT6-Dependent Type 2 Airway Inflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:859. [PMID: 31118931 PMCID: PMC6504808 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in asthma prevalence are well-documented but poorly understood. Murine models have contributed to our understanding of mechanisms that could regulate this sex disparity, though the majority of these studies have examined responses present after Th2 adaptive immunity is established. We have now investigated how sex influences acute activation of innate cell populations in the lung upon initial exposure to the model antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), in the presence of IL-33 (OVA+IL-33), to prime the lungs for type 2 immunity. We also examined how inflammatory responses induced by OVA+IL-33 were altered in mice lacking the STAT6 transcription factor, which is activated by IL-13, an effector cytokine of IL-33. Our data demonstrate that type 2 inflammation induced by OVA+IL-33 was more severe in female mice compared to males. Females exhibited greater cytokine and chemokine production, eosinophil influx and activation, macrophage polarization to the alternatively activated phenotype, and expansion of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). While increases in ILC2s and eosinophils were largely independent of STAT6 in both males and females, many other responses were STAT6-dependent only in female mice. Our findings indicate that a subset of type 2 inflammatory responses induced by OVA+IL-33 require STAT6 in both males and females and that enhanced type 2 inflammation in females, compared to males, is associated with greater IL-13 protein production. Our findings suggest blunted IL-13 production in males may protect against type 2 inflammation initiated by OVA+IL-33 delivery to the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedi Zhao
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Vanessa Moarbes
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Véronique Gaudreault
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jichuan Shan
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Haya Aldossary
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Cyr
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth D Fixman
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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54
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Mathä L, Shim H, Steer CA, Yin YH, Martinez-Gonzalez I, Takei F. Female and male mouse lung group 2 innate lymphoid cells differ in gene expression profiles and cytokine production. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214286. [PMID: 30913260 PMCID: PMC6435236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown sex differences in prevalence of non-allergic asthma. Recent reports demonstrated negative effects of androgen signaling on group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), explaining a potential mechanism behind sex bias in asthma prevalence. To further understand sex-related differences in ILC2 functions and ILC2 intrinsic or lung environmental mechanisms behind it, we have investigated the effects of sex and age on lung ILC2 function, the amounts of ILC2-activating cytokines in the lung and gene expression profiles of male and female ILC2s. Flow cytometric analyses of naive male and female mouse lung ILC2s showed no difference in their numbers. However, upon three daily intranasal IL-33 injections, lung ILC2s in postpubertal female mice expanded to a greater degree than male counterpart. In line with in vivo results, purified female mouse lung ILC2s produced more cytokines than male ILC2s upon in vitro stimulation. Gene expression profiles of purified naïve male and female ILC2s differed in 4% of the genes, and gene set enrichment analysis showed that female ILC2s are enriched for gene signatures of memory T cells. We did not observe similar degree of differences between female and male ILC2s after IL-33 stimulation. ILC2-activating cytokines including IL-33, IL-7 and TSLP were more highly expressed in whole lung homogenate samples prepared from naïve post pubertal female mouse lung than male mouse lung. Moreover, the differences in responsiveness of male and female ILC2s to IL-33 were not affected in IL-33-deficient mice. These results suggest that female ILC2s are more readily activated than male ILC2s due to their gene expression at the naïve state, which is potentially influenced by the lung environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mathä
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hanjoo Shim
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Catherine A. Steer
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yi Han Yin
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Itziar Martinez-Gonzalez
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fumio Takei
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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55
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Jacquelot N, Luong K, Seillet C. Physiological Regulation of Innate Lymphoid Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:405. [PMID: 30915072 PMCID: PMC6422966 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have provoked a paradigm shift in our understanding of the immune protection. Their constitutive presence and activity at the body's barrier surfaces ensure the maintenance of the tissue homeostasis and immune protection. This complex family has distinct and non-redundant functions that can have both beneficial and detrimental effects on disease outcome. The capacity of ILCs to perform their function effectively relies on their ability to sense and integrate intrinsic and extrinsic signals. Recent studies have shown that ILCs are not only sensitive to pathogen-derived stimuli but are also very well equipped to sense host-derived signals such as neuropeptides, hormones, and metabolites. The integration of these signals represents a complex and constant cross-talk between the immune system and the physiological systems of the body, including the nervous, endocrine, digestive, and reproductive systems. The physiological regulation of ILCs constitutes an important step in our understanding of the events leading to the protective and pathological properties of these cells. This review summarizes the recent advances in the understanding of the regulation of ILCs by physiological signals and their consequences on the maintenance of tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Jacquelot
