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Neumayer G, Belzil C, Gruss OJ, Nguyen MD. TPX2: of spindle assembly, DNA damage response, and cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3027-47. [PMID: 24556998 PMCID: PMC11114040 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1582-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
For more than 15 years, TPX2 has been studied as a factor critical for mitosis and spindle assembly. These functions of TPX2 are attributed to its Ran-regulated microtubule-associated protein properties and to its control of the Aurora A kinase. Overexpressed in cancers, TPX2 is being established as marker for the diagnosis and prognosis of malignancies. During interphase, TPX2 resides preferentially in the nucleus where its function had remained elusive until recently. The latest finding that TPX2 plays a role in amplification of the DNA damage response, combined with the characterization of TPX2 knockout mice, open new perspectives to understand the biology of this protein. This review provides an historic overview of the discovery of TPX2 and summarizes its cytoskeletal and signaling roles with relevance to cancer therapies. Finally, the review aims to reconcile discrepancies between the experimental and pathological effects of TPX2 overexpression and advances new roles for compartmentalized TPX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Neumayer
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, T2N 4N1, Canada,
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Combined analysis of serum alpha-fetoprotein and MAGE-A3-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in peripheral blood for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. DISEASE MARKERS 2014; 35:915-23. [PMID: 24427779 PMCID: PMC3881391 DOI: 10.1155/2013/907394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the feasibility of the combined detection of HLA-A2/MAGE-A3 epitope-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) for specific diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We detected the frequency of MAGE-A3 epitopes (p112–120, KVAELVHFL) in spontaneous CTLs in the peripheral blood of HCC patients, liver cirrhosis patients, and healthy subjects with HLA-A2/polypeptide complex (pentamer) detection technology. Eighty-five HCC cases, 38 liver cirrhosis cases, and 50 healthy cases who were HLA-A2-positive were selected from 175 HCC patients, 80 patients with liver cirrhosis, and 105 healthy volunteers, respectively. The frequency of HLA-A2-specific MAGE-A3+ CTLs in the HCC group was significantly higher than that in the other groups. Combined detection of MAGE-A3+ CTL frequency and serum AFP value had a higher specificity than either of the two indicators alone. The pentamer technique is helpful in distinguishing benign lesions and malignant lesions in the liver. Combined with serum AFP, it can improve the diagnosis performance for HCC, especially for AFP-negative cancer.
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Aref AM, Hoa NT, Ge L, Agrawal A, Dacosta-Iyer M, Lambrecht N, Ouyang Y, Cornforth AN, Jadus MR. HCA519/TPX2: a potential T-cell tumor-associated antigen for human hepatocellular carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:1061-70. [PMID: 24966688 PMCID: PMC4063820 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s61442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunotherapy for human hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is slowly making progress towards treating these fatal cancers. The identification of new antigens can improve this approach. We describe a possible new antigen, hepatocellular carcinoma‐associated antigen‐519/targeting protein for Xklp‐2 (HCA519/TPX2), for HCC that might be beneficial for T‐cell specific HCC immunotherapy. Methods HCC was studied for the expression for 15 tumor‐associated antigens considered useful for immunotherapy within three HCC cell lines (HepG2, Hep3B, and PLC/PRF/5), lymphocytes, non‐cancerous livers, and clinical HCC. The expression of tumor antigenic precursor proteins (TAPPs) messenger RNA was first screened by reverse transcriptase quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Results Four antigens (alpha fetoprotein, aspartyl/asparaginyl βhydroxylase, glypican3 and HCA519/TPX2) proved to be the best expressed TAPPs within the HCC specimens by molecular analyses. HCA519/TPX2 was detected by intracellular cell flow cytometry within HCC cell lines by using a specific antibody towards this TAPP. This antibody also detected the protein within primary HCCs. We synthesized two HCA519/TPX2 peptides (HCA519464–472 and HCA519351–359) which can bind to human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐A*0201. Dendritic cells pulsed with these peptides stimulated cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs). These killer T‐cells lysed HLA‐A*0201+ T2 cells exogenously loaded with the correct specific peptide. The CTLs killed HepG2 (HLA‐A2+ and HCA519+), but not the Hep3B and PLC/PRF/5 cell lines, which are HCA519+ but HLA‐A2‐negative. In silico analysis reveals that HCA519/TPX2 has the inherent ability to bind to a very wide variety of HLA antigens. Conclusion HCA519/TPX2 is a viable immunotarget that should be further investigated within HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Aref
- Biological Science Department, Modern Sciences and Arts University, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo, Egypt ; Southern California Institute for Research and Education, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA, USA ; Research Health Care Group, Veterans Affairs Medical Center Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Neil T Hoa
- Research Health Care Group, Veterans Affairs Medical Center Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Lisheng Ge
- Research Health Care Group, Veterans Affairs Medical Center Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Anshu Agrawal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Maria Dacosta-Iyer
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Department, Veterans Affairs Medical Center Long Beach, CA, USA ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Nils Lambrecht
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Department, Veterans Affairs Medical Center Long Beach, CA, USA ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yi Ouyang
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Department, Veterans Affairs Medical Center Long Beach, CA, USA ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Martin R Jadus
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Department, Veterans Affairs Medical Center Long Beach, CA, USA ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA ; Neuro-Oncology Program, Chao Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Cancer-testis antigen HCA587/MAGE-C2 interacts with BS69 and promotes its degradation in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 449:386-91. [PMID: 24866244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
HCA587, also known as MAGE-C2, belonging to the MAGE gene family which is characterized by a conserved MAGE Homology Domain, is active in various types of tumors and silent in normal tissues except in male germ-line cells. The biological function of HCA587 is largely unknown. To analyze it, we attempted to identify protein partners of HCA587. We immunopurified HCA587-containing complex from HEK293 cells and identified BS69, a potential tumor suppressor, as an associated protein by mass spectrometry, and the following Immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down assays confirmed HCA587 interaction with BS69. Interestingly, overexpression of HCA587 promoted ubiquitination and the proteasomal degradation of BS69 whereas knockdown of endogenous HCA587 increased the protein level of BS69. Consistent with a functional role for BS69 in negatively regulating LMP1-induced NF-κB activation, overexpression of HCA587 resulted in a significant enhancement of LMP1-induced IL-6 production. These data indicate that HCA587 is a new negative regulator of BS69.
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Zhang T, Park KA, Li Y, Byun HS, Jeon J, Lee Y, Hong JH, Kim JM, Huang SM, Choi SW, Kim SH, Sohn KC, Ro H, Lee JH, Lu T, Stark GR, Shen HM, Liu ZG, Park J, Hur GM. PHF20 regulates NF-κB signalling by disrupting recruitment of PP2A to p65. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2062. [PMID: 23797602 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Constitutive NF-κB activation in cancer cells is caused by defects in the signalling network responsible for terminating the NF-κB response. Here we report that plant homeodomain finger protein 20 (PHF20) maintains NF-κB in an active state in the nucleus by inhibiting the interaction between PP2A and p65. We show that PHF20 induces canonical NF-κB signalling by increasing the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB subunit p65. In PHF20 overexpressing cells, the termination of tumour necrosis factor-induced p65 phosphorylation is impaired whereas upstream signalling events triggered by tumour necrosis factor are unaffected. This effect strictly depends on the interaction between PHF20 and methylated lysine residues of p65, which hinders recruitment of PP2A to p65, thereby maintaining p65 in a phosphorylated state. We further show that PHF20 levels correlate with p65 phosphorylation levels in human glioma specimens. Our work identifies PHF20 as a novel regulator of NF-κB activation and suggests that elevated expression of PHF20 may drive constitutive NF-κB activation in some cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiejun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Infection Signaling Network Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301 747, South Korea
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Tanaka R, Ono T, Sato S, Nakada T, Koizumi F, Hasegawa K, Nakagawa K, Okumura H, Yamashita T, Ohtsuka M, Asagoe K, Yamasaki O, Noguchi Y, Iwatsuki K, Nakayama E. Over-Expression of the Testis-Specific GeneTSGA10in Cancers and Its Immunogenicity. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 48:339-45. [PMID: 15107545 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The TSGA10 gene was originally isolated in normal testis by differential mRNA display. TSGA10 is located on chromosome 2q11.2 and consists of 19 exons extending over 3 kb. TSGA10 mRNA expression was investigated in normal and malignant tissues using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. It was predominantly expressed in the testis in adult normal tissues. In malignant tissues, TSGA10 was over-expressed in 4 of 20 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), 1 of 20 colon cancers, 7 of 20 ovarian cancers, 3 of 20 prostate cancers, 1 of 21 malignant melanomas, and 8 of 21 bladder cancers. Serological analysis revealed that 3 out of 346 patients with various types of cancer possessed antibody against recombinant TSGA10 protein. They included 2 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and a patient with malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Tanaka
- Departments of Immunology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Japan.