- Molecular Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kylie Luong
- Molecular Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cyril Seillet
- Molecular Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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56
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Sensing of physiological regulators by innate lymphoid cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 16:442-451. [PMID: 30842626 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0217-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of homeostasis and immune protection rely on the coordinated action of different physiological systems. Bidirectional communication between the immune system and physiological systems is required to sense and restore any disruption of equilibrium. Recent transcriptomic analyses of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) from different tissues have revealed that ILCs express a large array of receptors involved in the recognition of neuropeptides, hormones and metabolic signals. ILCs rapidly secrete effector cytokines that are central in the development and activation of early immune responses, but they also constitutively secrete mediators that are important for tissue homeostasis. To achieve these functions effectively, ILCs integrate intrinsic and extrinsic signals that modulate their constitutive and induced activity. Disruption of the regulation of ILCs by physiological regulators leads to altered immune responses with harmful consequences for the organism. An understanding of these complex interactions between the immune system and physiological mediators is crucial to decipher the events leading to the protective versus pathological effects of these cells.
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57
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Cameron GJM, Jiang SH, Loering S, Deshpande AV, Hansbro PM, Starkey MR. Emerging therapeutic potential of group 2 innate lymphoid cells in acute kidney injury. J Pathol 2019; 248:9-15. [PMID: 30684265 DOI: 10.1002/path.5242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) remains a global challenge and, despite the availability of dialysis and transplantation, can be fatal. Those that survive an AKI are at increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease and end stage renal failure. Understanding the fundamental mechanisms underpinning the pathophysiology of AKI is critical for developing novel strategies for diagnosis and treatment. A growing body of evidence indicates that amplifying type 2 immunity may have therapeutic potential in kidney injury and disease. Of particular interest are the recently described subset of innate immune cells, termed group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Group 2 ILCs are crucial tissue-resident immune cells that maintain homeostasis and regulate tissue repair at multiple organ sites, including the kidney. They are critical mediators of type 2 immune responses following infection and injury. The existing literature suggests that activation of group 2 ILCs and production of a local type 2 immune milieu is protective against renal injury and associated pathology. In this review, we describe the emerging role for group 2 ILCs in renal homeostasis and repair. We provide an in-depth discussion of the most recent literature that use preclinical models of AKI and assess the therapeutic effect of modulating group 2 ILC function. We debate the potential for targeting these cells as novel cellular therapies in AKI and discuss the implications for future studies and translation. Copyright © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy J M Cameron
- Priority Research Centre's GrowUpWell and Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon H Jiang
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australia National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Department of Renal Medicine, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Svenja Loering
- Priority Research Centre's GrowUpWell and Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Aniruddh V Deshpande
- Priority Research Centre's GrowUpWell and Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,The John Hunter Children's Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre's GrowUpWell and Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,Centre for inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Science, University of Technology, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Malcolm R Starkey
- Priority Research Centre's GrowUpWell and Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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58
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Pulmonary group 2 innate lymphoid cells: surprises and challenges. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:299-311. [PMID: 30664706 PMCID: PMC6436699 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are a recently described subset of innate lymphocytes with important immune and homeostatic functions at multiple tissue sites, especially the lung. These cells expand locally after birth and during postnatal lung maturation and are present in the lung and other peripheral organs. They are modified by a variety of processes and mediate inflammatory responses to respiratory pathogens, inhaled allergens and noxious particles. Here, we review the emerging roles of ILC2s in pulmonary homeostasis and discuss recent and surprising advances in our understanding of how hormones, age, neurotransmitters, environmental challenges, and infection influence ILC2s. We also review how these responses may underpin the development, progression and severity of pulmonary inflammation and chronic lung diseases and highlight some of the remaining challenges for ILC2 biology.
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59
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Airway innate lymphoid cells in the induction and regulation of allergy. Allergol Int 2019; 68:9-16. [PMID: 30473412 PMCID: PMC6614863 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of innate lymphoid cells has revolutionized our understanding of the pathogenesis of immune diseases including allergy and asthma. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a heterogeneous collection of lymphocytes that lack antigen-specificity (non-T, non-B cells) and potently produce characteristic cytokines of T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17). ILCs are divided into group 1 (ILC1s), group 2 (ILC2s), or group 3 (ILC3s). Similar to Th2 cells, ILC2s produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, among others, and are present in increased numbers in samples from patients with many allergic disorders including asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Animal models have identified that ILC2s contribute to eosinophilic tissue infiltration, airway hyperresponsiveness, mucus production, as well as coordinate adaptive immune responses. Finally, recent studies support regulation of ILC2s by neuro-immune mechanisms as well as demonstrate a significant degree of plasticity between ILC subsets that may impact the immune responses in asthma and allergic airway diseases. Here, we review the current literature on ILC2s in human asthma and allergic airway diseases, as well as highlight some recent mechanistic insights into ILC2 function from in vitro studies and in vivo animal models.
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60
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Pang XL, Yin TL, Yan WJ, Li J, He F, Yang J. Molecular detection of uterine innate lymphoid cells in the immunological mouse model of pregnancy loss. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 68:1-6. [PMID: 30597415 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are newly identified members of the innate lymphocyte family, which can function as adaptive T cells and act as critical modulators of inflammatory processes within different tissues and immune diseases. The role of uterine ILCs (uILCs) has recently been elucidated alongside changes associated with normal pregnancy. However, the proportions of uterine ILCs and their role in unsuccessful pregnancy remain unclear. We analyzed the characterization of uILC subsets and the expression of signature cytokines associated with ILCs in a mouse model of unsuccessful pregnancy induced by LPS, and we describe the dynamic changes they undergo during this process. We found that mice exposed to LPS display significantly higher levels of uNK cells, and uILC3s. However, a lower proportion of uILC2s and uILC1s were detected in abortion mice. In addition, we found that abortion mice display markedly higher expression of IFN-γ and IL-A17, and lower levels of IL-5. No significant differences in the expression of IL-13 and IL-22 were observed. The findings suggest that uILCs play distinct non-redundant roles during pregnancy, and uILCs may affect maternal-fetal tolerance via IL-17A, IL-5, and IFN-γ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Li Pang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, P.R.C; Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development in Hubei province, Wuhan, China
| | - Tai-Lang Yin
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, P.R.C; Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development in Hubei province, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Jie Yan
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, P.R.C; Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development in Hubei province, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, P.R.C; Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development in Hubei province, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan He
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Jing Yang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, P.R.C; Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development in Hubei province, Wuhan, China.
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61
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Hurrell BP, Shafiei Jahani P, Akbari O. Social Networking of Group Two Innate Lymphoid Cells in Allergy and Asthma. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2694. [PMID: 30524437 PMCID: PMC6256740 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases including asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, and atopic dermatitis are common conditions worldwide. While type 2 immune responses induced by T-cells significantly cause allergic inflammation, the recently identified group two innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are emerging as critical players in the development of allergy. Upon allergen exposure, ILC2s are rapidly activated by cytokines released by epithelial cells. Activated ILC2s release various effector cytokines altogether contributing to the pathogenesis of allergy and can even cause inflammation in the absence of T-cells, as observed in asthma. Although the factors inducing ILC2 activation have been identified, evidence suggests that multiple factors can enhance or repress ILC2 proliferation, trafficking, or secretion of effector cytokines upon allergic inflammation. In this review, we discuss the recent findings that influence ILC2 activation and the resulting effects on the pathogenesis of allergy. A better understanding of how ILC2s are modulated will open the door to the development of new therapeutic strategies against allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Hurrell