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Induction of high-titer IgG antibodies against multiple leukemia-associated antigens in CML patients with clinical responses to K562/GVAX immunotherapy. Blood Cancer J 2013; 3:e145. [PMID: 24013666 PMCID: PMC3789208 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2013.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to target myeloid leukemia with immunotherapy would represent a significant therapeutic advance. We report here immunological analysis of clinical trials of primary and secondary vaccination with K562/GM-CSF immunotherapy in adult chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia patients (CML-CP) with suboptimal responses to imatinib mesylate. Using serological analysis of recombinant cDNA expression libraries of K562 with autologous vaccinated patient serum, we have identified 12 novel chronic myeloid leukemia-associated antigens (LAAs). We show that clinical responses following K562/GM-CSF vaccination are associated with induction of high-titer antibody responses to multiple LAAs. We observe markedly discordant patterns of baseline and induced antibody responses in these identically vaccinated patients. No single antigen was recognized in all responses to vaccination. We demonstrate that an additional 'booster' vaccination series can be given safely to those with inadequate responses to initial vaccination, and is associated with more frequent induction of IgG responses to antigens overexpressed in K562 vaccine compared with primary CML-CP. Finally, those with induced immune responses to the same LAAs often shared HLA subtypes and patients with clinical responses following vaccination recognized a partially shared but non-identical spectrum of antigens; both findings have potentially significant implications for cancer vaccine immunotherapy.
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A new type of protein chip to detect hepatocellular carcinoma-related autoimmune antibodies in the sera of hepatitis C virus-positive patients. Proteome Sci 2013; 11:33. [PMID: 23866785 PMCID: PMC3750938 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-11-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We report here a new type of protein chip to detect antibodies in sera. This chip method was used to a prototype created to detect hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) -related autoantibodies in the sera of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected individuals. Results Five cysteine-tagged (Cys-tag) and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fused recombinant heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), and peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6), were spotted and immobilized on maleimide-incorporated diamond-like carbon (DLC) substrates. The antibodies in diluted sera were trapped by these proteins at each spot on the chip, and visualized by a fluorescence-conjugated anti-human IgG. The total immobilized protein level of each spot was detected with anti-GFP mouse IgG and a fluorescence-conjugated secondary anti-mouse IgG. The ratio between the two fluorescence intensities was used to quantify autoantibody levels in each serum sample. Heat treatment of the chip in a solution of denaturing and reducing agents, before serum-incubation, improved autoantibody detection. We tested serum samples from healthy individuals and HCC patients using the chips. The HSP70 autoantibodies were found at high levels in sera from HCV-positive HCC patients, but not in HCV-negative sera. Conclusion This protein chip system may have useful properties to capture a specific set of antibodies for predicting the onset of particular cancers such as HCC in HCV-infected individuals.
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Pérez de Castro I, Malumbres M. Mitotic Stress and Chromosomal Instability in Cancer: The Case for TPX2. Genes Cancer 2013; 3:721-30. [PMID: 23634259 DOI: 10.1177/1947601912473306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle deregulation is a common motif in human cancer, and multiple therapeutic strategies are aimed to prevent tumor cell proliferation. Whereas most current therapies are designed to arrest cell cycle progression either in G1/S or in mitosis, new proposals include targeting the intrinsic chromosomal instability (CIN, an increased rate of gain or losses of chromosomes during cell division) or aneuploidy (a genomic composition that differs from diploid) that many tumor cells display. Why tumors cells are chromosomally unstable or aneuploid and what are the consequences of these alterations are not completely clear at present. Several mitotic regulators are overexpressed as a consequence of oncogenic alterations, and they are likely to alter the proper regulation of chromosome segregation in cancer cells. In this review, we propose the relevance of TPX2, a mitotic regulator involved in the formation of the mitotic spindle, in oncogene-induced mitotic stress. This protein, as well as its partner Aurora-A, is frequently overexpressed in human cancer, and its deregulation may participate not only in chromosome numeric aberrations but also in other forms of genomic instability in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Pérez de Castro
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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Zhao W, Li Q, Ayers S, Gu Y, Shi Z, Zhu Q, Chen Y, Wang HY, Wang RF. Jmjd3 inhibits reprogramming by upregulating expression of INK4a/Arf and targeting PHF20 for ubiquitination. Cell 2013; 152:1037-50. [PMID: 23452852 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Although somatic cell reprogramming to generate inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is associated with profound epigenetic changes, the roles and mechanisms of epigenetic factors in this process remain poorly understood. Here, we identify Jmjd3 as a potent negative regulator of reprogramming. Jmjd3-deficient MEFs produced significantly more iPSC colonies than did wild-type cells, whereas ectopic expression of Jmjd3 markedly inhibited reprogramming. We show that the inhibitory effects of Jmjd3 are produced through both histone demethylase-dependent and -independent pathways. The latter pathway involves Jmjd3 targeting of PHF20 for ubiquitination and degradation via recruitment of an E3 ligase, Trim26. Importantly, PHF20-deficient MEFs could not be converted to fully reprogrammed iPSCs, even with knockdown of Jmjd3, Ink4a, or p21, indicating that PHF20 is required for reprogramming. Our findings demonstrate, to the best of our knowledge, a previously unrecognized role of Jmjd3 in cellular reprogramming and provide molecular insight into the mechanisms by which the Jmjd3-PHF20 axis controls this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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61
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Sun HX, Xu Y, Yang XR, Wang WM, Bai H, Shi RY, Nayar SK, Devbhandari RP, He YZ, Zhu QF, Sun YF, Hu B, Khan M, Anders RA, Fan J. Hypoxia inducible factor 2 alpha inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma growth through the transcription factor dimerization partner 3/ E2F transcription factor 1-dependent apoptotic pathway. Hepatology 2013; 57:1088-97. [PMID: 23212661 PMCID: PMC3594482 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) are activated in many tumors and show either promoter or suppressor activity, depending on tumor cell biology and background. However, the role of HIF member HIF-2α remains unclear in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, HIF-2α expression was measured in HCC and paired peritumoral tissues by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunofluorescence assays, and the clinical significance was explored in 246 HCC patients. In cell culture, HIF-2α levels were up-regulated or down-regulated by use of expression or short hairpin RNA recombinant plasmid, respectively. Cells were analyzed by immunoblotting, chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with microarray, coimmunoprecipitation, and immunohistochemical staining. In vivo tumor growth was analyzed in nude mice. We found that the average expression of HIF-2α was relatively low in HCC tissues, and the decreased level was associated with lower overall survival (P=0.006). High HIF-2α expression in HCC cells induced higher levels of apoptosis and expression of proapoptotic proteins and inhibited cell and tumor growth. Furthermore, HIF-2α inhibited expression of the novel target gene, transcription factor dimerization partner 3 (TFDP3). TFDP3 protein was found to bind with E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1) and inhibit its transcriptional activity through both p53-dependent and -independent pathways. Reintroduction of TFDP3 expression reversed HIF-2α-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Data gathered from cell lines, tumorigenicity studies, and primary HCC samples demonstrate a negative role of HIF-2α in tumors, which is mediated by the TFDP3/E2F1 pathway. Our study provides evidence supporting a possible tumor-suppressor role for HIF-2α and has uncovered a mechanism that links HIF-2α to a fundamental biological regulator, E2F1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Xiang Sun
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China,The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Pathology, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yang Xu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China,The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Pathology, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xin-Rong Yang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Min Wang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Bai
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Pathology, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ruo-Yu Shi
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Suresh K. Nayar
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Pathology, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ranjan Prasad Devbhandari
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yi-zhou He
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Qin-Feng Zhu
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Pathology, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Fan Sun
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Bo Hu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Mehtab Khan
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Pathology, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert A. Anders
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Pathology, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jia Fan
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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Zhou X, Yang F, Zhang T, Zhuang R, Sun Y, Fang L, Zhang C, Ma Y, Huang G, Ma F, Song C, Jin B. Heterogeneous expression of CT10, CT45 and GAGE7 antigens and their prognostic significance in human breast carcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2013; 43:243-50. [PMID: 23315387 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hys236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to detect the intertumoral heterogeneity of CT10, CT45 and GAGE7 expression and further to analyze their prognostic value. METHODS The intertumoral heterogeneity of three cancer/testis antigens was examined by immunohistochemistry using 120 samples from patients with infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma. The expression patterns were classified and correlated with the clinicopathologic variables and outcome of the patients. RESULTS CT10 showed punctate, focal and diffuse expression patterns according to the characteristic of its distribution. CT45 showed cytoplasmic, nuclear or combined cytoplasmic and nuclear expression patterns according to its subcellular location. GAGE7 exhibited nuclear, cytoplasmic and nucleolar expression patterns. Three cancer/testis antigens were also observed coordinately expressed in infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma. Patients with tumors with CT10 expression was significantly correlated with nodal metastases (P < 0.001) and advanced clinical stages (P = 0.001). Patients with tumors with cytoplasmic GAGE7 and with the expression of two or more cancer/testis antigens were significantly correlated with advanced clinical stages (P = 0.001 and P = 0.030). No significant difference was identified between the different expression patterns of CT45 and clinicopathologic variables. In addition, Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that diffuse CT10 expression and coexpression of three cancer/testis antigens were related to the poor prognosis of patients with infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Diffuse CT10 expression and the coexpression of three cancer/testis antigens can be used as a biomarker to distinguish patients with a poorer outcome of the breast carcinoma. Our finding may provide useful data for evaluating the prognosis of this disease and improving the effectiveness of therapeutic application based on the three cancer/testis antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchun Zhou
- Fourth Military Medical University, No. 17 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China.