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Pedram Shafiei Jahani
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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62
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Quatrini L, Vivier E, Ugolini S. Neuroendocrine regulation of innate lymphoid cells. Immunol Rev 2018; 286:120-136. [PMID: 30294960 PMCID: PMC6221181 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The activities of the immune system in repairing tissue injury and combating pathogens were long thought to be independent of the nervous system. However, a major regulatory role of immunomodulatory molecules released locally or systemically by the neuroendocrine system has recently emerged. A number of observations and discoveries support indeed the notion of the nervous system as an immunoregulatory system involved in immune responses. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), including natural killer (NK) cells and tissue-resident ILCs, form a family of effector cells present in organs and mucosal barriers. ILCs are involved in the maintenance of tissue integrity and homeostasis. They can also secrete effector cytokines rapidly, and this ability enables them to play early roles in the immune response. ILCs are activated by multiple pathways including epithelial and myeloid cell-derived cytokines. Their functions are also regulated by mediators produced by the nervous system. In particular, the peripheral nervous system, through neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, works in parallel with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and gonadal axis to modulate inflammatory events and maintain homeostasis. We summarize here recent findings concerning the regulation of ILC activities by neuroendocrine mediators in homeostatic and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Quatrini
- Aix Marseille UnivCNRSINSERMCIMLCentre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyMarseilleFrance
| | - Eric Vivier
- Aix Marseille UnivCNRSINSERMCIMLCentre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyMarseilleFrance
- ImmunologyMarseille ImmunopoleHôpital de la TimoneAssistance Publique des Hôpitaux de MarseilleMarseilleFrance
- Innate Pharma Research LaboratoriesInnate PharmaMarseilleFrance
| | - Sophie Ugolini
- Aix Marseille UnivCNRSINSERMCIMLCentre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐LuminyMarseilleFrance
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63
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Filipovic I, Chiossone L, Vacca P, Hamilton RS, Ingegnere T, Doisne JM, Hawkes DA, Mingari MC, Sharkey AM, Moretta L, Colucci F. Molecular definition of group 1 innate lymphoid cells in the mouse uterus. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4492. [PMID: 30374017 PMCID: PMC6206068 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06918-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the function of uterine lymphocytes is challenging because of the dynamic changes in response to sex hormones and, during pregnancy, to the invading foetal trophoblast cells. Here we provide a genome-wide transcriptome atlas of mouse uterine group 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) at mid-gestation. Tissue-resident Eomes+CD49a+ NK cells (trNK), which resemble human uterine NK cells, are most abundant during early pregnancy, and have gene signatures associated with TGF-β responses and interactions with trophoblast, epithelial, endothelial, smooth muscle cells, leucocytes and extracellular matrix. Conventional NK cells expand late in gestation and may engage in crosstalk with trNK cells involving IL-18 and IFN-γ. Eomes-CD49a+ ILC1s dominate before puberty, and specifically expand in second pregnancies when the expression of the memory cell marker CXCR6 is upregulated. These results identify trNK cells as the cellular hub of uterine group 1 ILCs, and mark CXCR6+ ILC1s as potential memory cells of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Filipovic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0SW, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Laura Chiossone
- G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa, 16147, Genoa, Italy
- Innate Pharma Research Labs, Innate Pharma, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Paola Vacca
- Policlinico San Martino IRCCS per l'Oncologia, Genoa, 16132, Genova, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132, Genova, Italy
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Russell S Hamilton
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Tiziano Ingegnere
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Jean-Marc Doisne
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0SW, UK
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Delia A Hawkes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0SW, UK
| | - Maria Cristina Mingari
- Policlinico San Martino IRCCS per l'Oncologia, Genoa, 16132, Genova, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132, Genova, Italy
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Andrew M Sharkey
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Colucci
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0SW, UK.
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.