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PKB-mediated PHF20 phosphorylation on Ser291 is required for p53 function in DNA damage. Cell Signal 2013; 25:74-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Cuajungco MP, Podevin W, Valluri VK, Bui Q, Nguyen VH, Taylor K. Abnormal accumulation of human transmembrane (TMEM)-176A and 176B proteins is associated with cancer pathology. Acta Histochem 2012; 114:705-12. [PMID: 22244448 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane (TMEM)-176A and 176B proteins belong to the MS4A family of proteins whose function in the immune system remains unclear. TMEM176A transcripts were previously shown to be elevated in liver cancer or kidney tissue with proteinuria, while marked changes in TMEM176B transcripts have been found in tolerated tissue allografts and neoplastic fibroblasts. To study the functional relationship between human TMEM176A and 176B and their putative link to cancer, we used polymerase chain reaction and biochemical assays. Here, we show that TMEM176A and 176B are widely expressed in all human tissues examined. Co-immunoprecipitation of heterologously expressed TMEM176A and 176B revealed direct physical interaction. To determine the relevance of such interaction to cancer pathology, we analyzed biopsied tissue samples from a variety of normal and cancer tissues. Our data reveal that human TMEM176A and 176B protein levels are significantly elevated in lymphoma, but not in normal tissues. The protein levels of TMEM176A are also significantly increased in lung carcinoma. Finally, analysis of the protein expression ratio of TMEM176A over 176B showed significant differences between normal and cancer tissues of the breast, lymph, skin, and liver, which indicates that both TMEM proteins could be potential useful markers for certain human cancers.
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Chen J, Zhang L, Wen W, Hao J, Zeng P, Qian X, Zhang Y, Yin Y. Induction of HCA587-specific antitumor immunity with HCA587 protein formulated with CpG and ISCOM in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47219. [PMID: 23071764 PMCID: PMC3469506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
HCA587 (also known as MAGE-C2) is a “cancer-testis” antigen highly expressed in a number of malignancies with unique immunological properties, making it a promising target for tumor immunotherapy. In this report, we demonstrated that HCA587 protein, when formulated with adjuvants CpG–containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) and ISCOM, was capable of inducing a potent cellular and humoral immune response as indicated by the presence of a large number of HCA587-specific, IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells and high levels of HCA587-specific antibodies. More importantly, vaccination with HCA587 conferred protection against challenge with HCA587-expressing B16 melanoma in prophylactic and therapeutic settings. In analysis of the mechanisms underlying the protective effect, we showed that the vaccination was followed by enhanced accumulation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) with enrichment of conventional CD4+ T cells but reduced representation of Treg cells. Further, the antitumor effect was largely abrogated in mice either depleted of CD4+ T cells or deficient for IFN-γ. These results indicate that HCA587 protein vaccine possesses evident antitumor activity in a mouse model and holds promise for treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weigang Wen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaqing Hao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pumei Zeng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Qian
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (YY)
| | - Yanhui Yin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (YY)
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Luna Coronell JA, Syed P, Sergelen K, Gyurján I, Weinhäusel A. The current status of cancer biomarker research using tumour-associated antigens for minimal invasive and early cancer diagnostics. J Proteomics 2012; 76 Spec No.:102-15. [PMID: 22842156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-associated antigens (TAA) can be detected prior to clinical diagnosis and thus would be ideal biomarkers for early detection of cancer using only a few microliters of a patient's serum. In this article we provide a summary of TAA screening and serum-profiling conducted for breast, prostate, lung and colon cancers. Different methodological approaches, including SEREX, SERPA, and phage display for TAA identification and TAA panels are summarised, and a revision of array based techniques is provided. The most promising studies performed on these cancers (performed with 80-400 serum samples, including controls) obtained sensitivities in a range of 44-95% and specificities of 80-100%. From the various studies reviewed, only one performed cross validation (AUC=0.71) in a prostate cancer study. Thus, albeit receiver operation characteristics are very promising, cross validation of most studies is still missing. Additionally, the concerted action of research groups for standardization of serum-TAA testing and cross validation is required. Along with today's technological options, the chances of establishing TAA biomarkers are now higher than ever before. This may also be true for confirmation and validation of already existing data, which is a prerequisite for implementation of TAA biomarkers into clinical diagnostics. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Integrated omics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana A Luna Coronell
- Molecular Diagnostics, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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67
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Kiyamova R, Garifulin O, Gryshkova V, Kostianets O, Shyian M, Gout I, Filonenko V. Preliminary study of thyroid and colon cancers-associated antigens and their cognate autoantibodies as potential cancer biomarkers. Biomarkers 2012; 17:362-71. [PMID: 22612312 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2012.677476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoantibodies, which are produced against tumor-associated antigens, are potential tumor markers and attract a growing interest for cancer detection, differential diagnostics and prognosis. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the diagnostic significance of 40 antigens identified by immunoscreening of cDNA libraries from thyroid and colon cancers by allogenic screening with different tumor types patients' sera. METHOD Plaque-spot serological assay. RESULTS Increased frequency of antibody response in sera of cancer patients compared with that of healthy donors was shown toward 14 antigens, 8 of which (CG016, BTN3A3, FKBP4, XRCC4, TSGA2, ACTR1A, FXYD3 and CTSH) have revealed exclusively cancer-related serological profile. CONCLUSION Allogenic screening of 40 SEREX-antigens with sera from cancer patients and healthy donors allowed us to reveal 14 antigens with potential diagnostic significance. These antigens and their cognate autoantibodies could be considered as valuable targets for further analysis as potential cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramziya Kiyamova
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
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68
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Bracci PM, Zhou M, Young S, Wiemels J. Serum autoantibodies to pancreatic cancer antigens as biomarkers of pancreatic cancer in a San Francisco Bay Area case-control study. Cancer 2012; 118:5384-94. [PMID: 22517435 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening and early diagnosis tools are lacking for pancreatic adenocarcinoma; most patients are diagnosed with metastatic disease. Autoantibodies to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) can be present months to years before diagnosis and hold promise as biomarkers for early detection. METHODS TAAs to pancreatic cancer autoantibodies CTDSP1 (carboxy-terminal domain, RNA polymerase II, polypeptide A, small phosphatase 1), MAPK9 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 9), and NR2E3 (nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group E, member 3), which were identified as potentially promising biomarkers in exploratory studies, were evaluated in serum from participants (300 cases, 300 controls) in a population-based case-control pancreatic cancer study in the San Francisco Bay Area. Patients were identified through cancer registry rapid case ascertainment, newly diagnosed from 1995 to 1999 and followed up through 2008. Autoantibody levels were analyzed as continuous and grouped (quartiles) variables. Multivariable unconditional logistic regression was used to compute odds ratios (ORs) as estimates of autoantibody levels associated with disease status. Kaplan-Meier product limit estimates and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression were used to assess autoantibody levels associated with case survival duration. RESULTS Cases had higher levels of CTDSP1 (P = .004), MAPK9 (P = .0002), and NR2E3 (P ≤ .0001) autoantibodies than controls (fourth vs first quartile: CTDSP1 OR = 1.7, MAPK9 OR = 2.5, NR2E3 OR = 4.0). High body mass index and tobacco use were associated with levels in controls but were not statistical confounders. High CTDSP1 levels were somewhat associated with better survival (hazard ratio = 0.77, P = .07). CONCLUSIONS Combined with previous results, this study contributes evidence that cancer-related host immune-response factors may be useful diagnostic screening tools and prognostic indicators for pancreatic cancer. Further studies are needed to critically assess the value of autoantibody panels to TAAs in diagnostic screening, prognosis, and immunotherapy of pancreatic and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige M Bracci
- School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118-1944, USA.
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69
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Antigenic stimulation induces recombination activating gene 1 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase expression in a murine T-cell hybridoma. Cell Immunol 2012; 274:19-25. [PMID: 22464913 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Secondary rearrangements of the T cell receptor (TCR) represent a genetic correction mechanism which changes T cell specificity by re-activating V(D)J recombination in peripheral T cells. Murine T-cell hybridoma A1.1 was employed to investigate whether antigenic stimulation induced re-expression of recombinase genes and altered TCR Vβ expression. Following repeated antigenic stimulation, A1.1 cells were induced to re-express recombination activating gene (RAG)1 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) which are generally considered prerequisite to TCR gene rearrangement. Accompanied with the significant changes in TCR mRNA levels over time, it is suggested that secondary rearrangements may be induced in A1.1 cells, which represent a mature T cell clone capable of re-expressing RAG genes and possesses the prerequisite for secondary V(D)J rearrangement.
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70
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Xia Y, Tang L, Yao L, Wan B, Yang X, Yu L. Literature and patent analysis of the cloning and identification of human functional genes in China. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2012; 55:268-282. [PMID: 22527523 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-012-4299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Human Genome Project was launched at the end of the 1980s. Since then, the cloning and identification of functional genes has been a major focus of research across the world. In China too, the potentially profound impact of such studies on the life sciences and on human health was realized, and relevant studies were initiated in the 1990s. To advance China's involvement in the Human Genome Project, in the mid-1990s, Committee of Experts in Biology from National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) proposed the "two 1%" goal. This goal envisaged China contributing 1% of the total sequencing work, and cloning and identifying 1% of the total human functional genes. Over the past 20 years, tremendous achievement has been accomplished by Chinese scientists. It is well known that scientists in China finished the 1% of sequencing work of the Human Genome Project, whereas, there is no comprehensive report about "whether China had finished cloning and identifying 1% of human functional genes". In the present study, the GenBank database at the National Center of Biotechnology Information, the PubMed search tool, and the patent database of the State Intellectual Property Office, China, were used to retrieve entries based on two screening standards: (i) Were the newly cloned and identified genes first reported by Chinese scientists? (ii) Were the Chinese scientists awarded the gene sequence patent? Entries were retrieved from the databases up to the cut-off date of 30 June 2011 and the obtained data were analyzed further. The results showed that 589 new human functional genes were first reported by Chinese scientists and 159 gene sequences were patented (http://gene.fudan.sh.cn/introduction/database/chinagene/chinagene.html). This study systematically summarizes China's contributions to human functional genomics research and answers the question "has China finished cloning and identifying 1% of human functional genes?" in the affirmative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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71
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Adams-Cioaba MA, Li Z, Tempel W, Guo Y, Bian C, Li Y, Lam R, Min J. Crystal structures of the Tudor domains of human PHF20 reveal novel structural variations on the Royal Family of proteins. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:859-65. [PMID: 22449972 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The human PHD finger protein 20 (PHF20) is a putative transcription factor. While little is known about its cognate cellular role, antibodies against PHF20 are present in sera from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, glioblastoma and childhood medulloblastula. PHF20 comprises two N-terminal Tudor domains, a central C2H2-link zinc finger domain and a C-terminal zinc-binding PHD domain, and is a component of some MLL methyltransferase complexes. Here, we report the crystal structures of the N-terminal Tudor domains of PHF20 and highlight the novel structural features of each domain. We also confirm previous studies suggesting that the second Tudor domain of PHF20 exhibits preference for dimethylated histone substrates.
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Grover A, Singh R, Shandilya A, Priyandoko D, Agrawal V, Bisaria VS, Wadhwa R, Kaul SC, Sundar D. Ashwagandha derived withanone targets TPX2-Aurora A complex: computational and experimental evidence to its anticancer activity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30890. [PMID: 22303466 PMCID: PMC3267739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is largely marked by genetic instability. Specific inhibition of individual proteins or signalling pathways that regulate genetic stability during cell division thus hold a great potential for cancer therapy. The Aurora A kinase is a Ser/Thr kinase that plays a critical role during mitosis and cytokinesis and is found upregulated in several cancer types. It is functionally regulated by its interactions with TPX2, a candidate oncogene. Aurora A inhibitors have been proposed as anticancer drugs that work by blocking its ATP binding site. This site is common to other kinases and hence these inhibitors lack specificity for Aurora A inhibition in particular, thus advocating the need of some alternative inhibition route. Previously, we identified TPX2 as a cellular target for withanone that selectively kill cancer cells. By computational approach, we found here that withanone binds to TPX2-Aurora A complex. In experiment, withanone treatment to cancer cells indeed resulted in dissociation of TPX2-Aurora A complex and disruption of mitotic spindle apparatus proposing this as a mechanism of the anticancer activity of withanone. From docking analysis, non-formation/disruption of the active TPX2-Aurora A association complex could be discerned. Our MD simulation results suggesting the thermodynamic and structural stability of TPX2-Aurora A in complex with withanone further substantiates the binding. We report a computational rationale of the ability of naturally occurring withanone to alter the kinase signalling pathway in an ATP-independent manner and experimental evidence in which withanone cause inactivation of the TPX2-Aurora A complex. The study demonstrated that TPX2-Aurora A complex is a target of withanone, a potential natural anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Grover
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Rumani Singh
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Central 4, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ashutosh Shandilya
- Supercomputing Facility for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Didik Priyandoko
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Central 4, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Vibhuti Agrawal
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Virendra S. Bisaria