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Miller D, Motomura K, Garcia-Flores V, Romero R, Gomez-Lopez N. Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Maternal and Fetal Compartments. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2396. [PMID: 30416502 PMCID: PMC6212529 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy success is orchestrated by the complex balance between the maternal and fetal immune systems. Herein, we summarize the potential role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in the maternal and fetal compartments. We reviewed published literature describing different ILC subsets [ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s, and lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells] in the uterus, decidua, fetal tissues [liver, secondary lymphoid organs (SLO), intestine, and lung] and amniotic cavity. ILC1s, ILC2s, and ILC3s are present in the murine uterus prior to and during pregnancy but have only been detected in the non-pregnant endometrium in humans. Specifically, ILC2s reside in the murine uterus from mid-pregnancy to term, ILC1s increase throughout gestation, and ILC3s remain constant. Yet, LTi cells have only been detected in the non-pregnant murine uterus. In the human decidua, ILC1s, ILC3s, and LTi-like cells are more abundant during early gestation, whereas ILC2s increase at the end of pregnancy. Decidual ILC1s were also detected during mid-gestation in mice. Interestingly, functional decidual ILC2s and ILC3s increased in women who underwent spontaneous preterm labor, indicating the involvement of such cells in this pregnancy complication. Fetal ILCs exist in the liver, SLO, intestine, lung, and amniotic cavity. The fetal liver is thought to be the source of ILC progenitors since the differentiation of these cells from hematopoietic stem cells occurs at this site, and mature ILC subsets can be found in this compartment as well. The interaction between LTi cells and specialized stromal cells is important during the formation of SLO. Mature ILCs are found at the mucosal surfaces of the lung and intestine, from where they can extravasate into the amniotic cavity. Amniotic fluid ILCs express high levels of RORγt, CD161, and CD103, hallmarks of ILC3s. Such cells are more abundant in the second trimester than later in gestation. Although amniotic fluid ILC3s produce IL-17A and TNFα, indicating their functionality, their numbers in patients with intra-amniotic infection/inflammation remain unchanged compared to those without this pregnancy complication. Collectively, these findings suggest that maternal (uterine and decidual) ILCs play central roles in both the initiation and maintenance of pregnancy, and fetal ILCs participate in the development of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Miller
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Kenichiro Motomura
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Valeria Garcia-Flores
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD and Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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65
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Kadel S, Kovats S. Sex Hormones Regulate Innate Immune Cells and Promote Sex Differences in Respiratory Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1653. [PMID: 30079065 PMCID: PMC6062604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in the incidence and severity of respiratory virus infection are widely documented in humans and murine models and correlate with sex biases in numbers and/or functional responses of innate immune cells in homeostasis and lung infection. Similarly, changes in sex hormone levels upon puberty, pregnancy, and menopause/aging are associated with qualitative and quantitative differences in innate immunity. Immune cells express receptors for estrogens (ERα and ERβ), androgens (AR), and progesterone (PR), and experimental manipulation of sex hormone levels or receptors has revealed that sex hormone receptor activity often underlies sex differences in immune cell numbers and/or functional responses in the respiratory tract. While elegant studies have defined mechanistic roles for sex hormones and receptors in innate immune cells, much remains to be learned about the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of ER, PR, and AR in myeloid cells and innate lymphocytes to promote the initiation and resolution of antiviral immunity in the lung. Here, we review the literature on sex differences and sex hormone regulation in innate immune cells in the lung in homeostasis and upon respiratory virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapana Kadel
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Susan Kovats
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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66
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Bereshchenko O, Bruscoli S, Riccardi C. Glucocorticoids, Sex Hormones, and Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1332. [PMID: 29946321 PMCID: PMC6006719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones regulate essential body functions in mammals, control cell metabolism, growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Importantly, they are potent suppressors of inflammation, and multiple immune-modulatory mechanisms involving leukocyte apoptosis, differentiation, and cytokine production have been described. Due to their potent anti-inflammatory and immune-suppressive activity, synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) are the most prescribed drugs used for treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. It is long been noted that males and females exhibit differences in the prevalence in several autoimmune diseases (AD). This can be due to the role of sexual hormones in regulation of the immune responses, acting through their endogenous nuclear receptors to mediate gene expression and generate unique gender-specific cellular environments. Given the fact that GCs are the primary physiological anti-inflammatory hormones, and that sex hormones may also exert immune-modulatory functions, the link between GCs and sex hormones may exist. Understanding the nature of this possible crosstalk is important to unravel the reason of sexual disparity in AD and to carefully prescribe these drugs for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In this review, we discuss similarities and differences between the effects of sex hormones and GCs on the immune system, to highlight possible axes of functional interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Bereshchenko