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Renu Wadhwa
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Central 4, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sunil C. Kaul
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Central 4, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail: (SCK); (DS)
| | - Durai Sundar
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (SCK); (DS)
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Pellegrino MW, Farooqui S, Fröhli E, Rehrauer H, Kaeser-Pebernard S, Müller F, Gasser RB, Hajnal A. LIN-39 and the EGFR/RAS/MAPK pathway regulate C. elegans vulval morphogenesis via the VAB-23 zinc finger protein. Development 2011; 138:4649-60. [PMID: 21989912 DOI: 10.1242/dev.071951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenesis represents a phase of development during which cell fates are executed. The conserved hox genes are key cell fate determinants during metazoan development, but their role in controlling organ morphogenesis is less understood. Here, we show that the C. elegans hox gene lin-39 regulates epidermal morphogenesis via its novel target, the essential zinc finger protein VAB-23. During the development of the vulva, the egg-laying organ of the hermaphrodite, the EGFR/RAS/MAPK signaling pathway activates, together with LIN-39 HOX, the expression of VAB-23 in the primary cell lineage to control the formation of the seven vulval toroids. VAB-23 regulates the formation of homotypic contacts between contralateral pairs of cells with the same sub-fates at the vulval midline by inducing smp-1 (semaphorin) transcription. In addition, VAB-23 prevents ectopic vulval cell fusions by negatively regulating expression of the fusogen eff-1. Thus, LIN-39 and the EGFR/RAS/MAPK signaling pathway, which specify cell fates earlier during vulval induction, continue to act during the subsequent phase of cell fate execution by regulating various aspects of epidermal morphogenesis. Vulval cell fate specification and execution are, therefore, tightly coupled processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Pellegrino
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Veterinary Science, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
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MAGE-C2/CT10 protein expression is an independent predictor of recurrence in prostate cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21366. [PMID: 21754986 PMCID: PMC3130772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer-testis (CT) family of antigens is expressed in a variety of malignant neoplasms. In most cases, no CT antigen is found in normal tissues, except in testis, making them ideal targets for cancer immunotherapy. A comprehensive analysis of CT antigen expression has not yet been reported in prostate cancer. MAGE-C2/CT-10 is a novel CT antigen. The objective of this study was to analyze extent and prognostic significance of MAGE-C2/CT10 protein expression in prostate cancer. 348 prostate carcinomas from consecutive radical prostatectomies, 29 castration-refractory prostate cancer, 46 metastases, and 45 benign hyperplasias were immunohistochemically analyzed for MAGE-C2/CT10 expression using tissue microarrays. Nuclear MAGE-C2/CT10 expression was identified in only 3.3% primary prostate carcinomas. MAGE-C2/CT10 protein expression was significantly more frequent in metastatic (16.3% positivity) and castration-resistant prostate cancer (17% positivity; p<0.001). Nuclear MAGE-C2/CT10 expression was identified as predictor of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy (p = 0.015), which was independent of preoperative PSA, Gleason score, tumor stage, and surgical margin status in multivariate analysis (p<0.05). MAGE-C2/CT10 expression in prostate cancer correlates with the degree of malignancy and indicates a higher risk for biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Further, the results suggest MAGE-C2/CT10 as a potential target for adjuvant and palliative immunotherapy in patients with prostate cancer.
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Liu W, Zhai M, Wu Z, Qi Y, Wu Y, Dai C, Sun M, Li L, Gao Y. Identification of a novel HLA-A2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope from cancer-testis antigen PLAC1 in breast cancer. Amino Acids 2011; 42:2257-65. [PMID: 21710262 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0966-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Identification of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes from tumor antigens is essential for the development of peptide vaccines against tumor immunotherapy. Among all the tumor antigens, the caner-testis (CT) antigens are the most widely studied and promising targets. PLAC1 (placenta-specific 1, CT92) was considered as a novel member of caner-testis antigen, which expressed in a wide range of human malignancies, most frequently in breast cancer. In this study, three native peptides and their analogues derived from PLAC1 were predicted by T cell epitope prediction programs including SYFPEITHI, BIMAS and NetCTL 1.2. Binding affinity and stability assays in T2 cells showed that two native peptides, p28 and p31, and their analogues (p28-1Y9 V, p31-1Y2L) had more potent binding activity towards HLA-A*0201 molecule. In ELISPOT assay, the CTLs induced by these four peptides could release IFN-γ. The CTLs induced by these four peptides from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HLA-A*02+ healthy donor could lyse MCF-7 breast cancer cells (HLA-A*0201+, PLAC1+) in vitro. When immunized in HLA-A2.1/Kb transgenic mice, the peptide p28 could induce the most potent peptide-specific CTLs among these peptides. Therefore, our results indicated that the peptide p28 (VLCSIDWFM) could serve as a novel candidate epitope for the development of peptide vaccines against PLAC1-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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Expression of MAGE-C1/CT7 and MAGE-C2/CT10 predicts lymph node metastasis in melanoma patients. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21418. [PMID: 21738656 PMCID: PMC3124507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MAGE-C1/CT7 and MAGE-C2/CT10 are members of the large MAGE family of cancer-testis (CT) antigens. CT antigens are promising targets for immunotherapy in cancer because their expression is restricted to cancer and germ line cells and a proportion of cancer patients presents with immune responses against CT antigens, which clearly demonstrates their immunogenicity. This study investigates the expression of MAGE-C1/CT7 and MAGE-C2/CT10 in primary and metastatic melanoma. Immunohistochemical staining of tissue microarrays that consisted of 59 primary malignant melanomas of the skin, 163 lymph node and distant melanoma metastases and 68 melanoma cell lines was performed. We found MAGE-C1/CT7 expression in 15 out of 50 (24%) primary melanomas and 15 out of 50 (24%) cell lines, whereas MAGE-C2/CT10 was detected in 17 out of 51 (33%) primary melanomas and 14 out of 68 (17%) cell lines. MAGE-C1/CT7 and MAGE-C2/CT10 were both detected in 40% of melanoma metastases. Patients with MAGE-C1/CT7 or MAGE-C2/CT10 positive primary melanoma had significantly more lymph node metastases (p = 0.005 and p<0.001, resp.). Prediction of lymph node metastasis by MAGE-C1/CT7 and MAGE-C2/CT10 was independent of tumor cell proliferation rate (Ki67 labeling index) in a multivariate analysis (p = 0.01). Our results suggest that the expression of MAGE-C1/CT7 and MAGE-C2/CT10 in primary melanoma is a potent predictor of sentinel lymph node metastasis.
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Wen W, Zhang L, Peng J, Chen J, Hao J, Li X, Qian X, Zeng P, Zhang Y, Yin Y. Identification of promiscuous HLA-DR-restricted CD4⁺ T-cell epitopes on the cancer-testis antigen HCA587. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:1455-61. [PMID: 21595801 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.01986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The cancer testis antigen HCA587 is an attractive candidate for T cell-based immunotherapy because it is overexpressed in a wide spectrum of malignant tumors but not normal tissues, except testis. Several CTL epitopes derived from HCA587 have been described. Our aim was to identify helper T lymphocyte epitopes of HCA587 for the optimization of T cell-based immunotherapies against HCA587-expressing tumors. Candidate helper T lymphocyte epitopes for HCA587 were predicted using the SYFPEITHI algorithm and were tested for their ability to induce helper T lymphocyte responses by in vitro peptide vaccination of CD4(+) T lymphocytes from healthy individuals and hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Four CD4(+) T-cell epitopes for HCA587 (p43-57, p145-159, p186-200 and p249-263) were identified. Among them, the p43-57 epitope was shown to be naturally processed and presented by HCA587-expressing tumor cells as well as autologous dendritic cells pulsed with whole-protein HCA587. Notably, this epitope behaved as a promiscuous T-cell epitope as it stimulated T cells in the context of more than one HLA class II allele. Thus, p43-57 is the first HCA587-derived major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted epitope to fulfil all prerequisites for use as a peptide vaccine in patients with HCA587-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Wen
- Department of Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Identification of BCP-20 (FBXO39) as a cancer/testis antigen from colon cancer patients by SEREX. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 408:195-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Li QH, Wang LH, Lin YN, Chang GQ, Li HW, Jin WN, Hu RH, Pang TX. Nuclear accumulation of calcineurin B homologous protein 2 (CHP2) results in enhanced proliferation of tumor cells. Genes Cells 2011; 16:416-26. [PMID: 21392185 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2011.01497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between calcineurin B homologous protein 2 (CHP2) and Na(+) /H(+) exchanger 1 (NHE1), two membrane proteins, is essential for protecting cells from serum deprivation-induced death. Although four putative EF-hands in CHP2 had been predicted for years, Ca²(+) -binding activities of these motifs have not been tested yet, their role in this process remain poorly understood. To identify Ca²(+) -binding motifs required for the stable formation of CHP2/NHE1 complexes, we developed a mutagenesis-based assay in PS120 cells. We found that (45) Ca²(+) bond to two EF-hand motifs (EF3 and 4) of CHP2 proteins with high affinity. Complex formation between CHP2 and the CHP2 binding domain of NHE1 resulted in a marked increase in the Ca²(+) -binding affinity of CHP2. Co-immunoprecipitation and distribution of GFP-tagged CHP2-EF3m/4m also indicated that Ca²(+) affected the membrane location of CHP2 to interact with NHE1. The C-terminal region of CHP2 contains a nuclear export sequence (NES). When the six leucines of NES were mutated to alanines, the resulting CHP2 protein was predominantly localized to the nucleus. Furthermore, mutation of the NES resulted in enhanced proliferation and oncogenic potential of HeLa cells. Together, these results show that calcium and NES control the subcellular distribution of CHP2 and then distinctively regulate cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hua Li
- State key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
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80
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Hendrickson SL, Lautenberger JA, Chinn LW, Malasky M, Sezgin E, Kingsley LA, Goedert JJ, Kirk GD, Gomperts ED, Buchbinder SP, Troyer JL, O'Brien SJ. Genetic variants in nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes influence AIDS progression. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12862. [PMID: 20877624 PMCID: PMC2943476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human mitochondrial genome includes only 13 coding genes while nuclear-encoded genes account for 99% of proteins responsible for mitochondrial morphology, redox regulation, and energetics. Mitochondrial pathogenesis occurs in HIV patients and genetically, mitochondrial DNA haplogroups with presumed functional differences have been associated with differential AIDS progression. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we explore whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within 904 of the estimated 1,500 genes that specify nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins (NEMPs) influence AIDS progression among HIV-1 infected patients. We examined NEMPs for association with the rate of AIDS progression using genotypes generated by an Affymetrix 6.0 genotyping array of 1,455 European American patients from five US AIDS cohorts. Successfully genotyped SNPs gave 50% or better haplotype coverage for 679 of known NEMP genes. With a Bonferroni adjustment for the number of genes and tests examined, multiple SNPs within two NEMP genes showed significant association with AIDS progression: acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 4 (ACSM4) on chromosome 12 and peroxisomal D3,D2-enoyl-CoA isomerase (PECI) on chromosome 6. CONCLUSIONS Our previous studies on mitochondrial DNA showed that European haplogroups with presumed functional differences were associated with AIDS progression and HAART mediated adverse events. The modest influences of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes found in the current study add support to the idea that mitochondrial function plays a role in AIDS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sher L Hendrickson
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
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81
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Dmitriev SE, Terenin IM, Andreev DE, Ivanov PA, Dunaevsky JE, Merrick WC, Shatsky IN. GTP-independent tRNA delivery to the ribosomal P-site by a novel eukaryotic translation factor. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:26779-26787. [PMID: 20566627 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.119693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During translation, aminoacyl-tRNAs are delivered to the ribosome by specialized GTPases called translation factors. Here, we report the tRNA binding to the P-site of 40 S ribosomes by a novel GTP-independent factor eIF2D isolated from mammalian cells. The binding of tRNA(i)(Met) occurs after the AUG codon finds its position in the P-site of 40 S ribosomes, the situation that takes place during initiation complex formation on the hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site or on some other specific RNAs (leaderless mRNA and A-rich mRNAs with relaxed scanning dependence). Its activity in tRNA binding with 40 S subunits does not require the presence of the aminoacyl moiety. Moreover, the factor possesses the unique ability to deliver non-Met (elongator) tRNAs into the P-site of the 40 S subunit. The corresponding gene is found in all eukaryotes and includes an SUI1 domain present also in translation initiation factor eIF1. The versatility of translation initiation strategies in eukaryotes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey E Dmitriev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Ilya M Terenin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Dmitri E Andreev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Pavel A Ivanov
- Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Jacov E Dunaevsky
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - William C Merrick
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Ivan N Shatsky
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.
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82
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Condamine T, Le Texier L, Howie D, Lavault A, Hill M, Halary F, Cobbold S, Waldmann H, Cuturi MC, Chiffoleau E. Tmem176B and Tmem176A are associated with the immature state of dendritic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:507-15. [PMID: 20501748 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1109738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DCs play a central role in the development of innate and adaptive immunity but also in the induction and maintenance of immune tolerance. Identification of factors that govern DC activation, their maturation state, and their capacity to induce proinflammatory or tolerogeneic responses therefore represents a crucial aim of research. We previously identified a new molecule, Tmem176B (which we named TORID initially), as highly expressed in a model of allograft tolerance in the rat. We showed that its overexpression in rat DCs blocked their maturation, suggesting a role for this molecule in the maturation process. To characterize the function of Tmem176B further, we used a split-ubiquitin yeast, two-hybrid system to identify interacting partners and found that Tmem176B associated with itself but also with Tmem176A, a membrane protein similar to Tmem176B. Interestingly, these two molecules showed similar mRNA expression patterns among various murine tissues and immune cells and were both down-regulated following DC maturation. In addition, we showed that in using RNAi, these molecules are both involved in the maintenance of the immature state of the DCs. Taken together, these data suggest that Tmem176B and Tmem176A associate to form multimers and restrain DC maturation. Therefore, these two molecules may represent valid targets to regulate DC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Condamine
- INSERM, U643, CHU Nantes, Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation, ITERT, and Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
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83
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Tang L, Yang J, Ng SK, Rodriguez N, Choi PW, Vitonis A, Wang K, McLachlan GJ, Caiazzo RJ, Liu BCS, Welch WR, Cramer DW, Berkowitz RS, Ng SW. Autoantibody profiling to identify biomarkers of key pathogenic pathways in mucinous ovarian cancer. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:170-9. [PMID: 19926475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mucinous epithelial ovarian cancers are clinically and morphologically distinct from the other histopathologic subtypes of ovarian cancer. Unlike other ovarian subtypes, epidemiologic studies have indicated that tobacco exposure is a significant risk factor for developing mucinous ovarian cancer. Detection of autoantibody reactivity is useful in biomarker discovery and for explaining the role of important pathophysiologic pathways in disease. In order to study if there are specific antibody biomarkers in the plasma samples of mucinous ovarian cancer patients, we have initiated a screen by employing a 'reverse capture antibody microarray' platform that uses native host antigens derived from mucinous ovarian tissues as 'baits' for the capture of differentially labelled patient and control autoantibodies. Thirty-five autoantibodies that were significantly elevated in the cancer plasma samples compared with healthy controls, and six autoantibodies that segregated smoking and non-smoking patients were identified. Functional annotation of the antibody targets has identified nine target antigens involved in integrin and Wnt signalling pathways. Immunohistochemistry of archived ovarian specimens showed significant overexpression of eight of the nine target antigens in mucinous ovarian tumour tissues, suggesting that plasma autoantibodies from mucinous ovarian cancer patients might have heightened reactivities with epitopes presented by these overexpressed antigens. Autoantibody profiling may have an unexpected utility in uncovering key signalling pathways that are dysregulated in the system of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangdan Tang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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84
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Abstract
Background The MS4A gene family in humans includes CD20 (MS4A1), FcRβ (MS4A2), Htm4 (MS4A3), and at least 13 other syntenic genes encoding membrane proteins, most having characteristic tetraspanning topology. Expression of MS4A genes is variable in tissues throughout the body; however, several are limited to cells in the hematopoietic system where they have known roles in immune cell functions. Genes in the small TMEM176 group share significant sequence similarity with MS4A genes and there is evidence of immune function of at least one of the encoded proteins. In this study, we examined the evolutionary history of the MS4A/TMEM176 families as well as tissue expression of the phylogenetically earliest members, in order to investigate their possible origins in immune cells. Principal Findings Orthologs of human MS4A genes were found only in mammals; however, MS4A gene homologs were found in most jawed vertebrates. TMEM176 genes were found only in mammals and bony fish. Several unusual MS4A genes having 2 or more tandem MS4A sequences were identified in the chicken (Gallus gallus) and early mammals (opossum, Monodelphis domestica and platypus, Ornithorhyncus anatinus). A large number of highly conserved MS4A and TMEM176 genes was found in zebrafish (Danio rerio). The most primitive organism identified to have MS4A genes was spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthus). Tissue expression of MS4A genes in S. acanthias and D. rerio showed no evidence of expression restricted to the hematopoietic system. Conclusions/Significance Our findings suggest that MS4A genes first appeared in cartilaginous fish with expression outside of the immune system, and have since diversified in many species into their modern forms with expression and function in both immune and nonimmune cells.