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Bruscoli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Karagiannis F, Wilhelm C. Innate lymphoid cells—key immune integrators of overall body homeostasis. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:319-330. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0684-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Xu Y, Romero R, Miller D, Silva P, Panaitescu B, Theis KR, Arif A, Hassan SS, Gomez-Lopez N. Innate lymphoid cells at the human maternal-fetal interface in spontaneous preterm labor. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 79:e12820. [PMID: 29457302 PMCID: PMC5948134 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Pathological inflammation is causally linked to preterm labor and birth, the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Our aims were to investigate whether (i) the newly described family of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) was present at the human maternal-fetal interface and (ii) ILC inflammatory subsets were associated with the pathological process of preterm labor. METHODS OF STUDY Decidual leukocytes were isolated from women with preterm or term labor as well as from gestational age-matched non-labor controls. ILCs (CD15- CD14- CD3- CD19- CD56- CD11b- CD127+ cells) and their subsets (ILC1, T-bet+ ILCs; ILC2, GATA3+ ILCs; and ILC3, RORγt+ ILCs) and cytokine expression were identified in the decidual tissues using immunophenotyping. RESULTS (i) The proportion of total ILCs was increased in the decidua parietalis of women with preterm labor; (ii) ILC1s were a minor subset of decidual ILCs during preterm and term gestations; (iii) ILC2s were the most abundant ILC subset in the decidua during preterm and term gestations; (iv) the proportion of ILC2s was increased in the decidua basalis of women with preterm labor; (v) the proportion of ILC3s was increased in the decidua parietalis of women with preterm labor; and (vi) during preterm labor, ILC3s had higher expression of IL-22, IL-17A, IL-13, and IFN-γ compared to ILC2s in the decidua. CONCLUSION ILC2s were the most abundant ILC subset at the human maternal-fetal interface during preterm and term gestations. Yet, during preterm labor, an increase in ILC2s and ILC3s was observed in the decidua basalis and decidua parietalis, respectively. These findings provide evidence demonstrating a role for ILCs at the maternal-fetal interface during the pathological process of preterm labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U S Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U S Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Derek Miller
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U S Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Pablo Silva
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U S Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bogdan Panaitescu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U S Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Kevin R Theis
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U S Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Afrah Arif
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Sonia S Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U S Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U S Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Dahlgren MW, Molofsky AB. All along the watchtower: group 2 innate lymphoid cells in allergic responses. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 54:13-19. [PMID: 29860003 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are a subset of innate lymphocytes that responds to local, tissue-derived signals and initiates allergic immune responses. ILC2 activation promotes the recruitment of eosinophils, polarization of alternatively activated macrophages, and tissue-remodeling, processes associated with the 'weep and sweep' response to helminthic worm colonization and infection. ILC2s also coordinate both physiologic and pathologic type 2 allergic immune responses, including promoting normal tissue development and remodeling and driving allergic pathology such as atopic dermatitis and allergic asthma. In this review we summarize recent advances in ILC2 biology, particularly focusing on how local cells and signals coordinately regulate ILC2s, how this may influence physiologic processes, and how ILC2 cooperate with adaptive T helper type 2 cells to drive pathologic allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelene W Dahlgren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, United States
| | - Ari B Molofsky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, United States.
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Kadel S, Ainsua-Enrich E, Hatipoglu I, Turner S, Singh S, Khan S, Kovats S. A Major Population of Functional KLRG1 - ILC2s in Female Lungs Contributes to a Sex Bias in ILC2 Numbers. Immunohorizons 2018; 2:74-86. [PMID: 29568816 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1800008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans show significant sex differences in the incidence and severity of respiratory diseases, including asthma and virus infection. Sex hormones contribute to the female sex bias in type 2 inflammation associated with respiratory diseases, consistent with recent reports that female lungs harbor greater numbers of GATA-3-dependent group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). In this study, we determined whether sex hormone levels govern sex differences in the numbers, phenotype, and function of ILC2s in the murine lung and bone marrow (BM). Our data show that lungs of female mice harbor significantly greater ILC2 numbers in homeostasis, in part due to a major subset of ILC2s lacking killer-cell lectin like receptor G1 (KLRG1), a population largely absent in male lungs. The KLRG1- ILC2s were capable of type 2 cytokine production and increased with age after sexual maturity, suggesting that a unique functional subset exists in females. Experiments with gonadectomized mice or mice bearing either global or lymphocyte restricted estrogen receptor α (Esr1) deficiency showed that androgens rather than estrogens regulated numbers of the KLRG1- ILC2 subset and ILC2 functional capacity in the lung and BM, as well as levels of GATA-3 expression in BM ILC2s. Furthermore, the frequency of BM PLZF+ ILC precursors was higher in males and increased by excess androgens, suggesting that androgens act to inhibit the transition of ILC precursors to ILC2s. Taken together, these data show that a functional subset of KLRG1- ILC2s in females contributes to the sex bias in lung ILC2s that is observed after reproductive age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapana Kadel
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Erola Ainsua-Enrich
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Ibrahim Hatipoglu
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Sean Turner
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Simar Singh
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Sohaib Khan
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Susan Kovats
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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