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85
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Acyl-coenzyme A binding domain containing 3 (ACBD3; PAP7; GCP60): an emerging signaling molecule. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 49:218-34. [PMID: 20043945 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Golgi body-mediated signaling has been linked to its fragmentation and regeneration during the mitotic cycle of the cell. During this process, Golgi-resident proteins are released to the cytosol and interact with other signaling molecules to regulate various cellular processes. Acyl-coenzyme A binding domain containing 3 protein (ACBD3) is a Golgi protein involved in several signaling events. ACBD3 protein was previously known as peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor and cAMP-dependent protein kinase associated protein 7 (PAP7), Golgi complex-associated protein of 60kDa (GCP60), Golgi complex-associated protein 1 (GOCAP1), and Golgi phosphoprotein 1 (GOLPH1). In this review, we present the gene ontology of ACBD3, its relations to other Acyl-coenzyme A binding domain containing (ACBD) proteins, and its biological function in steroidogenesis, apoptosis, neurogenesis, and embryogenesis. We also discuss the role of ACBD3 in asymmetric cell division and cancer. New findings about ACBD3 may help understand this newly characterized signaling molecule and stimulate further research into its role in molecular endocrinology, neurology, and stem cell biology.
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86
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Pellegrino MW, Gasser RB, Sprenger F, Stetak A, Hajnal A. The conserved zinc finger protein VAB-23 is an essential regulator of epidermal morphogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev Biol 2009; 336:84-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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87
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Tan HT, Low J, Lim SG, Chung MCM. Serum autoantibodies as biomarkers for early cancer detection. FEBS J 2009; 276:6880-904. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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88
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Identification of a new broad-spectrum CD8+ T cell epitope from over-expressed antigen COX-2 in esophageal carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2009; 284:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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89
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Tan LB, Chen KT, Yuan YC, Liao PC, Guo HR. Identification of urine PLK2 as a marker of bladder tumors by proteomic analysis. World J Urol 2009; 28:117-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00345-009-0432-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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90
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Sasaroli D, Coukos G, Scholler N. Beyond CA125: the coming of age of ovarian cancer biomarkers. Are we there yet? Biomark Med 2009; 3:275-288. [PMID: 19684876 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.09.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths among women in the United States, despite its relatively low incidence of 50 per 100,000. Even though advances in therapy have been made, the OC fatality-to-case ratio remains exceedingly high, due to the lack of accurate tools to diagnose early-stage disease when cure is still possible. The most studied marker for OC, CA125, is only expressed by 50-60% of patients with early stage disease. Large efforts have been deployed to identify novel serum markers, yet no single marker has emerged as a serious competitor for CA125. Various groups are investing in combination approaches to increase the diagnostic value of existing markers, but many markers may still lie in under-explored areas of ovarian cancer biology, such as tumor vasculature environment and post-translational modifications (glycomics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Sasaroli
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 421 Curie Boulevard, BRBII/III, PA, USA
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91
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Identification of genes associated with non-small-cell lung cancer promotion and progression. Lung Cancer 2009; 67:151-9. [PMID: 19473719 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cause of neoplasia-related death worldwide. One of the crucial early events in carcinogenesis is the induction of genomic instability and mutator phenotype. We investigated genomic instability in 30 patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by comparing DNA fingerprints of paired tumor and normal tissues using arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR). Selected 21 DNA bands with altered mobility were isolated from polyacrylamide gels, cloned and sequenced. Obtained sequences were submitted to homology search in GenBank database which revealed the following genes: TSPAN14, CDH12, RDH10, CYP4Z1, KIR, E2F4, PHACTR3, PHF20, PRAME family member and SLC2A13. Following the identification of these genes we examined their relation to the clinicopathological parameters and survival of the patients. Our study revealed that genetic alterations of TSPAN14, SLC2A13 and PHF20 appeared prevalently in tumors of grade 1, stage I suggesting that structural changes of these genes could play a role in NSCLC promotion. Contrary to this CYP4Z1, KIR and RDH10 were prevalently mutated in tumors of grade 3, stage III suggesting that they could play a role in NSCLC progression. E2F4, PHACTR3, PRAME family member and CDH12 most probably play important role in NSCLC geneses. In conclusion, our study revealed altered genes previously not described in regard to this type of cancer.
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92
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Fant X, Gnadt N, Haren L, Merdes A. Stability of the small gamma-tubulin complex requires HCA66, a protein of the centrosome and the nucleolus. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:1134-44. [PMID: 19299467 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.035238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate changes at the centrosome during the cell cycle, we analyzed the composition of the pericentriolar material from unsynchronized and S-phase-arrested cells by gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. We identified HCA66, a protein that localizes to the centrosome from S-phase to mitosis and to the nucleolus throughout interphase. Silencing of HCA66 expression resulted in failure of centrosome duplication and in the formation of monopolar spindles, reminiscent of the phenotype observed after gamma-tubulin silencing. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that proteins of the gamma-tubulin ring complex were absent from the centrosome in these monopolar spindles. Immunoblotting revealed reduced protein levels of all components of the gamma-tubulin small complex (gamma-tubulin, GCP2, and GCP3) in HCA66-depleted cells. By contrast, the levels of gamma-tubulin ring complex proteins such as GCP4 and GCP-WD/NEDD1 were unaffected. We propose that HCA66 is a novel regulator of gamma-tubulin function that plays a role in stabilizing components of the gamma-tubulin small complex, which is in turn essential for assembling the larger gamma-tubulin ring complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Fant
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
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93
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Atanackovic D, Luetkens T, Hildebrandt Y, Arfsten J, Bartels K, Horn C, Stahl T, Cao Y, Zander AR, Bokemeyer C, Kröger N. Longitudinal analysis and prognostic effect of cancer-testis antigen expression in multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:1343-52. [PMID: 19190130 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Reliable data on the persistence of tumor expression of cancer-testis (CT) antigens over time and consequent analyses of the effect of CT antigen expression on the clinical course of malignancies are crucial for their evaluation as diagnostic markers and immunotherapeutic targets. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Applying conventional reverse transcription-PCR, real-time PCR, and Western blot, we did the first longitudinal study of CT antigen expression in multiple myeloma analyzing 330 bone marrow samples from 129 patients for the expression of four CT antigens (MAGE-C1/CT7, MAGE-C2/CT10, MAGE-A3, and SSX-2). RESULTS CT antigens were frequently and surprisingly persistently expressed, indicating that down-regulation of these immunogenic targets does not represent a common tumor escape mechanism in myeloma. We observed strong correlations of CT antigen expression levels with the clinical course of myeloma patients as indicated by the number of bone marrow-residing plasma cells and peripheral paraprotein levels, suggesting a role for CT antigens as independent tumor markers. Investigating the prognostic value of CT antigen expression in myeloma patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, we found that expression of genes, such as MAGE-C1, represents an important indicator of early relapse and dramatically reduced survival. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that CT antigens might promote the progression of multiple myeloma and especially MAGE-C1/CT7, which seems to play the role of a "gatekeeper" gene for other CT antigens, might characterize a more malignant phenotype. Importantly, our study also strongly supports the usefulness of CT antigens as diagnostic and prognostic markers as well as therapeutic targets in myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djordje Atanackovic
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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94
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Riener MO, Wild PJ, Soll C, Knuth A, Jin B, Jungbluth A, Hellerbrand C, Clavien PA, Moch H, Jochum W. Frequent expression of the novel cancer testis antigen MAGE-C2/CT-10 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:352-7. [PMID: 18942708 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer testis (CT) antigens are attractive targets for immunotherapy in cancer patients. Immunohistochemistry was used to study the expression of the CT antigens MAGE-C2/CT-10, MAGE-C1/CT-7, GAGE, MAGE-A4 and NY-ESO-1 in 146 hepatocellular carcinomas, 13 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas, 37 extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas and 32 gallbladder carcinomas. Immunopositivity was correlated with clinicopathological parameters, MHC Class 1 expression, intratumoral CD4+, CD8+ and FOXP3+ T cells and CD163+ antigen-presenting cells. Of the 146 hepatocellular carcinomas, 34% were positive for MAGE-C2/CT-10, 12% for MAGE-C1/CT-7, 11% for GAGE and 2% for NY-ESO-1, respectively. MHC Class 1 coexpression was identified in almost all CT antigen-positive tumors. The number of intratumoral FOXP3+ regulatory T cells was increased in CT antigen-positive hepatocellular carcinomas (p<0.004), suggesting inhibition of immune response in such tumors. Furthermore, MAGE-C1/CT-7 and GAGE positivity was correlated with reduced overall survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (p=0.03 and 0.01, respectively). Four (13%) gallbladder carcinomas stained positive for MAGE-C2/CT-10, of which 1 tumor (3%) was also positive for NY-ESO-1 and GAGE. CT antigens were not expressed in intra- and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas. Our results suggest that MAGE-C2/CT-10 may be a good candidate for peptide vaccination in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
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95
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Li GD, Zhang X, Li R, Wang YD, Wang YL, Han KJ, Qian XP, Yang CG, Liu P, Wei Q, Chen WF, Zhang J, Zhang Y. CHP2 Activates the Calcineurin/Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells Signaling Pathway and Enhances the Oncogenic Potential of HEK293 Cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:32660-8. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806684200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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96
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Zhang L, Huang H, Deng L, Chu M, Xu L, Fu J, Zhu Y, Zhang X, Liu S, Zhou Z, Wang Y. TPX2 in malignantly transformed human bronchial epithelial cells by anti-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide. Toxicology 2008; 252:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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97
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Kurosu K, Takiguchi Y, Okada O, Yumoto N, Sakao S, Tada Y, Kasahara Y, Tanabe N, Tatsumi K, Weiden M, Rom WN, Kuriyama T. Identification of annexin 1 as a novel autoantigen in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:756-67. [PMID: 18566442 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.1.756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Consistent with the hypothesis that pulmonary epithelial apoptosis is the key to the acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), we conducted serological identification of Ags by recombinant expression cloning (SEREX) analysis using type II alveolar cell carcinoma (A549) cell lines to identify disease-related Abs. In a survey of Abs to the recombinant autoantigens identified by SEREX analysis, five Abs were identified as novel candidates for the acute exacerbation of IPF. Abs to annexin 1 were detected in 47 and 53% of the sera and bronchoalveolar lavage materials from patients with acute exacerbation of IPF. Some identical TCR Vbeta genes were identified in sequential materials obtained at 1-3 mo in all 10 acute exacerbation IPF cases, suggesting that some infiltrating CD4-positive T cells sharing limited epitopes expand by Ag-driven stimulation during disease extension. The CDR3 region of these identical TCR Vbeta genes showed high homology with the N-terminal portion of annexin 1, including in the HLA-DR ligand epitopes predicted by TEPITOPE analysis. By Western blotting analysis and observation of the CD4-positive T cell responses in bronchoalveolar lavage samples, the N-terminal portion of annexin 1 was cleaved and found to induce marked proliferative responses of CD4-positive T cells in three patients. Our study demonstrates that annexin 1 is an autoantigen that raises both Ab production and T cell response in patients with acute exacerbation of IPF, and that the N-terminal portion of annexin 1 plays some role in the pathogenesis of acute exacerbation in IPF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsushi Kurosu
- Department of Respirology (B2), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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98
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Xie LH, Sin FWY, Cheng SCS, Cheung YK, Chan KT, Xie Y, Xie Y. Activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes against CML28-bearing tumors by dendritic cells transduced with a recombinant adeno-associated virus encoding the CML28 gene. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1029-38. [PMID: 18157497 PMCID: PMC11030284 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0434-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Induction of anti-tumor immune responses by dendritic cells (DCs) transduced with a recombinant adeno-associated virus type 2 (rAAV2) encoding tumor antigens is considered a promising approach for cancer vaccine development. CML28, a novel antigen with the properties of cancer/ testis (CT) antigens, is an attractive target for antigen-specific immunotherapy. Here we investigated the feasibility of inducing CML28-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses using DCs transduced with the rAAV2 vectors containing the CML28 gene (rAAV/CML28). Using an adenovirus-free packaging system, rAAV/CML28 was generated. The transduction efficiency of rAAV/CML28 in DCs increased in a multiplicity of infection (MOI)-dependent manner. The rAAV/CML28 transduction did not impair DC maturation, but even enhanced the CD80 expression. The rAAV/CML28-transduced DCs induced CML28-specific CTLs which exhibited a MHC class I-mediated antigen-specific lytic activity against CML28-bearing tumor cell lines (HepG2 and MCF-7) as well as the primary leukemia blasts. These findings suggest that rAAV/CML28-transduced DCs vaccine may serve as a feasible approach for the treatment of CML28-associated cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- B7-1 Antigen/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Exoribonucleases/biosynthesis
- Exoribonucleases/genetics
- Exoribonucleases/immunology
- Exosome Multienzyme Ribonuclease Complex
- Feasibility Studies
- Genes, MHC Class I
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA-Binding Proteins
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Xie
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, the Medical Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Fion Wan-Yee Sin
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Samuel Chak-Sum Cheng
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying-Kit Cheung
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin-Tak Chan
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, the Medical Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Yong Xie
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Xing Q, Pang XW, Peng JR, Yin YH, Li Y, Yu X, Zhou SP, Zhang Y, Chen WF. Identification of new cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes from cancer testis antigen HCA587. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 372:331-5. [PMID: 18498761 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The cancer testis (CT) antigen HCA587 is highly expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and induces specific T-cell responses in a significant proportion of HCC patients. To explore its potential in cancer immunotherapy, a reverse immunology approach was adopted to identify HCA587-derived HLA-A( *)0201-restricted epitopes. Multiple peptides with a top ranking in various prediction programs were thus synthesized and three of them-p248-256, p140-149 and p144-152-were found to bind to HLA-A(*)0201 molecules with a high affinity and effectively induced a recall response of CD8+ T cells, which were either primed in vitro with the HCA587 antigen or directly isolated from HCC patients bearing HCA587+ tumors. Notably, these peptide-specific CD8+ T cells exhibited potent cytotoxic activity over HCA587+ tumor cells. Taken together, the present study has identified three new HLA-A(*)0201-restricted cytotoxic T cell epitopes in the CT antigen HCA587, which may serve as targets for peptide-based immunotherapy for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Xing
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
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100
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Sakagami H. The EFA6 family: guanine nucleotide exchange factors for ADP ribosylation factor 6 at neuronal synapses. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2008; 214:191-8. [PMID: 18323689 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.214.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
ADP ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) is a member of the ARF family of small GTPases, which mediates a variety of neuronal functions accompanying the structural changes of developing and mature neurons through its regulation of actin cytoskeleton reorganization and membrane traffic. The activation of ARF6 is strictly regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). The EFA6 family is the first member that was identified to be a specific GEF for ARF6 and comprises four structurally related polypeptides (EFA6A, EFA6B, EFA6C and EFA6D). Since the cellular and subcelllular localization of GEFs is a critical determinant for the spatiotemporal activation of ARF6 in neurons, I have focused on the EFA6 family from the anatomical point of view to understand the neuronal functions of ARF6. Three members of the EFA6 family (EFA6A, EFA6C and EFA6D) are abundantly expressed in the mouse brain with distinct spatiotemporal patterns. Interestingly, they are enriched particularly in the postsynaptic density fraction, shedding light on the importance of the EFA-ARF6 pathway in neuronal synapses. Here, I will review the recent advances in the expression and functions of the EFA6 family in the nervous system.
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